NATTONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS ‘TECHNICAL NOTE 2282 AN IMPROVED APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR CALCULATING LIFT DISTRIBUTIONS DUE TO TWIST By Jomes C. Sivells SUMMARY A new method is presented for calculating the lift distribution due to twist which gives a much closer approximation than the empirical method of Schrenk (NACA TM 948) and requires ebout the came amount of computing. ‘The new method, besed on lifting-line theory, makes use of the lift distribution due to angle of attack and takes into account the aspect ratio of the wing. The twist may be that of the washout incor- porated in the Wing design, of aeroelastic deformations, of deflected flaps or ailerons, or of downwash induced by another lifting surface or by the jet boundary of = wind tunnel. Examples are presented for the four mein types of twist: symmetrical, antisymmetrical, continuoug, and @iscontinuous. The spplicability of the method to swept wingd 18 aldo presented. INTRODUCTION For many purposes it 1s desirable to calculate quickly an approxi- mate spanwise lift distribution on a wing due to its twist. The twist way be that of the washout incorporated in the wing design, of aero- elastic deformations, of deflected flaps or ailerons, or of downwash induced by another lifting surface or by the jet boundary of a wind tunnel. One approximation, which has been used extensively in the past, is that of Schrenk (reference 1) modified by fairing out discontinuities as suggested in references 2 and 3. Although Schrenk's spproximation may be adequate for some purposes, it is not as accurate as often desired since it does not take into account the aspect ratio of the wing and weights the twist angle arbitrarily according to the spanwise chord dis~ tribution. The ability to obtain a closer approximation with about the same amount of computing is therefore desirable. ‘The method presented herein has been developed to provide such an approximation. Gdaliam, using lifting-Line theory, has rigorously proved in refer— ence i that the average angle of attack of a twisted wing can be obtained dy a spanwise integration of the local angle of attack weighted according2 NACA TN 2282 to the additional spanvise load distribution, The average angle multi- plied by the three-dimensionel 1ift-curve slope gives the lift coeffi- cient. These results are proved herein in a somevhat. different manner. Tt is also shown herein that the moment of the lift distribution of a twisted wing can be closely epproximated by a simple expression. It is ‘then reasoned that, if both the lift and moment given by the approxi- mation agree with the lift and moment obtained from more exact calcula- tions, then the approximate spanwise load distribution must agree fairly closely with the theoretical spanwise load distribution. A few examples given herein show this reasoning to be correct. SYMBOLS A aspect ratio An coefficients of trigonometric series for lift distribution Bn coefficients of trigonometric series for lift distribution per unit angle of attack ay increment in lift coefficient due to twist Cy coefficients of trigonometric series for lift distribution due to twist z edge-velocity factor for symmetrical litt , atetrimutions (fi + 2 eosta za) x B edge-velocity factor for antisymnetrical 112% f, iSsose ) aistrivutions (\p + 22 608°A 72 a three-diniensional 1ift-curve slope per degree ae ‘two-dimensional Lift-curve slope per degree 8 section 1ift-curve slope per degree ee : E b span of wing < local chord of ving mean geometric chord (b/A)NACA TN 2282 3 ey 1, Ven ety lg po/av « A section lift coefficient section lift coefficient for additional 1ift distribution section lift coefficient for additional lift distribution at a wing lift coefficient of unity section lift coefficient for basic lift distribution section lift coefficient for lift distribution due to twist wing-tip helix angle, radiane spanwise coordinate spanwise coordinate at position of discontinuity in twist angle of attack, degrees induced angle of attack, degrees angle of twist, positive for washin, degrees average angle of twist, degrees magnitude of discontinuity in twist, degrees correction factor used in fairing discontinuity in twist, degrees spanvise coordinate (cos? ) sweep angle of wing quarter-chord line, degrees DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD The approximate method developed