INDEX

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 04
1.1: EMBEDDED SYSTEM 06
1.2: MICROCONTROLLER 19
1.3: PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A 23

Chapter 2: HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 26

2.1: POWER SUPPLY UNIT 26
2.2: OUTPUT FILTER 31
2.3: TRANSMITTER DETAILS 32
2.4: RECEIVER DETAILS 33
2.5: LCD DISPLAY 34
2.6: INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD 38

Chapter 3: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 39

3.1: SOFTWARE TOOLS 39

3.2: MPLAB INTEGRATION 39
3.3: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED ‘C’ 40
3.4: EMBEDDED “C” COMPILER 41
3.5: EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT 41
3.6: EMBEDDED SYSTEM TOOLS 42
3.7: DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 46
3.8: COMPONENTS USED 49

Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 51
BIBLOGRAPHY 52
CODING 53

1
FIGURE CONTENTS PAGE NO.
FIG 1.1: THE EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE 07

FIG 1.2: V Diagram 07

FIG 1.3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER 11

FIG 1.4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF XBEE RECEIVER 12

FIG 1.5: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CLASS MONITORING SYSTEM TRANSMITTER 14

FIG 1.6: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CLASS MONITORING SYSTEM RECEIVER 15

FIG 1.7: PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16 F874A/877A 24

FIG 1.8: PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F874A/877A 25

FIG 2.1: POWER SUPPLY UNIT 26

FIG 2.2: Low Pass Filter 29

FIG 2.3: 7805 REGULATOR 30

FIG 2.4: TWS-434A 32

FIG 2.5: TWS-434 Pin Diagram 32

FIG 2.6: RWS-434 Receiver 33

FIG 2.7: RWS-434 Pin Diagram 34

FIG 2.8: LCD DISPLAY 35

Fig 2.9: INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD 38

2
 ABSTRACT

Aim of this project is to implement class room attendance system with indoor
temperature and information display using embedded systems.

This system is a Hi-TECH and contemporary one for class rooms in colleges and schools.
Now a day the systems were get into digital form under this concept, information from the
department head can be displayed on the LCD screen using RF technology. Five things are
getting important they are counter unit, the information display unit through wireless technology
last one is Micro- controller unit and RF wireless unit.

The counterpart counts the number of students present in the class at when they entering
inside the class room; this is done by using IR sensors,. The details from the above send to
controller, then controller display it on the LCD.

In between this, if any information from head of the department means it will take as an
interrupt by the controller and receive the information through RF wireless communication.
When it is completed, the message will be displayed on the LCD screen. The message will be
displayed for a particular time period. After that it will again continue to display the presents of
students and room temperature.

In the transmitter side the three keys are assigned to type the message. The keys assigned
are as follows, one for alphabetic, second one for numeric, another one for enter button. When
the message entered it will transmitted through RF wireless unit.

CHAPTER-1
3
 INTRODUCTION

The project report describes the design Development and Fabrication of One demo unit of the

project work “DISPLAY WIRELESS COMMUNICATION FOR CLASS ROOM

MONITORING WITH NOTICE BOARD ” by using embedded systems.

Now a day, with the advancement technology, particularly in the field of

Microcontrollers, all the activities in our daily living have become a part of Information

technology and we find microcontrollers in each and every application. Thus, trend is directing

towards Microcontrollers based project works. The microcontroller block is playing a major role

in this project work. The micro controller chip used in this project work is PIC 16F877A and this

is like heart of the project work. The PIC 16F877A microcontroller is a 40-pin IC.

The entire project was developed in embedded systems. A system is something that

maintains its existence and functions as a whole through the interaction of its parts. E.g. Body,

Mankind, Access Control, etc A system is a part of the world that a person or group of persons

during some time interval and for some purpose choose to regard as a whole, consisting of

interrelated components, each component characterized by properties that are selected as being

relevant to the purpose.

1) Embedded System is a combination of hardware and software used to achieve a

single specific task.

2) Embedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond to, or control an

external environment.

3) Environment connected to systems through sensors, actuators and other I/O

interfaces.

4
 4) Embedded system must meet timing & other constraints imposed on it by

environment.

5) An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time

control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse

physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost

conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a

software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end

embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit

Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc. Lower

end embedded systems - Generally 8, 16 Bit Controllers used with a minimal operating systems

and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices

in our everyday life like Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.

Microcontrollers are embedded inside some other device so that they can control the

features or actions of the project. Another name for a microcontroller therefore is “Embedded

Controller”. Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The

program is stored in ROM (read only memory) and generally does not change. Microcontrollers

are often low-price devices.

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

5
Embedded System is a combination of hardware and software used to achieve a single specific

task. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control

system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables

and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a

software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end

embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit

Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .Lower

end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems

and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices

in our everyday life like Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.

SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS:

6
FIG 1.1: THE EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE

FIG 1.2: V Diagram

7
Characteristics of Embedded System:

• An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a

computer

• There will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in

addition to those we encounter when we write applications

– Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of

time.

– Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly

– Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult

– Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is

doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem

– Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without

human intervention

– Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make

the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists

– Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into

embedded systems

– Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the

software in these systems must conserve power

8
 – Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can

complicate the response problem

– Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system

projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.

• Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a

serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk

drives.

Applications:

1. Military and aerospace embedded software applications

2 . C o mm un ic a ti on A p pl ic at io ns

3 . I n d u s tr ia l a ut om at i on an d pr oc es s co nt ro l s of tw ar e

CLASSIFICATION

1. Real Time Systems.

2. RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.

3. A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer

RTS CLASSIFICATION

1. Hard Real Time Systems

2. Soft Real Time System

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

9
 1. "Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.

2. Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.

SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

1. "Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate very

quickly and repeatable.

2. Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains valid.

LANGUAGES USED

1. C

2. C++

3. Java

4. Linux

5. Ada

6. Assembly

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

10
 FIG 1.3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF XBEE RECEIVER

11
 FIG 1.4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF XBEE RECEIVER

DESCRIPTION OF THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

The AC main Block is the power supply which is of single phase 230V ac. This should

be given to step down transformer to reduce the 230V ac voltage to low voltage. i.e., to 6V or

12V ac this value depends on the transformer inner winding. The output of the transformer is

given to the rectifier circuit. This rectifier converts ac voltage to dc voltage. But the voltage may

consist of ripples or harmonics.

To avoid these ripples the output of the rectifier is connected to filter. The filter thus

removes the harmonics. This is the exact dc voltage of the given specification. But the controller

operates at 5V dc and the relays and driver operates at 12V dc voltage. So we need a regulator to

reduce the voltage. 7805 regulator produces 5V dc.

12
 The 7805 regulator produces 5V dc and this voltage is given to PIC micro controller,

KEYPAD unit, transmitter, receiver and LCD. The transmitter used here is TWS-434, Receiver

is RWS434, and also the circuit uses two potentio meters. These potentio meters acts as load.

The output of the microcontroller is given to the receiver. The receiver receives the signal

through antenna. The antenna used here is 35cms antenna.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

13
FIG 1.5: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CLASS MONITORING SYSTEM TRANSMITTER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER:

14
FIG 1.6: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CLASS MONITORING SYSTEM RECEIVER

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

15
POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply unit consists of Step down transformer, Rectifier, Input filter, Regulator

unit, Output filter.

The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC

to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The

Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the

transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The output from

the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This

conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit.

The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding DC voltage.

There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this specific function. The

most important and simple device used in Rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of

the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias.

The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive with positive of the

battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit used is the Full wave Bridge

rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the

obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for removing

the ripples is called Filter circuit.

Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and pure DC

voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics of the input

voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in

positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. Here we used

16
1000µF capacitor. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is

fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.

Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage is

maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the AC voltage

changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the

internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus

this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and

for high voltage. Here we used 7805 positive regulator. It reduces the 6V dc voltage to 5V dc

Voltage.

The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often used

as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during the positive

half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows only AC

voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter

any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used 0.1µF capacitor.

The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller. The output of the 7805

regulator is connected to PIC 16f877A microcontroller.

CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

The controller used in the circuit is the PIC 16f877A micro controller. The circuit

consists of LCD, Transmitter and Receiver. Transmitter used in the circuit is TWS-434. It is

having 4 pins. 1st pin is grounded and 2nd pin is given to the 25th pin of the PIC. 3rd pin is

connected to the +5v dc supply. 4th pin is given to the antenna. The +5v power supply given to

the 1st pin of the PIC. LCD is connected to the PIC as shown in the circuit.

17
 The RB4, RB5, RB6, RB7 pins of the PIC are connected from the keypad unit. The

receiver used here is RWS 434. It consists of 7 pins. 7th pin is taken from the antenna. 1st, 6th and

7th pins are grounded. 2nd pin is connected to the 26th pin of the PIC micro controller. Two

potentio meters are connected to the receiver side PIC controller via RA0 pin. One more potentio

meter connected to LCD. For the two controllers two 4 MHz crystal oscillators are used to

produce pulses to the controller.

Transmitter side LCD displays the message what the user or head typed through keypad.

And the receiver side LCD displays the message which was sent from transmitter, the number of

students presented in the class and temperature of the class room. Two sensors are used in the

circuit. One for counting the members presented in the class room and another is the temperature

sensor to measure the temperature of the classroom.

CIRCUIT OPERATION
The input of the circuit is taken from the main. It is a single phase 230V ac voltage. This

230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The Step down Transformer is

used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC to lower value. Because the

microcontroller and sensors are operated at +5V dc voltage and relays and drivers will be operate

at +12V dc voltage. So first this 230C AC voltage should be stepped down and then it should be

converted to dc. After converting to dc it is applied to controller, sensors, relays and drivers. In

this project we used 230/12V step down transformer.

In this circuit we used two regulators. 7805 regulator for producing 5V dc, and 7812

regulator for 12V dc voltage. The output of 7805 regulator is given to PIC microcontroller and

18
three sensors. The output of the 7812 regulator is connected to three driver ICs and 12 Relays.

