World & India Energy Balance

L4 & L5 EN 402
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Outline of Talk
„ Energy Flow Diagram/ Energy Units
„ World Energy Consumption
„ World Energy Resources
„ India Energy Balance

2
 ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
PRIMARY ENERGY
COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS
POWER PLANT,
ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY REFINERIES
REFINED OIL,
SECONDARY ENERGY ELECTRICITY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM RAILWAYS, TRUCKS,

PIPELINES
FINAL ENERGY WHAT CONSUMERS BUY
DELIVERED ENERGY
AUTOMOBILE, LAMP,
ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS MOTOR, STOVE
MOTIVE POWER
USEFUL ENERGY RADIANT ENERGY
DISTANCE TRAVELLED,
END USE ACTIVITIES ILLUMINATION,COOKED
FOOD etc..
(ENERGY SERVICES) 3
Units
„ Physical Quantities –Coal, Oil (Tonnes)
Oil- Barrels
„ Natural Gas- m3 often expressed as Nm3 ,sm3
„ Electricity kWh , MUs (Million units)
„ Gross Calorific Value(GCV/HHV), Net Calorific
Value (NCV/LHV) – based on fuel
composition
„ Coal Equivalent/ Oil Equivalent – In terms of
energy equivalents of Coal or oil
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 World Primary Energy Consumption
Renew ables
Large Hydro 2%
2% Nuclear
6%
Total 402 EJ
1998
Trad Biomass Oil 1 EJ = 1018 J
9% 36%

Coal
2002 Total 24%
Natural Gas
21%
434 EJ
(www.eia.
doe.gov)
Source : World Energy Assessment, UNDP
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World 4Primary
20
Energy Production Trend

400
World Energy Production (EJ)
380

360

340

320

300

280
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Source:US DOE Energy Information Data
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World Energy Consumption
„ Fossil Fuels 320 EJ -79.6% of World Primary Energy
Consumption (2002 EIA 372 EJ 85.7%)
„ Fossil fuels depletion – oil-gas-coal
„ World Population 1998 5.9 Billion
„ World primary energy cons 68 GJ/capita/year
1.6 tonnes of oil equivalent/capita
„ Nuclear accounts for 6% of total
„ Primary energy consumption growing at 2% per year

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World Fossil Fuel Reserves
Fuel Reserves 1998 R/P
(EJ) supply Years
(EJ)
Coal 20,700 93 223

Oil 6000/11000 142 42/77

Natural Gas 5500/14800 85 64/174

Total 32200/46,500 320 100/145

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Uranium Resources
„ Uranium 2.3 million tonnes (at
<$80/tonne) 3.4 million tonnes (at
<$130/tonne)
„ Annual consumption 64000 tonnes
„ R/P present technology 35/53 years
„ Present 350 GW Electricity capacity
16% of World’s electricity

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Hydro-electric Resources
„ Natural evaporation of water by solar energy
–water cycle-largest renewable resource
currently used for power generation
„ 1997 – 2600 TWh (Installed capacity 660 GW
~ 20% of World capacity)
„ Economic potential 8100 TWh
„ Opposition to large dams (energy densities as
low as 0.2 MWh/hectare) - Resettlement
issues
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Source: IIASA- WEC
Study
//www.iiasa.ac.at

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 (Gtoe)
Source: IIASA- WEC Study
//www.iiasa.ac.at 1990 2050

A1 A2 A3 B C1 C2

Coal 2.2 3.8 7.8 2.2 4.1 1.5 1.5

Oil 3.1 7.9 4.8 4.3 4.0 2.7 2.6

Gas 1.7 4.7 5.5 7.9 4.5 3.9 3.3

Nuclear 0.5 2.9 1.1 2.8 2.7 0.5 1.8

Hydro 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0

New Renewables 0.2 3.7 3.8 5.7 2.8 3.8 3.2

Traditional Biomass 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Total 9.0 24.8 24.8 24.8 19.8 14.2 14.2

