User's Manual For SPC XL

Welcome
Welcome. SPC XL is a general-purpose statistics add-in for MS Excel. For more information about a specific feature
click on the link below:
Control Charts Creates XbarR, XbarS, IMR (Individuals with Moving Range), p, np, c, and u charts.
Analysis Diagrams Includes Histograms, Cpk Charts and Analysis, Scatter Diagrams, Pareto Charts, and Dot
Plot/Summary Stats.
Analysis Tools Includes Multiple Regression, Correlation Matrix, t Test Matrix, F Test Matrix, Independence Test
Matrix, Test of Proportions, 1 Way ANOVA, Sample Size Computations, and Confidence Interval Computations.
Continuous Probability Distributions Probability Distributions Returns probabilities for the following
distributions: Chi-Squared, Exponential, F Distribution, Gamma, Lognormal, Normal, Standard Normal, Student’s t,
Uniform, Weibull, Inverse Chi-Squared, Inverse F Distribution, Inverse Normal, Inverse Standard Normal, and
Inverse Student’s t distribution.
Discrete Probability Distributions Returns probabilities for the following distributions: Binomial, Critical
Binomial, Hypergeometric, Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Uniform.
Generate Random Numbers Generates Normal, Uniform (Continuous and Discrete), Exponential, and Weibull
random numbers.
Measurement System Analysis Measurement System Analysis (gage capability) for continuous and attribute data.
Includes both the XbarR and ANOVA analysis methods.
Problem Identification Tools Includes Flow Charting and PF/CE/CNX/SOP diagrams and templates.
Quality Tools Includes CUSUM charts, Product Capability Report, and FMEA (failure mode and effects analysis).
Options Defines the default options for SPC XL.
Unified Menus and Excel 2007 Ribbons
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Table of Contents
Welcome 1
Table of Contents 2
Control Charts 5
Control Chart Overview....................................................................................5
Control Chart Walk Through ............................................................................6
Control Chart Wizard .......................................................................................9
Assigning X-Axis Labels ................................................................................10
Adding Data To An Existing Control Chart ....................................................11
Updating control limits or leaving existing control limits ................................12
Identifying Out-of-Control Conditions.............................................................13
Scrolling Control Charts .................................................................................14
Custom Control Chart Formats......................................................................14
Split Control Limits .........................................................................................15
Edit Control Chart Parameters.......................................................................16
Creating a Histogram from Control Chart Data .............................................17
Cpk Analysis from Control Chart Data...........................................................17
Worksheet Data Format.................................................................................18
XbarR Chart Data Format .......................................................................18
Matrix Data Format ...........................................................................18
Vector Data Format...........................................................................18
XbarS Chart Data Format........................................................................20
Matrix Data Format ...........................................................................20
Vector Data Format...........................................................................20
Individuals Moving Range Chart Data Format ........................................22
p Chart Data Format................................................................................23
np Chart Data Format..............................................................................23
c Chart Data Format................................................................................24
u Chart Data Format................................................................................24
Analysis Diagrams 25
Diagram Selection Wizard .............................................................................25
Histogram.......................................................................................................26
Step 1: Enter the range for the Histogram source data ....................26
Step 2: Choose the options for the histogram ..................................26
Step 3: Choose the titles for the histogram ......................................27
Cpk.................................................................................................................28
Step 1. Select the type Cpk Chart ....................................................28
Step 2. Supply the range for the Cpk source data............................28
Step 3. Define the options for the Cpk Chart....................................29
Scatter Diagram .............................................................................................31
Step 1: Defining the source data range ............................................31
Step 2: Defining the orientation of the data ......................................32
Step 3: Defining the type regression line ..........................................32
Pareto.............................................................................................................34
Step 1: Selecting the data for the Pareto..........................................34
Step 2: Choosing the desired options...............................................35
Step 3: Assigning titles to the Pareto and the Axes..........................36
Dot Plot (Summary Stats) ..............................................................................37
Step 1: Selecting the data.................................................................37
Step 2: Defining the orientation of the data sets...............................37
Box Plots ........................................................................................................39
Step 1: Selecting the data.................................................................39
Step 2: Defining the orientation of the data sets...............................40
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Analysis Tools 41
Analysis Tools Overview................................................................................41
Multiple Regression…....................................................................................42
Correlation Matrix… .......................................................................................44
Step 1: Select the data for the Correlation Matrix.............................44
Step 2: Assign the data orientation...................................................45
t Test Matrix (mean)… ...................................................................................46
Step 1: Select the data for the t Test Matrix .....................................46
Paired t Test Matrix........................................................................................48
Step 1: Select the data for the Paired t Test Matrix..........................48
F Test Matrix (StdDev)… ...............................................................................50
Step 1: Select the data for the F Test Matrix ....................................50
Independence Test Matrix…..........................................................................52
Test of Proportions… .....................................................................................53
1 Way ANOVA…............................................................................................54
Step 1: Enter the range of data for the ANOVA................................54
Step 2: Tell SPC XL the orientation of the data................................55
Sample Size… ...............................................................................................56
Normal Sample Size .........................................................................56
Binomial Sample Size .......................................................................56
Single Side Sample Size ..................................................................57
Two Side Sample Size......................................................................57
Confidence Interval ........................................................................................58
Normal… .................................................................................................58
Binomial… ...............................................................................................59
Poisson… ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Exact Small p… ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Probability Distributions 60
Continuous Distributions ................................................................................60
Chi-Squared ............................................................................................61
Inverse Chi-Squared ...............................................................................61
Exponential..............................................................................................61
F Distribution ...........................................................................................61
Inverse F Distribution ..............................................................................62
Gamma....................................................................................................62
Lognormal................................................................................................62
Normal .....................................................................................................62
Inverse Normal ........................................................................................63
Standard Normal .....................................................................................63
Inverse Standard Normal ........................................................................63
Student's t................................................................................................63
Inverse Student's t...................................................................................64
Uniform ....................................................................................................64
Weibull.....................................................................................................64
Discrete Distributions .....................................................................................65
Critical Binomial.......................................................................................66
Hypergeometric .......................................................................................66
Poisson....................................................................................................67
Negative Binomial ...................................................................................67
Uniform ....................................................................................................67
Generate Random Numbers 68
SPC XL > Generate Random #s > … 68
Normal............................................................................................................69
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Exponential ....................................................................................................69
Uniform (continuous)......................................................................................70
Uniform (discrete) ..........................................................................................70
Weibull ...........................................................................................................71
MSA (gage capability) 72
MSA Overview ...............................................................................................72
Create MSA Template ...................................................................................73
ANOVA Analysis ............................................................................................74
XbarR Analysis ..............................................................................................75
Attribute Analysis ...........................................................................................76
Rules of Thumb.................................................................................76
MSA Statistics................................................................................................77
Repeatability .....................................................................................77
Reproducibility ..................................................................................77
Total Measurement (Gage)...............................................................77
Product (Part-to-Part)........................................................................77
Total Variance...................................................................................77
Precision to Tolerance Ratio (Capability Ratio)................................77
Precision to Total Ratio.....................................................................77
Resolution .........................................................................................77
BIAS ..................................................................................................77
Problem ID Tools 79
Display Flowcharting Toolbar ........................................................................80
Create PF/CE/CNX/SOP Diagram.................................................................81
Create PF/CE/CNX/SOP Template ...............................................................81
Quality Tools 82
FMEA .............................................................................................................83
Cusum Chart..................................................................................................83
Product Capability..........................................................................................85
Xbar +/- 3s Chart............................................................................................87
Definitions and Other Tools 95
Confidence Interval ........................................................................................95
Variables vs. Attributes ..................................................................................96
Subgroup Size Determination........................................................................97
Defects vs. Defectives ...................................................................................97
Constant vs. Variable Sample Size ...............................................................97
Subgroups vs. Individual Values....................................................................97
Mark Outlier(s) ...............................................................................................99
Identifying Outliers .........................................................................................99
Remove Outlier(s) Mark...............................................................................100
Add Lines .....................................................................................................100
Subgroup Orientation...................................................................................100
Alternate Control Limits................................................................................101
Control Limit Types ......................................................................................101
Create Template ..........................................................................................102
Run Chart.....................................................................................................102
Unified Menus Overview 103
Excel 2007 Ribbons 104
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Control Charts
Control Chart Overview

