CALIFORNIA

In This Issue I
MONO LAKE EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 23, 1990 2i

GEOLOGY DISPLACEMENT ALONG THE MANIX FAULT

RECYCLING-EVERYONE'S CHAllENGE
33
39
DMG RELEASES 40
SP 103........ . 40
A PUBLICATION OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
SP 104 42
DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY BOOK REVIEWS 44
MAIL ORDER FORM . 45
PETE WILSON
Governor CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION FORM 46
ANNOUNCEMENTS 48
DOUGLAS P WHEELER
Secretary lor R9SOtJfC8S
UNION PACIFIC RESOURCES FUNDS AWG SPEAKERS BUREAU .48
USGS OPEN HOUSE AT MENLO PARK IN MAY 48
EDWARD G. HEIOIG
o,r6C/Of'

JAMES F DAVIS
StatB Geologtsr
CALIFORNIA GEOlOGV slal1

Techmcal EdI'or~ Don Dupras

Assis,anl EdItor' L&rla Tablilo
Cover; Oblique aenal view to the south of the south shore of
Graphics and Design: loUIse Huckaby
PublICations Supel'VlSOf;
Mono lake and the Mono Craters chain of volcanoes. Panum
Jell Tambe"
Crater, a nearly parleet pumice and ash (tephra) ring With a
/'fInIed DepaI'lmer11 01 GeneI. SeMces central plug 01 obstdlan is the northernmost Mono Crater and is
Office 01 Slat. P''''bnlI shown in the nght center. The Sierra Nevada is in the distance.
The OCtober 23, 1990 earthquake occurred beneath the north
0Ms00n He3dQuiIrlets '.'6 NiI1\h $l,'" ~ 1)011 shore of Mono lake. An article about this earthquake IS on
s.cr_. CA i511. page 27. Photo by C. Dan Miller.
( T ~ g'&-"~'825)

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February 1991Nolume 44JNumber 2

CGEOA 44 (2) 25-48 (1991)

26 CAUFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991

 Mono Lake Earthquake of
October 23, 1990
By

STEVE MeN UTI, Seismologist,

WILLIAM BRYANT, Geologist, and
RICK WILSON, Engineering Geologist
Division of Mines and Geology

INTRODUCTION

0" October 23. 1990. a moderate

earthquake of local magnitude (M L )
5.7 shook the Mono Lake area. a re-
gion known for jls recent volcanic and
tectonic activity. The earthquake
(38"03'N: 119~08'W: depth 8 miles)
was centered approximately 5 miles
north 01 Lee Vining and 16 miles
southeast of Bridgeport. near Black
Point. an isolated fiat-lOpped hill on the
north shore 01 Mono Lake (Hgure 1).
Shaking from the earthquake was felt at
approximately Modified Mercalli Inten-
sity VI in the local area and weakly
throughout much of northcentral Cali-
fornia as far west as Sacramento and
the San Francisco Bay area. Damage
was light because the event occurred in a
sparsely populated region. However.
landslides and rock falls caused by the
earthquake blocked portions of Highway
t 20. east of Tioga Pass. closing it for
about one half day. Several smaller
roads were closed for up to a week.

119 w
To IIIIllgftpon

N
MAIN SHOCK

\ ~
Figure 2
MONO

LAKE
'"

EL-.3:::J°E='==='~E=3==i''==:E·==l'....

Figure 1. Map show.ng the OCtober 23.1990 ma.nshock (star) and aftershock (round dots) locations With respect to the Mono Lake fault
and Mono Lake. A small fault mapped by LaJOie (1968) is located Just east of the ma.nshock. EpiCenter data counesy of the U. S. Geo-
Ioglca/SutVey. Mono Lake fault generalIzed tram Bryant (1984).

CALlFOflNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991

 TABLE 1. DATA RECOVERED AT CSMIP STAliONS FROM THE OCTOBER 23, 1990 EARTHQUAKE NEAR MONO LAKE.
The fraction at lhe acceleration at gravity recorded is g. tor verllcal motion v. and horizontal motion H.
Station Structure
No. Name Type
55031 Tioga Pass small
shelter
65500 Bridgeport small
shelter
55429 June lake 2-story
bUilding
54301 Mammoth lakes- 1-story
l-story school gym building
Source: California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMtP)
This article summarizes the seismo-
logical features of the earthquake and
relates the findings made during a sur-
face fault rupture investigation of the
eplcentral area by Division of Mines and
Geology (DMG) geologists. To demon-
strate how this earthquake fits into the
regional tectonic selting. the character
of this event is compared to that of
other noteworthy seismic events that
have occurred over the last 12 years.
SEtSMICITY
The earthquake occurred at 11: IS
p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PSTI on
October 23. 1990 at a depth of 8 miles
below the Earth's surface. The location
of the mainsllock and the first few days
of aftershocks are shown in rtgure 1.
The aftershock sequence was fairly
weak. and included only three events
within 2 magnitude units of the main-
shock during the following month (2
magnitude units is a commonly used
way to compare events of unequal size).
The largest aftershock was a magnitude
4, I event that occurred on November 5
at 12:16 PST just southwest of the
mainshock. The aftershocks define a
5-mile-long trend roughly north-north-
west to south-southeast. approximately
parallel to the east-dipping Sierra Ne-
vada frontal fault. which is called the
Mono lake fault in this area (Rgure I).
Fault orientation and direction of slip
movement (focal mechanism) was deter-
mined for a smaller foreshock that
Epicentral Maximum
Station Distance Acceleration Site
Coordinates Ikm) Ground Structure Geology
37.940 N 12 0.04g H gramte
119.190W 0.04g V
38.2.55 N 26 0.07g H alluvium
119.220W 0.02g V
37.783 N 29 0.02g H granite
119.075W 0.03g V
37.641 N 46 O.04g H 0.08g H glacial
118.963 W 0.02g V deposits
occurred several seconds before the FIELD OBSERVATIONS
mainshock. This mechanism showed
The Mono lake area was visited by
predominantly right lateral strike'slip mo-
DMG staff on October 24 and 25. the
tion. with the inferred fault surface (fault
two days following the ML 5.7 earth-
plane) aligned along the same trend as
the aftershock zone ry..;. Peppin, Univer- quake. The scope of the field study
performed by DMG was two-fold: (1) to
sity of Nevada at Reno. personal com-
Inspect the trace of the Mono lake falilt
munication), The subsurface fault plane
[zoned for Special Studies in 1984 un-
was found to be nearly vertical. dipping
der the Alquist-Priolo Act (Hart, 1990)J
steeply to the southwest. Although this
dip is towards the Sierra Nevada front. it for evidence of surface rupture associ-
ated with this earthquake. and (2) to ex-
is stili probable that the earthquake oc-
amine the area in the immediate vicinity
curred on the Mono Lake faull; the 8
mile depth of the event and its location of the epicenter for surface effects
caused by the earthquake, A smal1fauh
east of the surface trace agree with the
northwest of Black Point was inspected
high-angle, easterly dip of the faulL
for fault-rupture by U. S. Geological
SUIV€Y geologists.
The preliminary local magnitude of
the earthquake is MIS. 7 based on meas-
The Mono lake fault is an approxi-
urements made by University of Califor-
mately II-mile-long, east-dipping nor-
nia. Berkeley. The preliminary body
mal fault that offsets late Tioga glacial
wave magnitude provided by the Na-
outwash deposits and is considered to
tional Earthquake Infonnalion Center
have be€n active during the Holocene
(NElOts M b 5.2. and the preliminary
(Bryant. 1984). Traces of the Mono
surface wave magnitude is M~ 5.1
lake fault were inspected at three loca·
tions: (I) the paved Lundy Canyon
Four stations of the California Strong
Road along the northcentral part of the
Motion Instrumentation Program
fault zone. (2) the paved road just north
(CSM1Pl recorded the main shock
of Lee Vining Creek. and (3) the inter-
(Table I). Peak ground motions ranged
section of the southern Mono lake fault
from 0.02 gravity (g) to 0.07 g at
and Highway 120 (Figure O. Evidence
ground sites. and 0,08 g at the roof
of primary surface fault rupture was not
level of a gymnasium in the town of
Mammoth lakes. The four triggered obsetved along the Mono Lake fault
zone, Pre-existing extension cracks in
stations ranged in epicentral distance
the pavement of Highway 120, which
from 7 to 29 miles. Seven other local
were generally aligned with the trace of
stations at distances greater than 29
the south Mono Lake fault. had fresh-
miles were operational but did not
appearing hairline cracks. However,
trigger (CSMIP staff. 1990).
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991
 TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS (Reier to Figure 2 for locations).

