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earthing systems
in LV
This section defines the Electric Shock however several earthing systems may in MV, the LV earthing system is
and Electrocution hazards for the be included in the same installation, expressed by an additional letter
various earthing systems, such as see figure 6 as an example. according to interconnection of
specified by the International Note 3: the various earth connections
Electrotechnical Committee in standard In France, as in standard NF C 13-100 (see fig. 7).
IEC 364. The LV earthing system concerning delivery substations, in Let us now see how to protect persons
characterises the earthing mode of the order to prevent hazards originating in each case.
secondary of the MV/LV transformer
and the means of earthing the
installation frames. 3 3
Identification of the system types is N
thus defined by means of 2 letters: N
c the first one for transformer neutral
connection (2 possibilities):
v T for «connected» to the earth, T
v I for «isolated» from the earth; T
c the second one for the type
of application frame connection 3 3
(2 possibilities):
v T for «directly connected» to the N N
earth,
N
v N for «connected to the neutral» at I
the origin of the installation, which is
connected to the earth (see fig. 5).
Combination of these two letters gives fig. 5: connection mode of the neutral at the origin of the installation and of the frames of the
three possible configurations: electrical loads.
transformer frame
neutral 3
c if T → T or N;
c if I → T; N
i.e. TT, TN and IT. PEN N N
Note 1: PE PE PE
The TN system, as in IEC 364 includes
several sub-systems:
c TN-C; if the N and PE neutral TN-C TN-S TT IT
conductors are one and the
same (PEN);
c TN-S: if the N and PE neutral fig. 6: example of the various earthing systems included in the same installation.
conductors are separate;
c TN-C-S: use of a TN-S downstream additional earthing of the earthing of the earthing of the
from a TN-C (the opposite is forbidden). letter MV/LV substation LV neutral LV application
Note that the TN-S is compulsory for R (connected) c c c
networks with conductors of a cross- N (of neutral) c c v
section i 10 mm2 Cu. S (separated) v v v
Note 2: (c = interconnected, v = separate)
Each earthing system can be applied to fig. 7: linking of LV earth connections with that of the MV/LV substation.
an entire LV electrical installation;
Uo/U (volts) UL = 50 V UL = 25 V
Uo: phase/neutral voltage breaking time (seconds) breaking time (seconds)
U: phase to phase voltage neutral not distributed neutral distributed neutral not distributed neutral distributed
127/220 0.8 5 0.4 1.00
230/400 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.5
400/690 0.2 0.4 0.06 0.2
580/1 000 0.1 0.2 0.02 0.08
fig. 14: maximum breaking times specified in IT system (as in IEC 364 tables 41B and 48A).
Remember that:
c ρ = 22 10-6 Ω/mm2/m for Cu (36 for Al); c PE cross-section, normally equal to phase cross-section, can be equal
to half of phase cross-section when the latter exceeds 35 mm2.... thus
Sph increasing Ud in TN and IT.
cm = ;
SPE
fire and/or explosion is present: as the c reference time equal to the time
PE and neutral conductors are «mains present + mains absent».
It has been proved, then accepted
one and the same, RCDs cannot be Mean Up Time (MUT) depends on the
by standard makers, that contact used.
between a conductor and a metal overall condition of network insulation.
part can cause fire to break out, in However, insulation deteriorates with
particularly vulnerable premises, electrical power time as a result of thermal aggressions
when the fault current exceeds and electrodynamic forces due in
unavailability particular to fault currents.
500 mA.
This hazard is a major one for Mean Down Time (MDT) also depends
To give an example: operators, since it results in on the fault current and in particular on
c premises particularly at risk: non-production and repair costs which its strength which, according to its
petrochemical factories, farms; can be high. value, may cause:
c premises averagely at risks, but It varies according to the earthing c damage of varying degrees to loads,
where consequences may be very system chosen. cables...;
serious: very high buildings receiving We remind you that availability (D) is a c fires;
the general public... statistical quantity (see fig. 16) equal to c malfunctionings on the low current
In the unearthed neutral system, the the ratio between two periods of time: control and monitoring equipment.
risk of «fire»: c time during which the mains is Each earthing system must therefore
c is very small on the first fault; present; be examined as regards availability of
c is as important as in TN on the
second fault.
For the TT and TN earthing systems,
the fault current is dangerous given the
power developed (P = Rd I2): MDT MUT MDT MUT MDT
c in TT = 5A < Id < 50 A;
c in TN = 1 kA < Id < 100 kA.
The power present where the fault has
occurred is considerable, particularly in
the TN system, and prompt action is
vital as from the lowest current levels in
order to limit the dissipated energy
(∫ Rd i2 dt).
This protection, specified by the IEC time
and a requirement of French standards
de-energising de-energising de-energising
(NF C 15-100, paragraph 482-2-10) is
on fault on fault on fault
provided by an instantaneous RCD with restoration restoration restoration
threshold i 500 mA, regardless of the of voltage of voltage of voltage
earthing system.
