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= = = 0.002
( )( )
= =
q = = hπ ( − ) = 358.1 /
(b) Find the fin efficiency .
= + 2 = 31
= + 2 = 21
= = 42
( ) = 0.27
≈3
=
=1− (1 − )
= + = 2 ( − )+2 +2 (1 − ) = 1.118
= 0.9034
=
ℎ
= ℎ ( − ) = 5757
= = 5757 /
3. Consider steady heat conduction in a long cylinder of radius with uniform heat generation
g . The cylinder is made of material with thermal conductivity k and subject to constant
surface temperature T .
(a) Find the governing equation.
1‐D steady problem with heat generation
1∂ ∂T
kr +g = 0
r ∂r ∂r
(b) Find the relevant boundary conditions in the cylinder.
B.C.s: T( ) = T
= 0
(c) Solve for the temperature profile in the cylinder.
1∂ ∂T
kr +g = 0
r ∂r ∂r
∂ ∂T g r
r =−
∂r ∂r k
∂T g r C
=− +
∂r 2k r
g r
T=− + C ln r + C
4k
With BC = 0 we get C = 0
With BC T( ) = T we get C = T +
r
g (1 − )
T= +T
4k
(d) Evaluate the heat flux at the outer surface of the cylinder.
∂T
q′′ = −k
∂r
g g
q′′ = −k − =
2k 2
(e) Find the governing equation and the relevant boundary conditions for a sphere of equal
radius made of the same material under the same thermal condition.
kr +g = 0
B.C.s: T( ) = T
= 0
(f) Solve for the temperature profile in the sphere.
kr +g = 0
∂ ∂T
kr = −g r
∂r ∂r
∂T −g r
kr = +C
∂r 3
∂T −g r C
= +
∂r 3k r
−g r C
T= − +C
6k r
With BC = 0 we get C = 0
With BC T( ) = T we get C = T +
r
g (1 − )
T= +T
6k
(g) Evaluate the heat flux at the outer surface of the sphere.
q′′ = −k
q′′ = −k − =
4. Steel balls 12mm in diameter are annealed by heating to 1100K and then slowly cooling to
350K in an air environment for which T = 315 and h = 20W/m ∙ K.
(a) Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 40W/m ∙ K, ρ = 7800kg/ , and
c = 600J/kg ∙ K, is it reasonable to regard the temperature of steel balls as uniform in the
process?
ℎ
Bi = , ℎ = 3
ℎ
Bi = = 0.001 < 0.1
6
So, it is a lumped system
the temperature of the ball is uniform
(b) Starting from the energy balance equation, find an expression for temperature of steel
balls in terms of time t and other relevant parameters, such as initial temperature T ,air
temperature T , convection transfer coefficient h,…
= − +
= −ℎ ( − )
4
= −ℎ4 ( − )
3
−3
= ( − )
i.c. : t = 0, =
(c) Estimate the time required for the cooling process.
−3
=
−
−3
=
−
−3
ln( − )| =
− −3
ln ( )=
−
−
= ln = 29110 sec
3 −
5. Stainless steel (AISI 304) ball bearings, which have uniformly been heated to 850℃, are
hardened by quenching them in an oil bath that is maintained at 40℃. The ball diameter is
20mm, and the convection coefficient associated with the oil bath is 1000W/m ∙ K.
(a) If quenching is to occur until the surface temperature of the balls reaches 100℃, how
long must the balls be kept in the oil? What is the center temperature at the conclusion of
the cooling period?
hL h( /3)
Bi == = 0.15
k k
Near to 1,so it is not suitable to assume it is a lumped system.
We can get ≈ 0.78
θ T−T
= = 0.074
θ T −T
θ
θ θ
θ ∗= = = 0.094
θ θ
θ
From figure D.7 with θ ∗ = 0.094 ; Bi = 2.22
t ∗ = Fo ≈ 2.0
Fo
t= = 41.24s
α
θ = T − T = θ ∗ (T − T ) = 76.14K
T = 116℃
(b) If 10,000 balls are to be quenched per hour, what is the rate at which energy must be
removed by the oil bath cooling system in order to maintain its temperature at 40℃?
Notes:
Stainless steel AISI 304, (T ≈ 500℃): k=22.2W/m ∙ K, = 579 / ∙ ,
ρ = 7900kg/ ,α = 4.85 × 10 / .
Bi Fo = (1/Bi ) Fo = 0.41
hr
Bi = = 0.45
k
From figure D.9 for a single ball
Q
≈ 0.92
Q
Q = ρ V(T − T )
Q = Q (0.92) = ρ V(T − T )(0.92) = 1.43 × 10 J
(10 × Q)
q= = 3.97 × 10 ≈ 40kW
3600