A COMPREHENSIVE ONE-DIMENSIONAL STREAM LINE THEORY BASED ON EULER,

WITH PFLEIDERER'S MOOIFICAT10N FOR SLIP AND HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY,

SUITABLE FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS WiTH PREROfATlON

H. Sprlng, Suparviror of Hydraulic Derlgn

fran%americaOelavaf Ino.
Trenton, New Jersey

ABSTRACT

T h i s paper i s w r i t t e n t o f a m i l i a r i z e the American

MST

NSC
NS --- S t a t i c momenl: of c e n t e r atream l i n e
S p e c i f i c speed

---
Corrected s p e c i f i c speed
pump d e s i g n e r w t t h what was probably P f l e i d e r e r a a
g r e a t e s t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the a r t and f l e d g i n g s c i e n c e
P Pfleiderer s l i p factor
R Radius
of c e n t r i f u g a l pump design, namely h i s modification of SPE Specific gravity
t h e Euler equation for s l i p and hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y
and the P f l e i d e r e r s l i p equation.
T2
U1,UZ --- Vane thickness
Paripheral vslocity
P f l e i d e r e r s work and t h e work of Stepanoff f2)
a r e brought on a common denominator s o t h a t they com-
W
WHP -- Relative velocity
Water HP, o u t of pump discharge
plement each o t h e r r a t h e r than t o appear a s d i f f e r e n f
methods. It is hoped t h a t t h i s paper w i l l e x p l a i n t h e
P f l e i d e r e r stream l i n e theory s u f f i c i e n t l y t o make i t
Z
---
Number of impeller vanes
Absolute flow a n g l e
R e l a t i v e Flow angla, o r vane angle
a t t r a c t i v e co t h e American u s e r , and t h a t its u s e w i l l Head soef f i c i e n t ,
become wide spread a s i t is i n Europe. His stream l i n e
theory w i l l remain t h e corner s t o n e of p w p design f o r
t'h
&
-- Hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y
Wiesner a l i p f a c t o r

---
many y e a r s before s c i e n c e w i l l s u r p a s s i t . .b, Capacity c o e f f i c i e n t
Also discussed is Wiesnerts s l i p equation and i t s Vane c o n t r a c t i o n
a p p l i c a t i o n i n p u m p s . ~ s e E u limpeller f l u i d v e l o c i t i e a Condition on impeller i n l e t
a t e defined i n t h e frsme work of t h e stream l i n e theory. 2
It
-- Condition on impeller o u t l e t
A PPleFderer q u a n t i t y

INTRODUCT EON
A - S l i p coeff i c i e n t ( P f l e i d e r e r )
B2 - Impeller d i s c h a r g e width The following d e s c r i p t i o n shows the c l a s s i c a l
BWP -- Back
Break horsepower developsent of t h e Euler equation, named a f t e r t h e
BSHP s e a l l o s s e s on m u l t i s t a g e i m p e l l e r s Lath c e n t u r y mathematician from Basle, The Euler
C - Absolute v e l o c i t y equation z e p r e s e n t s a foundation f o r a l l turbomacfiinerp
CU - T a n g e n t i a l component of a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y However t h e equation, as important aa St is, i s only a
OI - Meridional component of a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y mathematical. concept, cornparcible t o a machine with no
- Impeller diameter l o s s e s and no s l i p .
DFI(
F
-
- Disc
(l+P)/?h
f r i c t i o n , HP
'
The l a t e Prafeasor P f e i d e r e r & of Braunschweig
U n i v e r s i t y , Gemany, modified t h e Euler equation t o
8
CPM
-- Acceieration
Pump flow, gallons/min
of g r a v i t y make i t a u i t a b l e for a c t u a l machinery, i , e . far t h e
i n c l u s i o n of s l i p and h y d r a u l i c e f f i c i e n c y , Ha did
H - Head, FT t h i s i n a p r a c t i c a l way t h a t i s u s e f u l f o r t h e pump
N1 - P r e r o c a t i o n head designer. This a d d i t i o n i s u n i v e r s a l l y used i n Europe
Hcorr - Corrected he& and i s , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , v e r y l i t t l e known i n the U.S.A.
Hth corr - T h e a r e t i c a l c o r r head P f l e i d e r e r ' 8 modification i a discuased i n d e t a i l . The
HHit h w - T h e o r e t i c a l i n f i n i f e head (Euler) development of t h e maln dimensioning equation i a a l s o
-- Inpuf head ' shwn,
The w r i t e r i n t r o d u c e s t h e concept of "Head car-

