AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

AP Chemistry Reaction Questions Help Sheet

Writing the CORRECT AP Equations:

• Solids, Liquid, Gas, Weak Acids, Weak Bases = write the complete formula
• Solutions of soluble Ionic Compounds, Strong Acids, Strong Bases = write the ION
formula
• BALANCE the equation.

Direction: For each of the following three reactions, in part (i) write a BALANCED
equation and in part (ii) answer the question about the reaction. In part (i), coefficients
should be in terms of lowest whole numbers. Assume that solutions are aqueous unless
otherwise indicated. Represent substances in solutions as ions if the substances are extensively
ionized. Omit formulas for any ions or molecules that are unchanged by the reaction.

Example: A strip of magnesium is added to a solution of silver nitrate.

(i) Mg + 2 Ag+ → Mg2+ + 2 Ag

(ii) Which substance is oxidized in the reaction?

Answer: Magnesium (Mg) metal

I. Double Replacement (Precipitation Reactions): Look for the formation of

Insoluble Ionic Compounds, and weak acids and weak bases.
Solubility rules that are commonly used on the AP exam: *Must memorize it!

Ions that form Exceptions

Soluble Ions that form Exceptions
Compounds Insoluble
Group 1 ions Compounds
−
(Li+, Na+, etc) Carbonate (CO32 ) With Group 1 ions,
Ammonium (NH4+) ammonium (NH4+)
−
Nitrate (NO3-) Chromate (CrO42 ) With Group 1 ions,
− ammonium (NH4+)
Acetate (C2H3O2 or −
CH3COO-) Phosphate (PO43 ) With Group 1 ions,
ammonium (NH4+)
Hydrogen −
carbonate Sulfide (S2 ) With Group 1 ions,
− ammonium (NH4+)
(HCO3 ) −
− Hydroxide (OH ) With Group 1 ions,
Chlorate (ClO3 )
− Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
Perchlorate (ClO4 )
− − −
Halides (Cl , Br , I ) With Ag+, Pb2+,
Hg22+
−
Sulfates (SO42 ) With Ag+, Pb2+,
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

Practice Problems
1. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium acetate.
2. A precipitate is formed when solutions of trisodium phosphate and calcium chloride
are mixed.
3. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of lead(II) nitrate.

1
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

4. Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed.

5. A saturated solution of barium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of iron(III) sulfate.
6. A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.
7. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium fluoride.
8. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a dilute solution of mercury(I) nitrate.
9. A solution of ammonium chloride is added to a dilute solution of mercury(I) nitrate.
10. Hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through a solution of silver nitrate.

V. Anhydrides (Reactions with water)

Metal oxides + water  bases (metal hydroxides—ionize if hydroxide is soluble)
Nonmetal oxide + water  acids (oxidation number of nonmetal is same in the aicd as in the
oxide)

Hydrides (H-) + water  H2 + metallic hydroxide (ionize if soluble)

−
Nitrides (N3-) + water  NH3 + OH .
−
Carbides (C4-) + water  C2H2 + H2 + OH

Other interesting examples (not acid, but close enough):

−
PCl5 + H2O  H3PO4 + H+ + Cl
−
POCl3 + H2O  H3PO4 + H+ + Cl

Practice Problems
1. Water is added to a sample of pure phosphorus tribromide.
2. Water is added to a sample of pure sodium hydride.
3. Dinitrogen trioxide gas is bubbled into water.
4. Solid phosphorous pentachloride is added to excess water.
5. Solid lithium oxide is added to excess water.
6. Solid magnesium nitride is added to excess deuterium oxide.
7. Ammonia gas and carbon dioxide gas are added to water.
8. Solid magnesium nitride is hydrolyzed.
9. Solid sodium carbide is added to an excess of water.
10. Sulfur trioxide gas is added to water.