The main parts of this project are sensors and PIC micro controller. The sensors are connected to

the RB0 and RB1 pins of the Controller.

The transmitter was fixed in the HOD room and the receiver is fixed in the classrooms.

When the HOD wants to send any message to the class rooms then he will type the message

through keypad unit. This message displayed on the transmitter side LCD. Then the message sent

to the controller. The controller then decodes the data and sent it to the transmitter antenna. The

transmitter antenna generates the signal.

At the receiver section the receiver antenna receives the signals from the transmitter

antenna. The Receiver then sends these signals to PIC controller. The PIC controller also

receives the data from the sensors. In this project we used two sensors. One is object detecting

sensor and the other is temperature sensor. The object detecting sensor is used for counting. And

the temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature in the class room. Then the LCD

which was fixed in the classroom thus displays the message from HOD, number of students

presented in the class and the temperature of the class room. By this way The HOD can send the

messages to class rooms.

1.2 MICROCONTROLLER

1.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the processor

core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The computer-on-a-chip

is called the microcomputer whose proper meaning is a computer using a (number of)

19
microprocessor(s) as its CPUs, while the concept of the microcomputer is known to be a

microcontroller. A microcontroller can be viewed as a set of digital logic circuits integrated on a

single silicon chip. This chip is used for only specific applications.

Most microcontrollers do not require a substantial amount of time to learn how to efficiently

program them, although many of them, which have quirks, which you will have to understand

before you, attempt to develop your first application.

Along with microcontrollers getting faster, smaller and more power efficient they are also

getting more and more features. Often, the first version of microcontroller will just have memory

and digital I/O, but as the device family matures, more and more pat numbers with varying

features will be available.

In this project we used PIC 16f877A microcontroller. For most applications, we will be

able to find a device within the family that meets our specifications with a minimum of external

devices, or an external but which will make attaching external devices easier, both in terms of

wiring and programming.

For many microcontrollers, programmers can built very cheaply, or even built in to the

final application circuit eliminating the need for a separate circuit. Also simplifying this

requirement is the availability of micro-controllers wit SRAM and EEPROM for control store,

which will allow program development without having to remove the micro controller for the

application circuit.

1.2.2 MICRO CONTROLLER CORE FEATURES

1) High-performance RISC CPU.

20
2) Only 35 single word instructions to learn.

3) All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle.

4) Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle.

5) Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data

Memory (RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory.

6) Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77

7) Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)

8) Eight level deep hardware stack

9) Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes.

10) Power-on Reset (POR).

11) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST).

12) Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation.

13) Programmable code-protection.

14) Power saving SLEEP mode.

15) Selectable oscillator options.

16) Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology.

17) Fully static design.

18) (ICSP) In-Circuit Serial Programming

19) Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability.

20) In-Circuit Debugging via two pins.

21) Processor read/write access to program memory.

22) Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V.

23) High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA.

21
 24) Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges.

25) Low-power consumption.

In this project we used PIC 16f877A microcontroller. PIC means Peripheral Interface

Controller. The PIC family having different series, the series are 12- Series, 14- Series, 16-

Series, 18- Series, and 24- Series. We used 16 Series PIC microcontrollers.

1.2.3 ADVANTAGES OF USING A MICROCONTROLLER OVER

MICROPROCESSOR

A designer will use a Microcontroller to

1) Gather input from various sensors

2) Process this input into a set of actions

3) Use the output mechanisms on the Microcontroller to do something useful

4) RAM and ROM are inbuilt in the MC.

5) Cheap compared to MP.

6) Multi machine control is possible simultaneously.

Examples

The 8051 (ATMEL), PIC (Microchip), Motorola (Motorola), ARM Processor

1.2.4 APPLICATIONS:

1) Cell phones.

2) Computers.
22
 3) Robots.

4) Interfacing to two pc’s.

1.3 PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A

1.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A

The PIC 16f877A microcontroller is a 40-pin IC. The first pin of the controller is MCLR

pin and the 5V dc supply is given to this pin through 10KΩ resistor. This supply is also given to

11th pin directly. The 12th pin of the controller is grounded. A tank circuit consists of a 4 MHZ

crystal oscillator and two 22pf capacitors is connected to 13th and 14th pins of the PIC.

1.3.2 FEATURES OF PIC MICROCONTROLLER 16F877A

1) Operating frequency: DC-20Mhz.

2) Flash program memory (14 bit words):8K

3) Data memory (in bytes): 368

4) EEPROM Data memory (in bytes):256

5) Interrupts: 15

6) I/o ports: A, B, C, D, E

7) Timers: 3

8) Analog comparators: 2

9) Instructions: 35

23
1.3.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16 F874A/877A

FIG 1.7: PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16 F874A/877A

24
1.3.4 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A

FIG 1.8: PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F874A/877A

25
 CHAPTER -2

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG 2.1: POWER SUPPLY UNIT

POWER SUPPLY UNIT COSISTS OF FOLLOWING UNITS

1) Step down transformer

2) Rectifier unit

3) Input filter

4) Regulator unit

5) Output filter

2.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

26
 The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC

to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The

Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the

transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in its secondary core. The output from

the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This

conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit.