--- Pump
MPL Impeller hydraulic l a s s e e
L Length r e c t i o n " for plmrps where p r e r c t a t i o n is allowed a r t h e
LK leakage f r o n t wear r i n g and b a l a n c e f l o w BEP point. Also shown i s t h e corrected head coeffident,
~ H P Pump mechanical l o s s e s , HP
 This a d d i t i o n i s necessary i n order t o d e a l with BEP
p r e r o t a t i o n and make t h e d e f i n i t i o n f o r c a l c u l a t i o n s
uniform.
The nondimensional discharge t r i a n g l e shows an
Equation 3 + s Euler ' s equation.
organized way t o c a l c u l a t e many q u a n t i t i e s f o r v o l u t e
and d i f f u s e r design. The nondimensional t r i a n g l e was
f i r s t : introduced by Stepanoff, f o r s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s
DEFINITION OF VARIOUS HEAD TERMS -
MODIFICATIONS BY PFLE IDERER
3 n l y m . Our t e x t w i l l show how t h e generalized aon-
dimensional. discharge t r i a n g l e can b e drawn or concep-
Euler Head
t i o n a l i z e d f o r c e n t r i f u g a l pumps with d i f f e r e n t s l i p
and hydraulic e f f i c i e n c i e s . We w i l l a l s o show how t h i s This is t h e t h e o r e t i c a l i n f i n i t e head produced
t r i a n g l e and t h e main dimensioning equation a r e r e l a t e d along t h e c e n t e r stream l i n e
mathematically.
The P f l e i d e r e r s l i p equation i s discussed and c w -
pared t o Wiesner 's s l i p f a c t o r u). The w r i t e r e x p h i n s
why he t h i n k s t h a t ehe P f l e i d e r e r s l i p equation i s t h e T h e o r e t i c a l Head
b e s t t o o l f o r pump d e s i g n e r s . Also shown is how t h e The t h e o r e t i c a l head is produced by a pump t h a t i s
a c t u a l s t a t i c head f o r impellers i s c a l c u l a t e d , a s w e l l s u b j e c t e d t o normal s1Lp, but has no hydraulLc l o s s e s
a s t h e d e r i v a t i o n of t h e pump i n p u t head. It w i l l be (100% hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y ) . P i s t h e P f l e i d e r e r s l i p
shown how t h e i n p u t head is r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l factor.
head, but t h e two heads a r e not e n t i r e l y equal. The
paper ends with an abbreviated procedure f o r pump
analysis.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EULER EQUATION -

Head
The a c t u a l pump headi s produced by a pump t h a t
Hthoclis t h e T h e o r e t i c a l I n f i n i t e Head produced has normal s l i p and hydraulic l o s s e s . @ i s the
by a pump with 100% hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y and i n f i n i t e h y d r a u l i c ef ffciency
number of vanes (no s l i p ) .
Hstar- i s t h e S t a t i c Head produced ( i n f i n i t e ) by
same pump a s above.
The ~ a i Dimensioninv
g ~qua<i&n
From equation 6 , t h e h p e l l e r diameter can be
calculated:
Nstatw c o n s i s t s of a p r e s s u r e r i s e caused by
c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e s : ~ 2 2 - ~ 1 2and t h e pressure change
2g
caused by t h e change of 31 t o W2: w12-6122
.
2g

Rearranged according t o the following geometry:

' FIG. # I

Solving f o r U2 y i e l d s t h e impeller diameter

1

U2.229.18
02 =
RPM

The Concept of Head Correction f o r P r e r o t a t i o n

Head H can be corrected f o r p r e r o t a t i o n ( ~ , o r r )

i f p r e r o t a t i o n i s allowed a t BEP. From the square
root of equation 7:

(9)
The c o r r e c t e d Head C o e f f i c i e n t
The c o r r e c t e d head c o e f f i c i e n t is c onvenient to
use when working w i t h t h e nondimensional e x i t t r i a n g l e .
V c or r % uz
~ y J g
and f i n a l l y the c a p a c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t is
THE: NON-DIMENSIONAL DISCKARGE TRUXGLE FOR TKE
GENERAL PUMP
4 Ycorr r e p r e s e n t s our r e a l pump. A s s e e n , t h e r e i s a
FIG. #3
The non-dimensional ( o r u n i t i z e d ) discharge t r l a a g l e
is an i m p e l l e r d i s c h a r g e t r i a n g l e where a1.3 v e l o c i t i e s
have been d i v i d e d by 0 2 . I n t h i s way a l l q u a n e i t i e s
a r e l e s s than 1. The d i s c h a r g e t r i a n g l e presented here
d i f f e r s From S t e p a n o f f s triangLe inasmuch a s is adopt-
a b l e f o r v a r i o u s s l i p and hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y
conditions.
The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e c r i a n g l e i s as follows:
Connect an o r d i n a t e p o i n t of u n i t 1 t o t g p 2 on the
abszissa. .At6 e r e c t a s t r a i g h t l i n e p a r a l l e l t o the
ordinace. C a l c u l a t e t h e correctedhead c o e f f i c i e n t and
p l o t i t on t h i s v e r t i c a l l i n e . Now connect a l i n e
from t g p 2 on t h e a b s z i s s a t o '+torr on l i n e and extend
l i n e t o i n t e r s e c t with o r d i n a t e . T h i s y i e l d s 1/F on
t h e o r d i n a t e . This procedure i s mathematically r i d g i d
and i t can be traced back t o t h e main dimensioning
equation, provided t h e p r i n c i p l e of the c o r r e c t e d head
i s invoked. (See t h e proof on t h e end of t h i s s e c t i o n )
I t can be seen t h a t f o r a given impeller d i s c h a r g e
angle p2, a flow c o e f f i c i e n t and a head c a e f f i c i e n t
Ycorr, a s p e c i f i c v a l u e of P i s required o r v i c e versa.
The '#cart. t h point i s obtained by dividingYcort.
with t h e hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y and p l o t t i n g i t on t h e
$ l i n e . Draw a line from tg P 2 t h r u Y c o r r rh and
extend i t t o t h e o r d i n a t e t o obcain 1/(1+P). Now we
h o w c h a t f o r our example., with a given hydraulic e f -
f i c i e n c y , a fixed value f o r t h e slip m u s t 7 e x i s t , othec-
wise our pump condition would not be s a t i s f i e d .
If we m u l t i p l y '-Pcorr t h with ( l + P ) , we o b t a i n
V c o r r t h @ . T h i s point l a y s e x a c t l y on the l i n e
from t g p2 t o 1 on t h e o r d i n a t e , i . e . y c o r r t h c~
i s an Euler q u a n t i t y . W c o r r t h belongs t o a pump
with 100%hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y but has s l i p . F i n a l l y ,