Localily Description (Photos)

Possible shaking cracks along southern flank of Black Point. Cracks

are somewhat sinuous and generally parallel the slope. Most of these
features consist of small, coalescing collapse pits about 2 inches in
diameter on slightly mounded sand.

2 Pre~existing fissures in bedrock trend about N30"E. Many of these

fissures have fresh cracks in the eolian fissure-fill. The cracks occur
along the sides of the fissure at the fissure-fill/bedrock contact
(Photo 2). These cracks have vertical displacements of up to 5 inches
(Photo 1), locally form graben (Photo 2). and often are associated with
collapse pits (Photo 3).

3 Large collapse pit is about 4 feet in diameter and 5 feet deep (Photo
4). However, the pit is located within a linear trough which may be a
southwest extension of the fissures developed in the well-indurated
volcanic deposits.

these fresh cracks are most likely re- cracks. graben. and collapse pits were groundshaking and. in turn. produced
lated to shaking rather than surface found only in the loose fissure-filling lateral spreading and settlement of the
fault rupture because the cracks had no sand. they were probably secondary loose sandy sediments.
measurable vertical displacement. did seismic. or groundshaking. effects
not extend into the road shoulders. and where bridged sediment within the fis- A small fault. mapped by Lajoie
were not observed along a well-defined sures collapsed. Other small sinuous (1968) and located directly above the
scarp to the north and south. cracks contained what appeared to be mainshock epicenter northwest of Black
small cone-shaped collapse pits. These Point. was inspected by Malcolm Clark
Anticipating that bedrock areas in cracks were observed in the loose sand of the USGS for surface rupture. No
the vicinity of the earthquake epicenter away from the bedrock outcrop areas surface rupture was observed along the
may have been affected. DMG geolo- and appeared to be parallel to outcrop }-1/2 mile length of the fault (Malcolm
gists inspected Black Point to ascertain scarps (Figure 2: Table 2). These sinu- Clark. personal communication).
the degree of shaking near the epicen- ous cracks were probably caused by
ter. Table 2 is a summary of the obser-
vations made at Black Point. Black
Point is an exposed remnant of a Mono
Lake guyOt (Christianson and Gilbert.
1964). (A guyot is a flat-topped vol-
cano that erupts under water: wave ac-
tion is responsible for making the top
flal.) Black Point contains sets of verti-
cal fissures. 2- to 3-feet wide and 30- to
50-feet deep. trending predominantly
N30c E through basaltic cinder and
altered basaltic cinder capping the hill
(Lajoie. 1968). Recent cracks (Photo
I). graben (Photos 2 and 3). and col-
lapse pits (Photos 2. 3. and 4) were ob-
served in loose eolian sands that infill
the pre-existing bedrock fissures
(Figure 2: Table 2).

Although the soft-sediment features

were large enough to be quite notice-
able. there was no evidence of recent
fractures or cracks that propagated into
the bedrock outcrops. Because the Photo 1. Crack in eolian sand paralleling pre-existing bedrock fracture. This crack formed
one side of a small graben. Photos by R. Wilson.

CAU;:ORNIA GEOLOGY fEBRUARY t991 29

Photo 2. Pre-exiSting 'Issures In bedrock 'rend about NJO E.
Many 01 these fissures have fresh cracks In the eolian fissure-Jill.
The cracks occur along the sides of the fissure at the fissure-filii
bedrock contact. These cracks have vertical displacements 0' up
to 5 inches. locally 'orm graben. and often are associated With col·
lapse pits shown In Photo 3. Photo 3. Down·dropped block 01
loosely consolidated. eolian fissure-flit.
The nature of the fissure·till depoSit
was illustrated when one 0' the au-
thors stepped across the crack 'rom
left of the picture. only to have the fill
collapse beneath hiS footln(jlcated by
the hole. The newly 'ormed collapse
Pit was about 10 inches In diameter
and 3 'eet deep

Photo 4 Large collapse Pit IS about

4 feet In dIameter and Sleet deep
However. the Pit IS located Within a hnear
trough whICh may be a southwest e:tten·
sion ot the fissures developed in the welt·
Indurated volcamc depoSits.