II. Acid-Base Reactions: (Acids are H+ donor), (Bases are H+ acceptor)

Common Strong Common weak acids Common Strong Bases
Acids (slightly ionize in solution) (Completely Ionizes)
(Completely
Ionizes)
HCl HF LiOH
HBr HC2H3O2 or CH3COOH (acetic NaOH
acid)
HI HCN KOH
HNO3 H3PO4 CsOH
HClO3 HNO2 Ca(OH)2
HClO4 H2CO3 Sr(OH)2
H2SO4 H2SO3 Ba(OH)2
H2S
Additional Weak Acids:
1) Protonated nitrogen cations such as NH4+, CH3NH3+
2) Highly charged metal cations such as Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+
3) Oxides of nonmetals (acid anhydrides) such as CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, ClO3.
(Nonmetal retains its oxidation number)

Additional Strong Bases:

2
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

1) Oxides of group I and II cations such as Na2O, CaO, BaO. They react with water to
give the cation and hydroxide. (Ex. CaO = Ca2+ and OH-)
2) The hydride ion (H-) gives OH- and H2 in water.
3) The nitride ion (N3-) gives OH- and NH3 in water.
4) The carbide ion (C4-) gives OH-, acetylene (C2H2), and H2 in water.

Additional Weak Bases: They will accept protons (H+)

1) Most anions such as PO43-, HPO42−, H2PO4−, F−, S2−, CN−, HCO3−, CO32−, SO32−, HSO3− and
organic amines such as CH3NH2, NH3

Spectator ions are ions that don’t react. They are usually Group I and II cations (unless they
− − − − − −
form a precipitate) and anions of strong acids such as Cl , Br , I , NO3 , ClO3 , ClO4 . Cancel
Spectator ions out of Final Equation.

Special Formulas:
1) H2CO3 is written as H2O + CO2
2) NH4OH is written as H2O + NH3
3) H2SO3 is written as H2O + SO2
Hydrolysis: Salt Reactions to product acidic or basic solutions in water.
− −
1) Salts of weak acids: F (aq) + H2O(l)  HF(aq) + OH (aq) (Basic
solution)

2) Salts of weak base: NH4+(aq) + H2O  NH3 + H3O+(aq) (Acidic

solution)
−
3) Salts of certain highly charged metals: Al3+ + H2O  [Al(OH)4] + H3O+

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair:

The formulas are essentially the same except the acid will have one extra H+ ion in its
formula.

Acid Base Reaction Patterns:

1.

2.

Practice Problems
1. A solution of sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium hydroxide until the same
number of moles of each compound has been added.
2. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of sodium dihydrogen
phosphate until the same number of moles of each compound has been added.
3. Dilute nitric acid is added to crystals of pure calcium oxide.
4. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate
until the number of moles of sodium hydroxide added is twice the number of moles of
calcium hydrogen carbonate.
5. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through excess potassium hydroxide solution.
6. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a concentrated solution of calcium hydroxide.
7. Acetic acid solution is added to a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
8. Dilute solutions of lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid are mixed.
9. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into excess of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.
10. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of lithium hydrogen carbonate.

3
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

III. Complex Ions (Coordination Compound)

A complex ion is an ion containing one or more molecules or ions (ligand) bonded to a
central metal ion.

Reactions that produce complex ions can be rationalized on the basis of Lewis acid/base
theory. For example: NH3 + Cu2+  Cu(NH3)42+. The NH3, with an unshared electron pair,
is electron-rich and can donate an electron pair (Lewis base). The Cu2+ is electron-deficient
and can accept electron pairs (Lewis acid). Look for the key words such as “concentrated’’
and “excess”; these indicate that a coordination compound may be formed.

The number of ligands that can be bonded to a metal cation is its coordination number.
Examples of some transition metal cations and their coordination numbers: Cu 2+ (4), Al3+
(4), Fe3+ (6), Ag+ (2), Zn2+ (4). When in doubt as to the coordination number, double
the charge on the cation.
− − −
Common ligands: NH3, H2O, OH , I , CN .
Examples of Common complex ions: Cu(NH3)42+, Ni(NH3)42+, Ag(NH3)2+, Al(OH)4-.

Reactions that occur with coordination compounds are acid/base type reactions. Generally,
neutralization of the basic ligand (usually NH3) with acids results in NH4+ and the free metal
cation. The metal cation can form a precipitate with the anion of the acid, depending on
solubility rules.

