Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.0 Introduction

Villages are the pre-model foundation part of a developing country like Bangladesh. More
than 80% populace lives in rustic area and most of fasten with agricultural profession. The
villages and villagers are constantly being ignored by the city people. For surviving from
poverty and for better life, peoples are trying to forget their origin and migrating to towns.
This practice constructs a very bad impact on the path of developing country. So, if we would
like to restructure the worse scenario, the adjustment should start from the basic level.
Villages and villager’s life should be studied intensely to gather further information for
restructuring and escalation the overall condition of the villages. In our Live Field Experience
(LFE) study project, we tried to envisage the pros and cons of our assigned village and Para.
From our cool, calm and collected information it is latent for us to edifying and proposing
some drawbacks as we worked with the structural, economical, educational, socio-cultural,
natural and political changes over time. We have pragmatic these phenomenon concerning
the post liberation period. We tried to do our best as per as possible to collect all pertinent
information which will construct a wide representation containing such aspects. “Village
resource mapping and transect” will ease to endow with an idea about the diverse areas of our
assigned village and Para. Focus on following topics to describe for individual perspective…

� Village Mapping
� Transact Mapping
� Description of the Village through PRA and Recent BBS Report

3.1 Objectives of Village mapping

Map is an illustration of any geographical place by which one can produce a mental portrait
instantaneously. The main objective of Village-resource mapping is to create a picture view
of the village and para in the intellect of the person who reads. It also portrays the settlement
blueprint, natural resources and infrastructural facilities accessible in the village.

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.2 Limitations of Village mapping

LFE is totally a new type of course with lots of new feature, experiences for me and my all of
group members according to our all other courses. It’s a great discover for me, because I have
to draw the village map and transact map on the first day of our survey. Time is a big factor,
We got only three hours which was not sufficient to gather knowledgeable informants who
will help us to draw the village and Para map and it was quite hard for us to match up
communicate properly. After made Rapport building, we ask informants to draw the map, but
they were confused among themselves when they were drawing the map. The people of
MODDHA PARA of PAKAMURA village are very friendly in nature. But since our time of
fieldwork was in the morning, the time used to conflict with their peak working time, and so
sometimes they were less co-operative. The villagers were very reluctant to answer any
question related to income. The informants were sometimes hesitating to provide information
on the amount of dowry that they had provided. They were even unenthusiastic to verbalize
about their poverty level.

3.3 Methodology:

We have done our survey in Moddah Para under the village Pakamura. Our Union & P.O. is
Kalir Bazaar (Kalir Hut), Thana & District Comilla Zila Shadar (Uttar). We had studied the
para to accumulate the obligatory both primary and secondary data for 10 days. Basically we
applied two methods for collecting our data.
Method-1:
For collecting qualitative data, we use Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA).
Method-2:
For collecting quantitative data, we use Questionnaire Survey.
Below we have discussed about the methods we used in details:

3.3.1 PRA:
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a method of collecting information of the particular
village or para by gathering the rural community in a common place like tea stall, to a famous
person’s house or to a school premise. During the meeting time, we divide the work amongst

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

the five group members and start gathering the required information of the village from the
villagers. We always present with right attitude (Frankness, Acceptability, Politeness and
Sensitivity) and with right conduct (Exchanging ideas & information, be imperial, friendly
behavior, Treat with respect, Encourage, listen attentively & talk less, Flexibility). After that
we made triangulation (cross checking of information) and we maintain maximum freedom
thus why we did not collect any irrelevant data.

3.3.2 Questionnaire Survey:

We have 25 questionnaires with the content of 21 questions, which were given out on the
orientation class (5 questionnaires for each member). Every member surveyed five houses, in
total 25 houses in the village. To gather the information needed for the questionnaire we have
used the following ways:

3.3.2.1 Time Analysis:

For finding social change of the village on basis of present and past causes and effects, we
had to look for the aged persons in the para. By evaluating their information according to the
time frame, we can engender the reasons and effects of the social changes at present.

3.3.2.2 Class Analysis:

We divided the respondents according to their social habitual and status for the wealth
ranking part. For this division we had to look up their house patterns, their wealth and assets
like land, TV, radio, furniture, cycle, etc. and their periodic income. We went into the houses
of the families and observed their property and interviewed them to fill out the
questionnaires.