Step down transformers can step down incoming voltage, which enables you to have the

correct voltage input for your electrical needs. For example, if our equipment has been specified

for input voltage of 12 volts, and the main power supply is 230 volts, we will need a step down

transformer, which decreases the incoming electrical voltage to be compatible with your 12 volt

equipment.

2.1.2 RECTIFIER UNIT

The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding DC voltage.

There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this specific function. The

most important and simple device used in Rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of

the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias.

Bridge rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve

full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as

shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

27
 FIG : Bridge rectifier

A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge configuration that

provides the same polarity of output voltage for either polarity of input voltage. When used in its

most common application, for conversion of alternating current (AC) input into direct current

(DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification

from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a center-tapped

transformer design.

The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive with positive of the

battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit used is the Full wave Bridge

rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from the

obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for removing

the ripples is called Filter circuit.

2.1.3 INPUT FILTER

Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and pure DC

voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics of the input

voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in

28
positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows

only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir"

which maintains a reasonable input voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line

voltage. The four rectifier diodes keep recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles

of the line voltage, and the capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable load in

between charging pulses. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from

ripples. Input side the low pass filter has been used

Low pass filter:

FIG 2.2: Low Pass Filter

One simple electrical circuit that will serve as a low-pass filter consists of a resistor in

series with a load, and a capacitor in parallel with the load. The capacitor exhibits reactance, and

blocks low-frequency signals, causing them to go through the load instead. At higher frequencies

the reactance drops, and the capacitor effectively functions as a short circuit. The combination of

resistance and capacitance gives you the time constant of the filter τ = RC (represented by the

Greek letter tau). The break frequency, also called the turnover frequency or cutoff frequency (in

hertz), is determined by the time constant: or equivalently (in radians per second):

29
 One way to understand this circuit is to focus on the time the capacitor takes to charge. It

takes time to charge or discharge the capacitor through that resistor:

At low frequencies, there is plenty of time for the capacitor to charge up to practically the

same voltage as the input voltage.

At high frequencies, the capacitor only has time to charge up a small amount before the

input switches direction. The output goes up and down only a small fraction of the

amount the input goes up and down. At double the frequency, there's only time for it to

charge up half the amount.

2.1.4 REGULATOR UNIT

FIG 2.3: 7805 REGULATOR

Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output voltage is

maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and then the AC voltage

changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the

internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus

this can be successfully reduced here. Meanwhile it also contains current-limiting circuitry and

thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case of excessive load current; it

will reduce its output voltage instead. The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and

for high voltage. Further they can also be classified as:

1) Positive regulator

30
 • Input pin

• Ground pin

• Output pin

It regulates the positive voltage.

2) Negative regulator

• Ground pin

• Input pin

• Output pin

It regulates the negative voltage.

7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

The 7805 provides circuit designers with an easy way to regulate DC voltages to 5v.

Encapsulated in a single chip/package (IC), the 7805 is a positive voltage DC regulator that has

only 3 terminals. They are: Input voltage, Ground, Output Voltage.

In similar to 7805, 7812 will produce a regulated DC voltage of 12V

2.2 OUTPUT FILTER

The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most often used as

filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges during the positive half

cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle. The 10µf and .01µf

capacitors serve to help keep the power supply output voltage constant when load conditions

31
change. The electrolytic capacitor smooth’s out any long-term or low frequency variations.

However, at high frequencies this capacitor is not very efficient. Therefore, the .01µf is included

to bypass high-frequency changes, such as digital IC switching effects, to ground.

2.3 TRANSMITTER DETAILS

The TWS-434 and RWS-434 are extremely small, and are excellent for applications

requiring short-range RF remote controls. The transmitter module is only 1/3 the size of a

standard postage stamp, and can easily be placed inside a small plastic enclosure.

TWS-434: The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a range of

approximately 400 foot (open area) outdoors. Indoors, the range is approximately 200 foot, and

will go through most walls.....

FIG 2.4: TWS-434A

The TWS-434 transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-

DC, and makes building a miniature hand-held RF transmitter very easy. The TWS-434 is

approximately the size of a standard postage stamp.

FIG 2.5: TWS-434 Pin Diagram

32
2.4 RECEIVER DETAILS

RWS-434: The receiver also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV. The RWS-

434 receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both linear and digital outputs.

FIG 2.6: RWS-434 Receiver

Note: For maximum range, the recommended antenna should be approximately 35cm long. To

convert from centimeters to inches -- multiply by 0.3937. For 35cm, the length in inches will be

approximately 35cm x 0.3937 = 13.7795 inches long. We tested these modules using a 14",

solid, 24 gauge hobby type wire, and reached a range of over 400 foot. Your results may vary

depending on your surroundings.

33
 FIG 2.7: RWS-434 Pin Diagram

2.5 LCD DISPLAY

Liquid crystal display (LCD) has material which combines the properties of both liquid

and crystals. They have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as

they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an order form similar to a crystal.