Practice Problems
1. Excess dilute nitric acid is added to a solution containing the tetraaminecadmium(II)
ion.
2. Pellets of aluminum metal are added to a solution containing an excess of sodium
hydroxide.
3. An excess ammonia gas is bubbled through a solution saturated with silver chloride.
4. A suspension of zinc hydroxide is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide.
5. Silver chloride is dissolved in excess ammonia solution.
6. Sodium hydroxide solution is added to a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide in water.
7. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a suspension of zinc hydroxide.
8. Freshly precipitated zinc hydroxide is treated with concentrated (15M) ammonia
solution.
9. A 3M sodium hydroxide solution is added in excess to a solution of zinc chloride.
10. Concentrated (15M) ammonia solution is added in excess to a solution of copper(II)
sulfate.

IV. Combustion (Redox)

Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen (and oxygen) burn in oxygen (O2) to produce
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). If sulfur is present, SO2 or SO3 is also formed. If
nitrogen is present, NO2 is formed. If other elements are present, the product will be an
element oxide (oxidation number of O is –2).

Practice Problems
1. Excess oxygen is mixed with ammonia in the presence of platinum.
2. Gaseous silane, SiH4, is burned with oxygen.
3. Ethanol is completely burned in the air.
4. Glucose is completely burned in oxygen.
5. The hydrocarbon hexane is burned in excess oxygen.
6. Gaseous diborane, B2H6, is burned in excess oxygen.
7. Proponol is burned completely in air.
8. Carbon disulfide vapor is burned in excess oxygen.
9. Solid zinc sulfide is heated in excess of oxygen.

4
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

10. Solid copper(II) sulfide is heated in oxygen gas.

VI. Single Replacement (Redox)

More active metallic element (or hydrogen gas) replaces the less reactive metal ion (or
hydrogen ion) from a compound; the more reactive nonmetal element replaces the less
reactive nonmetal ion from a compound. All reactions are assumed to react so you don’t
need to look up if the element is more reactive than the ion or not.
metal A + metal B oxide  metal A oxide + metal B
metal + acids H2 + salt(ionize if soluble)

Practice Problems
1. Calcium metal is added to a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.
2. Liquid bromine is added to a solution of potassium iodide.
3. Pellets of lead are dropped into hot sulfuric acid.
4. Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.
5. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide.
6. Solid zinc strips are added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
7. Lead foil is immersed in silver nitrate solution.
8. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot copper(II) oxide.
9. Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.
10. Zinc is heated over hot copper(II) oxide.

VII. Addition/Combination
metal element + nonmetal element  ionic compound
metal oxide + carbon dioxide  metal carbonate (carbon retain oxidation number)
metal oxide + sulfur dioxide  metal sufite (sulfur retain oxidation number)
metal oxide + sulfur trioxide  metal sulfate (sulfur retain oxidation number)
metal oxide + phosphorous oxide  metal phosphite/phosphate (phosphorous retain ox. #)
Lewis acid + Lewis base  coordination covalent compound (See Complex ions)

Practice Problems
1. Solid calcium oxide is exposed to a stream of carbon dioxide gas.
2. Magnesium metal is burned in nitrogen gas.
3. Sulfur dioxide gas is passed over solid calcium oxide.
4. A mixture of solid calcium oxide and solid tetraphosphorous decaoxide is heated.
5. Powdered magnesium oxide is added to a container of carbon dioxide gas.
6. A piece of lithium metal is dropped into a container of nitrogen gas.
7. The gases boron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed.
8. Samples of boron trichloride gas and ammonia are mixed.
9. Calcium metal heated in nitrogen gas.
10. Solid calcium oxide heated with sulfur trioxide gas.

VIII. Decomposition
metallic carbonates  metallic oxides + carbon dioxide
metallic chlorates  metallic chlorides + O2
metallic hydroxide  metallic oxides + H2O (reverse of basic anhydride)
acids  nonmetal oxide + H2O (reverse of acid anhydride)
Ionic Compound  Metal + Nonmetal

Practice Problems
1. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is decomposed catalytically.
2. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated.
3. Solid magnesium carbonate is heated.
4. Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide catalyst.

5
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

5. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is heated.

