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COORDINATION OF GENERATOR
PROTECTION WITH GENERATOR
EXCITATION CONTROL AND
GENERATOR CAPABILITY
Working Group J-5 of the Rotating Machinery Subcommittee,
Power System Relay Committee
1
2
excitation current will increase the reactive power output. θs = Voltage Angle at System
Decreasing the excitation will have the opposite effect, and in
extreme cases, may result in loss of synchronism of the Pmax = Eg Es
generator with the power system. If the generator is operating Max. Power X
Transfer
isolated from the power system, and there are no other reactive Max.
power sources controlling terminal voltage, increasing the Power All Lines
All lines in
service
Transfer in Service
level of excitation current will increase the generator terminal
voltage and vice versa.
Line
Line 11
tripped
Tripped
The most commonly used voltage control mode for
generators of significant size that are connected to a power
Pe Pe Line 2
system is the AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) mode. In Line 2
Tripped
tripped
2
3
winding limit is a long-term condition relative to the generator voltage bus minimum and maximum voltage during peak and
winding current carrying capability. light load conditions. The high and low voltage limits for the
Reactive Power Rotor MW
auxiliary bus, generator terminal and system buses are
Winding G System
into System interrelated by the tap position selected for the generator step
Limited Mvar Normal Overexcited
+ up transformer and the unit auxiliary transformer.
Mvar Operation
Consequently, as power system operating change, it is
Overexcited Stator
Overexcitation Winding necessary to check tap setting to ascertain that adequate
Limiter (OEL )
Limited reactive power is available to meet power system need under
emergency conditions.
+ MW
0 Real Power
into System
D. P-Q to R-X Conversion
Under
Excitation
Underexcited
Limiter Both Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the capability of a generator on
(UEL)
- Underexcited a MW-Mvar (P-Q) diagram. This information is commonly
Mvar Operation
MW available from all generator manufactures. Protection functions
G System
Steady State for the generator, such as loss-of-field (40) and system backup
Reactive Power Stator End Stability Limit Mvar
into Generator Iron Limited distance (21) relaying measure impedance, thus these relay
characteristics are typically displayed on a Resistance-
Reactance (R-X) diagram. To coordinate the generator
Fig 2. Typical Generator Capability Curve and Operating Limits capability with these impedance relays, it is necessary to either
for a cylindrical rotor generator convert the capability curve and excitation limiters (UEL and
OEL) to an R-X plot or to convert impedance relay settings to
The rotor winding limit is relative to the rotor’s current
a MW-Mvar plot. Figure 3 illustrates this conversion [4]. The
carrying capability. It is also associated with longer time
CT and VT ratios (Rc/Rv) convert primary ohms to secondary
conditions. The stator end iron limit is a relatively short time
quantities that are set within the relay and kV is the rated
condition, caused by a reduction in the field current to the
voltage of the generator.
point where a significant portion of the excitation is being
supplied from the system to the generator. Significant
underexcitation of the generator causes the rotor retaining ring
to become saturated. The eddy currents produced by the flux
cause localized heating. Hydrogen cooled generators have
multiple capability curves to reflect the effect of operating at
different H2 pressures.
3
4
S y s te m Im p e d a n c e s :
P o w e r S y s te m M in .= s tr o n g e s t lin e o u t o f s e rv ic e
M a x .= a ll lin e s in s e r v ic e
Z M in S 1 = 0 .0 0 1 0 5 + j0 .0 1 6 4 6 3 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
Im p e d a n c e o f th e lo n g e s t tra n s m is s io n lin e
Z L L 1 = 0 .0 1 0 9 5 + j0 .1 1 5 4 6 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e Z m a x s 1 = 0 .0 0 0 5 1 1 + j0 .0 1 0 0 3 3 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
145kV U n it T r a n s fo r m e r
19 kV
Im p e d a n c e o f s h o r te s t tr a n s m is s io n lin e
Z S L 1 = 0 .0 0 5 4 6 + j0 .0 5 7 7 3 p u o n 1 0 0 M V A b a s e
X T = 0 .1 1 1 1 p u o n 4 2 5 M V A b a s e
2 0 ,0 0 0 V
VT 120V A u x . T ra n s fo rm e r
CT 1 8 0 0 0 /5 A
492 M V A B ase
X d = 1 .1 8 8 8 p u
X ' d = 0 .2 0 5 7 7 p u
X " d = 0 .1 7 8 4 7 p u 1 8 0 0 0 /5 A
X 2 = 0 .1 7 6 7 6 p u CT
14400 1 .2 5 O h m s
2 4 0 /1 2 0 V
Fig.4 One line diagram with generator and power system data for example generator
A 492 Mva, 20kV direct cooled cylindrical rotor steam 300 0.77 LAG
MW
defined in Appendix I.