herein for calculating lift dis- tributions due to twist is based upon the determination of exact or approximate expressions for the area and moment of the lift distributions due to the twist in terms of the twist itself, the average twist, the additions] lift distribution due to angle of attack, and the ving lift- curve slope. The lift distribution due to twist is desimeted es cy,c/b which becomes equal to the basic 1ift distribution cyyc/y when the wing4 WACA TH 2262 Lift coefficient is equal to zero. In general, ene eve tere ea, BE a ® > where 2 e A ACL = 5 (2) 2 1 Reference 4 and appendix A prove that nee n 2, qe Ao (@)-0 | Ae (2) (3) > a Ae zr Jaa 80 that Aerie :! a E) —— a>, 4) ae oe ) and the average twist LC 7- Me @ ©) SYMMETRICAL WISP DISTRIBUTIONS For symmetrical twist distributions, the integral of equetion (1) can be written os Pree. fered [oo ey 0NACA TN 2282 5 by using the preceding relationships. Since the last integral of equa- tion (6) is the integral of the basic lift distribution, it is equal to zero and may be divided by any arbitrary constant withoat changing its value. Therefore, [see [este From ¢ consideration of the moment of the lift distribution due to twist, appendix A shows that ‘1 ¢: Vet ey Bg bob Since the areas are equal (equation (7)) and the moments of the seme areas are approximately equal (equation (8)), it is reasoned that the distributions are approximately equal. Therefore, cree (9) . :) claie A comparison of equations (1) atid (9) shows that the additional part of the lift distribution due to twist is given by the exact expression (as) ond the basic part of the lift distribution due to twist is given by the approximate expression qa)6 Since equation (11) may be written a Stare cue * b z iis a » 360 1+ Pie By use of the further approximation (see reference 5) that equation (12) may be written ae Stee Ale - 2) Stale > *"E+6 > Om Antisymetrical Twist Distributions NACA TN 2282 (23) For entisymetrical twists, At, and @ are both equal to zero, so eye ee thet —£ 7 the wing, appendix A shovs that where ta ee rraas ie = —B. Fron a consideration of the Lift for one senispan ofACA TN 2282 1 From a consideration of the mment of the lift distribution, it is also shown In appendix A that ee) bob b (5) = Wr lo Again, since the aréas are approximately equal (equation (14)) and the nonents of the same areas are also approximately equal (equation (15)), it is reasoned that the distributions are approximately equal. Therefore, a 16) 7 wo? (16) or . eye ere a < a eee 2 ace caaieore epee on we A which may be further approximated as c,¢ eae beeen teeta 38 > Yeh > Ce The use of the edge-velocity factor E for symmetrical 1ift distributions is inherent in the method developed herein. For antisymmetrical twists, the use of the edge-velocity factor B' has been shown to give results which ave in closer agreement with those obtained by lifting-surface theory, (See reference 5.) In order to take this effect into account, equatione (17) and (18) may be modified by multiplying the right-hand sides vy the factor MB+4 or a fictitious lift-curve slope a’ =a AB! + i may be used in equation (17) instead of the lift-curve slope a.8 NACA TN 2282 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES In order to illustrate the degree with which the lift distribution due to twiot may be approximated by the method described, results of calculations are presented in figures 1 to 7 for the four main types of twist: symmetrical, antisymmetrical, continuous, and discontinuous. The wing chosen for four of the exemples had a taper ratio of 0.5, an aspect retio of 6.74, and a corresponding edge-velocity factor of 1.043. To show the effect of aspect ratio, an additional exanple is presented (fig. 3) for @ wing with a taper ratio of 0.5, an aspect ratio of 13.92, and & corresponding edge-velocity factor of 1.010. A two-dimensional Lift-curve slope of 0.1097 wes assumed. The additional lift distrivution {due to angle of attack) was obtained by the method of reference 6. Equa- ‘tions’ (12) end (17) were used insemich as they yielded slightly closer approximations than equations (13) and (18) for the comparison with results obtained by the more nearly exact methods of references 6 and 7 utilizing linear section lift curves, Also presented are results obtained by Schrenk's epproximation as described in references 1 to 3 but modified by using the section lift-curve slope ag = 52 instead of the two- dimensional slope a@ ‘Therefore, e1,¢ abi 2 (a9) Symmetrical Twist Distributions Continuous tvist.