30 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 199t

 • ...
I, l.fJ.rt t

The authors interpret the Mono

Lake event to be primarily tectonic and
not magmatic in nature, based on four
I features:
~

(1) The event had the smallest num-

ber of aftershocks of any of the princi-
pal events shown in Table 3. It is defi-

{ nitely not swarm-like, as are many

other earthquake sequences that occur
in volcanic areas,

(2) The event occurred in a particular

area that had virtually no previously re-
corded earthquakes within 6 miles.
Most volcanic areas. on the other hand.
have high background seismicity rates.

(3) The Mono Lake event has the

closest relationship to the Sierra Ne-
vada frontal fault system of any of the
principal events based on the location.
mechanism. and fault geometry,

(4) The seismograms appear to be

typical of tectonic events, based on
scanning the available data, There is
no suggestion of enriched low frequen·
cies or any volcanic tremor-like signals.
~b"'="'5",,"~·:"=_"'5"""""-" ." MONO LAKE
SCAlE 1 24000
Based on these observations. the au·
thors conclude that the Mono Lake
Figure 2. Detailed map of Black Point. showing locations 01 observations as described in earthquake was tectonic and that the
Photos 1·4 and Table 2. Pre·e~is\lng fissures In hydrothermally altered basaltic Cinder
shown as thin line With predommanlly N30 E trend. Base map adapted from the U. S. Mono Lake fault was the probable
Geological Survey Negillsland 7.S·minute quadrangle. scale 1:24,000. source. The possibility exists that the
earthquake's source could have been
the small fault northwest of Black
Point. However. due to the relatively
DISCUSSION
large size of the earthquake and the dis-
tribution of the aftershocks, the only
Over the last 12 years the Mono Long Valley caldera between 1980 fault large enough to be the likely
Craters-Long Valley area of eastern and 1984, (2) uplift centered on the source of the event is the Mono Lake
California has been one of the most resurgent dome of the caldera. and (3) faull. The greater than usual focal
seismically active regions in the state. evidence of increased lumarolic activ- depth of the earthquake may account
Thirty-four earthquakes with ML ~ 5.0 ity--suggested that possible magmatic for the absence of surface rupture on
have occurred in the region bounded by intrusion was occurring (Hill and others. the Mono Lake fault. The earthquake's
Iatiludes 37 25' N to 38 10' and lon- 1985). Because of the recent seismic occurrence demonstrates that the
gitudes 118 OS' W to 119 07' W (Sav- and possible magmatic activity in the Mono Lake fault is active. and suggests
age and Cockerham, 1987). Most of region. the question arises whether the that adjacent sections of the fault are
the larger earthquakes have occurred in Mono Lake earthquake was related to capable of producing moderate-sized
seven distinct episodes: the Mono Lake volcanic processes because of its dose events. The Mono Craters-Long Valley
shock is the Ialest ITable 3). These proximIty to the Mono Craters, which regoo thus continues to be tectonically
eanhquakes-along with (l) repeated last erupted about 600 years ago (Sieh active. and will remain an area of inten-
swarm events in the south moat of and Bursick. 1986), STve interest arx:l study.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991

"
 TABLE 3. PRINCIPAL EARTHQUAKE EPISODES IN THE MONO CRATERS-LONG
VAllEY AREA (1978-1990).

Date Name ,
M' Number of Rererence
(mo,datyr) aflershocks1

10/04f78 Bishop earthquake 5.8 10 Ryall and Ryall (1981)

05'24-27-80 Mammoth lakes 6.1.6.0. 29 Uhrhammer and
earthquakes 6.1. 6.2 Ferguson (1980)
09130'81 Laurel Mountam 5.9 6 Person (1982)
earthquake3
01;07183 Sooth Moat 5.4.54 17 Savage and
swarm Cockerham (1984)
11123-26184 Round Valley 6.1 4 SmJth and others
earthquake (1988)
07120-31/86 Chalfant Valley 5.9.65. 20' Cockerham and
earthquake 5,7.5,6.5,8 eo","" (1987)
10123'90 Mono lake 5.7 2 NEIC (1990)
earthquake