SPC XL is capable of creating XbarR, XbarS, Individuals with Moving Range, p, np, c, and u Charts. The process of
creating each of the control charts is very similar across charts. A walk through of the control chart creation process is
available to help you get started.
Control chart features include:
Assigning X-Axis Labels
Adding Data to an Existing Chart
Updating control limits or leaving existing control limits
Identifying points as Outliers
Identify Out-of-Control Conditions
Scrolling Control Charts
Custom Control Chart Formats
Splitting Control Limits
Edit Control Chart Parameters
Creating a Histogram from Control Chart Data
Cpk Analysis from Control Chart Data
If you are new to control charts, you can use the Control Chart Wizard to aid you in selecting the correct Control
Chart for your data.
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Control Chart Walk Through
To create a control chart you must:
1. Enter your data in the required data format onto the worksheet.
2. Select the desired type of control chart from the menu.
3. Follow the on-screen instructions to define how the control chart is created.
The number and type of questions SPC XL asks you are based upon the format of your data and the type of control
chart you are creating. The following is a simple walk-through of the creation of an XbarR chart.
First, you must enter the data in the correct format. The example data below is for the XbarR chart; however, data
format help is also available for the XbarS, Individuals with Moving Range, p, np, c, and u Charts.
Note that in the example above, only the cell with the value 1-Jan-00 is selected. SPC XL will auto-select all
contiguous ranges and try to determine what is an X-Axis label and what is not. In this case, we could have
selected the entire range and it would have the same effect.
The next step is to select the type control chart to create. They are all available from the "SPC XL" - "Control Charts"
menu item. In this case, we are creating an XbarR chart.
At this point, SPC XL will guide you through a few windows to get information about how you would like to create a
control chart. The first issue is the location of the data (see below).
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In this example, SPC XL has guessed correctly as to which data is for the X-Axis labels and which is for the
control chart. If SPC XL didn’t guess correctly, then you could manually enter the address of the range or select
the desired range with your mouse.
Next, SPC XL will give you the chance to set the options for this control chart (see below). You can set the Control
Chart Format, chart layout, whether or not you want zones, whether or not you want to create a Histogram and/or Cpk
Analysis. You can even save your options and choose to not be shown this window again in the future.
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Finally, SPC XL will want you to define the type control limits and number of standard deviations. For most users,
Shewhart Limits and 3 standard deviations is ideal.
At this point you should have a control chart (and perhaps a Histogram and/or Cpk Analysis as well). Each control
chart has a few extra questions. For example, when you create an np Chart, you are given an opportunity to enter a
sample size.
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SPC XL > Control Charts > Control Chart Wizard
The Control Chart Wizard can aid you in determining the correct type of control chart to use. The Wizard will ask you
a few questions and, based upon your inputs, choose between the different types of control charts. In order to
understand the Wizard, you must understand the following concepts:
Variable vs. Attribute
Subgroups vs. Individual Values
Subgroup Size Determination
Defects vs. Defectives
Constant vs. Variable Sample Size
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Assigning X-Axis Labels
The data for the X-Axis labels should be on the same worksheet. There must be the same number of X-Axis labels as
data points for the control chart. In the example below, the X-Axis labels are in A1:A10.
The first step in the Control Chart creation process contains a location to enter the range for the X-Axis labels. Enter
the address of the range either by selecting the range with your mouse or by typing the address of the range.
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Adding Data To An Existing Control Chart
To add data to an existing chart, you must enter the data as a logical extension of the previous data. For example: if a
control chart was created based upon the data shown below (in cells B1:B10) the next data point must be added in cell
B11. Additionally, if X-Axis labels were specified when you initially created the control chart, then you must enter
new X-Axis labels for all additional data points.
When you add data to an existing chart, you have several options as to how SPC XL should handle the data. See
Control Charts General Options.
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Updating control limits or leaving existing control limits
When you add points to an existing control chart, you have three options for how the control limits will be affected.
Option #1: Use existing control limits
If you choose to use existing control limits, then the control limits will not change as you add new data.
To make SPC XL handle new data in this manner, select "SPC XL" - "Options" from the SPC XL menu item. Under
the Control Charts General tab, select the "Don’t Recompute control limits when new points are added" option button.
Option #2: Update the control limits using additional data
If you choose to update the control limits when you add new data points, then the control limits will change when you
add new data. The control limits will be based on all previous data AND the data that has been added.
the Control Charts General tab, select the "Always Recompute control limits when new points are added" option
button.
Option #3: Have SPC XL ask you each time new data is added to the control chart
If you choose this option, every time data is added to an existing chart, SPC XL will ask you if you want to update the
control limits. The control limits will be based on all previous data AND the data that has been added.
the Control Charts General tab, select the "Ask me if I want to recompute control limits when new points are added"
option button.
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Identifying Out-of-Control Conditions
SPC XL can automatically check for the following out-of-control conditions:
1. A point exceeds a control limit.
2. 2 of 3 points in Zone A (2 of 3 is the default and can be changed)
3. 4 of 5 points in Zone B (4 of 5 is the default and can be changed)
4. 14 Consecutive points in Zone C (14 is the default and can be changed)
5. 14 Consecutive Alternating points (14 is the default and can be changed)
6. 7 Consecutive Increasing or Decreasing (7 is the default and can be changed)
7. 7 Consecutive Above or Below the Centerline (7 is the default and can be changed)
For each type of control chart, you can change whether or not a check is performed and how each check is performed.
For example, you could make the XbarR chart check for 8 Consecutive Increasing or Decreasing. At the same time,
you could make the u Chart not perform the check at all.
To change the defaults for each chart, select "SPC XL" - "Options" from the SPC XL menu item and select the "Out-
of-Control Checking" Tab.
When out-of-control conditions are found, the points that are out-of-control are colored red on the control chart. The
default view of each control chart is to show all out-of-control conditions (see example below).
However, you can select which out-of-control conditions are being displayed by selecting the drop down box in the
toolbar.
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Scrolling Control Charts
If the number of points in a control chart exceeds the value in “Display Point in the SPC XL toolbar, then SPC XL
will only show you the last n points (where n = the value in Display Points). You can change the number of display
points and scroll left and right using the arrows on the SPC XL toolbar.
Custom Control Chart Formats
If you do not like the default control chart formatting, you can change it by following these steps:
1. Create a control chart and format it the way you would like future control charts to look.
2. With the chart active, select “Memorize Chart Format from the menu bar.
3. In the area provided, enter the name for the custom format. If you would like the format to be used for all control
charts, select the “Make default format for all chart types check box.
4. Press the Save Button
If you checked “Make default format for all chart types, then when you get to the options window in the control chart
formatting window, the default value will be displayed.
If you would like to format an existing chart using the new format, select “Apply Memorized Format from the menu.
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SPC XL > Split Control Limits
Splitting the control limits will divide your control chart into two or more charts, each with its own unique control
limits. This is typically done when the process has had a significant shift in the mean or standard deviation. It is easy
to loose track of the data used in the creation of each chart. The Edit Control Chart Parameters feature will help you
track this information.
For example, the individuals chart below shows that approximately half way into the chart a reduction in the standard
deviation has occurred. The data is clustered around the centerline and is showing multiple out of control conditions.
We would like to establish new limits from where it appears that the standard deviation of the process has shifted.
With the control chart active, we select "SPC XL" - "Split Control Limits".
The following window will enable the splitting of the control chart. The X-axis values will be in whatever units our X-
axis data is. In this case, we had X-axis labels; however, if we did not, they would be numbered sequentially. Select
the point from which you would like to split the control chart and select the "Add>>" button.
Note: If you select the point "15 Jan", the split will occur BEFORE 15 Jan, that is to say the point 14 Jan
will be included in the previous data and the point 15 Jan will be included in the following data.
After you have completed your split, the control chart will look something like the chart below. You may split the
same control chart up to 20 times before SPC XL’s limits are reached.
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SPC XL > Edit Control Chart Parameters
The Edit Control Chart Parameter feature will allow you to see exactly what data is being used to create the active
control chart. It will also allow you to change how much of the plotted data is used to compute the control limits.
When you select this option, SPC XL will show you a window that has a line for each split in a control chart. If the
control chart has never been split, then it will have only one line. The split start and split end define how many points
each section of the control chart is using. The "Base Control On" displays how many points starting at "Split Start" the
control limits are based upon. The "Primary Series Range" is the data on your worksheet that the primary series is
based on.
It is possible for a control chart with 20 points to have the control limits based upon the first 10 points. This can be
accomplished one of two ways.
Method #1: Create the control chart initially with only 10 points, and then add 10 points without updating the control
limits. In this case, when you open the "Edit Control Chart Parameters" window, the "Base Control On" would be
equal to 10.
Method #2: Create the control chart on all 20 points and then open the "Edit Control Chart Parameters" window.
When you initially open the window, "Base Control On" will be equal to 20. Change the value to 10 using the "Base
Control On" spinner on the right side of the window.
The window below is an example of a control chart that has been split once at the 15th data point.
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Creating a Histogram from Control Chart Data
If you selected the Create Histogram check box from the control chart options, then SPC XL will create a histogram
using the PLOTTED data. This is typically used to ensure that the data for an Xbar or Individuals chart is normally
distributed. The histogram of the Xbar chart will be of the subgroup averages and not the actual data points. You
cannot create a Histogram for the Range, S, or Moving Range charts.
Cpk Analysis from Control Chart Data
If you selected “Perform Cpk Analysis from the Control Chart Options step, then SPC XL will perform the analysis.
SPC XL will ask you for spec limits and give you the ability to override the mean and standard deviations. In the case
of the XbarR, XbarS, and Individuals Charts, SPC XL will compute a short and long term mean and standard
deviation.
Short Term analysis uses the Rbar/d2 method to compute the standard deviation.
Long Term analysis uses the classic method to compute the standard deviation.
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Worksheet Data Format
XbarR Chart Data Format
XbarR charts are based upon a subgroup from n=2 to n=25. For most users, n=4 or n=5 is a good starting point;
however, the concept of rational subgroups should be followed.
The source data for an XbarR chart can come in two forms: Matrix and Vector.
Matrix Data Format

Data in matrix format already has the subgroups in rows or columns (see example below).
In the data above, it could be 10 subgroups of n=3 OR 3 subgroups of n=10. For this reason, if SPC XL cannot
determine if the subgroups are in rows or columns, it will ask you.
Vector Data Format

Data in vector format is completely in one row or column. Whenever you select data that is entirely in one row or one
column, SPC XL will ask you the desired subgroup size. See example below.
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XbarS Chart Data Format
XbarS charts are based upon a subgroup from n=2 to n=25. For most users, n=4 or n=5 is a good starting point,
however, the concept of rational subgroups should be followed.
The source data for an XbarS chart can come in two forms: Matrix and Vector.
Matrix Data Format

Data in matrix format already has the subgroups in rows or columns (see example below).
In the data above, it could be 10 subgroups of n=3 OR 3 subgroups of n=10. For this reason, if SPC XL cannot
determine if the subgroups are in rows or columns, it will ask you.
Vector Data Format