LCD DISPLAY:
34
 FIG 2.8: LCD DISPLAY

More microcontroller devices are using 'smart LCD' displays to output visual information. The

following discussion covers the connection of a Hitachi LCD display to a PIC microcontroller.

LCD displays designed around Hitachi's LCD HD44780 module, are inexpensive, easy to use,

and it is even possible to produce a readout using the 8 x 80 pixels of the display. Hitachi LCD

displays have a standard ASCII set of characters plus Japanese, Greek and mathematical

symbols.

For an 8-bit data bus, the display requires a +5V supply plus 11 I/O lines. For a 4-bit data bus it

only requires the supply lines plus seven extra lines. When the LCD display is not enabled, data

lines are tri-state which means they are in a state of high impedance (as though they are

disconnected) and this means they do not interfere with the operation of the microcontroller

when the display is not being addressed.

The LCD also requires 3 "control" lines from the microcontroller.

35
Enable (E) This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS lines. When this

line is low, the LCD is disabled and ignores signals from R/W and RS. When

(E) line is high, the LCD checks the state of the two control lines and responds

accordingly.
Read/Write (R/W) This line determines the direction of data between the LCD and

microcontroller. When it is low, data is written to the LCD. When it is high,

data is read from the LCD.

Register select With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on data lines.

(RS) When it is low, an instruction is being written to the LCD. When it is high, a

character is being written to the LCD.

Logic status on control lines:

E 0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Access to LCD enabled

R/W 0 Writing data to LCD

1 Reading data from LCD

RS 0 Instruction

1 Character

Writing data to the LCD is done in several steps:

Set R/W bit to low

Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)

Set data to data lines (if it is writing)

Set E line to high

36
Set E line to low

Read data from data lines (if it is reading).

Before we access DD RAM after defining a special character, the program must set the DD

RAM address. Writing and reading data from any LCD memory is done from the last address

which was set up using set-address instruction. Once the address of DD RAM is set, a new

written character will be displayed at the appropriate place on the screen. Until now we discussed

the operation of writing and reading to an LCD as if it were an ordinary memory. But this is not

so. The LCD controller needs 40 to 120 microseconds (uS) for writing and reading.

37
2.6 INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD:

1 40
2 39
3 38
4 37
5 36
6 35

PIC I6f877A
7 34
8 33
9 32
10 31
11 30
12 29
13 28
14 27
15 26
16 25
17 24
18 23
10k 19 22
20 21

4MHz

22pf
22pf

1N4007
1 2
VIN VOUT
1N4007
GND

+ 103
5v

230v 1N4007 1000uf LM7805 P O T L C D

3

1N4007
step down +5v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516
transformer

1 78122
+12v
3 OUTPUT
+5v

Fig 2.9: INTERFACING PIC MICROCONTROLLER TO LCD

1) display Font: 5 x 8 dots

2) Built-in Controller:HD44780 or Comp

3) Input Data:4 Bits or 8-Bits Interface

4) Power Supply: +4V Single Power

5) Duty Cycle: 1/16 Duty

38
 CHAPTER-3

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1SOFTWARE TOOLS

1) MPLAB

2) Protel

3) Propic

4) HI-Tech PIC C Compiler

3.2 MPLAB INTEGRATION

MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated toolset for the

development of embedded applications employing Microchip's PIC micro and dsPIC

microcontrollers. MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on MS Windows, is easy to use and

includes a host of free software components for fast application development and super-charged

debugging. MPLAB IDE also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional

Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools. Moving between tools is a

snap, and upgrading from the free simulator to MPLAB ICD 2 or the MPLAB ICE emulator is

done in a flash because MPLAB IDE has the same user interface for all tools.

Choose MPLAB C18, the highly optimized compiler for the PIC18 series

microcontrollers, or try the newest Microchip's language tools compiler, MPLAB C30, targeted

at the high performance PIC24 and dsPIC digital signal controllers. Or, use one of the many

39
products from third party language tools vendors. They integrate into MPLAB IDE to function

transparently from the MPLAB project manager, editor and compiler.

3.3 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED ‘C’:

Ex: Hitec – c, Keil – c

HI-TECH Software makes industrial-strength software development tools and C

compilers that help software developers write compact, efficient embedded processor code.

For over two decades HI-TECH Software has delivered the industry's most reliable

embedded software development tools and compilers for writing efficient and compact code to

run on the most popular embedded processors. Used by tens of thousands of customers including

General Motors, Whirlpool, Qualcomm, John Deere and many others, HI-TECH's reliable

development tools and C compilers, combined with world-class support have helped serious

embedded software programmers to create hundreds of breakthrough new solutions.

Whichever embedded processor family you are targeting with your software, whether it is

the ARM, PICC or 8051 series, HI-TECH tools and C compilers can help you write better code

and bring it to market faster.