6. Solid sodium carbonate is heated.
7. Solid sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated.
8. Mercury(II) oxide is heated

IX. Redox (In acidic/alkaline(basic) solutions)

Transfer of electron reactions occur in mostly acidic or basic/alkaline solutions. An element
which is Oxidized is Losing electrons and an element which is Reduced is Gaining electrons.
(A LEO goes C GER) A reducing agent (LEO) is the agent that causes the other element to
be reduced. An oxidizing agent (GER) is the agent that causes the other element to be
oxidized.
Common Reduced To
Oxidizing (Reactant) (Product) Common Oxidized to
Agents Reducing (Reactan (Product)
nitrate (in acid NO3
−
NO or NO2 Agents t)
solution) Hydrogen H2O2 O2
permanganate MnO4
−
Mn2+(acid), peroxide
− −
MnO2(base) Sulfite SO32 SO42
hydrogen H2O2 H2O Hydrogen H2 H+
peroxide Metal M0 M+
−
dichromate, Cr2O72 ,
−
Cr3+(acid), Halide X X2
chromate CrO42
−
Cr(OH)3 thiosulfate S 2O 32
− −
SO42 , S2O6
−

(base)
− −
Iodate IO3 I
tin(IV) Sn4+ Sn2+
Iron(II) Fe3+ Fe2+
−
Fluorine F2 F
−
Chlorine Cl2 Cl
−
Bromine Br2 Br
−
Sulfate (in acid SO42 SO2
solution)

Electrolysis of molten ionic compound: Metallic cation is reduced to its pure element. And
nonmetal anion is oxidized to its pure element.
Electrolysis reactions in aqueous solutions:
a) the nonmetal anions are generally oxidized to its pure element.
b) the metallic cation are generally reduced to its pure element (except Group 1,
alkali metals).
c) water can be oxidized to O2 and H+.
d) water can be reduced to H2 and OH-

Practice Problems
1. Hydrogen peroxide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.

6
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

2. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through an acidified solution of potassium

permanganate.
3. A solution containing tin(II) ions is added to an acidified solution of potassium
dichromate.
4. A dilute solution of sulfuric acid is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes.
5. Potassium permanganate solution is added to a solution of oxalic acid, acidified
with a few drops of sulfuric acid.
6. Powdered iron is added to solution of iron(III) sulfate.
7. Copper(II) sulfide is oxidized by dilute nitric acid.
8. A solution of formic acid is oxidized by an acidified solution of potassium
dichromate.
9. A solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolyzed using inert electrodes.
10. Concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is added to solid manganese(IV) oxide
and the reactants are heated.

7
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

Real AP Equations Practice

1995 C
a) Ethanol is burned in oxygen.
b) Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water.
c) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.
d) A solution of iron(II) nitrate is exposed to air for an extended period of time.
e) Excess concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium phosphate.
f) Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled into a solution of mercury(II) chloride.
g) Solid calcium hydride is added to distilled water.
h) A bar of zinc metal is immersed in a solution of cupper(II) sulfate.

1996 C
a) solid calcium carbonate is strongly heated.
b) a piece of nickel metal is immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
c) equal volumes of equimolar solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and hydrochloric acid are mixed.
d) chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide.
e) ammonia gas is bubbled into a solution of ethanoic (acetic) acid.
f) solid ammonium carbonate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.
g) drops of liquid dinitrogen trioxide are added to distilled water.
h) solutions of potassium permanganate and sodium oxalate are mixed.

1997 C
a) excess potassium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of aluminum nitrate.
b) a solution of sodium bromide is added to an acidified solution of potassium bromate.
c) sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into distilled water.
d) phosphine (phosphorus trihydride) gas is bubbled into liquid boron trichloride.
e) hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron(II) oxide powder.
f) solid potassium amide is added to distilled water.
g) a strip of magnesium metal is heated strongly in pure nitrogen gas.
h) a solution of nickel chloride is added to a solution of sodium sulfide.

1998 C
a) Solutions of tin(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride are mixed.
b) Solutions of cobalt(II) nitrate and sodium hydroxide are mixed.
c) Ethene gas is burned in air.
d) Equal volumes of equimolar solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed.
e) Solid calcium sulfite is heated in a vacuum.
f) Excess hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of diamminesilver(I) nitrate.
g) Solid sodium oxide is added to distilled water.
h) A strip of zinc is added to a solution of 6.0-molar hydrobromic acid.