- The lift distributions shown in figure 1 are for the induced twist due to the Jet boundary of ‘a wind tunnel. The resulting distributions contain both the additional and basic parts. The main dis- crepancy between the two curves occurs et the root where the approximate method is unable to show the zero slope required by potential theory. The basic parts of these distributions are shown in figure 2 along with that calculated by Schrenk's method. Both approximste methods show the same discrepancy at the root but Schrenk's method shows a much larger discrepancy near the tip. The differences between Schrenk's method and the method of this paper are more clearly shown in: figure 3 for the wing of aspect ratio 13.92 and the same twist as for figure 2. Discontinuous twist.- The lift distributions due to the deflection of 50-percent-span flaps are shown in figure 4, The direct application of the method will give a discontimity in the lift distribution which is impossible according to potential theory. In this figure, the dis- continuity in twist distribution was faired with ellipses as indicatedNACA TN 2282 9 or in terms of a correction factor to be added to the discontimous twist distributions: By byt Por o< Bc E Por Sc Yea ae (200) where % is the magnitude of the @iscontinuity in twist at the span- Wise position 2y*/b of the discontinuity. This type of fairing is arbitrary and some other type might be used to give better results. The @iscrepancies shown in this figure are wholly due to discrepancies in asic lift distribution as shown in figure 5. The unfaired distributions are shown for comparison. The root bending moment of the unfaired curve obtained by ‘the method described herein is less then 1 percent different from that of the more nearly exact curve. Furthermore, if the ordinates of the faired curve are mltiplied by a constant to give the same root dending moment as that of the unfaired curve, a much closer approximation Will be obtained. The closeness of the approximation obtained by Schrenk's method obviously depends upon proper fairing not only at the discontinuity ‘ut also near the tip. Antd symmetrical Twist Distributions Contimous twist.- The Lift distributions of a wing rolling with 2 tip helix angle of 0.01 radian or 0.573° are shown in figure 6. In thie case the agreement between the-approximate'method and the’ more nearly exact wethod is extremely good, whereas Schrenk's method is not nearly 80 good. Discontinuous twist.- The lift distribution due to the deflection of 50-percent-span ailerons is shown in figure 7. As in the case of the partial-spen flaps, both the unfaired and faired dictributions are10 NACA TH 2282 shown; tile root bending moment of the unfeirea curve is practically identical with that of the more nearly exact curve. The discontinuity in twist was faired in the same manner as for the case of the 50-percent- span fleps, the difference being that the signs of the correction factors were reversed. Again, if the ordinates of the faired curve are mlti- plied by @ constant to give the same root bending monent as that of the unfaired curve, a much closer approximation will be obtained. The inade- quacy of Schrenk's method is clearly shown. DISCUSSION Comparison of Methods The examples shown were chosen to indicate sone of the similarities as well as the differences between Schrenk's method and the method devel- cy,4¢ oped herein. In the case of an elliptical wing for watch —IBk = £, 4 is readily evident that Schrenk's original approximation, which uses the ‘two-dimensional lift-curve slope eapeteeitS ° 2 > will give the same result as the improved approximation for an aspect ratio of approximately 6 for cyuuetTical twlete end for an aspect ratio of approximately 4 for antisymetrical twists. An apparent improvement in Schrenk's approximation vould be the use of the appropriate sero- dynamic induction factor, —# for symmetricel twists and —4 +s mak for antisnmetizicsl twists, rather than the factor of 2. Such a method would then become that of the so-called strip theory modified by the ‘i A namie ind factor. The f ve serodynanic induction factor. The factor =-A_>, hovever, should be used to obtain the basic lift distribution due to symmetrical twists A rather than the facto: commonly used. ather the r agtg commonly