Data in vector format is completely in one row or column. Whenever you select data that is entirely in one row or one
column, SPC XL will ask you the desired subgroup size. See example below.
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Individuals Moving Range Chart Data Format
Data for an individuals chart must be in one row or column. In the example below the data is in one column.
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p Chart Data Format
The data for a p Chart must come in either two rows or two columns. In the example below the data is in two columns.
If the data is in two columns, the left column should have the sample size and the right column the number of defects.
If the data is in two rows, the top row should have the sample size and the bottom row should have the number of
defects. It is preferable to have your data in two columns instead of two rows. (If you put your data in two rows, it will
be limited to 256 data points as Excel only has 256 columns).
All of the values in a p Chart should be positive integers. The number of defects must be less than or equal to the
sample size.
np Chart Data Format
The data for an np Chart must come in one column or one row. In the example below the data is in one
column. It is preferable to have your data in one column instead of one row. (If you put your data in one
row, it will be limited to 256 data points as Excel only has 256 columns).
All of the values in an np chart should be positive integers.
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c Chart Data Format
The data for a c Chart must come in one column or one row. In the example below the data is in one column. It is
preferable to have your data in one column instead of one row. (If you put your data in one row, it will be limited to
256 data points as Excel only has 256 columns).
The data in a c Chart should be positive or zero (negative values are not allowed).
u Chart Data Format
The data for a u Chart must come in either two rows or two columns. In the example below the data is in two
columns.
If the data is in two columns, the left column should have the interval width and the right column the number of
occurrences per interval width. If the data is in two rows, the top row should have the sample size and the bottom row
should have the number of defects. It is preferable to have your data in two columns instead of two rows. (If you put
your data in two rows, it will be limited to 256 data points as Excel only has 256 columns).
All of the values in a u Chart should be positive or zero (negative values are not allowed). The number of occurrences
must be less than the interval width.
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Analysis Diagrams
SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Diagram Selection

Wizard
Histogram: A histogram is a bar chart for numerical categories. You

can overlay a Normal, Exponential, or Weibull curve over the
Histogram to aid in determining the distribution of your data. KS Test
p-values, as well as the estimates of the parameters, are also provided
for your convenience.
Cpk Chart: A Cpk chart gives you a graphical representation of the

distribution of and relative location of the specification limits. Statistics
such as Cpk, Cp, Sigma Capability, and dpm (defects per million) are
also provided.
Scatter Diagram: A scatter diagram shows the relationship between two

variables. You can include a Linear, Logarithmic, Polynomial, Power,
or Exponential regression line with associated equation and R2 value.
You can create multiple Scatter Diagrams simultaneously using SPC
XL.
Pareto Chart: A Pareto is a bar chart for non-numerical categorical

descriptors.
Dot Plot/Summary Stats: The dot plot provides a graphical view of the
distribution of your data. Summary stats provide some basic statistics
such as Mean, Standard Deviation, and confidence intervals of your
data. You can analyze multiple data sets simultaneously using SPC XL.
Box Plots: Box plot graphic view of the distribution of your data.
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SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Histogram
Histogram
A histogram is a bar chart for numerical categories. You can overlay a Normal, Exponential, or Wiebull curve over
the Histogram to aid in determining the distribution of your data. A KS Test p-values, as well as the estimates of the
parameters, are also provided for your convenience.
The creation of a Histogram is a three-step process.
Step 1: Enter the range for the Histogram source data
Step 2: Choose the options for the histogram
Step 3: Choose the titles for the histogram
Step 1: Enter the range for the Histogram source data

The first step in the process of creating a Histogram is to provide the range on a worksheet for the Histogram data. In
the area provided, you can either type the range of the source data or you can select the source data with the mouse.
The data for the histogram does not have to be structured in any way. Data may be in multiple rows and columns, as
well as non-contiguous ranges.
Step 2: Choose the options for the histogram

You have several options including the Anchor Point, Class Width, Number of Classes, Overlay Type, and Gap
Width.
Anchor Point The Anchor Point defines the left side of the leftmost bar in the histogram. The default value is the
min of the data set. If you change the Anchor Point, the Class Width will automatically change to ensure that all
of your data is included in the Histogram.
Class Width The Class Width defines the width of the bar. For example, if you had an Anchor Point = 1, a Class
Width =1, and 4 classes, your data would be grouped into the classes 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5. The default
Class Width is the square root of the sample size. If you change the Class Width, the Number of Classes will
change automatically to ensure that all of your data is included in the Histogram.
Number of Classes The number of bars in the Histogram. If you change the Number of Classes, the Class Width
will change automatically to ensure that all of your data is included in the histogram.
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Overlay Type/KS Test You may choose to overlay a Normal Curve, Exponential Curve, Weibull Curve, or no
curve at all. The scale of the Histogram is automatically set such that the area under the curves is equivalent to the
area in the bars of the histogram. The parameters of the distribution (Mean, Standard Deviation, Lambda, Alpha,
or Beta) as well as the p-value for the KS Test are displayed in the upper left with the histogram. The parameters
for the Weibull curve are computed by maximizing the Maximum Likelihood Function for the Weibull
distribution.
The KS Test p-value returns the probability of falsely concluding that the data is not from the reference
distribution. For example, if you have a Normal overlay on your histogram and the p-value is .05, you can be 95%
confident that the data is not from a Normal distribution.
Step 3: Choose the titles for the histogram

This step allows you to enter a Chart Title, X-Axis title, and Y-Axis title.
You may change the default settings by checking the "Save settings as default" box.
The "Histogram Titles" step is optional. If you always want the default Chart Title, X-Axis Title, and Y-Axis Title,
then you can check the box entitled "Use defaults settings and don’t show me this form again".
You may reverse this decision later by going to "SPC XL" - "Options" and selecting the "Histograms Options" tab.
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SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Cpk
Cpk Chart
A Cpk chart gives you a graphical representation of the distribution of and relative location of the specification limits.
Statistics such as Cpk, Cp, Sigma Capability, and dpm (defects per million) are also provided.
The creation of a Cpk Chart is a three-step process.
Step 1: Select the type Cpk Chart
Step 2: Supply the range for the Cpk source data
Step 3: Define the options for the Cpk Chart
Step 1. Select the type Cpk Chart

A Cpk Chart can be created by manually entering the mean and standard deviation, or by computing the mean and
standard deviation from a range of data on a worksheet. If you select manual entry of the mean and standard deviation,
Step 2 will be skipped.
Step 2. Supply the range for the Cpk source data

The source data for a Cpk chart does not have to follow any particular guidelines. The data may be in rows or columns
or even non-contiguous ranges. You may enter the range of data by typing the address or by selecting the data with the
mouse.
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Step 3. Define the options for the Cpk Chart.
The options for the Cpk chart allow you to define the Upper and Lower Specification Limits as well as overriding the
mean and standard deviation. The computed mean and standard deviation is the default. Unless you press the
"Recompute Scaling for X-Axis" button, the X-Axis will remain fixed. The fixing of the X-Axis is designed to allow
you to see graphically what would happen to your process if you shifted the mean or standard deviation. It is possible
to shift the bell curve completely off the screen with a significant shift in the mean. To re-scale the X-Axis press, the
"Recompute Scaling for X-Axis" button.
The resulting Cpk chart will have key statistics in a text box in the upper left corner. Any area out of spec will be
shaded red and any area in spec will be shaded blue.
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SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Scatter Diagram
Scatter Diagram
A scatter diagram shows the relationship between two variables. You can include a Linear, Logarithmic, Polynomial,
Power, or Exponential regression line with associated equation and R2 value. You can create multiple Scatter
Diagrams simultaneously using SPC XL.
Creating a Scatter Diagram is a three-step process.
Step 1: Defining the source data range
Step 2: Defining the orientation of the data
Step 3: Defining the type regression line
Step 1: Defining the source data range

The first window you see will ask for the source data. The data for a Scatter Diagram should be grouped in rows or
columns. For example, the data selected below has each data set in a column. If there are only two rows or columns,
then only one Scatter Diagram will be created. If there are more than two data sets selected, then all non-redundant
Scatter Diagrams will be created. For example, the data set below would result in 3 Scatter Diagrams: Time vs. Temp,
Time vs. Pressure, and Temp vs. Pressure. The column or data set labels are optional.
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Step 2: Defining the orientation of the data
If you have selected more than two data sets, SPC XL will ask you if your data sets are in rows or columns. The
example given above had data in rows.
Step 3: Defining the type regression line

After the Scatter Diagram has been created, the default regression line is linear. You may change this by double
clicking on the regression line, or by right clicking on the regression line and selecting "Format Trendline". The
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regression line is the bold black line that runs through your data (see below). Not all of the regression lines will be
available depending on your data.
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SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Pareto
Pareto
A Pareto is a bar chart for non-numerical categorical descriptors. To create a Pareto, you go through a three-step
process.
Step 1: Selecting the data for the Pareto
Step 2: Choosing the desired options
Step 3: Assigning titles to the Pareto and the Axes
Step 1: Selecting the data for the Pareto

You may type the address of the range for the data or select the range with your mouse. The Pareto accepts two data
formats.
The first format is for the categorical descriptors to be individual values. Below is an example of this type of format. It
is important for you to note that if you use this format each occurrence of "Yellow" will only count once in the
creation of the Pareto.
The resulting Pareto from the data shown below will look something like this (depending on options selected).
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To create the same Pareto, you could use the alternate format. When using the alternate format, the categorical
descriptors are in the left column and the associated counts are in the right column. If you would like to use the
alternate data format, the following conditions must be met:
Your data must be in two columns (or rows).
The right column (or bottom row) must all contain numeric values.
Below is an example of the alternate data format that can be used to create the same Pareto.
Step 2: Choosing the desired options