f i x e d x e l a t i o n between these head c o e f f i c i e n t s and t h e
Euler q u a n t i t y . If t h e pump has no p r e r o t a t i o n a t t h e
BEP, then ~ c o r xe q u a l s \Y , and H c o r r e q u a l s H.
It would be wrong t o u s e t h e u n i t i z e d d i s c h a r g e
t r i a n g l e t o o b t a i n hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y and s l i p based
on some assumptions of P 2 , and (Vcor,. For new designs
s l i p and hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y a r e obtained and v e d i e d
by o t h e r means. But a l l f i n a l assumpeions must f i t
i n t o t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of the u n i t i z e d discharge t r i a n g l e ,
otherwise t h e d e s i r e d pumping c o n d i t i o n s w i l l not be
satisfied.
The u n i t i z e d discharge t r i a n g l e can be used f o r
c a l c u l a t i o n of many important pump q u a n t i t i e s i n
a d d i t i o n t o t h e ones already shown. Quantities with
a q u o t a t i o n mark t' a r e P f l e i d a r e r v e l o c i t i e s or angles
and a r e a s s o c i a t e d with the Y/corr t h p o s i r i o n .
See F i g u r e 3.
T h i s is t h e t a n g e n t i a l component o f the
e f f e c t i v e a b s o l u t e discharge v e l o c i t y C2". CU2" i s
t h e b a s e s of a l l v o l u t e and d i f f u s e r c a l c u l a t i o n s . If
t h i s v a l u e i s noc properly c a l c u l a t e d , t h e best ef-
f i c i e n c y w i l l not be a t the d e s i r e d capacity.
T h i s is the Euler tangencia1 componenc of C2
Eu Xer .
C2" i s the a b s o l u t e average discharge v e l o c l t y a t
a point c l o s e t o t h e impeller e x i t . CZ" is Large
enough t o take i n account impeller and v o l u t e l o s s e s ,
i . e . f o r a c e r t a i n hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y , the lmpeller
d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y must be CZ".
W2" i s the average r e l a t i v e d i s c h a r g e v e l o c i t y
occurring under t h e i n f l u e n c e of s l i p and hydraulic
efficiency.
42" 1 a b s o l u t e flow angle a r discharge
p2" = r e l a t i v e flow angle a t discharge
2 ;
. vane d i s c h a r g e or Euler a n g l e
 P is t h e P f l e i d e r e r s l i p . The d e f i n i t i o n of t h e
P f l e i d e r e r s l i p s i m p l i f i e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n procedure. The hydraulic e f f i c i ency is a l s o defined a s
The foXXawing d e r i v a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h e connection W fll-LK) (21)
of t h e 1/F point on t h e t r i a n g l e w i t h the main dimen- ?h" BHP-DFR-MLliP-BSWP
sioning equation:
S e t equation 20 and 21 equal t o each other and