use In addition to taking into account the aspect ratio of the wing, the improved method makes use of the additional lift distribution instead of the chord distribution used by Schrenk. As the departure from elliptical lift end chord distributions becomes greater, the method developed herein becomes better as compared with Schrenk's method. Although the additional lift distributions are not quite as readily available as chord distributions,NACA TN 2282 1 those of a large variety of plan forms can be found in reference 6. Even using the approximations of reference 1 or 9 for the additional lift distributions is better then using the chord distribution. Once the additional lift distribution has been obtained, the time required for computing the basic lift distribution is essentially the same for ‘the improved method as for Schrenk's method. Application to Svept Wings Inasmuch as the approximate method presented herein makes use of the additional lift distribution and three-dimensional lift-curve slope, it might be cxpectod to yield satisfactory results for swept wings even ‘though the method is based upon lifting-line theory. The adaptation of the formilas for swept wings is given in appendix B. Comparisons for two sweptback wings are presented in figures 8 to 10, For figure 8, the sweepback was 45°, the aspect ratio was 1.5, and the taper ratio was 0.5. For figures 9 and’ iO, the sweepback was 66°, the aspect ratio was 3.5, end the taper ratio was 0.5. The additional lift distributions and three-dimensional 1ift-curve slopes were obteined from reference 10 for use in equations (12) and (17). Curves from references 11 and 12 are used for comparison. In the application of Schrenk's approximation to the case of the sweptback wings, it vas evident that using the two- Gimensionel 1ift-curve slope would give exsggereted values for the lift a C08 Ah @istribution. Equation (19) was therefore used, for which oq ~ “= °° * in order to provide a more nearly equel basis for comparison. Figures 8 and 9 for linear eymetrical twist distributions indicate that the improved approximation does yield reasonably satisfactory results even for the extrene configuretions selected. The Tairly good agreement obteined in figure 9 with the modified Schrenk's approximation is for- tuitous in the same manner ag in figure 2 since —E cos. was of the order of 6 for thie configuration. For the configuration of figure 8, the value of BE. wes much less, ond Schrenk's approximation is in error in the eos opposite direction from that shown in figure 3 for a high aspect ratio. Figure 10 for the antisynmetrical twist distribution of a rolling wing indicates less satisfactory results. ‘The general shape end lateral center of pressure are in agreement with reference 12, but the megnitude is about 18 percent too great. Equation (17) was used directly for this calculation. The suggested modification of using the fictitious 1ift~ curve slope ' would decrease the error to sbout 10 percent. This error may be too large to be tolerated for the computation of the damping-in- Fol derivative but may be sufficiently close for other purposes in which antisymetrical twists are involved.2 NACA TN 2262 CONCLUDING REMARKS An improved approximate method has been developed for calculeting the basic lift distribution due to any of the four main types of twist: symetrical, antisymetrical, continuous, or discontinuous. The method nekes use of the additional lift distribution due to angle of attack and takes into account the aspect ratio of the wing. Although the method is based upon lifting-Line theory, it gives reasonsbly good results even for swept wings. Langley Aeronautical Laboratory ‘ Hationel ‘Advisory Committee for Aeroneutics Iangley Field, Va., May 24, 1950NACA TH 2262 B APPENDIX A DERIVATION OF APPROXIMATIONS FOR AREA AND MOMENT OF LIF? DISTRIBUTIONS DUE TO TWIST General, Equations fron Lifting-Line Theory In the following derivation, lifting-line theory is used and the section lift curves are assumed to be linear. The spanwise lift dis- tribution is expressed as the trigongnetric series (reference 6) exe =D 4n sin ne (ar) where € 4s defined by the relation cos @ = ¥. The lift distribution is also related to the section 1ift-curve slope by the expression (a2) where the induced angle of attack, in degrees, is expressed by = —180__ 26 A reas Doman sin (43) The 1ift distribution can be divided into two distributions