100 0.95 LEAD
IV. AVR COORDINATION- UNDEREXCITED
OPERATION
200
Excitation systems seldom operate at the extremes of
their capabilities until the system voltage attempts to rise or
fall outside its normal operating range. During voltage
300
transients, excitation controls allow short-term operation of
Fig 5 Generator Capability Curve for Example Generator
the excitation system and generator beyond the rated steady
state limits. The excitation system controls and protective
relays must coordinate with regard to both pickup
relay (see Section V) plus the characteristics of the under
magnitudes as well as time delays.
excitation limiter itself. These characteristics vary with each
generator and system configuration. The automatic voltage
The setting of the under excitation limiter takes into
regulator uses the generator terminal voltage and phase
consideration the generator capability curve and the setting
current to calculate the existing operating conditions. By
of the loss-of-field
comparing the actual point of operation to the desired limit,
4
5
the regulator determines when it is appropriate to adjust the A. Steady State Stability Limit (SSSL) - Graphical Method
generator field current in order to remain within the desired
operating conditions. Alternatively, discrete relays have The steady state stability limit (See Section II) reflects the
also been applied to motor operated rheostat excitation ability of the generator to adjust for gradual load changes.
systems. These relays operate similarly to the above The steady state stability limit is a function of the generator
automatic regulator function, measuring generator voltage voltage and the impedances of the generator, step-up
and current to determine the actual operating condition, and transformer and system. This method assumes field
then initiating a control signal when the limit setting is excitation remains constant (no AVR) and is conservative.
exceeded. It should be noted that the limit settings can NERC explicitly requires that generators operate under
change with voltage. Some limiters change as the square of AVR control, which improves the stability limit. When
the voltage (90% voltage results in 81% of the setting), making the calculations, all impedances should be
while others are proportional with the voltage (90% voltage converted to the same MVA base, usually the generator
results in 90% of the setting). Still other limiters may not base. The steady state stability limit is a circle defined by
change with voltage at all. To assure proper operation for the equations shown in Fig. 6 below [4]:
all conditions, the specific voltage variation characteristic
should be identified when setting the limiter. Manual
Generator GSU System
regulators do not have under excitation limiters as an active Reactance
component. The process for establishing the
underexcitation limit and checking the coordination is as
follows:
G XS
Where
XT
1. Obtain the generator capability curve. Xd Xe=XT + XS
V
5
6
2
MVAG kVTlow
X TG * * XT
MVAT kVS2
492 19 2
X TG * * 0.111 0.11607
425 20 2
MVAG kV S2
X min ST 1 * 2 * X minS 1
MVAS kVThigh
492 1382
X min ST 1 * * 0.016463 0.07338 pu
100 1452 Fig.7 Generator Capability (GCC), Underexcitation Limiter (UEL) and
Steady State Stability Limit (SSSL) for Example Generator – P-Q Plot
6. The under excitation limiter (UEL) should be set to relay approach is widely used within the industry to provide
operate prior to reaching the stator end iron limit. high-speed detection. There are two basic designs of this
Assuming that the plant operates between H2 pressures type of protection.