d i v i d e both s i d e s bv U2 Hth 'Orr

_
s o l v e f o r Bth c o r r .

Hcorr (BHP-DFR-MLHP-BSHP)
.
H * GPM-SPG ( 1 + LK)
3961
a b p u t Qz)

s i n c e ?Icorr =
korr
' u22
R

BEGIN
n
100% CAP -0
-,

F I G . #4

Since t h i s equation is derived frcm t e s t r e s u l t s

only, i t i s r e f e r r e d t o a s input h&d. The input: head
can be c a l c u l a t e d over a l a r g e flow range f r w t e s t
d a t a . It i s i d e n t i c a l t o t h e t b e o r e t i a l head (Hth corl
Inspection of t h e non-dimensional t r i a n g l e shows down t o t h e flow where t h e r o t a t i n g s t a l l begins. At
t h i s t o be true. t h a t p o i n t , Hinput and Hth carp d e p a r t from each o t h e r .
T h e i n p u t head must not be confused wFth t h e Euler heac
STATIC HEAD AT MPELLER DISCHARGE The i n p u t head r e f l e c t s hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y and a t
lower flows a l s o t h e s t a l l l o s s e s , but not d i s k f r i c -
The s t a t i c head is used f o r t h r u s t c a l c u l a t i o n s t i o n , nor mechanical l o s s e s . The Eular head, by con-
t r a s t , r e p r e s e n t s an i d e a l pump w i t h no s l i p and 100%
and f o r wear r i n g leakage c a l c u l a t i o n s . The computa-
t i o n a p p l i e s t o t h e c e n t e r streamline. To c a l c u l a t e .
hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y See Fig. 4 ,
t h e s t a t i c head a t t h e impeller d i s c h a r g e [ a t BEf) t h e
following equations can b e used SLIP EN IMPELLERS
The previous s e c t i o n s d e a l t w i t h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
of s l i p and hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y w i t h t h e d i s c h a r g e
HST
(H-W1.P) -
----- c2"2 - c1c2 - lMPL (18)
v e l o c i t i e s , From t e s t s such s l i p f a c t o r s can be ob-
t a i n e d . This can be done very r e a d i l y provided t h e
'7h 2g BEP p r e r o t a t i o n and the hydraulic e f f i c i e n c y a r e known
Equations 17 and 18 a r e numerically i d e n t i c a l ( s e e l a s t s e c t i o n ) . We want, however, t o b e a b l e t o
provided t h a t the previously given d e f i n i t i o n s a r e p r e d i c t t h e s l i p of a new impeller in order t o f u l f i l l
a p p l i e d . Lf rhe h p e l l e r s u c t i o n is from a stagnant a d e s i g n requirement. T h i s r e q u i r e s some a d d i t i o n a l
body of water, ~ 1 ~ ~ must / 2 b ~e s)u b t r a c t e d from NST. tools.
These t o o l s a r e t h e many s l i p equations t h a t have
been developed over t h e years. I t i s not: t h e purpose
of t h i s paper t o l i s t and compare them a l l . This has
been done elsewhere.
Equation 1 9 is e s t i m a t e only when impeller l a s s e s For t h e pump designer tuo equations a r e most help-
a r e not known. It is assumed t h a t t h e hydraulic l o s a e s f u l . F i r s t , P f l e i d e r e r ' s equation and, second,
a r e equally divided between s t a t o r and impellet.. Wfesner's equation. Before discussing any of t h e s e
t o o l s , some g e n e r a l remarks. Designers know t h a t t h e
THE INPUT ilEAn s l i p i n c r e a s e s with preeottation allowed a t BEP. If
counter r o t a t i o n i s allowed, the s l i p decreases.
By d e f i n i t i o n from Fig. 3 we have:
Also the s l i p can d i f f e r between v o l u t e and d i f f u s e r
pumps. The s l i p even changes when t h e d i f f u s e r / i m p e l k r CENTER
gap i s changed. Everybody knows t h a t t h e s l i p changes
with d i s c h a r g e a n g l e and number of vanes. The s l i p S'REANLIN7
p r e s e n t s a t r u l y complex problem. The s l i p does not
changemuch i n t h e s t a l l f r e e r e g i o n s along t h e c a p a i t y
a x i s . I n v e s t i g a t o r s have shown t h a t t h e s l i p v a r i e s
around t h e Srmpaller circumference, even a c r o s s t h e
impeller width changes i n s l i p a r e observed. S t r i c k l y
speaking, l o c a l s l i p c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t around t h e i m -
p e l l e r . Our t a s k however i s t o f i n d t h e average o r
g l o b a l s l i p , a s i n g l e number t h a t d e s c r i b e s t h e o v e r a l l
ef Eective i m p e l l e r s l i p ,
Nobody h a s been a b l e t o c a l c u l a t e s l i p d i r e c t l y
f r m fundamental p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . The e x i s t i n g
c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e o n l y simulafions, and we d o n ' t expect:
any break-thru I n t h e near f u t u r e . However f o r every
pump chat has been t e s t e d , a s l i p f a c t o r can be ex- ,
t r a c r e d , t h a t is v a l i d f o r t h e p r e v a i l i n g design.
Having s u f f i c i e n t t e s t s a v a i l a b l e permits a c l a s s i f i -
c a t i o n of s l i p condition. In t h i s regard P f l e i d e r e r s
equation e x c e l s , a s we s h a l l s e e .