You have many options when creating a Pareto. They are:
Sort Order You may opt to have the Pareto sort Ascending or Descending. The default is Descending.
Bar Type You may choose between 2-D or 3-D bars. Additionally, if you choose 2-D bars, you may have a Cum
(cumulative) line displayed over the Pareto.
Gap Width This sets the gap between the bars in the Pareto. If the gap width is zero, then the bars touch.
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# of Groups In some cases, the number of distinct categorical descriptors may be quite large. For example,
assume that you have data that has the occurrence of different types of errors. However, you have over 100
different types of errors. Instead of creating a Pareto with 100 different bars, setting a maximum number of
groups allows you to group the less common groups into one bar called "Other". Therefore, if you had # of
Groups set to 10, the resulting Pareto would have the top 9 errors and the remaining 91 errors groups together in
the bar "Other".
You may change the default settings for any of these options by selecting the "Save settings as default" check box.
If you always use the same options when you create a Pareto and no longer wish to see this window, you may select
the "Use default settings and don’t show me this form again" check box.
If you change your mind later and would like to see this window again, select "SPC XL" - "Options" and then the
"Pareto Options" tab.
Step 3: Assigning titles to the Pareto and the Axes

The "Title Names" window allows you to define titles for the Pareto and the Axes. You may choose to create a Pareto
Report.
You may change the default settings for any of these options by selecting the "Save settings as default" check box.
If you always use the same options when you create a Pareto and no longer wish to see this window, you may select
the "Use default settings and don’t show me this form again" check box.
If you change your mind later and would like to see this window again, select "SPC XL" - "Options" and then the
"Pareto Options" tab.
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SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Dot Plot (Summary Stats)
Dot Plot (Summary Stats)
The dot plot provides a graphical view of the distribution of your data. Summary stats provide some basic statistics
such as Mean, Standard Deviation, and confidence intervals of your data. You can analyze multiple data sets
simultaneously using SPC XL.
The process of Creating a Dot Plot and Summary Stats involves two steps.
Step 1: Selecting the data
Step 2: Defining the orientation of the data sets

You may type the address of the range manually or select the range with your mouse.
If you would like to analyze multiple data sets simultaneously, enter each data set in its own column (or row). For
example, the data shown below is designed to be analyzed as two different data sets.

If you entered data in more than one row and column, then you will be asked to define the orientation for the data sets.
Your options include:
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One group of data Regardless of how many rows or columns you have, SPC XL will analyze it as one large data
set.
Data Sets in Columns Analyzes each column as a different data set.
Data Sets in Rows Analyzes each row as a different data set.
When you have completed Step 2, SPC XL will create a chart sheet with the Dot Plot and a new worksheet with the
Summary Stats. To switch between them, use the tabs at the bottom of the worksheet.
The Summary Stats include: Count, Mean, Median, Mode, Max, Min, Range, Std Dev (Population), Std Dev
(Sample), Variance (Population), Variance (Sample), Kurtosis, Skewness, 95% and 99% Confidence Interval.
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SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Box Plots
Box Plots
The Box Plot provides a graphical view of the distribution of your data. The top and bottom of the box represent the
first and third quartiles of the data. The lines that extend vertically from the box represent the minimum and maximum
of the data. The dot in the center of the box represents the median of the data set.
The process of Creating a Dot Plot and Summary Stats involves two steps.

You may type the address of the range manually or select the range with your mouse.
If you would like to analyze multiple data sets simultaneously, enter each data set in its own column (or row). For
example, the data shown below is designed to be analyzed as two different data sets.
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If you entered data in more than one row and column, then you will be asked to define the orientation for the data sets.
Your options include:
One group of data Regardless of how many rows or columns you have, SPC XL will analyze it as one large data
set.
Data Sets in Columns Analyzes each column as a different data set.
Data Sets in Rows Analyzes each row as a different data set.
When you have completed Step 2, SPC XL will create a chart sheet with the Box Plot.
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Analysis Tools
Analysis Tools Overview
Multiple Regression Computes the regression of multiple variables. Returns the regression coefficients, p-values, R
Squared, Adjusted R Squared, and F Statistic.
Correlation Matrix Returns the correlation coefficient for multiple data sets.
t Test Matrix Used to compare the mean value between two data sets.
Paired t Test Matrix Used to compare the mean value between two data sets.
F Test Matrix Used to compare the standard deviation between two data sets.
Independence Test Matrix Used to test for independence between multiple variables.
Test of Proportions Used to compare the proportion defective between two populations.
1 Way ANOVA Used to compare the means between multiple data sets.
Sample Size Computes the required sample size for a desired confidence level.
Confidence Interval Returns the confidence level for the Normal, Binomial, Poisson, and Exact Small p.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Multiple Regression…
The process of computing the regression involves getting your data into a worksheet in the correct format and then
telling SPC XL where that data is.
The data for your independent variables (X’s) are in individual columns. The dependent data (Y’s) is in
one column to the RIGHT of the independent data (see example below). While you can have multiple X
columns, you can only have one Y column. You do not need to include a column of 1’s for the constant,
as SPC XL will include it automatically.
In the example below, the independent variables are Time, Temp, and the interaction between Time and Temp. The
dependent data is labeled "Output". The variable names at the top of the columns are optional.
When prompted for the range for the regression, you can manually type the address of the data or select the data with
the mouse.
The output from the regression includes coefficients, p-values, tolerance, etc. (see example below). SPC XL does not
use Excel’s built in regression functionality. Instead, SPC XL utilizes sweep regression and will allow as many
independent variables as Excel has columns.
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If you are interested in a more complete regression or Design of Experiments software package, Air Academy
Associates markets DOE PRO which allows multiple response regression, multiple response optimization, advanced
residual analysis (i.e., Studentized, Leverage, Cook’s D, etc.). For more information, call 800-748-1277.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Correlation Matrix…
The Correlation Matrix will provide the correlation coefficient between multiple data sets. The correlation coefficient
is the measure of the strength of the LINEAR relationship between two variables. It is also known as the Pearson
product moment. The correlation coefficient will be restricted to the interval -1 to 1.
A Correlation Coefficient of 1 indicates that all pairs lie on a straight line with positive slope or that the pairs
are perfectly correlated.
A Correlation Coefficient of -1 indicates that all pairs lie on a straight line with negative slope.
A Correlation Coefficient of 0 indicates the variables are linearly uncorrelated.
The process of computing the correlation coefficient has two steps:
Step 1: Select the data for the Correlation Matrix
Step 2: Assign the data orientation
Step 1: Select the data for the Correlation Matrix

The first step is to enter the range of the data on the worksheet. The range can be entered manual by typing in the
address of the range, or you can select the range with your mouse.
The data format on the worksheet should have each data set it is own column (or row). The example below shows four
variables each in their own column. The column labels are optional.
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After you have entered the range for the data, you need to indicate if your data is in rows or columns.
When you are done, SPC XL will create a matrix of correlation coefficients.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > t Test Matrix (mean)…
The p value from a t Test returns the probability of falsely concluding that two distributions have the same mean. SPC
XL always computes the two-tailed t Test, and assumes that the two samples have equal variance.
Step 1: Select the data for the t Test Matrix
Step 1: Select the data for the t Test Matrix

The first step is to enter the range of the data on the worksheet. The range can be entered manually by typing in the
The data format on the worksheet should have each data set it is own column (or row). The example below shows five
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When you are done, SPC XL will create a matrix of t Test p-values.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Paired t Test Matrix
Paired t Test is used to compare two small sets of data when data in each sample set are related in special way. The
number of points in each data set must be the same, and they must be organized in pairs. The paired t test is generally
used when measurements are taken from the same subject before and after some manipulation.
Step 1: Select the data for the Paired t Test Matrix
Step 1: Select the data for the Paired t Test Matrix

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When you are done, SPC XL will create a matrix of Paired t Test p-values.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > F Test Matrix (StdDev)…
The F Test returns the probability of falsely concluding that two distributions have significantly different variances.
Step 1: Select the data for the F Test Matrix
Step 1: Select the data for the F Test Matrix

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When you are done, SPC XL will create a matrix of F Test p-values.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Independence Test Matrix…
The independence test allows you to test for independence between several random variables. It will create a
contingency table and the associated p value.
To analyze Independence Test Matrix data, select the area on a worksheet that holds the data for the
Independence test. You can manually enter the address of the range, or select the range using your
mouse.
Your data should be arranged with the observed values in a grid (see example below). The column and row labels are
optional.
The resulting analysis will look like the following.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Test of Proportions…
The Test of Proportions allows you to test if two population proportions are significantly different. It returns the
probability of falsely concluding the two population proportions are different.
In the areas provided, enter the number defective and sample size for each group.
Example: an engineering firm receives lots of transistors from two different manufactures. The lot from the first
manufacturer had 22 transistors with one defective. The lot from the second manufacturer had 45 transistors with 7
defective. The head of the quality department would like to know if there is a statistical difference between the defect
rates of each of the manufacturers.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > 1 Way ANOVA…
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests the hypothesis that two or more populations have the same underlying
mean. The difference between the t Test and 1 Way ANOVA is that ANOVA can compare more than two populations
at a time.
1 Way ANOVA is a two-step process.
Step 1: Enter the range of data for the ANOVA
Step 2: Tell SPC XL the orientation of the data
Step 1: Enter the range of data for the ANOVA