(370) (1020) (810) (580)
Carbon Emissions 6.0 11.7 15.1 9.2 10.0 5.4 5.0
(GtC)
India Energy Balance (Inputs)
„ Average Calorific Value of Indian Coal
4500kcal/kg (18.8 MJ/kg)
„ Average Calorific Value of Oil
10000kcal/kg (41.8 MJ/kg)
„ Natural Gas 9300 kcal/m3 (38.9 MJ/m3)
„ Nuclear, Hydro – Work backwards from
generation based on plant efficiencies
„ Hydro 85%, Nuclear 25%
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 Commercial Energy Supply in India
(1997-98)
Source Supply Cal value PJ
Coal 307 Mt 18.8 MJ/kg 5775
Oil(D) 33.86 41.MJ/kg 1415
Imports 50.43 2108
Nat Gas 26.4 Bm3 9300 1026
Hydro 73500 MU 85% eff 311
Nuclear 10500 MU 25% eff 151
Total 10787
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India- Primary Commercial Energy
Hydro Nuclear
3% 1% 1997-98
Total
Oil Import 10,800 PJ
20%
10.8 EJ
Coal
Oil (D) 53%
13%
Gas
10%

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India- Primary Commercial Energy
Hydro Nuclear Wind
2003-4
2.4% 1.8% 0.2%
Total comm
Nat gas
9.1% 14000 PJ
Biomass 6500
PJ (33%)
Oil Import
Coal
24.9%
51.7% Total
20500 PJ
Oil (D) 19700 PJ (-non
9.8% energy)

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India - Fossil Fuel reserves
Fuel Reserves Prodn R/P
2003-4 ratio
Coal +Lignite 34000 414 ~83 (P)
(Million Tonnes)
140 P+I
Oil 760 33 23 (7)
(Million Tonnes)
(117)
N.Gas 920 32 29
Billion m3

Uranium 61000 PHWR ~50

Tonnes
10GW
Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006 17
Need for Alternatives
„ Fossil fuel reserves limited
„ India - 17% of World population, 4% of
primary energy
„ Present pattern – predominantly fossil
based (87% comm, 64% total)
„ 52% of households unelectrified
„ Linkage between energy services and
quality of life

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 Applications

„ Power Generation
„ Cooking
„ Heating-Water Heating, Space Heating
„ Transportation
„ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
„ Distillation
„ Drying
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India- Overall Energy
„ Population 966 million in 1997-98
„ 13840 billion Rs (‘000 Million) GDP
„ 10.8 EJ (258 Million tonnes of oil equiv)
„ 11.2 GJ/capita/year
(0.27toe/capita/year)
„ Per capita GDP =Rs 14,300 ($360)
„ Energy/GDP = 0.75 kgoe/$

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Power Generation
„ Coal 205.5 Million Tonnes
„ Oil 2.63 Million Tonnes
„ Gas 8.11 Billion m3
„ Hydro 311 PJ
„ Nuclear 151 PJ
„ Coal 3865 PJ, Oil 110 PJ, N Gas 315 PJ
„ Total Primary 4753 PJ
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1997-98

22
1997-98

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 Biomass Estimation
Source NCAER IREP REDB

Million
Fuelwood 93 169 252
Tonnes
Rural
Domestic
Dungcake 83.2 54.2 106.9 Sector
1991

Agricultural 36.7 62.8 99.2

Residue
Source: Urja Bharati, MNES 1994 24
Biomass Estimation
„ Uncertainties in estimation
„ Usage – Domestic, Brick kiln, rice mills, other
industries
„ Per capita Biomass use approx constant over
last 20 years
„ 6.4 GJ/capita/year (Joshi et al)
„ 6180 PJ – 1997-98
„ Total 17 EJ (4% of World)
„ Population 16.9% of World
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References
„ World Energy Assessment – Energy & the Challenge of
Sustainability,UNDP, 2000,
„ AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After Rio-
Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York.
„ N.Nacikonevic, A.Grubler and A.Mcdonald,Global Energy
Perspectives-Cambridge Univ Press, 1998
„ USDOE Energy Information Administration
„ Schurr et al,Electricity in the American Economy, Greenwood
Press, 1990,New York.
„ C.E.Suarez,Energy Needs for Human Development in Energy as
an instrument for Socio-Economic Development, UNDP, 1995
„ Human Development Report, UNDP , 2000
„ TERI Energy Data Directory, TERI,New Delhi, 2003
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