It w a s found t h a t f o r a low NSC and low s o l i d i t y

P =
MST *: Z Pf l e i d e r e r s s l i p equation (23) t h e c o e f f i c i e n t A i s small. For a low NSC and a high
s o l i d i t y , A was l a r g e r . For a h i g h NSC and a low
s o l i d i t y A was l a r g e . For a high NSC and a high
An examination of P f l e i d e r e r s equation shows t h a t s o l i d i t y , A was l a r g e . A v a r i e d between .5 and 1.4.
a l l q u a n r i t i e s have a p h y s i c a l meaning I n r e s p e c t t o
For a n i l l u s t r a t i o n a sample of v o l u t e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e
t h e impeller, except t h e s l i p c o d f i c i e n t A. I f an
a n a l y s i s of a pump eesf y i e l d e d tha s l i p f a c t o r P , added I n t h e appendix. Our pumps a r e of highly de-
veloped hydraulic design. A graph f o r simpler hydrauxc
then the equation 23 determines t h e v a l u e A. The co-
d e s i g n s might look d i f f e r e n t than our example, b u t not
e f f i c i e n t A served a s p r o p o r t t o n a l l y f a c t o r i n
too much. We were a b l e t o prepare for each of t h e
P f l e i d e r e r s d i s c r i p t i o n of h i s equation. He gave a
above groups of pumps meaningful graphs. Needless t o
v a l u e f o r A f o r ' d i f f u s e r and v o l u t e pumps. The w r i t e r
say t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s work i s t e d i o u s and r e q u i r e s pro-
has seen v a r i a t i o n s i n A fram .5 t o 1.4. Bowever long
c e s s o r computer programs. The processor program were
term obsetrvations permitted a reasonable c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
n o t a v a i l a b l e for t h e s o l i d i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s i n i t i a l l y
of A a s a parameter af sane i m p e l l e r geometrical pro-
p e r t i e s , r a t h e r than j u s t a p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r . which accounts f o r some i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s . To some de-
g r e e i n c o n s i s r e n r f e s a r e probably a l s o p a r t of t h e
We found t h a t A diffexs between d i f f u s e r and volu'te
described system, b u t o v e r a l l t h e system permics t o
pumps. The w r i t e r s company d e s i g n s d i f f u s e r pumps with
i n t e r p o l a t e t h e s l i p c o e f f i c i e n t b'etween known impeller
various amounts of p r e r o t a t l o n , from'small amounts of
designs. It should bbe mentioned t h a t i n t e s t a n a l y s i s
counter r o r a c i o n t o perhaps 450 p r e r o t a t i o n . Most of
t h e amount of pr.erotatian must b e known, otherwise che
our v o l u t e pumps have a small amount of p r e r o t a t i o n .
s l i p can n o t be obtained c o r r e c t l y . The p r e r o t a t i o n
We separated s l i p c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t o groups f o r 0°, JS0,
(flow f i e l d measurements) probably is b e s t measured
450 f o r d i f f u s e r pumps and a f o u r t h group f o r v o l u t e
t h r u a i r model tests.
pumps. Zn a c o o r d i n a t e Eiald of corrected s p e c i f i c b
Also with t h e P f l e i d e r e r s l i p equation and t h e
speed v e r s u s s o l i d i t y , A was p l o t t e d as a parameter. parameter p o s i t i o n of t h e d i p c o e f f i c i e n t A, t h e ~ ics

NSC RPM -w no requirement t h a t t h e a n g u l a r distribution along the

main stream l i n e be Logarithmical. We modified
"Cd2 P f l e i d e r e r sltp equation is t h e b e s t of t h e s l i p
equatf on a v a i l a b l e today f o r t h e pumps d e s i g n e r , be- '
CHORD
Solidity = PITCH cause t h e whole equation can be r e l a t e d t o p h y s i c a l
impeller dimensiors, including t h e s l i p c o e f f i c i e n t . .
Davg -T Of i n t e r e s t is a l s o the s l i p equation published by
Pitch *
Z Wf esner a. H i s equation is a convenient form af t h e
d a t a given by Busemann 0 ,which was obtained mathe-
Chord is d e f i n e d a s t h e a c t u a l d i s t a n c e ( t h r u m a t i c a l l y f o r impeller vanes of l o g a r i t h m i c s p i r a l f w .
space) .from vane i n l e t t o vane e x i t on t h e c e n t e r l i n e . The f u l l Wiesner s l i p f a c t o r g i v e s good r e s u l t s Par
See Fig. 5. Davg occurs where wane is a t h a l f length. v o l u t e pumps with no p r e r o t a t i o n , On d i f k u s e r pumps
w i t h p r e r o t a t i o n t h e Wiesner s l i p f a i l s . There i s also
CHORD = (~12 + ~2214 (27) another disadvantage, If a pump has been analyzed f o r
C
s l i p , t h e r e s u l t a n t P can n o t b e reproduced by t h e
Wiesner s l i p equation. The d i f f e r e n c e may be small i n
case of a v o l u f e pump -with no p r a r o t a t i o n . On pumps
with p r e r o t a t i o n , t h e r e is n o way t o o b t a i n a c o r r e -
l a t i o n . And i f the angular d i s t r i b u t i o n is noe a
For the a t a t i c moment s e e Fig. 5. logarithmic s p i r a l , no good r , e s u l t s can be expect&
because of an over-emphasis of t h e exit angle,
 WmSNERS SLIP FACTOR where