of 45psig and 60psig, use a margin of 10% of the
leading Mvar limit (machine end turn limit or steady The first method (Scheme 1 –Fig.8) consists of two
state stability limit, whichever is most limiting) at offset Mho units. An impedance circle diameter equal to the
various MW points. The example limiter has three set generator synchronous reactance and offset downward by ½
points, one on the negative var axis, one on the positive of the generator transient reactance is used for the Zone 2
Watt axis, and one defined with both a Watt and var distance element. The operation of this element is delayed
point. All points are expressed as per unit on the approximately 30-45 cycles to prevent misoperation during
generator MVA base. They should be selected to allow a stable transient swing. A second relay zone, set at an
the greatest range of generator operation as possible. impedance diameter of 1.0 per unit (on the generator base),
The points (vars pu, Watts pu) will be (0.45, 0), (0.27, with the same offset of ½ of the generator transient
0.81) and (0, 1.12). They are plotted on Fig. 7 in Mvar reactance is used also. This Zone 1 element has a few
and Mw values using the 492 MVA base. cycles of delay and more quickly detects severe
underexcitation conditions. When synchronous reactance is
7. The under excitation limiter time delay should be less than or equal to 1.0 per unit (e.g. hydro generators)
minimal. Some limiters do not have an intentional only the Zone 2 is used and is set with the diameter equal to
delay, but utilize a damping setting or circuit to 1.0 per unit.
stabilize the limiter output. In addition, there may be a
setting to proportionally increase the limiter output, The second relaying method (Scheme 2 – Fig.10) consists
dependant upon the severity of the underexcitation of an undervoltage unit, an impedance unit and a directional
condition (increased output for a more severe unit. In this case the generator synchronous and transient
condition). The limiter manufacturer should be reactances are used to determine the settings. As with the
consulted for these parameters. first scheme, two elements are used, one without significant
delay (typically 0.25 second for the most severe condition)
V. GENERATOR LOSS OF FIELD COORDINATION and the other delayed to prevent misoperation. For both
schemes the relay settings are based on ct and vt secondary
To limit system voltage the generators may have to quantities, thus the impedances need to be calculated on the
operate underexcited and absorb Vars from the power ct and vt secondary basis.
system. It is important that the generator be able to do so
within its capabilities as defined by the generator capability A. Loss of Field Calculation Example
curve. The generator under excitation limiter (UEL) must
be set to maintain operation within the capability curve as Scheme1: In this example, two mho characteristics are
show in Fig. 2. The loss of field relay must be set to allow used. Standard settings for this two zone loss-of-field
the generator to operate within its underexcited capability. scheme are shown below in Fig.8.
kV 2 * X PU RC
X sec * -5. 0
MVA RV
Where: Xsec = Relay Secondary Ohms -10. 0
Rc = CT ratio -20. 0
Rv = VT ratio
Zone 1 ZONE 2
-25. 0
Diameter of the circle is set at 1.0 pu or 17.56 Ω
UEL
'
Offset of the circle X d /2 is 0.20577/2 pu or -1.8067 Ω -30. 0 GCC
Time delay: A short time delay of approximately 3 to 5 ZONE2
cycles is suggested to prevent misoperation during -35. 0
ZONE1
switching transients.
SSSL
-40. 0
Zone-2
Diameter of the mho circle is set at X d = 1.1888 pu or Fig 9 Loss-of- Field, Scheme 1, R-X Plot
20.88 Ω.Offset of the mho circle is set the same as for
Zone 1 or -1.8067 Ω Scheme2: This scheme also uses both Zone 1 and Zone 2
elements. Standard settings for this two zone loss-of-field
Time delay: A minimum time delay of 30 to 45 cycles is scheme are shown below in Fig.10:
typically used to prevent relay misoperation during stable
power swing conditions. In cases where only one mho +X
element is used, the methodology for Zone 2 above is
Heavy Load Light Load
typically employed.