3.3.2.3 Individual Interview:

For accumulated the required information, we were taking the personal interview. We took
interview of each household head or his wife or son whoever was present at that moment. For
market analysis, we have gone to the haat and interviewed the farmers and businessman. Our
gathered ideas and views helped us a lot to judge the difference between the various features
of the village people. We also take some snaps by using our camera for the requirements of
the report. After collecting the data, we have looked for the findings and made the analysis to
show up the information.

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

Picture 3.1: Map of Bangladesh and location of

our survey area “Comilla” (Left) & Upo-zila
“Kalir Bazaar” under Comilla Zila Shadar
(Right)

3.4 Assortment of village and Para

In Comilla district our selected village was PAKAMURA and Para was MODDAH PARA.
We were under the supervision of coordinators appointed by INDEPENDENT
UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH and stayed at “BANGLADESH ACADEMY FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT” (BARD) facility. The authority of BARD and our supervisor of IUB
selected and assigned three paras to three groups (Uttar Para – Group 48; Moddah Para –
Group 47 & Dokkhin Para – Group 49). Our Para were middle of the village so the BARD
authority provided a guide named who will give us support in the village. In relation our three
respected coordinators (Masud Sir from Dhaka and Naim Sir & Sabrina madam from
Chittagong) and two monitors were also there to guide us in any circumstances. In Figure 3.1,
the left side black circle regions show the district Comilla in the map of Bangladesh, as well
as in the right side black circle regions show the Comilla Zila Shadar & red circle regions
show the Upo-zila “Kalir Bazaar”. Our selected PAKAMURA village in the Kalir Bazaar
Upo-zila, now it called ‘SHADAR UTTAR THANA’ by the villagers and the post office is
‘Kalir Hut’.

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.5 Procedures of Mapping

Drawing the village-resource and para map is the most central and necessary part of our field
survey and report writing. This map was drawn by the villagers with considerable knowledge
about their own rural community. It was quiet divergent than a traditional geographical map.
We tried hard to screen out all the valuable information from them. It was our duty to make
the map significant because it is the geographical and physical representation escorted by
certain calculations. It also carries a formation of fusion infrastructure of the village. We
settle one yard of one of our informant whose name was Habibul Islam in the front of the
village. Here we tried to gather round different age people for collecting information by
doing Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The participants were requested then to draw the
village and para map and mark out different resources. Some aged person illustrated the map
and the input of youth was not trifling. We gave them seeds and colors that were provided by
BARD. We asked them to place the ditch, houses, trees, Mosques, Schools, graveyards,
roads, rivers and other noteworthy resources of the village. We also helped them in plotting
the seeds, white papers and diffusion the colors in the map. We selected red color to mark the
village boundary and yellow to mark the Uttar Para, Blue for the Moddha para and white for
the Dakkhin para and some white small papers for tin shade, white rectangular papers for
buildings structures and mustered seeds for cultivated field, corn seeds for the trees, mango
leaf for madrasha and mosque and paddy seeds for the houses.

Picture 3.2: Map of ‘PAKAMURA’ village (Side view) drawing by villagers (Left); Map of
‘PAKAMURA’ (Right-up) and one volunteer drawing (Right-down). <Upper indicate North>

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.6 Overview of the PAKAMUA village and its resources

‘PAKAMURA’, this name history was derived from the tea stall’s concrete floor. Once there
was a river, on the river side and beside ‘KALIR HAAT’ a tea stall placed, which was very
famous for tea. The first part of the name come from the tea stall’s floor, which was made by
concrete(locally called ‘PAKA’) and the second part come from the hills(locally called
‘MURA’), which were sited on the east side of the village.

The total distance from Comilla to ‘PAKAMURA’ is 12 K.M. The detailed distance like
Comilla town ‘KANDIR PAR’ to ‘KOUT BARI (BARD)’ is 7 K.M. and from BARD to
‘KALIR HAAT’ is 3 K.M. and from ‘KALIR HAAT’ to ‘PAKAMURA’ is 2 K.M.

The ‘PAKAMURA’ village is combination of three paras. In addition, when we have tried to
locate the paras and different resources situated in the village, we discover there is another
para in the west side of ‘MODDHA PARA’ called ‘PATHOR BARI’. In the North-West
corner we locate a village called ‘AATHARA’ and in the West-South side ‘ZALGAO’
situated. The Comilla Zila Shadar road divided ‘AATHARA’ village & ‘ZALGAO’ village
in the west side and ‘PAKAMURA’ village in the east side of the road. ‘BATAICHORI’
village in the South-West side and ‘UTTAR LOKKHIPUR’ village in South side of the
‘PAKAMURA’ village. Most of the East side of ‘PAKAMURA’ village covered with Hills.
We locate ‘ZANGALIA’ village in the East-North side, ‘SHAKTAALA’ village in the
North-East corner and ‘FENUWA’ village North-West corner (our entry point).