When risk of fire is especially high failure status operating status
(manufacture/storage of inflammable
materials....) it is necessary and
indeed compulsory to use an earthing
system with earthed frames which D = availability of a system MDT = Mean Down Time MUT
D =
naturally minimises this hazard MUT = Mean Up Time (detection + repair + MDT + MUT
(TT or IT). Mean failure free time resumption of operation)
Note that the TN-C is banned in fig. 16: availability of electrical power.
certain countries when a risk of fire
LV networks, unless a replacement advisable to install surge limiters transmitted to the LV network by
uninterruptible power supply (with (lightning arresters) at the origin of the capacitive and magnetic coupling.
galvanic insulation) or a LV/LV LV network, whatever earthing system Just like all differential mode
transformer is used, are influenced is used (see fig. 18). phenomena, operating overvoltages do
by MV. Likewise, to prevent coupling by not interfere, or only very slightly, with
This influence takes the form of: common impedance, it is wise never to any of the earthing systems.
c capacitive coupling: transmission of connect the following to the earth
overvoltage from MV windings to LV connection of the LV neutral:
windings; c MV lightning arresters; MV-frame disruptive
c galvanic coupling, should disruptive c lightning rods placed on the roof of breakdown of the
breakdown occur between the MV and buildings.
LV windings;
transformer
In point of fact, the lightning current
c common impedance, if the various would cause a rise in potential of the On MV-frame disruptive breakdown
earth connections are connected and a PE and/or the LV neutral (risk of inside the transformer and when the
MV current flows off to earth. disruptive breakdown by return) and transformer frame and LV installation
This results in LV disturbances, often loss of earth connection effectiveness neutral are connected to the same
overvoltages, whose generating by vitrification. earth connection, a MV «zero
phenomena are MV incidents: sequence» currrent (whose strength
c lightning; depends on the MV earthing system)
c operating overvoltages; operating overvoltages can raise the frame of the transformer
c MV-frame disruptive breakdown Some MV switchgear (e.g. vacuum and neutral of the LV installation to a
inside the transformer; circuit-breakers) cause considerable dangerous potential.
c MV-LV disruptive breakdown inside overvoltages when operated In point of fact, the value of the
the transformer. (see «Cahier Technique» n° 143). transformer earth connection directly
Their most common consequence is Unlike lightning which is a common conditions the contact voltage in the
destruction of LV insulators with the mode disturbance (between network substation Ut i Rp IhMV and the
resulting risks of Electric Shock of and earth), these overvoltages are, dielectric withstand voltage of
persons and destruction of equipment. in LV, differential mode disturbances the LV equipment in the substation
(between live conductors) and are Utp = Rp IhMV (if the LV neutral earth is
lighning
If the MV network is an overhead one,
the distributor installs ZnO lightning i 125 kV i 10 kV
arresters to limit the effects of a direct
or an indirect lightning stroke. 3
Placed on the last pylon before
the MV/LV substation, these lightning N
arresters limit overvoltage and cause
lightning current to flow off to earth short
(see «Cahiers Techniques» n° 151 connections
and 168). 3
A lightning wave, however, is 3
transmitted by capacitive effect
between the transformer windings, to
the LV live conductors and can reach
10 kV peak. Although it is progressively fig. 18: limitation and transmission of lighting overvoltages (whether or not the neutral is
weakened by the stray capacities of the earthed, there are common mode overvoltages on phases).
network with respect to earth, it is
Utp (kV) 2 4 10
MV-LV disruptive IhMV (A) RP (Ω)
breakdown inside 300 4 8 20
1,000 1 3 10
the transformer
To prevent potential with respect to Z
the earth of the LV network from
rising to the phase-to-neutral voltage of
the MV network on MV-LV disruptive
breakdown inside the transformer, the RP RB TTS or ITS RA
LV network must be earthed.
The consequences of this fault are:
Z: direct earthing in TN and TT
c in TN impedance-earthed or unearthed in IT with presence of a discharger.
The entire LV network, including the IhMV: maximum strength of the first earth single-phase fault current of the high voltage network
PE, is subjected to voltage IhMV RPAB supplying the substation.
or RAB. Utp: power frequency withstand voltage of the low voltage equipment of the substation.
If this overvoltage exceeds the (1) the third letter of the earthing systems means:
dielectric withstand of the LV network c all the frames are linked R;
(in practice of the order of 1,500 V), c the substation frame is connected to the Neutral frame: N;
LV disruptive breakdowns are possible c the earth connections are Separated S.
if the equipotentiality of all the frames, fig. 19: maximum resistance of the earth connection of the substation frames according to
electrical or not, of the building is not network earthing system.
complete.