, Local magl'lltudes from U,C, Bel1lekty as publIshed In monthly Preimlnary

DeterrrunatlOn of EPfCenters bulktllns oflhe NatlOOal Earthquake
InformatIOn Center
1 Number of ahersl'locks Wlthln two magnitude Ul'llts of malnshoc:k wlthm two
days, Data from monthly Pre~mlnary DeterminatIOn of EPICenters
) ThIs event has not been assigned a formal name In the Ilterature Some
workers In the field althe lIme. however. re'erred 10 II as the laurel
Mounta,n earthquake
• ThIS value Includes aherShocks 01 the M 59 !oreshock 01 07/20186

REFERENCES

Bryanl, W.A.. 1984. EVIdence of recent
faulting along the Mono lake fault zone.
Mono County. Call'ornia: California Divi·
slon 01 Mines and Geology Open·File
Report 84-55 SAC. scale 1:48,000
Cockerham. R 8" and Corbell. E. J..
1987. The July \986 Chalfant Valley.
Callfornla, earthquake sequence: pre·
l,mlOary S91smologlcal results 'or the
ma(Of events and aflershocks: Bullelln
01 the seIsmological SocIety of AmerICa.
v 77. p 280-289
ChnSbanson. M N , and Gilbert. C M .
1964. BasahlC cone suggests coo·
structlOnal ongln of some guyots: Sci·
e~. v, 143. P 240·242,
CSMIP Statl. 1990. Summary of CSMIP
strong-motIOn records for the OCtober
23. 1990 earthquake near Mono Lake.
CaMOITIIa CabfOfOla 0Msi0n of 'o,,"es
and Geology Strong MelJOn lnstrumen·
lalJOn Program. Saaamenlo. Cahfomla.
, p
Har1. E.W. 1990. Fault ruplure hazard
zones In Cal.torl'll8; revtHCl 1990 OM·
SIOn oj M,nes and Geology SpeoaJ Pub-
licatIOn 42. 26 P
Hill. D. P" Bailey. R. A. and Ryall. AS .•
1985. ActIVe tectonIC and magmatIC
processes benealh long Valley caldera.
eastern CalifornIa; An overview Journal
01 GeophYSICal Research. v, 90, P
"111·1'120.
Lalole. K. R., 1968. lale Ouaternary strati
graphy and geologIC history of Mono Ba-
sm. eastern California Ph.D theSIS, U,...-
verSlty of Caillorma, Bel1letey, 270 p
NEIC (NatIOnal Earthquake InformatIOn
Center). 1990. Prellmmary Determlna·
tIOn 0'Epicenters (weekly). No 43·90,
U, S GeologICal Survey. 2 p
Person, W J , 1982. S9lSmologlCal notes -
Seplember-Oclober 198\ Bullelln of 1I'IE1
S9lSmologlcal SocIety 01 AmerICa. v, 72,
P '451,
Ryall, A_. and Ryall. F.. 1981. SpallaHem·
poral vanallOtlS In selsmlClty precedIng
the May 1980. Mammolh Lakes. Calilor-
013. earthquakes: Boletm of the S9ls-
moIoglCal Sooety of AmerICa. v 71. P
747-760
Savage. J. C" and Cockerham. R. S..
1984. Earthquake swarm 10 long Valley
caldera. Callfornia, January t983: evi-
dence lor dike inflation: Journal 01 Geo·
phySIcal Research, v. 89. p. 8315·8324.
savage. J. C.. and Cockerham. R. S..
1987. Ouasl·penodlC occurrence of
earthquakes In the 1978- 1986 Blshop-
Mammolh Lakes sequence. eastern
Califorl'Ha: Bulletin 01 the Seismological
SoclOty of Ameoca. v. n. n. 4.
P 1347-1358.
S1eh. K. E.. and Bursik. M I., 1986. Mesl
recent eruption 01 the Mono Craters.
eastern cenual Califorma Journal of
GeophYSICal Research. v 91.
P 12539-12571.
Struth. K.D Priestly. K_F. and Cockerham.
R,S,. 1988. The 1984 Round VaDey.
Calrtorl'lla. earthquake sequence· Ge0-
phYSICal Journal, v 95. p. 215--235
Uhrhammet. R. A_. and Ferguson. R W
1980. The 1980 M3fTWn01h Lakes earth·
quake sequence·. Cal.tOfl"ll3 0MsI0n of
MInes and Geology Speaal Report ISO.
P 131-136.