by the substitution of An = Bn +Cn im equation (Al). This substitution gives SE aS Bh sin 10 +) Cy sin no (ab) vnere J” Bq sin n@ io the 1ift Aistribution per unit angle of attack and J” Cp sin n® is the 1ift distribution due to twist. The additionalw NACA TN ift distribution (that due to angle of attack for a wing lift of unity) 16 Cty? al. 2 Sak 2 257m sin no The Lift distribution due to twist is desimated ene > Xion otn no ‘An integration of equation (A5) along the span yields 2. eye a Ya l s a( 2 [eae aoe 2,71 A” 2a or be a= 3 ‘The increment in lift coefficient due to twist is wu-g | Sa) i (| 2 Cp sin né sin 6 a6 lo AnCy aye e282 coefficient (45) (86) (a7) (8) (ag)NACA ‘EN 2982 15 Substituting equation (A8) into equation (A9) yields aps a (aio) The average twist is a, = a (m2) For a wing with twist, equation (82) may be written eye | ag + “e+e - uy) (are) which can be combined with equations (A1) ana (A3) to"give eet (0 te = Os Tay at *) (a3) Equation (A13) can be divided into the two equations: poe —_ peeeee (ree mB, sin 20 Ah HP sin ne = BE (a WT ae stn (ani) ana ye og auniaait = Lg Vint ote x) (as) where n has been replaced by m for subsequent use. Equation (A15) can be rearranged in the following manner: in 0 - 8 Liaty sin no = PB Fog sin me sin 0 (a6)16 WACA TW 2262 Multiplying equation (ALM) by equation (A16) yields after rearranging: ¢ So By sin nO sin 6 = 57 Oy sin me sin 9 + B ye De (m - n)EnCm sin n@ sin mé (417) which is the basic equation used hereinafter. Only odd values of the index n exist because the lift distribution given by equation (A5) is symetrical. Velues of the index m are odd for lift distributions due to symmetrical twist distributions and even for lift distributions due to antisymetrical twist distributions. Symmetrical Twist Distributions For symmetrical twist distritutions, the sane result will be obtained whether equation (A17) 1s integrated along the entire span or elong the semispen. Integrating the double-summation term of equation (ALT) gives [2 43 Fi (m- n)iney sin nd sin’ m6 ao = 0 so that n/2 fe ¢ ) By sin nd sin @ de = Vr og sin m9’ sin @ 0 (A28) Jo lo Therefore, 1 “4 which vas proved in a different manner in reference 4. Equation (419) can be readily shown to be valid for asymmetrical twist distributions if the integrations are performed along the entire span. If ¢ is replaced ty § 4m equation (A18), the integration ylelds (aig) fem =f which is consistent with equation (All).1 NACA TN 2282 o < ep oso ours ox us ZH ° ayy i ‘ 2, 7 +B Bt he wesc ews mas afm PIOTs (Tey) Worse Jo swIOZ PUEI-qUBTE ayy Jo suOTyRsBOAUT eUT (tev) O oO 500 gm 2, eee as ee om urs ou ars MoMa(m - w) Ye # 9p 9 noo 9 ure ou urs aC 7 2) 2) o 9 - op @ S09 g uTs eu us % TZ = 6p @ 800 9 urs gu urs Ug “(2 ~ 9) a) ape ea78 suoyqezodo asoqy, -uedsquos ous SuoTe pegeBoqut oma nue gp g son fq pattayytrm st (ogy) woT|eNbe Jo wre, Yo ‘uoTyNATIASTD AFIT 2T88q By IO quewom oui Supatoanr drysuorqeqer w ayeqqo 0} Topso UT “aqed oseq ou; ATCO BuTAsoT puE 45TAI 09 omp UoTaNqTIaSTD 43TT aug Jo sxed TwuOTATPPE ouy BuTyseIyqne 09 qusTeATtbe st woTyesedo STH, (02v) gx urs gu urs Hogue =m) VS 1 seus x urs “eg TE - 9 urs oa mis Yo Y= 9 ms gu urs Ye Ze - 9) sony@ (JY) voTyenbs go sepTs ujoq Wory g UTS gu UTS Mg Zz BuryoEryqngNACA TN 2282 oF wm @bdestelts Ta J x0 y 4 8p 6 so 9 urs ou ms “ey Zo i a/% 4 a = 9 9 80 9 ups gu urs % ™ op 9 t00 9 me ou mie Roe h oy T 2/ 27 7) apy semooaq (Tey) doryeribe “peqseT#eu st (ge) GoTyenbs yo (sqayowaq UT) mrOn aSBT 243 JT wz J] (ze) [> +m - Sot Je ofa Boa) (o Es BEE £)- oes meme ees) | 6 ToS” Toke Gf) 7 Pe @ Uys gu UT! Q a afm ‘eiogex0, he : 9 [--+ (06a - Sota) 12- (tafe - «rq Zo op 9 vo ga ere ox ars *%e(u - | i 7 an 2 =NACA TN 2282 . qo. where rei+2p 36 a Sees ee AntAsymmetrical Twist Distributions For antisymmetrical twist distributions, the average twist @ is ene ene equal to zero, so that <3¢° = “22° yor this case, the integration of equation (A17) along the entire span is zero. In order to obtain a relationship involving the lift of one semispan, equation (A17) is integrated along the semispan. Thus, af 20 By sin ne sine ao =| 5 Cy sin m8 sin 8 a0 + o lo (/2 4S x & (a - n)Byty sin 26 sin no a0 (a2u) ‘he integrations of the right-hand terms of equation (Ah) yield /2 202 Hoy , 606 x Cm sin m@ sin @ de = —S - ++ —2 L cuieraienaa sua upuicias20 : ACA TW 2282 and ‘Therefore, [2 ie eo oof +e a (425) If the last term (in brackets) of