XTG +Xmin SG1
-R
Zone 2 - Xd’ Directional +R
Fig. 9 shows the loss of field relay characteristics along
2 Element
with generator capability curve (GCC), the under excitation
limiter (UEL), and the steady state stability limit (SSSL)
plotted on the R-X plane. The GCC, UEL curves are Zone 1
Impedance Locus
converted from P-Q plane to R-X plane using the 1.1Xd During Loss of Field
calculation method described in Fig.3.
-X
transformer reactance XTG + XminSG1 . XminSG1 is the weak Zone 2 Delay: Set the Zone 2 delay long enough that
source (with the strongest line out of service) system corrective action may take place to restore excitation before
impedance on the generator base. The transformer and the unit goes unstable. Settings of 1 second to 1 minute are
system impedance must be put on the same base as the appropriate. Since two zones are used, the delay will be set
generator. The negative reach is set to at least 110% of Xd to 10 sec.
to encompass the SSSL with margin. The negative reach of
Zone 1 element is then set to match. The negative offset of Phase Undervoltage Element: An under-excitation
Zone 1 element is set to X’d/2 to establish the top of the condition accompanied by low system voltage caused by
circle. the system's inability to supply sufficient Vars will cause
the unit to go unstable more quickly. For this condition, an
Since the Zone 2 element has a positive offset it is undervoltage unit is used to bypass the Zone 2 time delay
supervised by a directional element (DE) to prevent pickup for low system voltage. The drop out of the undervoltage
for system or unit transformer faults. The directional unit is typically set at 0.8 pu which will cause accelerated
element is typically set at an angle of between 10 and 20 Zone 2 tripping with a time delay of 0.25 sec.
degrees. This unit is usually set at 13 o. The Zone 2 time
delay is typically set at 10 sec. to 1 minute. A loss of field Zone-1
condition is generally accompanied by low generator
terminal voltage. For this condition an undervoltage relay is Zone 1 Diameter: Set to same negative reach as Zone 2 of
used to reduce the Zone 2 time delay. The drop out of the X’d/2.
undervoltage unit is typically set at 0.80-0.87 pu which will
cause accelerated Zone 2 tripping with a time to 0.3-0.2 Diameter of the circle in pu:
X'
sec. Transient stability studies can be used to refine the
Z1Diameter 1.25 * X d d
voltage supervision and time delay settings. 2
0.20577
Zone-2 Z1Diameter 1.25 *1.1888
2
Diameter is typically set to 1.1 times X d plus the weak Z1Diameter 1.3831 or 24.3 Ω
system source and step-up transformer impedances .The
Zone 1 offset: Set to one half of the generator transient
110% multiplier on X d provides a margin to pickup
reactance.
before reaching the steady state stability limit. In this
X'
application, there is a large separation between the SSSL Z1Offset d
and the GCC. In order to provide better protection for 2
under-excited operation of the unit, the margin can be set to 0.20577
125%, which moves the characteristic to approximately half Z1Offset
way between the SSSL and the GCC curves.
2
Z 2 Offset 0.102885 or –1.806 Ω
Diameter of the circle in pu:
Z 2Diameter 1.25 * X d X TG X minSG Fig. 11 shows the loss of field relay characteristic for
Z 2 Diameter 1.25 * 1.1888 0.1161 0.0662 Scheme 2 with the generator capability curve (GCC), the
under excitation limiter (UEL) and steady state stability
Z 2 Diameter 1.6683 or 29.3 Ω limit (SSSL).
Z 2Offset X TG X min SG
Z 2 Offset 0.1161 0.0662
Z 2 Offset 0.1823 or 3.2 Ω
9
10
ZONE1
-10.0
Distance relays with a mho characteristic and one or two
zones are commonly used for phase fault backup. If only
-15.0
GC UEL
one zone is used its setting is based on the Zone 2 criteria
outlined below. Setting generator backup protection with
-20.0
SSSL adequate margin over load and stable power swings is an art
as well as a science. The suggested criteria below provide
-25.0
reasonable settings that can be verified for security using
UEL
GCC
transient stability computer studies.