HI-TECH PICC is a high-performance C compiler for the Microchip PIC micro

10/12/14/16/17 series of microcontrollers. HI-TECH PICC is an industrial-strength ANSI C

compiler - not a subset implementation like some other PIC compilers. The PICC compiler

implements full ISO/ANSI C, with the exception of recursion. All data types are supported

including 24 and 32 bit IEEE standard floating point. HI-TECH PICC makes full use of specific

PIC features and using an intelligent optimizer, can generate high-quality code easily rivaling

40
hand-written assembler. Automatic handling of page and bank selection frees the programmer

from the trivial details of assembler code.

EMBEDDED “C” COMPILER

1) ANSI C - full featured and portable

2) Reliable - mature, field-proven technology

3) Multiple C optimization levels

4) An optimizing assembler

5) Full linker, with overlaying of local variables to minimize RAM usage

6) Comprehensive C library with all source code provided

7) Includes support for 24-bit and 32-bit IEEE floating point and 32-bit long data types

8) Mixed C and assembler programming

9) Unlimited number of source files

10) Listings showing generated assembler

11) Compatible - integrates into the MPLAB IDE, MPLAB ICD and most 3rd-party

development tools

12) Runs on multiple platforms: Windows, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X, Solaris

3.5 EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

This environment allows you to manage all of your PIC projects. You can compile,

assemble and link your embedded application with a single step.

41
 Optionally, the compiler may be run directly from the command line, allowing you to

compile, assemble and link using one command. This enables the compiler to be integrated into

third party development environments, such as Microchip's MPLAB IDE.

3.6 EMBEDDED SYSTEM TOOLS

3.6.1 ASSEMBLER

An assembler is a computer program for translating assembly language — essentially, a

mnemonic representation of machine language — into object code. A cross assembler (see cross

compiler) produces code for one type of processor, but runs on another. The computational step

where an assembler is run is known as assembly time. Translating assembly instruction

mnemonics into opcodes, assemblers provide the ability to use symbolic names for memory

locations (saving tedious calculations and manually updating addresses when a program is

slightly modified), and macro facilities for performing textual substitution — typically used to

encode common short sequences of instructions to run inline instead of in a subroutine.

Assemblers are far simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages.

3.6.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE HAS SEVERAL BENEFITS

Speed: Assembly language programs are generally the fastest programs around.

Space: Assembly language programs are often the smallest.

Capability: You can do things in assembly which are difficult or impossible in High

level languages.

42
 Knowledge: Your knowledge of assembly language will help you write better programs,

even when using High level languages. An example of an assembler we use in our project is

RAD 51.

3.6.3 SIMULATOR

Simulator is a machine that simulates an environment for the purpose of training or

research. We use a UMPS simulator for this purpose in our project.

3.6.4 COMPILER

A compiler is a program that reads a program in one language, the source language and

translates into an equivalent program in another language, the target language. The translation

process should also report the presence of errors in the source program.

There are two parts of compilation. The analysis part breaks up the source program into

constant piece and creates an intermediate representation of the source program. The synthesis

part constructs the desired target program from the intermediate representation.

43
4.6.5 COUSINS OF THE COMPILER ARE

1. Preprocessor.

2. Assembler.

3. Loader and Link-editor.

A naive approach to that front end might run the phases serially.

1. Lexical analyzer takes the source program as an input and produces a long string of

tokens.

2. Syntax Analyzer takes an out of lexical analyzer and produces a large tree.

Semantic analyzer takes the output of syntax analyzer and produces another tree.

Similarly, intermediate code generator takes a tree as an input produced by semantic analyzer

and produces intermediate code

4.6.6 PHASES OF COMPILER

The compiler has a number of phases plus symbol table manager and an error handler.

44
45
FABRICATION DETAILS

The fabrication of one demonstration unit is carried out in the following sequence.

1) Finalizing the total circuit diagram, listing out the components and sources of

procurement.

2) Procuring the components, testing the components and screening the components.

3) Making layout, repairing the interconnection diagram as per the circuit diagram.

4) Assembling the components as per the component layout and circuit diagram and

soldering components.

5) Integrating the total unit, interwiring the unit and final testing the unit.

3.7 DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Like every other system development design cycle embedded system too have a design cycle.

The flow of the system will be like as given below. For any design cycle these will be the

implementation steps. From the initial state of the project to the final fabrication the design

considerations will be taken like the software consideration and the hardware components,

sensor, input and output. The electronics usually uses either a microprocessor or a

microcontroller. Some large or old systems use general-purpose mainframe computers or

minicomputers.

USER INTERFACES

User interfaces for embedded systems vary widely, and thus deserve some special comment.

User interface is the ultimate aim for an embedded module as to the user to check the output with

complete convenience. One standard interface, widely used in embedded systems, uses two

46
buttons (the absolute minimum) to control a menu system (just to be clear, one button should be

"next menu entry" the other button should be "select this menu entry").

Another basic trick is to minimize and simplify the type of output. Designs sometimes

use a status light for each interface plug, or failure condition, to tell what failed. A cheap

variation is to have two light bars with a printed matrix of errors that they select- the user can

glue on the labels for the language that he speaks. For example, most small computer printers use

lights labeled with stick-on labels that can be printed in any language. In some markets, these are

delivered with several sets of labels, so customers can pick the most comfortable language.