32 CAUFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 199\

 Displacemen
Photo 1. Aerial view of the Mani~ faull zone looking east The main branch of the Manlx fault passes up the linear valley in the right fore-
ground. The Cady Mountains are on the nghl and Alton Canyon IS the rugged area just below the horizon. The dissected mountam In
the left foreground is lhe western granitic fanglomerate deposit lhat has been otfset approximately 3 miles from its counterpan In the
Alton Canyon area. PhD/OS by N. Meek.
The Mojave block IS a CenozOIC age lea-
ture thai Is presumed to have originated by
movement relaled to lhe San Andreas and
Garlock laull systems. Most or the rock
unitS in lhls region underlie a veneer 01
Ouaternary allUVium and range in age Irom
Precambnan to Miocene. The complex
structural geology of thiS region has been
notoriously dilticull to comprehend. In re-
cent years, however, the regional lault pat-
lern in the Mojave block has become beller
understood. This article describes the dis-
placement ot one MOjave block taul!. the
Manlx lault. Bolded terms within the text
are placed In a glossary attha end 01 the
artlCle... OOllor
INTRODUCTION
he Manix fault is a major east-north-
T east trending fault in the central
Mojave Desert (Figure 1. Photo 1). Vis-
ible faulting and geophysical data indi-
the Manix Fault
cate that the Manix fault may be about
24 miles long (Hamilton. 1976). The
Cady Mountains are to the south of the
fault and Alton basin is to the north of
the fault. Where it is exposed. the Ma-
nix fault cuts Pleistocene lake beds and
forms prominent scarps (Keaton and
Keaton. 1977). Both ends of the fault
zone are obscured beneath thick upper
Pleistocene and Holocene alluvium.
Tectonic models of the Mojave Des-
ert lead investigators to suspect that the
Manix fault is a left-lateral strike-slip
fault' (Garfunkel. 1974: Carter and
others. 1987), Some studies have ac-
cepted this assumption (such as Dokka
and Travis. 1989; 1990), although field
evidence of significantlelt'lateral dis-
placement has not been documented.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY \991
. ...
In 1947 a magnitude 6.2 earthquake
occurred on or near the Manix fault with
an epicenter near Buwalda Ridge (Rich-
ter and Nordquist. 1951: Richter, 1958).
Field investigations of the surface rupture
indicated left-lateral offset of 2 to 3
inches on the Manix fault However. the
aftershock sequence suggested right-lat-
eral strike-slip motion on a plane per-
pendicular to the Manix fault,
Recently. McGill and others (1988)
mapped the Manix fault lone west of
Buwalda Ridge and found field evidence
that the fault has been active throughout
the Quaternary. However. neither the
amount of lateral offset or the direction
of movement could be determined.
'Balded terms are In Glossary on page 37,
JJ
 Figure 1. Fault map 01 southern Cahlorma
showlI'Ig the location of the Mamx fault (fault
map aftor Luyendyk and others. 1980),
....
':'4'" _
~
... ;r,.'
: '. ":~-----
,', :" .'::)10
The following evidence shows that
the total displacement along the Manix
fault is approximately 3 miles in a left-
lateral sense.
DISPLACEMENT OF THE
GRANITIC FANGLOMERATE
Most of the northern Cady Moun-
tains is composed of dark Miocene vol-
canic rocks (Danehy and Collier. 1958:
Dibblee and Bassett. 1966: Moseley.
1978). However. along the northeast-
ern edge of the Cady Mountains there
is a light-colored boulder fanglomer-
ate that is more than 300 feet thick.
The fanglomerate is composed of a di-
verse mixture of granitic and volcanic
clasts which cannot be traced to nearby
bedrock outcrops in the northern Cady
Mountains. Because of the contrast be-
tween the numerous granite boulders in
the fanglomerate and the adjacent vol-
canic bedrock, the thick fanglomerate
deposit has been informally termed the
"granitic fanglomerate" in this article.
",,
"-,
,, /
,",
,,
,,"
, To determine whether the two
"
, granitic fanglomerate deposits were
,'
, ,
0 M; 50
Lateral Displacement
The granitic fanglomerate can only
be found in the eastern half of the Cady
Mountains and appears to have once
filled a broad northwest-trending
trough. It has been faulted into blocks
since its formation (Figure 2). South of
the Manix fault the granltlc fanglomer-
ate is bounded on the west by a normal
fault and is exposed along a 1.3- to 2-
mile-long segment of the Manix fault
within Afton Canyon (Photo 2). North
of the Manix fault the granitic fanglom-
erate is exposed along a 1.3-to 1.7-
mile-long segment as a highly dissected
mountain (Photos I and 3). Left-lateral
movement on the Manix fault appears
to have displaced the granitic fanglom-
erate by about 3 miles to its present lo-
cation. Fault of/set is only approximate
because: (I) the deposit margins are ei-
ther buried or faulted, and (2) no pierc-
ing points-or sites that can be used to
determine the exact component of fault
offset-have been discovered in the
granitic fanglomerate.
CALIFORNIA GEOlOOY FEBRUARY 1991
once a single deposit. several represen-
tative cobbles and mineralogically dis-
tinctive clasts were collected from vari-
ous outcrops of the granitic fanglomer-
ate north and south of the Manix fault.
Thin sections of clasts from both groups
were prepared and petrographically ana-
lyzed ITable 1). These analyses indicate
that lithologically identical clasts in the
two deposits originated from the same
bedrock source areas.
Additional field and laboratory data
suggest that the granitic fanglomerate to
the north of the Manix fault and the
granitic fanglomerate to the south of the
Manix fault are parts of the same de-
posit. This hypothesis is derived from
the following evidence. (1) The granitic
fanglomerate is over 300 feet thick
north and south of the Manix faull. (2)
Analogous sedimentary features exist in
both areas: a distinctive sequence of al-
ternating boulder and pebbly bedding
occurs at both sites (Photos 2 and 3).
Moreover. thick paleosol development.
or other evidence of basin stability dur-
ing deposition of the granitic fanglomer-
ate, is absent in both deposits. (3) Com-
parative clast lithologies. sizes. and ex-
tent of rounding is similar at both sites.
 o, 2