Enter the range of the ANOVA data by either manually typing in the address of the range or by selecting the range
with your mouse.
The data for ANOVA should have each sample their own column (or row). The example below shows samples in
columns.
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Step 2: Tell SPC XL the orientation of the data
Next, you must tell SPC XL if your samples are in rows or columns.
When you are done, the analysis will look like the following.
Example: A carpet manufacturer has five different machines that extrude polypropylene tablets into fibers. The
manufacturer has been tracking the downtime of each of the machines over the last 10 weeks. The data shown above is
the amount of downtime each machine has had in hours. The p-value resulting from the ANOVA indicates that we can
conclude that the downtimes are different with (1- .795)*100% confidence.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Sample Size…
Sample size computations allow you to plan for the required number of samples to meet a certain
confidence level. You can compute desired sample size for Normal and Binomial data.
Normal Sample Size
For normal data, select "Normal…" from the "SPC XL" - "Analysis Tools" - "Sample Size…" menu. This will add a
new worksheet to the active workbook with a place to enter Estimated Standard Deviation, Half Interval Width, and
desired Confidence Level. The Half Interval Width refers to half the width of the confidence interval after you have
taken your data.
Example: Suppose that we want to compute a confidence interval on the temperature of a chemical bath. The historical
standard deviation of the chemical bath is 3 degrees. We would like the width of the confidence interval to be two
degrees. How many samples do we need in order to ensure 95% confidence at the desired interval width?
Based upon this analysis we would need 34.6 (or 35) samples to obtain the desired confidence interval.
Binomial Sample Size
For binomial data, select "Binomial" from the "SPC XL" - "Analysis Tools" - "Sample Size…" menu. This will add a
new worksheet to the active workbook with a place to enter Proportion defectives (p), Half Interval Width, and
Confidence Level. The Half Interval Width refers to half the width of the computed confidence interval after you have
taken the samples.
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Single Side Sample Size
Select "Single Side Hyp Test" from the "SPC XL" - "Analysis Tools" - "Sample Size…" menu. This will add a
new worksheet to the active workbook with a place to enter Estimated Standard Deviations, Size of Difference in
Means, Desired Power of Test and Desired Confidence Level.
Single side test is used rarely, usually when there is expectation that the difference will be in a particular
direction (i.e. Northern weather is colder than Southern weather)
Two Side Sample Size
Select "Two Side Hyp Test" from the "SPC XL" - "Analysis Tools" - "Sample Size…" menu. This will add a
new worksheet to the active workbook with a place to enter Estimated Standard Deviations, Size of Difference in
Means, Desired Power of Test and Desired Confidence Level.
Two side test is more often used, because it gives a better estimate of the required sample size. It is used when
direction of the difference is unknown (i.e. which type of car is faster, big one or small one)
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Confidence Interval
SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Confidence Interval > Normal…
The Normal Confidence Interval computes the range of values that the mean falls in with a certain degree of
confidence. You set the level of confidence. As the Confidence Level increases, the range between the lower and
upper limit will also increase.
For the Confidence Interval to be correct, the data must be from a population with a Normal Distribution.
You can use the Histogram functionality to determine if your data does in fact follow the Normal
Distribution. If you don’t know the mean and standard deviation of your data, you can use the Dot
Plot/Summary Stats to compute the parameters for you.
When you select "Normal…" from the "SPC XL" - "Analysis Tools" - "Confidence Interval…" menu item, a new
worksheet will be added to the active workbook. The new worksheet will have a place to enter the Sample Size,
Sample Average, Sample Standard Deviation, and Confidence Level (see example below).
Example: You have just received a lot of 100,000 ten-ohm resistors. You sample 100 resistors and find that they have
an average of 10 ohms of resistance and a standard deviation of 2 ohms. What is the 95% Confidence Level?
Therefore, you can be 95% confident that all of the resistors are between 9.6 and 10.39.
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SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Confidence Interval > Binomial…
Given a sample size, number of defects, and confidence level, the Binomial Confidence Interval will
compute the upper and lower limits in which the true proportion defective is likely to fall.
When you select "Binomial…" from the "SPC XL" - "Analysis Tools" - "Confidence Interval…" menu item, a new
worksheet will be added to the active workbook. The new worksheet will have a place to enter the Sample Size (n),
Number Defective (x), and desired Confidence Level (see example below).
Example: A supplier of hard drives claims that 1% of the hard drives are defective. You receive a shipment of 250 hard
drives, of which 10 are defective.
From the analysis above, the 95% confidence interval is from .019 to .072. Since this range does not include .01 (or
1% as the supplier has claimed), then you can be at least 95% confident that more than 1% of the hard drives are
defective.
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Probability Distributions
Continuous Distributions
SPC XL supports 10 continuous distributions and five inverse distributions. When you select a distribution, a new
worksheet will be added to your workbook that provides a place to enter the parameters for the distribution.
Continuous Distributions
Chi-Squared
Exponential
F Distribution
Gamma
Lognormal
Normal
Standard Normal
Student's t
Uniform
Weibull
Inverse Distributions
Inverse Chi-Squared
Inverse F Distribution
Inverse Normal
Inverse Standard Normal
Inverse Student's t
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SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Chi-Squared
This returns the one-tailed probability of the Chi-squared distribution. It is associated with the Chi-squared test. The
Chi-squared test would be used to compare observed and expected values to determine if the original hypothesis is
valid.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Inverse Chi-Squared
Instead of providing (x), the inverse chi-squared distribution allows you to provide the probability and will compute
(x).
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Exponential
The Exponential distribution models the time between events (i.e., how long an automated bank teller takes to deliver
cash).
Example: The Exponential distribution can be used to determine the probability that the process takes one minute.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > F Distribution
The F probability distribution can be used to determine whether two data sets have different degrees of diversity.
Example: The F distribution can be used to tell if the variances between two different assembly lines are different.
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SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Inverse F Distribution
This is the same as the F distribution, but you provide the probability and the inverse F distribution computes the (x)
value.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Gamma
The Gamma distribution is used to study variables that may have a skewed distribution. It is commonly used in
queuing analysis.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Lognormal
The Lognormal distribution is used to analyze data that has been logarithmically transformed.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Normal
A Normal distribution is characterized by a smooth bell-shaped curve. This is similar to a standard normal
distribution, except that you can enter the mean and the standard deviation.
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SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Inverse Normal
This is similar to a normal distribution, except that you enter the probability and the inverse normal distribution
computes (x).
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Standard Normal
The Standard Normal distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. This function is used in place of
a table of standard normal curve areas.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Inverse Standard Normal
The Inverse Standard Normal distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one, and computes the (x)
value for a given probability (p).
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Student's t
The Student's t distribution is used in the hypothesis testing of small sample data sets, in place of a table of critical
values for the t-distribution.
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SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Inverse Student's t
This returns the (x) value for a given probability (p).
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Uniform
Returns the probabilities associated with the continuous Uniform distribution.
SPC XL > Continuous Distributions > Weibull
The Weibull distribution is used in reliability analysis, such as calculating a device's mean time to failure. In this
implementation of the Weibull, alpha is the shape parameter and Beta is the location parameter.
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Discrete Distributions
SPC XL supports six discrete distributions. When you select a distribution, a new worksheet will be added to your
workbook that provides a place to enter the parameters for the distribution.
Discrete Distributions
Binomial
Critical Binomial
Hypergeometric
Poisson
Negative Binomial
Uniform
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SPC XL > Discrete Distributions > Binomial
If a trial is digital (i.e., pass/fail) and the probability of passing or failing is (p), then the Binomial distribution will
give you the associated probabilities that outcome (p) occurs (x) times in (n) trials (assumes trials are independent and
that (p) is constant).
SPC XL > Discrete Distributions > Critical Binomial
Given the number of trials (n), the probability of success on each trial (p), and the criterion value (or probability), the
Critical Binomial returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a
criterion value, but is less than the critical value.
Example: Use the Critical Binomial distribution to determine the greatest number of defective parts that are allowed to
come off an assembly line run without rejecting the entire lot.
SPC XL > Discrete Distributions > Hypergeometric
Given the population size (N), the sample size (n), the size of subpopulation of interest (D), and the number of
elements from subpopulation of interest (x), the hypergeometric distribution will return the probability of getting (x)
items from (D).
Hypergeometric is used for problems with a finite population, where each observation is either a success or a failure,
and where each subset of a given size is chosen with equal likelihood.
Example: A box contains 20 items, of which five are defective. A sample of four items is selected. What is the
probability that two of the five are defective?
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SPC XL > Discrete Distributions > Poisson
The Poisson distribution is used to approximate the binomial distribution when (n) is large and (p) is small. Lambda is
equal to n*p.
SPC XL > Discrete Distributions > Negative Binomial
The Negative Binomial distribution returns the probability that there will be a certain number of failures before a
certain number of successes. This is similar to the Binomial distribution, except that the number of successes is fixed
and the number of trials is variable. Like the Binomial distribution, the trials are assumed to be independent.
Example: You need to find 20 people with blue eyes, and you know the probability that a person has blue eyes is 0.3.
The Negative Binomial distribution calculates the probability that you will find a certain number of people without
blue eyes before you find 20 with blue eyes.
SPC XL > Discrete Distributions > Uniform
Returns the probabilities associated with the discrete random distribution.
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Generate Random Numbers
SPC XL > Generate Random #s > …
Normal Random
Exponential Random
Uniform Continuous
Uniform Discrete
Weibull
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SPC XL > Generate Random #s > Normal
The total number of random numbers generated is the number of rows times the number of columns. When you are
done, a new worksheet containing the random numbers will be added to the active workbook.
SPC XL > Generate Random #s > Exponential
The total number of random numbers generated is the number of rows times the number of columns.
When you are done, a new worksheet containing the random numbers will be added to the active
workbook.
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SPC XL > Generate Random #s > Uniform (continuous)
The total number of random numbers generated is the number of rows times the number of columns.
When you are done, a new worksheet containing the random numbers will be added to the active
workbook.
SPC XL > Generate Random #s > Uniform (discrete)
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SPC XL > Generate Random #s > Weibull
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MSA (gage capability)
MSA Overview
Measurement System Analysis (sometimes called gage capability) assesses how much variation is associated with the
measurement system and compares it to the total process variation.
Create MSA Template The first step in any MSA analysis. Adds a new worksheet with cells identified for data entry.
XbarR Analysis Analyzes variable MSA data using the XbarR method.
ANOVA Analysis Analyzes variable MSA data using the ANOVA method.
Attribute Analysis Analyzes attribute MSA data.
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SPC XL > MSA (gage capability) > Create MSA Template
The first step in the MSA process is the creation of the MSA Template. When you create a template, you will be given
an opportunity to set the number of operators (or appraisers), number of replicates (trials), and the number of parts.
You can also enter the specification limits.
An example of a MSA template with 2 operators, 2 replicates, and 5 parts is shown below. Note the "Reference"
column. If you have the true measurement for a part, enter the value in the Reference columns.
After you enter the data into the template, you can analyze variable data using the XbarR or ANOVA method. For
attribute data, you can analyze the data using Attribute Analysis.
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SPC XL > MSA (gage capability) > ANOVA Analysis
After you have created the MSA Template, you can analyze the data using the ANOVA method. ANOVA analysis
requires at least two operators, two replicates, and two parts. Reference values are optional; however, without them
BIAS computations are not available. ANOVA Analysis is typically preferred over XbarR Analysis as it is more
robust to outliers.
Statistics resulting from the ANOVA analysis include: Repeatability, Reproducibility, Product (Part-to-Part),
Precision to Tolerance Ratio, Precision to Total Ratio, Resolution, and BIAS.
The graphs created with the analysis include:
Operator By Part Graph Plots the average of each part by operator.
Sigma Product vs. Sigma total Plots two bell curves, one based on Sigma Product and the other based on Sigma
Total.
Misclassification Plots center bell curve using the sigma total. If specification limits are provided, plots bell
curves center on the spec limits using sigma measurement. Provides statistic "dpm Potentially Misclassified",
which is the area under the Sigma total bell curve that is between +/- 3 standard deviations of the spec limits.
Measurement Pareto Plots a Pareto with the different sources of variation.
XbarR Chart Creates a Xbar and Range chart with all of the operators data.
For more information about how the ANOVA analysis is computed, see the AIAG Measurement System Analysis
Reference Manual (1-800-358-3570).
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SPC XL > MSA (gage capability) > XbarR Analysis
After you have created the MSA Template, you can analyze the data using the ANOVA method. ANOVA analysis
usually requires at least two operators, two replicates, and two parts. Reference values are optional; however, without
them BIAS computations are not available. However, see the limited analysis methods below.
One Operator Only If you only have one operator and have two or more replicates and two or more parts, then
you can perform XbarR analysis; however, Reproducibility will not be available.
One Replicate Only If you only have one replicate and have two ore more operators and two ore more parts,
then you can perform XbarR analysis; however, Repeatability is not available.
Statistics resulting from the ANOVA analysis include: Repeatability, Reproducibility, Product (Part-to-Part),
Precision to Tolerance Ratio, Precision to Total Ratio, Resolution, and BIAS.
The graphs created with the analysis include:
Operator By Part Graph Plots the average of each part by operator.
Sigma Product vs. Sigma total Plots two bell curves, one based on Sigma Product and the other based on Sigma
Total.
Misclassification Plots center bell curve using the sigma total. If specification limits are provided, plots bell
curves center on the spec limits using sigma measurement. Provides statistic "dpm Potentially Misclassified",
which is the area under the Sigma total bell curve that is between +/- 3 standard deviations of the spec limits.
Measurement Pareto Plots a Pareto with the different sources of variation.
XbarR Chart Creates a Xbar and Range chart with all of the operators data.
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SPC XL > MSA (gage capability) > Attribute Analysis
The first step in the MSA process is the creation of the MSA Template. When you create a template, you will be given
an opportunity to set the number of operators (or appraisers), number of replicates (trials), and the number of parts.
For Attribute Analysis, specification limits are not used.
The data in Attribute Analysis consists of either a "R" for reject or "A" for accept. Any other characters are not
allowed (see example below).
The Attribute Analysis will compute the number of parts rejected and accepted falsely. It will also compute:
Effectiveness or E The ability of an inspector to distinguish between defective and non-defective parts. Effectiveness
is the Number of parts identified correctly divided by the total number of opportunities to be correct.
Probability of False Rejects or P(FR) The likelihood of rejecting a good part. The number of times good parts are
rejected as bad divided by the total number of opportunities to rate good parts.
Probability of False Acceptance or P(FA) The likelihood of accepting a bad part. The number of times bad parts are
accepted as good divided by the total number of opportunities to rate bad parts.
BIAS or B A measure of an inspector’s tendency to falsely classify a part as good or bad. BIAS is computed as
P(FR) divided by P(FA).
Rules of Thumb
Parameter Acceptable Marginal Unacceptable
E >= .90 .80 - .90 < .8
P(FR) <= .05 .05 - .10 > .10
P(FA) <= .02 .02 - .05 > .05
B .80 - 1.20 .50 - .80 or 1.20 - 1.50 < .50 or > 1.50
76
MSA Statistics
The statistics associated with variable MSA analysis are described below. Note that most of the statistics associated
with ANOVA Analysis are also available with XbarR analysis.
Repeatability
The variation obtained by the same person using the same instrument on the same product or service for
repeated measurements (i.e., variability within operator/device combination).
Reproducibility
The variation obtained due to differences in people who are taking the measurements (i.e., variability between
operators). With ANOVA Analysis, the Reproducibility may be divided into Operator and the Operator Part
interaction.
Total Measurement (Gage)