PLATFORM

There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs such as ARM,

MIPS, Coldfire/68k, PowerPC, X86, PIC, 8051, Atmel AVR, H8, SH, V850, FR-V, M32R etc.

This in contrast to the desktop computer market, which as of this writing (2003) is limited

to just a few competing architectures, mainly the Intel/AMD x86, and the Apple/Motorola/IBM

PowerPC, used in the Apple Macintosh. With the growing acceptance of Java in this field, there

is a tendency to even further eliminate the dependency on specific CPU/hardware (and OS)

requirements.

Standard PC/104 is a typical base for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized system

design. These often use DOS, Linux or an embedded real-time operating system such as QNX or

Inferno.

A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a

chip, an application-specific integrated circuit, for which the CPU was purchased as intellectual

property to add to the IC's design. A related common scheme is to use a field-programmable gate

47
array, and program it with all the logic, including the CPU. Most modern FPGAs are designed

for this purpose.

TOOLS

Like typical computer programmers, embedded system designers use compilers,

assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they also use a few

tools that are unfamiliar to most programmers.

Software tools can come from several sources:

1) Software companies that specialize in the embedded market.

2) Ported from the GNU software development tools.

Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded

processor is a close relative to a common PC processor. Embedded system designers also use a

few software tools rarely used by typical computer programmers.

One common tool is an "in-circuit emulator" (ICE) or, in more modern designs, an

embedded debugger. This debugging tool is the fundamental trick used to develop embedded

code. It replaces or plugs into the microprocessor, and provides facilities to quickly load and

debug experimental code in the system. A small pod usually provides the special electronics to

plug into the system. Often a personal computer with special software attaches to the pod to

provide the debugging interface.

Another common tool is a utility program (often home-grown) to add a checksum or

CRC to a program, so it can check its program data before executing it.

48
 An embedded programmer that develops software for digital signal processing often has a

math workbench such as MathCAD or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics.

Less common are utility programs to turn data files into code, so one can include any

kind of data in a program. A few projects use Synchronous programming languages for extra

reliability or digital signal processing.

DEBUGGING

Debugging is usually performed with an in-circuit emulator, or some type of debugger

that can interrupt the microcontroller's internal microcode. The microcode interrupt lets the

debugger operate in hardware in which only the CPU works. The CPU-based debugger can be

used to test and debug the electronics of the computer from the viewpoint of the CPU. This

feature was pioneered on the PDP-11.

As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher level tools and operating systems

are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example, cell phones, personal digital

assistants and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or

provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open

programming environment such as Linux, OSGi or Embedded Java is required so that the third-

party software provider can sell to a large market.

3.8 COMPONENTS USED

1. Step Down Transformer :(230/12V) – 2 No.

2. Diodes :(1N4007) – 8 No

49
 3. Capacitors :1000µF – 2 No, 22pF- 4Nos

4. Regulators :7812 – 2 No, 7805 –2 No

5. Light Emitting Diodes :LED`s – 6Nos

6. PIC microcontroller :16f877A – 2 Nos

7. Crystal Oscillator :4MHz –2Nos

8. Resistors :330 Ω –2Nos,10 KΩ- 2 Nos

:1 KΩ – 4Nos

9. LCD :2 Nos

CHAPTER 4

50
 CONCLUSION

The System was operated successfully. The HOD has successfully sent the message to

class rooms. Temperature sensor senses the signals in the class room and given exact

temperature of the class room. And object detecting sensor operated and the controller counts the

number of students presented in the class room. Finally the LCD fixed in the class room

displayed the message (which was sent by HOD), number of students presented in the class and

the temperature of the class room.

 This project aims at reducing the human strains and to increase the quality of work by the

implementation of the automated machine.

 The usage of RF Module decreases the manual work by sending a circular to every class

and take sign on it by class teacher.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

 Fitted with a wireless camera it can be used for surveillance purposes. It can also

be enhanced to count the students by using a smart card reader and also by

maintaining a data base to store the attendance.

APPLICATIONS

• In Colleges class rooms

• In Schools class rooms

• In industries departments

51
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography:

BOOKS:

 Customizing and programming ur pic microcontroller- Myke Predcko

 Complete guide to pic microcontroller -e-book

 C programming for embedded systems- Kirk Zurell

 Teach yourself electronics and electricity- Stan Giblisco

 Embedded Microcomputer system- onathan w.Valvano(2000)

 Embedded PIC microcontroller- John Peatman

 R. Alami et al., The International Journal of Robotics Research 17, 315 (1998).

 A. Baker, Design News 44 (1993).

 M. Brady, Robotics Science (The MIT Press, USA, 1989).

Web sites:

• www.Microchips.com

• http://www.mikroelektronika.co.yu/english/product/books/PICbook/0Uvod.htm

• www.how stuff works.com

52
 CODING

Transmitter side:

#include<pic.h>

#include<lcd.h>

unsigned int i,j,count;

unsigned char fninc,cur1;
signed char a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,a8,a9,aa,ab,ac,temp;
void delay();