Villagers use two bazaars for their everyday purchase, ‘KALIR BAZAAR’ in North-west
corner and ‘UTTAR LOKKHIPUR BAZAAR’ in South side of the ‘PAKAMURA’ village.
There are four Mosques in this village; one is in the ‘UTTAR PARA’, one is in the
‘MODDHA PARA’ near the Modern Fishery Private (Ltd.) and two are in the ‘DOKKHIN
PARA’. There was no Primary / High schools, but one KG BRAC School will start very
recently. There was three ‘moqtab/madrasha’ and many little Graveyards sited place to place.
There are three shops in the village; two in ‘MODHA PARA’ and one in the ‘DOKKHIN
PARA’. Two big paddy fields were in the west and east side and a big fishery in the
‘MODDHA PARA’. A ‘Digi’ positioned in the front of ‘PAKAMURA’ village (also
reporting point of all three groups).

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.7 Findings from Maps (Primary Information of ‘Moddha Para’

according ‘PAKAMURA’ village)

3.7.1 Number of inhabitants

Approximately 750 to 800 people were found living in ‘MODDHA PARA’. This para was
quite big because of the addition of another area called ‘PATHOR BARI’. So our para
centrally very much populated. Total village population is 2059(Source: ‘Union Porishod’
representative & a Family Planning field worker); we also estimated that population by
collecting information from every household. Some of the family members were migrant
workers and relatives of the para people who live elsewhere.

3.7.2 Number of Voters

Total 955 people are listed as a voter from 2059 people of the ‘PAKAMURA’ village
(Source: ‘Union Porishod’ representative & a Family Planning field worker). In our
‘MADDHA’ para approximately 470 to 490 peoples are enlisted as voters.

3.7.3 Number of houses

There in total 353 houses in ‘PAKAMURA’ village (Source:
‘Union Porishod’ representative & Family Planning field worker)
& in our ‘MADDHA’ para we have identified total 130 to 135
houses (Approximate Value). The houses at Back side of Para
were little bit jam-packed and smaller compared to houses of
front side. In the front side there were 4 to 6 houses which were Picture 3.3: MUD House (up)
& TIN House (down)
near the road where comparatively solvent people lived. Most
rich and wealthy people of PAKAMURA village lived in PATHAR BARI area. Almost 50%
houses are made by Tin with concrete floor and only three buildings we locate in our para.

3.7.4 Occupation
The major livelihood of the populace was agriculture. But now
gradually some they had to switch from agriculture profession,
because there is no support from government in this section
Picture 3.4: Interviewing
(Fertilizer problem). Some of them, basically young generation Farmers (In Field)

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

are interested on foreign going and others are in business. Very few amount of people in
other profession like manual labor, rickshaw puller, construction, and mill/ industrial worker.

3.7.5 Religion type

It’s a 100% Muslim village. In our ‘MADDHA’ Para was a comprised tenant of Muslim
religion. There was no other religion and beliefs living in our para.

3.7.6 Education
The education level of ‘MODDHA’ para was significantly
high then the standard compared to other paras in the village.
Almost eighty percent children are school going, basically
they study at ‘ZALGAO’ primary school & ‘KALIR
BAZAR’ high school, because there was no Primary / High Picture 3.5: School in another

schools, but one KG BRAC School will start very recently. Some young people are study at
‘COMILLA VICTORIA COLLEGE’ and some are study at COMILLA town.

3.7.7 Health awareness

The health awareness in our Para was low in lower & middle
class people. Almost eighty percent households didn’t have
their own latrine. They use government toilet which was not
hygienic at all. Most of them use tube well for drinking and
cooking purpose. But the people of our Para were aware
of deadly diseases as they do vaccinate every child.
Picture 3.6: ‘SHISHU’ Vaccination
Card (up) & TITI Card (down).

3.7.8 Government Non government organizations

BARD the only government organizations and ASA, BRAC bank ‘MIUK’ were the existing
NGO’s working in our para. These NGOs were supporting the inhabitants in financial crisis.

