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Main and interposing current Physical location The following examples illustrate the
transformers procedure.
The interposing transformers, where
WARNING: do not open the used, should be located in the same EXAMPLE 1
secondary circuit of a live CT since the panel as the associated differential
Single phase transformers
high voltage produced may be lethal relay. The electrical proximity
to personnel and could damage maximises the transformer output In a single phase transformer the
insulation. voltage applied to the relay under rated primary and secondary currents
internal fault conditions and thereby are 195A and 780A respectively as
Before the power circuit is energised,
ensures high speed relay operation shown in Figure 2. The outputs from
two precautions are essential
with minimum transformer dimensions. the respective current transformers are
regarding the interposing current
thus 4.875A and 3.9A.
transformer:
Transformer output In order to match these two current
– the primary and the secondary
values, so that no relay differential
windings of the CT must have The maximum output voltages
current flows under healthy
connections made to at least one available from the interposing CT
conditions, an interposing CT will be
section of each winding windings S1–S2, and S1–S4 (see
required to adjust the main line CT
Figure 1) are indicated by the
– neither set of connections must output of 3.9A to a value of 4.875A.
magnetisation characteristics shown in
include any break. This is illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 15.
The above are very important, as Using taps S1 – S2 on the secondary
It should be noted that the S3–S4
dangerously high voltages could be winding gives 25 turns. Thus the
winding should not be used on its
present on leads and winding taps if number of turns (Tp) required on the
own as the output winding to the
the warning is not observed. primary input winding will be given
relay. The reason is that this winding
When the chosen connections have by:
does not produce sufficient output
been made to the various taps on the voltage by itself to maintain the 25 x 4.875
windings of the interposing CT to give Tp = = 31.25
quoted relay operating time. For star- 3.9
the desired ratio, (see Figure 1) it is connected output windings, section
important to realise that any part of The current imbalance due to the use
S1–S2 may be used either alone or
any winding section that was not used of 31 turns is limited to:
with section S3–S4 connected in
in making these connections, should series. 31.25 – 31
not be linked or connected to Error = x 100% = 0.8%
31.25
anything else, otherwise the accuracy For delta-connected output windings,
and effectiveness of the CT will be where any one phase winding would The tap positions required to give 31
greatly impaired. be required to energise two poles of turns on the primary winding are
the relay in series, windings (S1–S2) shown in Table No. 2 to be nos. 4–7.
Main transformer and (S3–S4) must be connected in It may be noted that an interposing
tap change range series. transformer could also have been
With the link between terminals (6) used in conjunction with the 200/5A
The required interposing CT ratios
and (X) connected as necessary, the CTs. This would have increased the
should be calculated using the power
incoming input connections to P1 and output current from 4.875A to 5.0,
transformer transformation ratio which
P2 may be linked across to the and the interposing CT already
corresponds to the mid-tap point on
appropriate input winding terminals considered above would have
the tap change range. The examples
according to the number of turns required a ratio of 3.9/5A instead of
used in this publication assume that
required as indicated in Table 2. 3.9A/4.875A.
the mid-tap point coincides with the
nominal transformation ratio.
Figure 2
3
In omitting to provide a second
interposing CT the effective setting N
would be increased by the ratio: S1 S2 S3 S4 X 6 2 P1
a A
5
x 100% = 1.025% P2
4.875
To S1 S2 S3 X 6 2 To line
b P1 B
This would give a setting of: differential CT’s
relay S4
1.025 x 20% = 20.5% P2
on the 20% tap S1 S2 S3 X 6 2
c P1 C
This slight increase in effective
S4
protection setting would normally be P2
acceptable and thus a second
interposing CT may be considered Figure 3: Interposing transformer connections for example No. 2
unnecessary.
EXAMPLE 2
500/138kV
Three phase transformer 400MVA 300MVA
(see Figures 3 and 11)
30MVA 11/66kV, Delta-star 13.45kV
11kV Winding:
100MVA
Normal current at 11kV
30 MVA Figure 4
= 1575A
3 x 11kV
0.984A. Using output windings (S1 – considered this will be the 13.45kV
As the 11kV winding is delta-
S2) and (S3 –S4) connected in series winding supplying only 100MVA.
connected the associated current
gives 125 + 90 = 215T. 13.45kV side:
transformers should be star-connected,
and during rated load conditions will Hence input winding turns should be: Rated current =
give the following current per pilot 100 MVA
215 x 0.984 = 4,293A
phase:
3 x 0.875 = 139.6 say 140 turns 3 x 13.45kV
1575 Line current transformer ratio:
x 1.0A = 0.984A The input taps giving 140 turns are
1600 5000/5A
Nos. 2 – 6 as shown in Figure 3.