-30.0 ZONE2
DIR The Zone 1 relay element is set to the smaller of two
ZONE1
-35.0 conditions:
SSSL
10
11
IS
kV 2 * X TG RC
X TG sec G *
MVAG RV ZmaxSG1
Z1reach 1.20 * 2.038 2.45 Fig. 12 Equivalent Circuit for Apparent Impedance with In-
Feeds
Criteria 2
1
ZTotal = ZLLG1 =
Set at 80% of the Zone 1 setting of the shortest line plus 1 1
step-up transformer impedance. The impedance of the
Z max SG 1 X 'd X TG
shortest line exiting the power plant is XSL1 = j 0.05773 pu
on a 100MVA base. The zone 1 line setting is 80% of the
line length. First put the impedance on the generator base. 0.04566 + j0.50024 pu
kV 2 * X SLG1 RC Z MaxSG1
X L1 sec G * I G = | I Total x | =
MVAG RV X ' d X TG Z MaxSG1
20 2 * 0.23219 18,000 5 0.22207 pu
X L1 sec *
492 20,000 120 Based on the criteria 1 for the Zone 2 element
X L1sec 4.077 setting:
I S I G
Z2 _ LINE = ( X TG + 1.2
Assuming the zone 1 line setting is 80% of the lines then:
I Z LL1G ) x Z B _ relay =
G
Z1reach X TG sec 0.8 * (0.8 * X L1sec ) 90.2 Ω 85
, maximum torque angle Zone 2 (MTA2) =
Z1reach 2.041 0.8 * (0.8 * 4.077) 4.6095 85
Set the zone 1 at the smaller setting of 2.45 at a MTA of Criteria 2
0
85 .
To satisfy criteria 2, the reach of the 21-2 element should
B. Zone 2 Setting Example not exceed 50% to 66.7% (200% to 150% of the generator
capability curve) load impedance at rated power factor.
Criteria 1 Otherwise the distance element could trip on load or stable
power swings. This calculated is shown below:
The apparent impedance reach ( Z 2 _ LINE ) to the end of
the longest line exiting the plant will require an in-feed kV G2 CTRatio
calculation because both the generator and the utility Zmax load = = 17.56 39.64(0.77pf)
transmission system will contribute fault current. The MVAG VTRatio
saturated value of transient reactance X’d is used in this
calculation since this is for a time delayed backup element. The Z2 reach setting at MTA based on Zmax loading based on
Z max load above is:
11
12
30.0
Z max_ load
Z2 _ MTA = 0.67x = 16.685
; jX
COS (MTA2 RPFA) LONGEST LINE (WITH IN FEED), 75.5 OHMS
Criteria 3
kV G2 CTRatio
ZGCC _ MTA = = 23.14 85
MVAGCC _ MTA VTRatio 50% to 67% OF GCC @
RPFA
10.0
a secure setting. This is much less than the 90.2 reach RPFA
12
13
50 AVR 51*
Excitation
DC CB or * FUSES USED ON
Transformer SMALLER GENERATORS
Contactor
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 R
Static
Time In Seconds OC
Exciter
Fig. 14 C50.13 Cylindrical-Rotor Field Short Time Capability [7] OC = DC OVERCURRENT RELAY
13
14
limiter control has the ability to modify its setting excitation systems have begun to provide these protection
based on either hydrogen pressure (if the generator functions within the excitation system control.
is hydrogen cooled) or inlet air temperature
measurements. A. Testing of Excitation Systems
V/Hz Limiter – Limits the generator V/Hz ratio by
limiting the generator voltage to a programmed Operating the generator at its maximum excitation level to
setting. Steady state limit are +/- 5% of rated ensure that controllers operate to keep the generator within
generator stator terminal voltage at rated safe limits before protection operates can be periodically
frequency. The setting should permit short time tested. Such test may be done not only by bring the
excursions during transient conditions. The V/Hz generator slowly up to its steady state limit, but also by
limiter is a limit function to the AVR setpoint and bringing it rapidly up to the limit so that coordination for
is not a variable as is the above described OEL in short time operation above the steady state limit can be
Fig.14. checked. Conducting these tests on a large generator can
Field Overcurrent Protection – DC overcurrent result in system voltage problems. These tests must be
protection is provided in exciters as show in Fig. carefully coordinated so that system voltage is maintained
15. Some exciters have a protective inverse time within acceptable levels. Reference 13 provides a detail
module that calculates the I*t to provide an inverse description of testing the exciter OEL, UEL and V/Hz
time curve. It needs to be coordinated with the limiter.