3.7.9 Trees
‘MODDHA’ para was a Green village. In the rural areas it was palpable to discover several
numbers of trees. In our view, trees were the number one resource. Trees were useful in
thousand ways. Our Para have number of fruit trees like Mango, Jackfruit, coconut, Betel nut,

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

Guava, Black berry trees, Kamranga and the expensive trees present in our Para were
Mahgoni, Rain tree, Debdaru and Bot. Para people plant these, thinking of their future.
Clump of Bamboo were the widespread plans in the Para.

3.7.10 Latrine
Most hygienic latrines were owned by the higher income family
in our para. The poor income groups were still use hanging and
ring latrine present but those are not maintained well. Most of the
poor people didn’t have there own one and they used the
government which was not hygienic. The statistical findings,
more precise description with graphical review are given in
Picture 3.7: Hygienic Latrine (up)
Chapter (Health and Environment). & Hanging Latrine (down).

3.7.11 Tube-Well
In village’s tube-well is the only source of pure drinking water. Our para was consisting of a
67 tube-wells scattered over the para. Seventy percent of the 67 tube-well was given by
BARD. In the south western side of the Para there was a Deep Tube-Well. Tube well water
was used by all, as drinking water and some family use it for bathing, dish washing and
clothe washing. This village never survey for checking for Arsenic affectivity. Chapter
(Health and Environment) analysis more, regarding to use of tube well.

3.7.12 Ditches
There were ditches in our Para, which are in different
dimension such as small and medium. These ditches
were used generally as a dustbin for waste disposal.
Picture 3.8:
Deep Analysis with this matter of ditches are presented Medium Ditche
(up) & Small Drain
with pictorial discussion was given in Chapter (Left).
(Health and Environment).

3.7.13 Grocery Shop

The villagers fulfill their basic purchasing from the ‘KALIR HAAT’
and ‘UTTAR LOKKHIPUR HAAT’. There are three grocery shops
in the village; two in ‘MODHA PARA’ and one in the ‘DOKKHIN
PARA’. Basically shopkeepers are farmer and this is their part time Picture 3.9: One Shop

business. Thus why they are available only (00:6 to 00:08) A.M. and

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

(00:05 to 08:00) P.M. So villagers didn’t depend on the local grocery

shops. There one place selected for further market ‘PATOWARI
MARKET’ establishment in the village.
Picture 3.10: Future ‘PATWARI
3.7.14 Animals
As our Para is a residential area there is not much sign of
wild life or animals rather than the domestic ones. While
talking to the para people we got to know that there are
only few foxes, ‘baag-dasha’ as wild animal. On the other
hand Domestic animals were cow, goat, hen, and duck.
Picture 3.11: Domestic Animals

3.7.15 Fishery
In our para, there were two fish
farmers. One have own pond.
Another fishery was take ledge
from government for grow fish,
which called …‘MODERN Picture 3.12: Fishery in Own Pond (Left), Pond owner (Mid) & Ledged
Fishery ‘MODERN FISHERIZ PRIVATE LTD’ (Right).
FISHERIZ PRIVATE LTD.’.

3.7.16 Mosque
There are for mosques in this village; two of those are ‘JAME’ mosque and other two are
normal. ‘JAME’ mosque means, where doing prayer five times every day. We locate, one
‘JAME’ and one normal mosque in our para. A ‘MOQTAB’ also situated in our para.

3.7.17 Graveyard
We discover many little family graveyards are in our MODDHA para beside the houses.
Most of the graveyards are not separated by any demarcation and those were not so neat and
clean as it supposes to be. Some part of the graveyard was used for waste disposal.

3.7.18 Bridge
A culvert was there connecting the MODDHA para crop field to water pump, which is in the
other side of the village. This bridge has been constructed in 2004 facilitating the cultivation.
The condition of the culvert was heavy and strong.

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.8 General Information of ‘MODDHA’ Para

Collecting and analyzing different information’s of an allotted area was the main task of our
LFE course. To bring together information we were given questioner, which was prepared by
IUB (SESM) authority. We were consisting of five members in the group and each member
had to complete 5 questioners in concern of our ‘MODDHA’ para. We found 115 people in
our survey among them 59 are male and 56 are female. The female participants are almost
equal with male participator because we are present in working hour of the day. To show the
different ratio we have taken the total population of 115 as the base. And we have provided
all the ratios based up on the total inhabitants. After analyzing those questioners, we have
presented the numerical statistics to illustration our para vividly.