This current is sufficiently close to the ∴ Line CT output current
relay rated value (1A) that no EXAMPLE 3
(see Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and 12) =
4293 x 5.0A = 4.293A
correction is required.
5000
66kV Winding: Three winding transformer
Taking the case of a three-winding During external fault conditions,
Rated current at 66kV
transformer where load current flows however, the line CT output current
= 30 MVA =262.5A in all three windings (as illustrated in must be related to the primary input
3 x 66kV MVA, and thus becomes:
Figure 4) to apply differential
Normally, delta connected current protection to such a transformer, the Rated Current
transformers would be associated with choice of line current transformer (for external fault consideration)
the star-winding of the main ratios ought to be based on the MVA 400 MVA
transformer. However, since the latter rating of the primary input winding, =
3 x 13.45kV
in this case are star connected, the rather than on the MVA ratings of the
necessary phase and amplitude individual windings. = 17,170A
correction may be carried out using a The interposing transformer
Since in many cases the line CT ratios
star-delta connected interposing associated with the 13.45kV CTs will
will have already been chosen in
transformer, as shown in Figures 3 be star-star connected. From an output
terms of the MVA ratings of the
and 11. point of view the S1–S2 winding
windings, interposing CTs will be
The output current of the 300/1A HV would suffice, however it is preferable
necessary in order to match the
current transformers will be: to include winding S3–S4 giving a
secondary currents.
total of 43 turns per secondary phase.
262.5 x 1.0A = 0.875A It will be found that more accurate This is because the higher the number
300 matching taps may be chosen on the of output winding turns, the more turns
interposing CTs if the most lightly will be required on the input side, or
Thus the required ratio of the
rated main transformer winding be primary, for a given current ratio, thus
interposing CT will be 0.875/
considered first. In the case being
4
the smaller will be the tap percentage
error:
8 X 53
Input turns required to produce
5A in output winding: S1 S2 S3 S4
To
5 x 43 8 53
= 12.52 say 12 turns To X 13.45kV
17.17 relay line CTs
S1 S2 S3 S4
In order to obtain 12 turns on the
interposing transformer input winding, 8 X 53
use terminals 3 and 8 with link 6–X
removed and terminal nos 5 and X S1 S2 S3 S4
connected. See Figure 5.
Output winding current will now be:
12 x 17.17 = 4.792A Figure 5: Interposing transformer associated with 13.45kV CTs
Is =
43
Regard 4.8A as rated current to
S1 S2 S3 S4 9 X 6 4
which must be matched the currents
from the 500kV and 138kV
interposing CTs respectively. P2 P1
S1 S2 S3 9 X 6 4
500kV side: To
relay
400 MVA S4 To 500kV
Rated current = = 462A
3 x 500kV P2 P1 line CTs
S1 S2 S3
9 X 6 4
Secondary current of line CTs
S4
500/5A:
P2 P1
462
x 5.0A = 4.62A
500
∴ Required ratio of interposing CT: Figure 6: Interposing transformer associated with 500kV CTs
4.62 ie. 4.62/2.77A
4.8/ 3
Interposer input winding turns S1 S2 S3 S4 9 X 5 2
5
Two transformers thus
6 X 9 S1 S2 9 X 2
1
S4 S3 S2 S1
5
P1 P2 P2 P1
6 X 9 S1 S2 9 X 2
1
MBCH
To S4 S3 S2 S1 relay To
5
132kV P1 P2 P2 P1 33kV
line CTs line CTs
6 X 9 S1 S2 9 X 2
1
S4 S3 S2 S1
5
P1 P2 P2 P1
the mesh, the rating of the transformer ∴ Current in current transformer Ratio of 33kV Interposing CT:
will normally be somewhat lower than secondary winding: 0.875/0.62A
that of other feeders emanating from
175A Input winding turns (see Figure 8):
the mesh. x 1.0 = 0.35A
500 125 x 0.62
Because the current transformers = 88.57 say 90 turns
within the mesh will have a higher Preferred current ratio of 0.875
current rating than those associated interposing CT: Referring to Figure 13 it will be noted
with the transformer, their use as 0.35 1.0 that when the rated current of the
differential protection CTs for the = 0.35/0.577A transformer flows, the corresponding
3
transformer will result in a higher current flowing in the relay circuit will
effective fault setting of the differential NB. ∆ output winding be 0.62A. Thus the effective
protection system. However, the maximum input protection setting will be:
winding turns are:
A better location for the differential 1.0
protection CTs is in the direct feed to 220 turns (see Figure 8) = 1.6 x selected relay setting
0.62
the transformer, at point ‘P’ in ∴ Increase in current through
The above increase in setting is due to
Figure 13. Where suitable CTs are the transformer:
the nominal primary rating of the line
available at point ‘P’, the application
0.35 x 220 current transformer being appreciably
and selection of suitable interposing = 0.358A
(125 + 90) greater than the rating of the
CTs is exactly as described in
Note: It has already been stated transformer being protected.