Measurement variance is the sum of Repeatability variance and Reproducibility variance.
Product (Part-to-Part)
The variance within the products being measured.
Total Variance
The sum of Measurement variance and Product variance.
Precision to Tolerance Ratio (Capability Ratio)

The Precision to Tolerance Ratio is only available if both the USL and LSL are provided. The computation is 6 *
Sigma Measurement / (USL - LSL).
Rule of Thumb
P/Tol less than .10: Adequate Measurement System
P/Tol greater than .30: Unacceptable Measurement System
Precision to Total Ratio

The ratio of Sigma Measurement to Sigma Total (where Sigma is the standard deviation). A good rule of thumb for
Precision to Total Ratio is that it should be less than .1.
Resolution
The number of distinct levels of product dimensions (or data categories) that can be reliably obtained from the data.
The computation for resolution is Sigma Product/Sigma Measurement * 1.41.
BIAS
The bias is the difference between the reference value and the observed average measurement. For SPC XL to
compute the BIAS, you must enter reference values.
77
78
Problem ID Tools
Flow Charting Toolbar Creates a toolbar that provides the common flowcharting tools.
PF/CE/CNX/SOP Template Creates a template to enter your variables and classify them as either Constant, Noise,
or Experimental.
PF/CE/CNX/SOP Diagram Creates a Fishbone diagram from a PF/CE/CNX/SOP template.
79
SPC XL > Problem Id Tools > Display Flowcharting
Toolbar
The flowcharting toolbar allows you to create simple flowcharts directly in Excel. The three icons on the left allow
you to create a new shape (rectangle, diamond, or oval).
Steps for drawing shapes:
1. Open a blank worksheet.
2. Select the desired shape from the toolbar.
3. Click and HOLD the left mouse button, and while holding the button, drag the mouse down and to the right.
While you drag the mouse, you should see the shape starting to take form.
4. When the shape is the desired size, release the mouse button.
After a shape is created, you may resize or move the shape. The attributes of the shape (background color, line
thickness, etc.) can be changed by double clicking on the shape.
Steps for connecting shapes:
1. Select the "Elbow Arrow Connector" from the flowcharting toolbar (it is the fourth icon and looks like an arrow).
2. Move the mouse over the desired shape. You should see the shape display blue dots when the mouse moves over
the shape. These blue dots are the connection points. Each shape has four connection points, represented by blue
dots.
3. Move the mouse to the desired connection point and click the left mouse button.
4. Move the mouse to the next desired shape and connection point and click the left mouse button again. After you
have connected both ends of the line, the blue dots will turn red.
Lines can be moved after they are placed on the worksheet. Double clicking on the line can change the attributes of
the line (which end of the line has the arrow, size, color, etc.).
The remaining icons on the flowcharting toolbar will do the following:
Show you all of the connectors (not just the Elbow Arrow connector), such as connectors with no arrows, and
connectors with smooth lines instead of right angles.
Show you a multitude of shapes in addition to the rectangle, diamond, and oval.
Place Excel into "Page Break" view. This allows you to see how Excel will print the worksheet.
Place Excel in "Normal" view. This puts Excel back into Normal view after you have put it into "Page Break"
view.
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SPC XL > Problem Id Tools > Create PF/CE/CNX/SOP
Diagram
In order to create a PF/CE/CNX/SOP Diagram (often called a fishbone diagram), you must first create a
PF/CE/CNX/SOP Template. After you have created the template, select "PF/CE/CNX/SOP Diagram" from the
"Problem Id Tools" menu. SPC XL will take the variables you have defined in the template and create a fishbone
diagram.
SPC XL will ask if you would like to create a SOP document in Word. If you choose "Yes", SPC XL will create a
Word document for each variable in the fishbone. This feature requires that you have MS Word and that it is properly
installed on the same computer as Excel.
SPC XL > Problem Id Tools > Create PF/CE/CNX/SOP