Table No 3.1: Age and Sex Distribution of Study Population (Dummy table-1)

Age Group Male Female

No. % No. %
1 to 10 13 11.30 14 12.17
11 to 20 14 12.17 11 9.57
21 to 30 13 11.30 9 7.83
31 to 40 9 7.83 7 6.09
41 to 50 6 5.22 10 8.70
51 to 60 1 0.87 1 0.87
61 to 70 1 0.87 3 2.61
71 to 80 1 0.87 - -
81 to 90 1 0.87 1 0.87
Total 59 51.30 56 48.71
Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008

After surveying 25 households we found 59 masculine and 56 feminine in MODDHA para.

The percentage of male and female is in close proximity to same. In our field survey we have
identified 40 males and 34 females in between 1 to 30 years of their age. In this relation the
number of people is decreasing in upper level ranges.
Table No 3. 2: Marital Status (Dummy table-2)
Marital Status Male Female
No. % No. %
Married 28 24.35 36 31.30
Unmarried 31 26.96 12 10.43

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

Widow / - - 5 4.35
Widower
Divorced - - 3 2.61
Separated - - - -
Abandoned
Total 59 51.31 56 48.69
Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008

Unmarried Male is more than female. Married females are more then male. When we survey,
the male presentation was very low because this time was working time. There is a few
numbers of widow and divorced women in ‘MODDHA’ para. No widow / widower and
Divorced in male side. We did not found any Separated Abandoned in basis of male or
female criteria.
*Most of the female got married in their early life stage.

Table No. 3.3: Family Type (Dummy table-3)

Family Type No. %

Nuclear 22 88
Joint 3 12
Total 25 100

Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008

As like as towns the villagers are moving to nuclear families from joint families. In our we
found 22 families running nuclear family structure, where only 3 families in joint family
structure. And this change occurred vastly after liberation period. This change has a strong
impact over the lifestyle of the villagers.
*There was almost 60% family living together but their ‘CHULA’ were different so we
define them as nuclear family.
Table No. 3.4: Primary Occupation (Dummy table-4)
Occupation Male Female
No. % No. %
Income Earner 36 31.30 6 5.22
House Wife - - 31 26.96
Student 13 11.30 6 4.46
Unemployed - - - -

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

Dependent(Children) 7 6.09 3 2.61

Dependent(Adult) 3 2.61 10 8.70
Total 59 51.3 56 47.95
Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008

Agriculture was the main occupation of ‘MODDHA’ para populace. Male were the main
income source as 31.3% shown in table and 26.96% females were housewife as they support
male and do household tasks. The major part of the populace was in student portion as almost
15.76%. * There were no unemployed people we found in our para.

Table No 3.5: Total Yearly Family Income (Dummy table-5)

Income Range No. % Income Class
(thousand)
0-20 3 12 Lower
21-40 5 20 Lower
41-60 1 4 Lower
61-80 4 16 Middle
81-100 8 32 Middle
101-120 1 4 Middle
121-140 - - Upper
141-160 2 8 Upper
161-180 1 4 Upper
181-200 - - Upper
Total 25 100
Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008
Out of 25 families, 13 families were under the middle-income group. They were occupying
52% and lower-income group is 36% which was much lesser than lower class. In the higher
income group there were 3 families; because those 3 family incomes come from foreign
country. The allocation of wealth in our Para is diverse as 3 families can run the whole para.
* More precise income sources and other information’s are given in Chapter (Economy and
Rural production Cycle).
Table No 3.6: A Educational Background of Currently Enrolled Students
(Dummy table-6A)
Level of Education Male Female

No. % No. %
Primary 8 29.63 6 22.22
Secondary (Non SSC) 5 18.52 3 11.11
SSC 1 3.70 2 7.41

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

HSC - - 1 3.70
Graduation 1 3.70 - -
Masters - - - -
Total Population 15 55.55 12 44.44
Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008
In our Para the currently enrolled students were only concentrated in primary and secondary
sections. Very few register for board exam such as three for SSC and only one for HSC.
Among them in the primary level and secondary School enrolment female are less enrolled
than male. The government and the NGO’s are trying to improve the school enrolment rate.

Table No 3.6B: Educational Background of Other Members (Dummy table 6B)

Level of Education Male Female

No. % No. %
Primary 10 11.36 8 9.09
Secondary (Non 7 7.95 6 6.82
SSC)
SSC 1 1.14 1 1.14
HSC 4 4.55 2 2.27
Graduation 1 1.14 1 1.14
Masters - - - -
No Education 22 25 25 28.41
Total Population 45 51.14 43 48.87
Source: LFE Field Survey, Spring 2008
From our survey it was explicable that the educational background of the para people was
insignificant. More or less 50% of the male did go to school along with some sound number
of female. We have almost similar number of male and female that has accomplished primary
and secondary school. It’s clear that the elders of our para know the need of education and
had some experience of it. Almost all the senior can at least sign their name. In total, the male
educated elders of the para are more in number than the female.