Where 6 a
(- 8.16 ;sinf!2)
(30)

if -
RJ.
R2 < 5 , oplit the tern i n
II y
or simpler
= Twist of vane, s e e Ref. (1)

If d i s t o be used i n t h e main dimensioning

equation, i t has f i r s t t o be converted t a P. Wiesner
d e f i n e s d as:

and f i n a l l y from P follows A:

As previously discussed, the s l i p c o e f f i c i e n t A

can b e grouped f o r v a r i o u s ranges of p r e r o t s t i o n on
d i f f u s e r and v o l u t e s pumps f o r NSC v e r s u s s o l i d i t y .
With s u f f i c i e n t d a t a on hand, a secure means of e s t i -
mating new impeller designs can be thus d e v i s e d .

CONCLUSIONS

The scream l i n e theory presented here i s f o r t h e

Ice -.
CU2
C5-I and CU2 - UZ --
ai2
egg2
mosc p a r t s not new, but t h i s paper o f f e r s a "one source"
d i c t i o n a r y f o r many d e f i n i t i o n s . The e q u a t i o n s g i v e n
h e r e p r a v i d e a r i g i d background f o r one a s p e c t of
himpeller design. The m i t e r f e l t t h e r e was a need t o

l + P =
U2 --CM2
tg%2
dl u2 - -
and
tg P 2
finally P - 1
-3).]
d-
4.
-
p r e s e n t a comprehensive one-dimensional stream l i n e
c a l c u l a t i o n theory, t h a t can handle p r e r o t a t i o n flow
f i e l d s a t the impeller i n l e t and a t t h e same time
e x p l a i n P E l e i d e r e r s s l i p equation i n t h e Englf s h
language region. Thestream l i n e theory i s a l s o a must
f o r people t h a t use i n t e r n a l impeller flow programs
(32)
Now d can be converted i n t o P and used i n t h e such a s K a t s a n i s ' s MERIDL and TSONZC codes. These codes
previously discussed manner. can not b e s u c c e s s u f l l y a p p l i e d , u n l e s s ' i n p u r i s pro-
vided t h a t is based r i g i d l y on the. described stream
PUMP TEST ANALYSIS l i n e theory i n a three-dimensional way.

The s y s t e m a t i c approach Eor t e s t d a t a reduction REFERENCES

r e q u i r e s a l o t of thought and i s beyond t h i s paper.
However we assembled h e r e t h e b a s i c procedure t o ob- 1. Pf l e i d e r e r , C a r l , "Die Kreisel-Pumpen fGr
t a i n ' t h e s l i p P f r o m a pump t e s t . F l i i s s i g k e i t e n und Gase," Springer Verlag 1961

2. Stepanoff, Alexander, "Centrif ugal and A x i a l Flow

Pumps," John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1957

WIIP CPMBEP
3961
H - SPG
(33)
3. Wiesner, F, J., "A Review of S l i p F a c t o r s f o r
C e n t r i f u g a l Impellers," Transaction of t h e ASME,
Paper No. 66-WAlFE-18
BKP = -
WHP
Ern 4. Busemann, A . , "In hgewand t e Mathematik und
Mechanik," Volume 8 , October 1928, Pages 372-384.
For t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of d i s c f r i c t i o n , see Ref.
(1) or (2) . Do not f o r g e t t o include h p e l l e r s i d e
-
p l a t e thickness Ref. (1). For appendix s e e next page.
The s l i p can be obtained from the main dimension-
ing equation.
 APPENDIX

N S C X 100
CORRECTED SPECIFIC SPEED