Template
When you select this command from the "Problem ID Tools" menu, a new worksheet will be added to your workbook.
The worksheet is designed for you to enter your variable names and indicate if each variable is a C (Constant), N
(Noise), or X (Experimental). After you have created a template, SPC XL will create a PF/CE/CNX/SOP Diagram
from the template.
81
Quality Tools
Run Chart Plots your data over time.
FMEA (Failure Mode Effects Analysis) Finds and classifies critical effects in your process.
CUSUM (Cumulative Sum Chart) A control chart for very small shifts in the mean.
Product Capability Report Used to compute the capability of attribute data.
Xbar +/- 3s Chart Graphical analysis of survey data.
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SPC XL > Quality Tools > FMEA
Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a method to identify and prioritize potential failure modes in a
system. The numerical values of interest are severity, occurrence, and detection. These are usually
scored using the following table.
Risk Priority Number (RPN) = Severity x Occurrence x Detection
When you select this option, a new worksheet will be added to the active workbook.
SPC XL > Quality Tools > Cusum Chart
A Cusum (Cumulative Sum) chart is used to detect small shifts in the mean. The plotted values are the
deviations from the target value. The data format for a cumulative sum chart is a single row or column of
data.
After you have indicated the source range of data for the Cusum chart, you will be given the Cumulative Sum Options
window.
It is here that you can define the target value (the default is the mean of the data set), the shift in mean, and the alpha
and beta errors. You also have the following control limit options:
Do not display Control Limits Only computes the Cusum values; no control limits are displayed.
Display Control Limits without Automatic Checking Computes the Cusum values and displays the control
limits for the final point; however, no out-of-control checking is performed.
83
Display Control Limits with Automatic Checking Computes the Cusum values and displays the control limits,
and checks to see if any points are out-of-control. A new worksheet with all out-of-control conditions is
displayed.
Display Control Limits with Real-time Checking This option allows you to see SPC XL adding points and
checking for out of control conditions.
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SPC XL > Quality Tools > Product Capability
The data for a product capability should be in columns. The data for a product capability report includes:
Units The total number of parts that were produced or surveyed.
Defects The total number of defects in all units.
Opportunities (optional) The number of defects possible per unit.
Characteristics (optional) Names for each group of units (or lots).
Below is an example of the data for a product capability report. The labels at the top of each column are for
description only; they should not be included in the range for the data.
When you start the product capability report, you will have an opportunity to enter the range of the Units, Defects,
Opportunities, and Characteristics (see window below). You can manually type the address of the range, or you can
select the range with the mouse.
The output will include the following statistics:
Total Opportunities Units * Opportunities
DPU Defects per unit - The number of defects divided by the number of units
DPO Defects per opportunity - The number of defects divided by product of the number of units times the
number of opportunities
DPMO Defects per million opportunities
Sigma Capability A statistic used in some organizations as a measure of product capability. To compute, find
the probability associated with the DPMO. Sigma capability is the z value associated with the probability plus
1.5.
85
86
SPC XL > Quality Tools > Xbar +/- 3s Chart
A Xbar +/- 3s chart is used to analyze the feedback from surveys. The data for a survey chart should have each
question in its own column or row. In the example below, the data for 4 questions is located in four different
columns. The data for this example is in the form:
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neutral
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
You can use any discrete or continuous linear scale. This data set results in the chart below. For each question, a point
is plotted at the mean with lines extending vertically +/- 3 standard deviations from the point.
87
SPC XL > Options
Pareto Options Set the default parameters for a Pareto such as type bars, gap width, titles, etc.
Out-of-Control Checking Options Set which out-of-control checks are performed and how.
Control Charts General Options Define how control limits are treated when new points are added.
Scatter Options Turn on or off the Trend Line advisory window.
Control Chart Wizard Options Set which windows will be shown during the control chart creation wizard.
Histogram Options Define the default titles for a Histogram.
88
SPC XL > Options
Show Options Window During Wizard A check indicates that the Pareto Options window will be displayed during
the Pareto Wizard. If you opt not to see this window during the wizard, the default values for Type bars, Gap Width,
and Maximum Number of Groups will be used.
Show Titles Windows During Wizard A check indicates that the Pareto Titles window will be displayed during the
Pareto Wizard. If you opt not to see this window, the default values for Chart Title, X Axis Title, and Y Axis Title will
be used.
Ascending Bars If checked, the default for the Pareto will be ascending bars.
Create Report If checked, the default will be to create a Pareto Report.
Type Bars Determines the default type bars. May be either 2-D or 3-D; additionally, the 2-D bars can be displayed
with a cum (cumulative) line over the bars.
Gap Width The default value for the space between each bar. A gap width of 0 would indicate that the bars touch.
Maximum Number of Groups The default value for the maximum number of groups in a Pareto. If your Pareto data
has more than this number of groups, then the excess groups will be placed into an "Other" bar.
Chart Title The default value for the chart title.
X Axis Title The default value for the X-Axis Title.
Y Axis Title The default value for the Y-Axis Title
89
SPC XL > Options
You may control the way out-of-control checking is performed using this tab. Choose the type control chart in the
"Type Control Chart" drop down box. You may then change the way that control chart’s out-of-control checking is
performed. Note that each chart has a different method of performing out-of-control checking. Each control chart has
its own method of out-of-control checking.
90
SPC XL > Options
You may control how SPC XL behaves when you add points to a control chart using this tab. If the "When new data
points …" check box is checked, then SPC XL will ask you if you would like to update a control chart when you type
new data.
You can also control how SPC XL will handle new data when the chart is updated using the “Recompute Control
Limits Options group.
The difference between "Always recompute control limits when new points are added" and "Don’t recompute control
limits when new points are added" is summarized in the following example:
You initially create a control chart with 20 points. You type in 10 more points and tell SPC XL to "Update Chart".
If you have "Always recompute …" checked, then the control limits will be based upon all 30 points.
If you have "Don’t recompute …" checked, then the control limits will be based upon 20 points even though all 30
will be plotted.
91
SPC XL > Options
You may control if SPC XL shows you the trend window at the end of the Scatter plot wizard.
92
SPC XL > Options
These values control which windows you will see during the creation of a control chart.
Show Subgroup Orientation Window During Wizard If you have this off, then SPC XL will always try to
determine the subgroup orientation of your data without prompting you. If your data has X-Axis labels, then SPC XL
will use the orientation of the X-Axis labels to determine subgroup orientation. Otherwise, if your data has more rows
than columns, SPC XL will assume your subgroups are in rows and vice versa.
Show Alternate Control Limits Window During Wizard The Alternate Control Limits feature allows you to base
the control limits on a range of data other than the plotted data.
Show Option Window During Wizard The Option window allows you to define what formatting is used for the
control chart, whether or not a Histogram and/or Cpk chart are created, etc.
Show Define Control Limits Window During Wizard The Define Control Limits window allows you to choose
what method is used to compute the control limits (Shewhart, Standard Deviation, Manual, or none).
93
SPC XL > Options
If the "Show Titles Window During Wizard" check box is checked, then during the process of creating a histogram
you will be presented the window that allows you to change the titles of the histogram. Otherwise, the default values
will be used.
The "Chart Title", "X-Axis Title", and "Y-Axis Title" edit boxes allow you to define the default values for the
Histogram titles.
94
Definitions and Other Tools
SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Confidence Interval
SPC XL can compute the confidence interval for the Normal, Binomial, and Poisson distributions as well as Exact
small p.
Normal Confidence Interval - see Analysis Tools section
Standard Deviation Interval
Cp and Cpk Confidence Interval
Binomial Confidence Interval - see Analysis Tools section
Poisson Confidence Interval - see Analysis Tools section
Exact Small p - see Analysis Tools section
95
SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Confidence Interval > Std
Dev…
Given a Sample Size (n), Standard Deviation (sigma), and confidence level, SPC XL computes a two-sided upper and
lower confidence interval for the standard deviation.
SPC XL > Analysis Tools > Confidence Interval > Cp and