3.9 Introduction to Transect Map

Transect map helps one to recognize a particular place in superior way. It is a part of the para
map. It provides the reader with a specific data of the village. Here step to step was explained
of a specified place with the help of transect map. In relation transect is used to give a closer

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

view as the reader is walking down the village. The two sides of the transect map describe the
pattern of land use intimately.

3.10 Procedure of Drawing the Transect Map

We have drawn the village and para map with the help of PRA dissociation. But the transect
map was drawn with our own observation and findings. The transect map that will provide
more information if resourceful areas were elected. To portrayal a transect map we have to
take a specified portion of the assigned area and after selecting, we have to illustrate the
transect map taking at least 200 steps and each step should not be less than 18 inches which is
called transect walk It should gather all the desired data which have to be provided in the
map. It generates a methodical arrangement of different resources in the transect road. The
transect walk helps to present the step-to-step analysis of the soil type, land type, house type,
different resources, problem and benefits Then we have to start walking through the road and
collecting all the resources which will help us to draw the correct portrait of our transect road.
Whilst walking through the road we have to make a note of all the stuffs in our walk, we take
lots of snaps for further understandings and than we have to draw the transect map. In this
part of our mapping we don’t have to depend on others information. We need to establish the
map in our own scrutiny.

3.11 Brief Description of transect map

We started our transect map from the east side of our para where the ‘MODDAH’
para-‘DOKKHIN’ para divided. In our starting point we found concentration of residential
area with different types of trees. In the middle part there was a pond with houses and on the
other side crop fields with seed bed are cited. There were some other trees and a culvert
situated in the closing part of our transect map. A transect map helps to describes an precise
design of a milieu. It allows one to have the proper knowledge about the nature of the mud,
trees, attitude of life style of the habitants. Our transect walk provided us with following
information:

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

3.11.1 Zone
In left side, step 1 to step 160 zone covert with land and step 161 to step 200 zone lands with
one culvert. On the other hand, right side from step 1 to step 40 covered by a pond, step 41 to
step 200 covered by some tin houses with land.

3.11.2 Soil type

The soil category of our transect portion was mainly sticky soil and clay. In left side from
step 1 to step 200 was sticky soil and in right side step 1 to step 200 was full of clay type soil.

3.11.3 Land Use

In left side step 1 to step 200 are covered with agricultural field and in right side step 1 to step
40 uses as domestic purpose, step 41 to step 120 use as agricultural reason and step 121 to
step 200 use for agricultural reason with some portion residential use.

3.11.4 Trees
There was attentiveness of trees in our whole transect walk. We have identified different type
of trees in our para. In both left and right side from 1 to 100 steps we found Shimul, Plum,
Banana, ‘Shishu’, ‘Boroi’ and from 101 to 200 steps mostly Coconut, Plum.

3.11.5 Problems

In left side from 1 to 120 steps there were some problems like empty field and environmental
pollution from pesticide. In the right side unto 160 steps there was open latrine with waste
disposal with combination of the above stated problems and also a pond take a big place
without appropriate use. The pond water was severely polluted. Next 80 steps on left side
and 40 steps were along with narrow roads and empty fields.

3.11.6 Benefits

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Chapter 3: Village-Resource Mapping and Transect

The transect road was near to the main road which was very helpful. The cow dung can be
used as fertilizer, which is found in the yards of residential area. There are few tube well,
which is very useful for drinking water. The end part of our transect was very useful for
plantation of trees as the land was too fertile.

3.12 Conclusion

Illustrated a village in this time limited factor not so easy, but I do that at my best and the
basic help of orientation class (Before the program), LFE blue book (with structure and
program supplied by SESM), the proper supervising of IUB faculties and the monitors and
BARD authorities, The village and para mapping reflects a vital magnitude in the later parts
of our report. It helped to complete other parts of the report appropriately and significantly. It
also provides the information about the resources and major infrastructure of the village and
para in a nutshell. It. would support one to gain enough knowledge to understand the whole
scenario of our assigned para with the help of the resource map we have portrayed. An
individual would be able to visualize the whole village and para by our drawn map without
being present physically. The resources, infrastructure and other facilities of the village are
changing over time. To keep track with these changes the village map should be revised
periodically.

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