8
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

Practice Questions 2006

a) Solid potassium chlorate is strongly heated and
decomposes, resulting in a change in the oxidation numbers of
both chlorine and oxygen.
(i) 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
(ii a ) What is the oxidation number of chlorine before and
after the reaction?
answer: Chlorine has an oxidation number of +5 in KClO3 and
-1 in KCl.

(b) Solid silver chloride is added to a solution of concentrated (ii) Which species acts as a Lewis base in the reaction? Explain.
hydrochloric acid, forming a complex ion.
Answer: The chloride ion acts as a Lewis base in the reaction
(i) AgCl + Cl− → [AgCl2]− because it donates an electron pair.

(c) A solution of ethanoic (acetic) acid is added to a solution of (ii) Explain why a mixture of equal volumes of equimolar
barium hydroxide. solutions of ethanoic acid and barium hydroxide is basic.

(i) HC2H3O2 + OH− → H2O + C2H3O2− Answer: In the mixture there are initially twice as many moles
of hydroxide ions as molecules of acid; since they react in a 1:1
ratio, there is an excess of hydroxide ions after the reaction is
complete, leading to the basic solution.

(d) Ammonia gas is bubbled into a solution of hydrofluoric (ii) Identify a conjugate acid-base pair in the reaction.
acid.
Answer: NH3 (base) and NH4+ (acid)
+ −
(i) NH3 + HF → NH4 + F Or: HF (acid) and F− (base)

(e) Zinc metal is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
(i) Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
(ii) Describe the change in color of the solution that occurs as
the reaction proceeds.
Answer: The blue color of the solution due to the presence of
the hydrated copper(II) ion fades as the copper(II) ion reacts
and the colorless hydrated zinc(II) ion forms.

(f) Hydrogen phosphide (phosphine) gas is added to boron (ii) Which species acts as a Lewis acid in the reaction? Explain.
trichloride gas.
Answer: BCl3 acts as a Lewis acid in the reaction because it
(i) PH3 + BCl3 → H3PBCl3 accepts the non-bonded pair of electrons of the phosphorus
atom in PH3.

(g) A solution of nickel(II) bromide is added to a solution of (ii) Identify the spectator ions in the reaction mixture.
potassium hydroxide.
Answer: The spectator ions are the bromide ion (Br−) and the
(i) Ni2+ + 2 OH− → Ni(OH)2 potassium ion (K+).

(h) Hexane is combusted in air. (ii) When one molecule of hexane is completely combusted,
how many molecules of products are formed?
(i) 2 C6H14 + 19 O2 → 12 CO2 + 14 H2O
Answer: 1 molecule of hexane produces 13 molecules of
products.

9
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

Answers to the AP Chemistry Reaction Questions Help Sheet

I. DOUBLE REPLACEMENT (PRECIPITATION REACTIONS)
− −
1) 2H+ + SO42 + Ba2+ + 2CH3COO → BaSO4 + 2CH3COOH
−
2) 2PO43 + 3Ca2+ → Ca3(PO4)2
3) H2S + Pb2+ → PbS + 2H+
−
4) 2Ag+ + CrO42 → Ag2CrO4
− −
5) Ba2+ + 3OH + Fe3+ + SO42 → BaSO4 + Fe(OH)3
− −
6) NH4+ + SO42 + Ba2+ + OH → BaSO4 + NH3 + H2O
−
7) 2H+ + SO42 + CaF2 → CaSO4 + 2HF
−
8) 2Cl + Hg22+ → Hg2Cl2
−
9) 2Cl + Hg22+ → Hg2Cl2
10) H2S + Ag+ → Ag2S + 2H+
II. ACID/BASE REACTIONS (PROTON [H+] TRANSFER REACTIONS)
−
1) H+ + SO42 + Ba2+ + OH- → BaSO4 + H2O
− − −
2) OH + H2PO4 → H2O + HPO42
3) 2H+ + CaO → Ca2+ + H2O
− −
4) OH + Ca2+ + HCO3 → H2O + CaCO3
− −
5) H2S + OH → H2O + S2
−
6) CO2 + Ca2+ + OH → CaCO3 + H2O
− −
7) CH3COOH + HCO3 → H2O + CO2 + CH3COO
−
8) OH + H+ → H2O
−
9) SO2 + Ca2+ + OH → CaSO3 + H2O
−
10) H+ + HCO3 → H2O + CO2
III. COMPLEX IONS (COORDINATION COMPOUND)
1) H+ + [Cd(NH3)4]2+ → NH4+ + Cd2+
− −
2) Al + OH → [Al(OH)4]
3) NH3 + Ag+ → [Ag(NH3)2]+
− −
4) Zn(OH)2 + OH → [Zn(OH)4]2
−
5) AgCl + NH3 → Cl + [Ag(NH3)2]+
− −
6) OH + Al(OH)3 → [Al(OH)4]