Cpk…
Given a sample size, sample mean, sample standard

deviation, USL, LSL, and confidence level, SPC XL will
compute Cp, Cpk, and the one sided confidence limit for
both. Assumes that the data is normally distributed.
Variables vs. Attributes
Variable data is on some form of a continuous scale. Examples include temperature, pressure, humidity, width, height,
weight, resistance, brightness, saturation, etc.
Attribute data comes from GO/NO-GO or pass-fail determinations of whether a unit conforms to standards. This also
includes noting presence or absence of a quality characteristic. Examples include Defects per unit, Defects per day, #
of errors per document, number of occurrences of floods per century, number of deaths per week, etc.
96
Subgroup Size Determination
The subgroups should be chosen so that the opportunities for variation among the units within a subgroup are small. If
the variation within a subgroup represents the piece-to-piece variability over a very short period of time, then any
unusual variation between subgroups would reflect changes in the process that should be investigated for appropriate
actions.
For an initial study of a process, the subgroups could typically consist of 4 or 5 consecutively produced pieces
representing only a single tool, head, die cavity, etc. (i.e., a single process stream). The intention is that the pieces
within each subgroup would all be produced under very similar production conditions over a very short time interval.
Defects vs. Defectives
The key in determining if your data measures Defects or Defectives lies in the Binomial test. If a value is Binomial –
that is, it is either good or bad, then you have Defects data. If a unit can have more than one error per unit, then you
have defectives data. In many cases, you can collect the data both ways on the same process. For example, if you
would like to create a control chart to track the errors in the secretarial pool, you could collect the data two different
ways.
Method #1 (Defects): Upon inspection of typed pages, if there is an error the page is considered defective.
Method #2 (Defectives): Upon inspection of typed pages, you count the number of errors per page. Each page can
have 0, 1, 2 or more errors.
Constant vs. Variable Sample Size
If a process always has the same sample size, then the sample size is constant. However, if the number of items
produced or time interval changes from lot to lot or time to time, then the sample size is said to be variable.
Example of constant sample size: An injection mold that creates 10 parts per mold.
Example of variable sample size: The number of loan applications processed by a department each day.
Subgroups vs. Individual Values
97
Subgroups are almost always preferable over Individual values; however, there are some cases when a subgroup is not
possible. For example, a plant works for 1 day and produces one large vat of a chemical. In this case, taking a
measurement from different locations in the chemical vat will probably not produce any variation and is invalid. If
you do select Individual values, then your data must be Normally distributed to have a valid control chart.
98
SPC XL > Control Charts > Mark Outlier(s)
Identifying Outliers
An outlier is a point that is plotted on the control chart; however, the value of the point is not used in the
computation of the control limits. In other words, you could delete an outlier and the value of the control
limits wouldn’t change. Don’t confuse “not used in the computation with “not out of control. An outlier can
easily be (and usually is) out of control. However, since the point is extreme in some regard, you can mark
it as an outlier so that it doesn’t inflate the control limits.
If you would like to identify data as an "Outlier", select the data point with the mouse and then select "SPC XL" -
"Control Charts" - "Mark Outlier(s)". You can mark more than one cell at a time as an outlier. In the example below,
we are preparing to mark the data point 54.34 as an outlier.
When marked, the outlier will have a small red triangle in the upper right corner of the cell.
When you move the mouse over an outlier, a small comment window will show the word "Outlier". You can
change this to be more descriptive by right clicking on the cell and choosing "Edit Comment" (see example
below).
If you decide to Unmark an outlier, do not do it by using the "Delete Comment" command. This will only remove the
comment, not clear the outlier.
99
SPC XL > Control Charts > Remove Outlier(s) Mark
If you would like to indicate that a point previously marked as an outlier is no longer an outlier, select the outlier with
the mouse and then select "SPC XL" - "Control Charts" - "Remove Outlier(s) Mark" from the menu. The point will no
longer be considered an outlier and the comment will be removed from the cell.
SPC XL > Add Lines
If you would like to add a horizontal line to a control chart (such as a spec limit), you may use this feature to do so.
When you start this feature, a window will appear that will allow you to enter a name and value for up to two
horizontal lines. The menu option will only be available if the active sheet is a control chart.
Many users will use this option to add specification lines to a control chart. One must be very careful when adding a
spec line to a chart with a control limit line. The spec limit generally applies to the parent population, whereas a
control limit (like in the Xbar chart) applies to the child distribution, in which case the comparisons are invalid.
If you would like to compare your data to the specification limits, create a Cpk chart with the control chart.
Subgroup Orientation
Subgroup orientation refers to the orientation of your data in Excel. In some cases, SPC XL can determine your
subgroup orientation automatically. However, some data sets could be created in two different ways. For example, the
data below could be either:
6 Subgroups with a sample size of 3 (subgroups in rows)
3 Subgroups with a sample size of 6 (subgroups in columns)
You should be very careful to pick the correct orientation of your data. After you have created the control chart, a
quick count of the number of points is a quick way to check that you supplied the correct orientation of the data.
If either dimension is greater than 25 or if you supplied a range for X-axis labels, then you will not be asked the
orientation of your data.
100
Alternate Control Limits
The Alternate Control Limits feature will allow you to base the control limits on a range other than the plotted values.
This feature is disabled by default. To turn it on, select "SPC XL" - "Options" from the SPC XL menu item.
Then select the "Control Chart Wizard" tab. Place a check next to "Show Alternate Control Limit Window During
Wizard".
If your desire is to base the control limits only on the first portion of the plotted data, then you can use Edit Control
Chart Parameters to accomplish the same task. For example, if you created a control chart of the first six months of
data and wanted to base the control limits only on the first month of data, the Edit Control Chart Parameters feature
would be much easier to use than the Alternate Control Limits. However, if you wanted to base the control limits on
last year’s data (which is not plotted), then you must use the Alternate Control Limits.
If you supply Alternate Control Limits, the control chart can’t be split.
Control Limit Types
SPC XL supports three types of control limits: Shewhart, Standard Deviation, and Manual. You can also choose not to
have any control limits.
Shewhart Limits Most users will want to use Shewhart limits. The computation of Shewhart limits is available in
any statistics textbook. By definition, Shewhart control limits should be 3 standard deviations. However, you may
change the value to any number between 1 and 10. Unless you have a high degree of statistical knowledge, you should
leave the default value 3.
Standard Deviation Limits The Standard Deviation limits are computed by taking the standard deviation of the
PLOTTED VALUES. The control limits are equal to the mean plus/minus 3 times the standard deviation (you may
choose a value other than 3). These types of control limits are rarely used, and should only be used by the statistically
savvy. It is highly recommended that you use Shewhart limits.
Manual Limits You may define the control limits to some set value. Again, it is highly recommended that you use
Shewhart limits unless you have a high degree of statistical knowledge.
No Limits This provides you the option of displaying the plotted values without control limits. The plotted values
will be computed as if it were a control chart. For example, for the XbarR chart, the subgroup averages will be plotted.
The p chart will plot the proportion defective. In the case of an Individuals chart, this is identical to a Run chart.
101
SPC XL > Control Charts > Create Template
A control chart template gives you a new worksheet with a place to enter the data for a control chart. For example, the
template for a p Chart is displayed below. It provides an area to you to enter the X-Axis labels, Sample Size, and # of
defects. You do not have to create a template in order to create a control chart. A template is simply a way to help you
get the data into the correct format.
SPC XL > Quality Tools > Run Chart
The run chart provides a plot of your data over time. It is very similar to an Individuals Chart; however, there are no
control limits or centerline.
Your data can be in either one row or one column with or without the X Axis labels. The example below shows the
data in columns with the optional X Axis labels.
102
Unified Menus Overview
All SigmaZone products (SPC XL, DOE KISS, DOE PRO, DFSS MASTER, DFSS XL, QFD XL) can show up on
Excel menu bar in two different ways, as individual menus or they can be grouped under the same unified menu
labeled “SigmaZone”. Using unified menus is recommended when there are two or more SigmaZone products running
simultaneously.
Running SPC XL, DOE PRO, and DFSS XL simultaneously with unified menus OFF:
Running SPC XL, DOE PRO, and DFSS XL simultaneously with unified menus ON:
Unified menus are turned off by default. Users can set unified menus on / off using About box. Select SPC XL
> About …, and click on appropriate option button:
103
Excel 2007 Ribbons
Excel 2007 has different user interface than other Excel versions. Instead of menu bar, Excel 2007 has Ribbon bar. It
is always located at the top of the Excel window. SPC XL Ribbons can be found under SigmaZone tab:
All SigmaZone products (SPC XL, DOE KISS, DOE PRO, DFSS MASTER, DFSS XL, QFD XL) can show up on
Excel 2007 Ribbons in two different ways, as fully expanded ribbons or they can be grouped in order to take less
space on the Ribbon bar. Using unified menus is recommended when there are two or more SigmaZone products
running simultaneously, and their Ribbons cannot fit on one screen.
Running SPC XL with unified menus OFF:
Running SPC XL, DOE PRO, and DFSS XL simultaneously with unified menus ON:
Unified menus are turned off by default. Users can set unified menus on / off using About box. Select SPC XL
> About …, and click on appropriate option button:
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Welcome

Options Defines the default options for SPC XL.

Unified Menus and Excel 2007 Ribbons

Control Chart Overview

Control chart features include:

Assigning X-Axis Labels

Adding Data to an Existing Chart

Updating control limits or leaving existing control limits

Identifying points as Outliers

Identify Out-of-Control Conditions

Scrolling Control Charts

Custom Control Chart Formats

Splitting Control Limits

Edit Control Chart Parameters

Creating a Histogram from Control Chart Data

Cpk Analysis from Control Chart Data

To create a control chart you must:

2. Select the desired type of control chart from the menu.

Variable vs. Attribute

Subgroups vs. Individual Values

Subgroup Size Determination

Defects vs. Defectives

Constant vs. Variable Sample Size

Option #1: Use existing control limits

Option #2: Update the control limits using additional data

SPC XL can automatically check for the following out-of-control conditions:

1. A point exceeds a control limit.

2. 2 of 3 points in Zone A (2 of 3 is the default and can be changed)

3. 4 of 5 points in Zone B (4 of 5 is the default and can be changed)

4. 14 Consecutive points in Zone C (14 is the default and can be changed)

5. 14 Consecutive Alternating points (14 is the default and can be changed)

6. 7 Consecutive Increasing or Decreasing (7 is the default and can be changed)

Custom Control Chart Formats

4. Press the Save Button

Cpk Analysis from Control Chart Data

XbarR Chart Data Format

Matrix Data Format

Vector Data Format

Matrix Data Format

Vector Data Format

np Chart Data Format

All of the values in an np chart should be positive integers.

u Chart Data Format

SPC XL > Analysis Diagrams > Diagram Selection

Histogram: A histogram is a bar chart for numerical categories. You

Cpk Chart: A Cpk chart gives you a graphical representation of the

Scatter Diagram: A scatter diagram shows the relationship between two

Pareto Chart: A Pareto is a bar chart for non-numerical categorical

The creation of a Histogram is a three-step process.

Step 1: Enter the range for the Histogram source data

Step 2: Choose the options for the histogram

Step 3: Choose the titles for the histogram

Step 1: Enter the range for the Histogram source data

Step 2: Choose the options for the histogram

Step 3: Choose the titles for the histogram

The creation of a Cpk Chart is a three-step process.

Step 1: Select the type Cpk Chart

Step 2: Supply the range for the Cpk source data

Step 3: Define the options for the Cpk Chart

Step 1. Select the type Cpk Chart

Step 2. Supply the range for the Cpk source data

Creating a Scatter Diagram is a three-step process.