#define fn RB4
#define cur RB5
#define inc RB6
#define set RB7

void main()
{

while (1)
{
if(fn==1)
{

fninc++;
if(fninc==1)
{
cursor_loc(0x80);
display_string("MSG=");
}

if(fninc==1)
{

if(cur==1)
{

53
 for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);

cur1++;
if(cur1==13)
cur1=0;
}
if(cur1==1)
{
cursor_loc(0x84);
display_data(a1);
cursor_loc(0x84);
if(inc==1)
{
if(a1<=-1)
a1=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a1++;

if(a1>=43)
a1=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a1=0x20-0x30;
}
}
if(cur1==2)
{
cursor_loc(0x85);
display_data(a2);
cursor_loc(0x85);
if(inc==1)
{
if(a2<=-1)
a2=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a2++;

if(a2>=43)
a2=0;
}
if(set==1)
{

54
 for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a2=-16;
}
}
if(cur1==3)
{
cursor_loc(0x86);
display_data(a3);
cursor_loc(0x86);
if(inc==1)
{
if(a3<=-1)
a3=-1;
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a3++;
if(a3>=43)
a3=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a3=-16;
}
}
if(cur1==4)
{
cursor_loc(0x87);
display_data(a4);
cursor_loc(0x87);
if(inc==1)
{
if(a4<=-1)
a4=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a4++;
if(a4>=43)
a4=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
a4=-16;
}
}
if(cur1==5)

55
{
temp=a5;
cursor_loc(0x88);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x88);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
a5=temp;
}
if(cur1==6)
{
temp=a6;
cursor_loc(0x89);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x89);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
a6=temp;
}
if(cur1==7)

56
{
temp=a7;
cursor_loc(0x8A);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x8A);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
a7=temp;
}
if(cur1==8)
{
temp=a8;
cursor_loc(0x8B);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x8B);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
a8=temp;
}
if(cur1==9)

57
{
temp=a9;
cursor_loc(0x8C);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x8C);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
a9=temp;
}
if(cur1==10)
{
temp=aa;
cursor_loc(0x8D);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x8D);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
aa=temp;
}
if(cur1==11)

58
 {
temp=ab;
cursor_loc(0x8E);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x8E);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
ab=temp;
}
if(cur1==12)
{
temp=ac;
cursor_loc(0x8F);
display_data(temp);
cursor_loc(0x8F);
if(inc==1)
{
if(temp<=-1)
temp=-1;

for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp++;
if(temp>=43)
temp=0;
}
if(set==1)
{
for(i=0;i<=25000;i++);
temp=-16;
}
ac=temp;
}
}

59
if(fninc==2)
{

TXREG=0x30+a1;
while(!TRMT);
cursor_loc(0xC0);
display_data(a1);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a2;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a2);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a3;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a3);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a4;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a4);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a5;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a5);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a6;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a6);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a7;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a7);
delay();

60
 TXREG=0x30+a8;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a8);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+a9;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(a9);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+aa;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(aa);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+ab;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(ab);
delay();

TXREG=0x30+ac;
while(!TRMT);
display_data(ac);
delay();
}

/**********************************************************/
}
}
void delay()
{
for(j=0;j<=400;j++);
}

Receiver Side:

#include<pic.h>
#include<lcd.h>

#define ir1 RB7

61
#define ir2 RB6

unsigned int i=0,T1,cursor=0x83,count,student,temp,a,j;

unsigned char RX,T1HUN,T1TEN,T1ONE,a1,a2,a3;
void delay();
void delay2();
void main()
{

while(1)
{

if(ir1==1)
{
student++;
delay2();
}

if(student>=1)
{
if(ir2==1)
{
student--;
delay2();
}
}
if(student>=1000)
{
a=0;
}
a=student;
a1=a/100;
a=a%100;
a2=a/10;
a=a%10;
a3=a;
cursor_loc(0xC0);
display_string("COUNT:");
display_data(a1);
display_data(a2);
display_data(a3);

if(count>=1)
{
cursor_loc(cursor);
display_data(RX);
}

62
 }
}
void interrupt isr()
{
if(RCIF==1)
{
RCIF=0;
RX=RCREG-0x30;
cursor++;
count++;

void delay()
{
for(i=0;i<=400;i++);
}
void delay2()
{
for(i=0;i<=50000;i++);
}

Installing coding into PIC microcontroller:

63
1. Write the program in MPLAB IDE.

2. Save the file as *.c. and compile it.

3. After successful compilation of the coding close the MPLAB IDE.

4. Fix the Controller IC into PIC Flash kit.

5. Then click on Micro controller Micro Systems PIC Flash Software Icon on the desktop.

6. It displays on dialog box. Then select open and select the program which we already

saved as *.c.

7. Then it asks the Confirmation that The IC is empty, select ok.

8. Then it asks Fuses Settings, select YES

9. Then it displays Fuses Settings Dialog Box.

10. In that put WDT -- > Disabled, WRT-- > Enabled, Oscillator-- > XT then click on OK.

11. Then it displays the Program successfully installed into PIC.

12. Then Remove the IC from the PIC Flash and it is ready for used into the project or circuit

operation.

64