10
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet
−
7) NH3 + Zn(OH)2 → [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + OH
−
8) NH3 + Zn(OH)2 → [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + OH
− −
9) OH + Zn2+ → [Zn(OH)4]2
10) NH3 + Cu2+ → [Cu(NH3)4]2+

IV. COMBUSTION
1) O2 + NH3 → H2O + NO2
2) SiH4 + O2 → SiO2 + H2O
3) CH3CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
4) C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
5) C6H14 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
6) B2H6 + O2 → H2O + B2O3
7) CH3CH2CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O
8) CS2 + O2 → CO2 + SO2 (or SO3)
9) ZnS + O2 → ZnO + SO2 (or SO3)
10) CuS + O2 → CuO + SO2 (or SO3)

V. ANHYDRIDES (REACTIONS WITH WATER)

−
1) H2O + PBr3 → Br + H+ + H3PO3
−
2) H2O + NaH → Na+ + H2 + OH
3) N2O3 + H2O → HNO2
−
4) PCl5 + H2O → Cl + H+ + H3PO4
−
5) Li2O + H2O → Li+ + OH
6) Mg3N2 + D2O → Mg(OD)2 + ND3
−
7) NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NH4+ + HCO3
8) Mg3N2 + H2O → Mg(OH)2 + NH3
−
9) Na4C + H2O → Na+ + C2H2 + H2 + OH
10) H2O + SO3 → H+ + SO42-
VI. Single Replacement Reactions
1) Ca + H+ → Ca2+ + H2
2) Br2 + I− → Br− + I2
3) Pb + H+ + SO42− → PbSO4 + H2

11
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

4) Mg + Fe3+ → Mg2+ + Fe
5) Cl2 + Br− → Cl− + Br2
6) Zn + Cu2+ → Cu + Zn2+
7) Pb + Ag+ → Pb2+ + Ag
8) H2 + Fe2O3 → Fe + H2O
9) Al + Cu2+ → Al3+ + Cu
10) Zn + CuO → ZnO + Cu
Combinations Reactions
1) CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
2) Mg + N2 → Mg3N2
3) SO2 + CaO → CaSO3
4) CaO + P4O10 → Ca3(PO4)2
5) MgO + CO2 → MgCO3
6) Li + N2 → Li3N
7) BF3 + NH3 → F3BNH3
8) BCl3 + NH3 → Cl3BNH3
9) Ca + N2 → Ca3N2
10) CaO + SO3 → CaSO4
Decomposition Reactions
1) H2O2 → H2O + O2
2) (NH4)2CO3 → NH3 + CO2 + H2O
3) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
4) KClO3 → KCl + O2
5) H2O2 → H2O + O2
6) Na2CO3 → CO2 + N2O
7) NaHCO3 → Na2O + CO2 + H2O
8) HgO → Hg + O2
IX. REDOX (IN ACIDIC/ALKALINE SOLUTIONS)
−
1) H2O2 + H+ + Cr2O72 → H2O + O2 + Cr3+
2) SO2 + H+ + MnO4− → H2O + SO42− + Mn2+
−
3) Sn2+ + H+ + Cr2O72 → H2O + Sn4+ + Cr3+
4) H2O + H+ → H2 + O2

12
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

5) H+ + MnO4− + H2C2O4 → H2O + CO2 + Mn2+

6) Fe + Fe3+ → Fe2+
7) CuS + H+ + NO3−→ Cu2+ + H2O + SO2 + NO
8) HCOOH + H+ + Cr2O72− → H2O + CO2 + Cr3+
9) Cu2+ + H2O → Cu + O2 + H+
10) H+ + Cl− + MnO2 → H2O + Cl2 + Mn2+