Ih i 300 A 3
N
metering
lightning
arrester
u 30 m RCD
u8m u8m
PE
earth trip
Choice of earthing system affects not 0.8 Uo persons against indirect contacts.
only dependability (in the largest I∆n < RCDs (see fig. 23) need to be used,
Rph + RPE associated with circuit-breakers or
sense) but also installation, in particular
with respect to the switchgear to be Use of a RCD has the advantage of switches (see IEC 364 - paragraph
implemented. making loop impedance checking 413.1.4.2).
unnecessary, a fact which is of These devices must meet the following
particular value when the installation is standards in particular:
TN system modified or extended. c IEC 755: general rules;
In this system the SCPDs (circuit- This solution is clearly not applicable c IEC 1008: «household» residual
breaker or fuses) generally provide with a TN-C type earthing system (the current switches;
protection against insulation faults, with protective conductor being the same as c IEC 1009: «household» residual
automatic tripping according to a the neutral one). current SCPDs;
specified maximum breaking time c with fuses c IEC 947-2: «industrial» residual
(depending on phase-to-neutral voltage The fuses used for short-circuit current circuit-breakers.
Uo: see fig. 9). protection are of the gG type and their Their implementation must meet the
c with circuit-breaker time/current characteristics (see fig. 22) objectives for:
As soon as the fault current exceeds are defined by standards (household c protection of persons, i.e.:
the threshold of the short-circuit fuses: IEC 241, industrial fuses: v threshold I∆n i UL/RA,
protection trip release (generally IEC 269). Checking suitability with the v breaking time i 1s;
«instantaneous»), opening occurs in a maximum specified breaking time c continuity of service with thresholds
time far shorter than specified therefore calls for individual validation and time delays enabling current and
maximum breaking time, for example of the ratings provided for each time discrimination;
5 s for distribution circuits and 0.4 s for protection device. If they are not c fire protection with I∆n i 500 mA.
terminal circuits (see fig. 21). suitable, either fault loop impedance
must be reduced (increased cross-
When impedance of the source and
sections) or the fuse must be replaced
cables is high, either low threshold trip
by a low threshold or a residual current
releases must be used or RCDs
circuit-breaker.
associated with the SCPDs. These
RCDs may be separate residual current
devices or be combined with TT system
circuit-breakers (residual current With this system, the small value of the
circuit-breakers) of low sensitivity. Their fault currents (see previous section)
threshold must be: does not allow the SCPDs to protect
N
with overcurrent detection on neutral no yes yes yes
1 I>
four-pole
2 I> circuit-breaker
3 I> with four
protected poles
N I>
The three earthing systems v whether or not there is a v loads with low natural insulation
internationally used and standardised maintenance service, (furnaces) or with large HF
by IEC 364 have as their common v fire hazard. filter (large computers):
objective the quest for optimum Generally: prefer the TN-S,
dependability. v continuity of service and v supply of control and monitoring
As regards protection of persons, the maintenance service: the IT will be systems: perfer the IT (continuity of
3 systems are equivalent if all installa- chosen, service) or the TT (enhanced
tion and operating rules are complied v continuity of service and no equipotentiality of communicating
with. In view of the characteristics maintenance service: no fully devices).
specific to each system, no one system satisfactory solution: prefer the TT
can be preferred over another. whose discrimination on tripping is
Rather, choice of earthing system must easier to implement and which conclusion
result from a concertation between the minimises damage with respect to As there is no ideal choice with a single
network user and designer (engineering the TN, earthing system, it is thus advisable, in
firm, contractor, etc.) on: The installation of additionnal output is many cases, to implement several
c installation characteristics; easily achieved without the necessity of earthing systems in the same
further calculations. installation.
c operating conditions and
v continuity of service not essential and
requirements. As a rule, a radial network installation,
compent maintenance service: prefer
with a clear distinction between priority
the TN-S (rapid repairs and extensions
and non-priority circuits and using
methods for choosing the performed according to rules),
v continuity of service not essential standby sources or uninterruptible
earthing system and no maintenance service: prefer power supplies, is preferable to an
c firstly do not forget that the three the TT, arborescent monolithic installation.
earthing systems can all be included v fire hazard: IT if maintenance service The purpose of this «Cahier
in the same electrical installation: this and use of 0.5 A RCD or TT. Technique» was to perfect your
guarantees the best possible answer to c allow for the special features of knowledge of earthing systems;
safety and availability needs; network and loads: we hope it will enable you to
c then check that the choice is not v very long network or, even more optimise the dependability of your
specified or stipulated by standards important, leakage current: prefer the installations.
or legislation (decrees, ministerial TN-S, «Cahier Technique» n° 173 which
decisions); v use of replacement or standby power provides an insight into use of earthing
c then dialogue with the user to get to supplies: prefer the TT, systems worldwide and their evolution
know his requirements and resources: v loads sensitive to high fault currents will usefully complete this first
v need for continuity of service, (motors): prefer the TT or IT, document.