OEL setting as well as the short time capability of
the field (Fig. 14). It also should allow field B. V/Hz (24) Protection
forcing to take place during fault conditions. In
some cases this protection may trip the exciter if One of the major functions of V/Hz protection is to serve as
OEL initiated runback is unsuccessful. a backup in case of the failure of the V/Hz limiter within
the excitation control. V/Hz protection is set based on the
Excitation Transformer Protection – This protection is short time capability of the generator and transformers
typically provided by either overcurrent relays on larger connected to the generator terminals. The flux in the stator
generator or fuses on small machines connected on the core of a generator or core of a transformer is directly
primary of the excitation transformer (Fig.15). Typically proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
the kVA size of the excitation transformer and its protection frequency. Overexcitation of a generator or any
is provided as part of the excitation system package. The transformer connected to the generator terminals will occur
time overcurrent protection should be coordinated with the whenever the ratio of voltage to frequency (V/Hz) applied
field short time overload capability and field forcing. The to the terminals exceeds 1.05 pu (generator base) for a
short time field capability is specified in terms of DC generator; and 1.05 pu (transformer base) for a transformer
current as a multiple of field rated current (Fig. 14). The at full load. The transformer no load level is 1.10 pu. For
kW component at various field overload levels can be transformers the point of measurement is the output
2
determined by I Rf where Rf is the field resistance and I is terminals. IEEE/ANSI C50.12 and C50.13 [7] provide
the field current at various multiples of field rated current. voltage ranges for generators. Typically the allowable range
The AC time overcurrent required providing that KW can for continuous operation is between 0.95 and 1.05 pu V/Hz.
then be determined at the AC voltage rating of the The manufacturer should be consulted for V/Hz short time
excitation transformer. Doing so, however, neglects the loss capability of a specific generator. The primary concern
in the bridge circuitry, which can be significant for high from an excitation standpoint is the possibility of excessive
ceiling static exciter. The power factor that results can be V/Hz overexciting the generator. When the V/Hz ratios are
far from unity with most of the load being vars due to the exceeded, saturation of the iron core of generators and
fact that the bridge circuit is firing with a more delayed transformers will occur resulting in the breakdown of core
angle. The resulting short time current on the AC excitation inter-lamination insulation due to excessive voltage and
transformer is a combination of the field current eddy current heating.
requirements and losses in the bridge circuitry. The
excitation system manufacture should be able to provide the During system disturbances, overexcitation is caused by
relationship of AC current to DC current at various the sudden loss of load due to transmission line tripping
excitation and over excitation levels. which can island the generator from the power grid with
little load and the shunt capacitance of the unloaded
Relay engineers need to be aware of the control and transmission lines. Under these conditions the V/Hz level
tripping protection that resides within the exciter and its may exceed 1.25 pu where the voltage regulator is slow in
impact on limiting generator overexcitation operation. responding. With the AVR control in service, the
Traditionally, tripping for excitation system problems such overexcitation would generally be reduced to safe limits
at V/Hz (24), overvoltage (59) and loss of field (40) were (less than 1.05pu) in a few seconds. The limiter will limit
done by relays external to the excitation system. This was the V/Hz generator output to a set maximum within the
done to separate protection and control. New digital generator capability curve. Even with a V/Hz limiter in the
14
15
excitation control, it is common and recommended practice reactance of the transformer. This is typically done at the
[6] to provide separate V/Hz relaying to protect the full load rating of the transformer at an 80% power factor.