1995 C
a) Ethanol is burned in oxygen.
C2H5OH + O2 => CO2 + H2O
b) Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water.
BaO + H2O => Ba2+ + OH-
c) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.
Cl2 + OH- => Cl- + ClO- (or ClO-/ClO2-/ClO3-) + H2O
d) A solution of iron(II) nitrate is exposed to air for an extended period of time.
Fe2+ + O2 (+ H2O) => Fe2O3 or FeO(OH) or Fe(OH)3
e) Excess concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium phosphate.
H+ + SO42- + Ca3(PO4)2 => CaSO4 (or ions) + H3PO4
f) Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled into a solution of mercury(II) chloride.
H2S + Hg2+ => HgS + H+ or
H2S + HgCl2 => HgS + H+ + Cl-
g) Solid calcium hydride is added to distilled water.
CaH2 + H2O => Ca(OH)2 [or Ca2+ + OH-] + H2
h) A bar of zinc metal is immersed in a solution of cupper(II) sulfate.
Zn + Cu2+ => Zn2+ + Cu

1996 C
a) solid calcium carbonate is strongly heated.
CaCO3 => CaO + CO2
b) a piece of nickel metal is immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.
Ni + Cu2+ => Ni2+ + Cu
c) equal volumes of equimolar solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and hydrochloric acid are mixed.
HPO42- + H+ => H2PO4-
d) chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide.
Cl2 + Br- => Cl- + Br2
e) ammonia gas is bubbled into a solution of ethanoic (acetic) acid.
NH3 + CH3COOH => NH4+ + CH3COO-
f) solid ammonium carbonate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.
(NH4)2CO3 + Ba2+ + OH- => NH3 + BaCO3 + H2O
g) drops of liquid dinitrogen trioxide are added to distilled water.
N2O3 + H2O => HNO2
h) solutions of potassium permanganate and sodium oxalate are mixed.
MnO4- + C2O42- => MnO2 + CO2

13
 AP Chemistry Reactions Help Sheet

1997 C
a) excess potassium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of aluminum nitrate.
OH- + Al3+ => Al(OH)3 (or Al(OH)4-; Al(OH)4(H2O)2-; Al2O3; Al2O3òx H2O; AlO2-)
b) a solution of sodium bromide is added to an acidified solution of potassium bromate.
Br- + H+ + BrO3- => Br2 + H2O
c) sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into distilled water.
SO2 + H2O => H2SO3 (or => H+ + HSO3-; or => H+ + HSO3- + SO32-)
d) phosphine (phosphorus trihydride) gas is bubbled into liquid boron trichloride.
PH3 + BCl3 => PH3BCl3
e) hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron(II) oxide powder.
H2 + FeO => Fe + H2O
f) solid potassium amide is added to distilled water.
KNH2 + H2O => NH3 + OH- + K+ (or => NH4OH + OH- + K+)
g) a strip of magnesium metal is heated strongly in pure nitrogen gas.
Mg + N2 => Mg3N2
h) a solution of nickel chloride is added to a solution of sodium sulfide.
Ni2+ + S2- => NiS (or Ni2+ + H2S => NiS + H+; or Ni2+ + HS- => NiS + H+)

1998 C
a) Solutions of tin(II) chloride and iron(III) chloride are mixed.
Sn2+ + Fe3+ => Sn4+ + Fe2+
b) Solutions of cobalt(II) nitrate and sodium hydroxide are mixed.
Co2+ + OH- => Co(OH)2
c) Ethene gas is burned in air.
C2H4 + O2 => CO2 + H2O
d) Equal volumes of equimolar solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide are mixed.
H3PO4 + OH- => H2PO4- + H2O
e) Solid calcium sulfite is heated in a vacuum.
CaSO3 => CaO + SO2
f) Excess hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of diamminesilver(I) nitrate.
H+ + Cl- + Ag(NH3)2+ => AgCl + NH4+
g) Solid sodium oxide is added to distilled water.
Na2O + H2O => Na+ + OH-
h) A strip of zinc is added to a solution of 6.0-molar hydrobromic acid.
Zn + H+ => Zn2+ + H2

14