Example 2.
(see Page 3) that for delta connected This condition is unavoidable.
In those cases where the only CTs
output windings both windings
available for the transformer EXAMPLE 5
(S1 – S2) and (S3 – S4) must be
differential protection are located at
connected in series. Star delta transformer with earthing
the circuit breakers within the ‘mesh’,
transformer on delta side
then the protection arrangement will Pilot current to the relay:
(see Figures 9, 10 and 14).
be as shown in Figure 13. 3 x 0.358 = 0.62A 75MVA – 132/33kV
EXAMPLE 33kV side: Where a three phase earthing
40MVA 132/33kV Star-Delta 33kV Interposing CT: transformer is associated with a delta-
Transformer star/star connection connected LV winding as in Figure
132kV (Mesh side): 14, a zero sequence path is provided
Output winding turns:
within the protected zone. This permits
Line current transformer ratio : 125 turns winding (S1 – S2) the passage of zero sequence currents
500/1A through the differential relay, under
33kV Line current:
Transformer rated current (at 132kV): external earth fault conditions.
40 MVA
= 700A It is necessary to block such currents
40 MVA 3 x 33kV
= 175A by inserting a star-delta-star
3 x 132kV
33kV CT Secondary current: interposing current transformer as
700/800 x 1 = 0.875A shown in Figure 14. This same
6
interposing CT may be used for ratio
correction required due to any
mismatch between the HV and LV line
5 6 X 7 S4 S3 S2 S1
current transformers. P1 P2
132kV side:
Normal current at 132kV: 5 6 X 7 S4 S3 S2 S1 To
From P1 P2
75 MVA relay
= 328A 132kV
3 x 132kV line CTs
5 6 X 7 S4 S3 S2 S1
Current transformer ratio: 400/5A P1 P2
Secondary current:
328
x 5.0A = 4.1A
400
5
x 25 = 28.6 say 29 turns
4.37
Interposing CT connections are shown
in Figure 10.
7
30MVA
1600/1A 11/66kV 300/1A
0.568/0.875A
23 25
24 MBCH 26
27 28
23 25
24 MBCH 26
27 28
23 25
24 MBCH 26
27 28
21 22
4.62/2.77A 23 MBCH 24
25 26 2.77/7.0A
27 28
21 22
23 MBCH 24
25 26
27 28
5000/5A
21 22
23 MBCH 24
25 26
27 28
17.17/4.8A
17.17/4.8A
8
400MVA
0.35/0.358A 0.62/0.875A
0.35/0.358A
21 22
23 MBCH 24
25 26
27 28
21 22
23 MBCH 24
25 26
27 28
21 22
23 MBCH 24
25 26
27 28
75MVA
132kV/33kV
400/5A 1500/5A
Earthing
transformer
NER
23 25
24 MBCH 26
24 26
4.1/2.89A 27 28
5.0 4.37A
23 25
24 MBCH 26
26
28
23 25
24 MBCH 26
26
28
9
NB. For 5A output windings (S1 – S2, S1 – S41)
Multiply Voltage scale by 0.2
Current scale by 5.0
Voltage
120
80
40
20
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Amperes
0.58 1.73/1A
Figure 15: Magnetisation characteristic for
2.89 8.66/1A
10
116
(1Ø)
83.5
(1Ø) 4 off M5 clearance holes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Primary taps
117
Earth
145 max.
S1 S2 S3 S4 P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 S4 P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 S4 P1 P2
5.5
310.5
16
(3Ø)
343 145
(3Ø)
M4 terminal screws
11
Figure 16: Outline details of single and triple unit auxiliary interposing transformer assembly
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©2000 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd
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