generator and any transformers connected to the generator A sample calculation is shown in ANSI/IEEE C37.106
terminals. The setting of these relays is based on the short [11]. The values in Table 1 and in Fig.16 have been so
time V/Hz capability of the generator as shown in Fig.14. compensated. Many new digital transformer relays have
In modern application where digital relays are used, the V/Hz protective functions within the relay package. The
V/Hz protection of the transformer resides in the newer practice is to provide the V/Hz step-up transformer
transformer protection relay and is set to protect the protection within the transformer package, and measures
transformer. Both generator and transformer protection V/Hz at the step up transformer high voltage terminals.
must be coordinated with the AVR V/Hz limiter control.
The exciter’s V/Hz limiting should be set at the upper limit The setting calculation example uses two relay elements to
of the normal operating range and below the continuous provide protection; one inverse time element and a definite
operating limit for the generator and unit connected time element. The combined protection curve is also shown
transformer. Similarly, a V/Hz relay(s) should be set with in Fig.16. The type of curve and time dial should be
enough delay to allow AVR control action to take place selected such that the relay characteristic operates before
before tripping the unit. This relay(s) however, must still the generator and transformer capability limits are reached.
protect the generator from damage. This typically is not a
problem because the AVR control can adjust generator
Table 1 Overexcitation Capability
terminal voltage within seconds.
Main Transformer Capability
C. Overexcitation Relay Settings
Time (min) V/Hz (%)
There are two basic types of V/Hz protection scheme used 40 106.4
within the industry. The first and most common is the dual 30 106.9
definite time setpoint method. Typical conservative 20 107.4
protection applications recommend a maximum trip level at 10 108.4
1.18 pu V/Hz with a 2-6 second time delay for the first
6 109.3
setpoint. The second setpoint is set at 1.10 pu V/Hz with a
time delay of 45-60 seconds. 2 112.1
1 114.3
The second method uses an inverse-time characteristic 0.5 118
curve as well as definite time setpoints to better match the 0.3 123.5
inverse times V/Hz capability of the generator. This scheme
can be precisely applied when a V/Hz vs. time curve for a
specific generator is available. The minimum pickup is Generator Capability
typically 1.10 pu V/Hz. The inverse-time function is set Time (min) V/Hz (%)
with a greater time delay than the exciter in order to permit 33 110
the exciter to operate to reduce voltage before protection 25 111
action takes place. 20 111.5
15 112.5
D. V/HZ Overexcitation Protection Setting Example 10 113.5
5 115.5
The overexcitation capability limits for the example 2 118
generator and the connecting transformer are shown in 1 120
Table 1 and in Fig 14. The main transformer’s V/Hz 0.5 122
capability has already been adjusted in the table by 19/20 = 0.2 125
0.95 multiplying factor to put its V/Hz capability on the
generator’s voltage base so the generator’s V/Hz capability
and the transformer’s V/Hz capability points may be plotted
together.
16
17
X minST 1 = System reactance with the strongest line Zmax load = Rated load generator impedance in secondary
(line that contributes the most fault current) out of service. ohms at generator rated power factor.
See Fig. 4. Reactance is on the GSU transformer base. Z2 _ MTA = Zone 2 21 setting in secondary ohm at 850 to
X minSG = System reactance with the strongest line out of maintain a margin of 150% at rated power factor angle.
service on the generator base. Z2 _ MTA2 = Impedance of Generator Capability curve at
Loss of Field Relay Coordination (Section V): Max. Torque Angle (MTA) of the Zone 2 relay in
secondary ohms with a margin of 90%.
Z1Diameter = Loss of Field (LOF) impedance circle diameter
setting of Zone 1.
Z 2Diameter = LOF impedance circle diameter setting of
Zone 2.
Z1Offset = Offset of Zone 1 LOF impedance setting.
Z 2Offset = Offset of Zone 2 LOF impedance setting.
Zone1 Calculation:
Zone 2 Calculations:
17