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February 9, 2010
−1 Delay
Y = (1 − R) X
Last Time: Feedback, Cyclic Signal Paths, and Modes
X + Y
Delay
X + Y
−1 Delay
Last Time: Feedback, Cyclic Signal Paths, and Modes
X + Y
p0 Delay
n n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X + Y
p0 Delay
n n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X + Y
p0 Delay
n n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X + Y
p0 Delay
n n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X + Y
p0 Delay
n n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X + Y
p0 Delay
n n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
X + Y
p0 Delay
� n
p0 , if n >= 0;
y[n] =
0, otherwise.
n n
n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
p0 = 0.5 p0 = 1 p0 = 1.2
Check Yourself
n n
n n
n
Check Yourself
n n
n n
n
Geometric Growth
z
−1 0 1
X + Y
R
1.6
R
−0.63
y[n]
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Factor the operator expression to break the system into two simpler
systems (divide and conquer).
X + Y
R
1.6
R
−0.63
Y = X + 1.6RY − 0.63R2 Y
(1 − 1.6R + 0.63R2 ) Y = X
(1 − 0.7R)(1 − 0.9R) Y = X
(1 − 0.7R)(1 − 0.9R) Y = X
Y2
X
+ + Y
0.7 R 0.9 R
(1 − 0.7R) Y2 = X (1 − 0.9R) Y = Y2
Y1
X
+ + Y
0.9 R 0.7 R
(1 − 0.9R) Y1 = X (1 − 0.7R) Y = Y1
Y 1 1 1
= = ×
X (1 − 0.7R)(1 − 0.9R) (1 − 0.7R) (1 − 0.9R)
� �� � � �� �
� �� � � �� �
= (1 + 0.7R + 0.72 R2 + 0.73 R3 + · · ·) × (1 + 0.9R + 0.92 R2 + 0.93 R3 + · · ·)
Y
= 1 + (0.7 + 0.9)R + (0.72 + 0.7 × 0.9 + 0.92 )R2
X
Multiplying Polynomial
1 1
a R b R
X a2 R2 + b2 R2 + Y
a3 R3 b3 R3
... ... ... ...
1 bR b2 R2 b3 R3 ···
1 1 bR b2 R2 b3 R3 ···
aR aR abR2 ab2 R3 ab3 R4 ···
a2 R2 a2 R2 a2 bR3 a2 b2 R4 a2 b3 R5 ···
a3 R3 a3 R3 a3 bR4 a3 b2 R5 a3 b3 R6 ···
··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ···
Group same powers of R by following reverse diagonals:
y[n]
n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Partial Fractions
X + Y
R
1.6
R
−0.63
Y 1 1 4.5 3.5
= = = −
X 1 − 1.6R + 0.63R2 (1 − 0.9R)(1 − 0.7R) 1 − 0.9R 1 − 0.7R
Second-Order Systems: Equivalent Forms
Y 4.5 3.5
= −
X 1 − 0.9R 1 − 0.7R
Y1
X + 4.5 + Y
0.9 R
Y2
+ −3.5
0.7 R
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Partial Fractions
X + Y
R
1.6
R
−0.63
Y1
X + 4.5 + Y
0.9 R
Y2
+ −3.5
0.7 R
Poles
1
Substitute R → and find roots of denominator:
Y 1 z2 z 2
= = 2 =
X 1.6 0.63 z −1.6z+0.63 (z−0.7) (z−0.9)
1− + 2 � �� � � �� �
z z z =0.7 z =0.9
0 1
Check Yourself
1 1 1
Y
R −
12
R2
z
2
z
2
z −
12
H(R) = =
1 1 =
1 1
1 1
=
X
1 +
4
R −
8
R 2
1 +
4
z
−
8
2 z
2 +
14
z −
18
z −
12
= �
1
��
1
�
z +
2
z −
4
and z =
14
. X
3. There is a pole at z =
12
. √ X
Check Yourself
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Check Yourself
1. 1
2. 1 and −1
3. −1 and −2
4. 1.618 . . . and −0.618 . . .
5. none of the above
Check Yourself
System functional:
Y 1
H= =
X 1 − R − R2
1. 1
2. 1 and −1
3. −1 and −2
4. 1.618 . . . and −0.618 . . .
5. none of the above
Example: Fibonacci’s Bunnies
1
φ ≈ 1.618 and − ≈ −0.618
φ � �n
1
−
φn φ
n
n
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −1 0 1 2 3 4
√φ 1
√
Y 1 5 φ 5
H= = 2 = +
X 1−R−R 1 − φR 1 + φ1 R
φ n 1
h[n] = √ φ + √ (−φ)−n ; n≥0
5 φ 5
Complex Poles
Example:
Y 1
=
X 1 − R + R2
1 z 2
= 1 1 = 2
1− z + 2 z −z+1
z
√
Poles are z = 21 ± 23 j = e±jπ/3 .
Complex Poles
� �
Y 1 1 1 e jπ/3 e−jπ/3
= × = √ −
X 1−e jπ/3 R 1−e−jπ/3 R j 3 1−e jπ/3 R 1 − e−jπ/3 R
n n
Complex Poles
e j3π/3 e j0π/3
Re
n
e j4π/3 e j5π/3
e−jnπ/3 = cos(nπ/3) − j sin(nπ/3)
Im
e j4π/3 e j5π/3
e j3π/3 e j0π/3
Re
n
e j2π/3 e j1π/3
Complex Poles
Y 1
H= =
X 1 − R + R2
1 1
= ×
1 − e� R 1 − e−jπ/3 R
jπ/3
�
1 e jπ/3 e−jπ/3
= √ −
j 3 1−e jπ/3 R 1 − e−jπ/3 R
1 � j(n+1)π/3 −j(n+1)π/3
� 2 (n + 1)π
h[n] = √ e −e = √ sin
j 3 3 3
h[n]
1
n
−1
Check Yourself
X + R R R Y
X + R R R Y
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