equation (A25) is neglected, equa- ‘ion (A2h) becomes [2 n/2 & T Bn sin no ein 6 ae x DY Cy sin mo sin 6 a9 lo (226)NACA Ty 2282 ar where reise = 1+ 28 -1+i8 Pi In order to obtain a relationship involving the monent of the basic Lift distribution, each term of equation (A17) is mltiplied by cos 8 dé and then integrated along the semispan. These operations give 2 «/2 ¢ 50 Bp sin nO sin 6 cos 6 40 = 3 Cm sin m0 vin 6 cos 6 ae + lo Te ‘1/2 il 48 7S (a nny sin nd sin u6 cos 6 a6 Gen) = foe + HI los - na)oo + (es - Jou + (as - Bes + +] Therefore, «/2 ¢ © By sin n@ sin @ cos @ 46 = Zoa(t + 2m) - “2 hos(c0 = Cy) + 85(C4 - 66) + | (208) If the last term (in brackets) of equation (428) is neglected, equa tion (a27) becomes «/2 ‘4/2 ~£ Som sin né sin 0 cos 6 a0 x Xl cn sin nO sin 9 cos 6 a6 rr Jo lo22 or ACA ‘tir 2282 (429)ACA TH 2282 23 APPENDIX B ADAPTATION OF FORMULAS FOR SWEPT WINGS For svept wings, both the edge-velocity factors and the three- dimensional lift-curve slope mst be modified to include the effects of sweep. The edge-velocity factors are listed in the section entitled "Smbols." The formulas es listed are different from those given in reference 5 in that the" cosh term used herein is given as ¢ costa term in reference 5. Although there is no rigorous proof thet either factor is correct, the use of the cos@A term has been found to yield answers in better agreement with those given in references 10 and 12. For exemple, the 10-percent error mentioned previously in connection with figure 10 would be increased to 16 percent by using the costa term, ‘The three-dimensional lift-curve slope can be written an and the fictitious lift-curve slope used for antisymnetrical distribu tions can be written atcaek WACA "tN 2282 As a matter of interest, using the edge-velocity factors as defined herein yields the result that the tem -#&— approaches the value of 2 and the term approaches the value of 4 as the aspect ratio approaches 0. This result is in accordance with lov-aspect-ratio theory (reference 13). Using the relationships for a and “a' in equations (12) and (17) ylelds the following equations: For the symmetrical twists, cyt ee BL oo * 1+ me 8 a wea or StS | Ale ~ 2) Star® (#2) ° ag cos A where : 7 (53) lo For antisymetrical twists, oye satere a bie ale gs eae Boa? 2 7 or e,¢ eye a ke al’ x BE = ao (35) cos A For discontinuous twists, the discontinuity must be faired out. For convenience, this fairing may be accomplished through the use of ellipses as indicated in equations (20).NACA TN 2282 25 10. hu 12. 13. REFERENCES Schrenk, 0.1 A Simple Approximation Method for Obtaining the Span vise Lift Distribution. NACA TM 9k8, 190, ‘Anon.: Airplane Airworthiness. A Simple Approximate Method of Obtaining the Spanvise Distribution of Lift on Wings. Civil Aero. Manual Ob, CAA, U.S. Dept. Commerce, July 1, 19M, appendix IV. Platt, J.: Evaluation of Methods for Determining the Spamvise Lift Distribution. ACTR No. k952, Meteriel Command, Army Air Forces, June 23, 1983. Gdalichu, M.: The Lift Tncrenent of an Aerofoil due to Variation of Incidence along the Span, and a Simple Method of Estimating the Lift Distribution. R. & M, 2061, Britich A.R.C., 19h5. Polhems, Bdvard C.: A Simple Method of Estimating the Subsonic Lift and Damping in Roll of Sveptback Wings. NACA TN 1862, 1949. Sivelle, Jemes C., and Weely, Robert H.: Method for Calculating Wing Characteristics by Lifting-line Theory Using Nonlinear Section Lift Data. NACA Rep. 865, 1947. Sivells, James C., and Westrick, Gertrude C.: Method for Calculating Lift Distritutions for Unswept Wings with Flaps or Allerons by Use of Nonlinear Section Lift Data. NACA TN 2263, 1951. Anderson, Raymond F,: Determination of the Characteristics of Tapered Wings. NACA Rep. 572, 1936. Diederich, Frenklin W.: A Simple Approximate Method for Obtaining Spenwise Lift Distributions over Swept Wings. NACA RM L7IO7, 1948, DeYoung, John: Theoretical Additional Span Loading Characteristics of Wings with Arbitrary Sweep, Aspect Ratio, and Toper Ratio. NACA ‘TH 191, 1947. Stevens, Victor I.: Theoretical Basic Span Loading Characteristics of Wings with Arbitrary Sweep, Aspect Ratio, and Teper Ratio. WACA TH 2772, 1948. Bird, John D.: Some Theoretical Low-Speed Span Loading Characteristics of Svept Wings in Roll and Sideclip. NACA Rep. 969, 1950. DeYoung, John: Spenviee Loading for Wings and Control Surfaces of Low Aspect Ratio. NACA TN 2011, 1950.