Mile s

Photo 2 location

Photo 1
location

MANI)(

I
Figure 2. Map at the eastern Manix fault zone. The shaded areas are outcrops of the granitic fanglomerate. The granitic fanglomerate
has been ollset in a left-lateral sense approximately 3 miles by the main branch of the Manix fault. The terrain is very rugged and many
of the faults disappear beneath the alluvial cover. Geology and faults after Danehy and Collier. (1958). and Moseley (1978).

(4) Due to distinctive bedding, the dis- the lower beach. about 14.000 years The vertical displacement associated
section and weathering of the granitic old. occurs at the same elevation as with the Manix fault zone appears to be
fanglomerate on both sides of the Ma- other beaches in the basin of equivalent caused by increasing north-south com-
nix fault have produced remarkably age. These measurements suggest that pression since the middle Pleistocene.
similar erosional landscapes (Photos 2 local uplift might have occurred periodi- Additional evidence of regional north-
and 3). cally in intervals that were greater than south compression throughout the cen-
14.000 years. tral Mojave Desert has been presented
Vertical Displacement by Bartley and others (1990).
Recent investigations indicate that
significant vertical offset may also have
occurred along the Manix fault (Keaton
and Keaton. 1977: McGill and others.
1988). Investigations west of Buwalda
Ridge indicate that sediments in Afton
basin adjacent to the Manix fault have
been repeatedly warped during the
Quaternary and that wrench-type
folding. found adjacent to the fault.
may indicate strike-slip movement
caused by the fault (McGill and others.
1988).

Substantial vertical offset occurred

along the Manix fault during the mid-
and late Pleistocene and rapidly raised
the Cady Mountains south of the fault
(Meek. 1989b). Elevation measure-
ments taken on a series of ancestral
Lake Manix beach ridge crests atop the
west edge of Buwalda Ridge indicate
that at least 6 feet of vertical uplift may
have occurred between 27.000 years Photo 2. Panoramic view of the eastern granitic fanglomerate deposit in Afton Canyon
ago and 17.000 years ago. However. (see Figure 2 for location).

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991 35


Photo 3. Close-up view 01 the western granltlC fanglomerate
dePOSit (see Figure 2 for location).
TIMING OF LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
Although the granitic fanglomerafe
has not been radiometrically dated,
stratigraphic relationships indicate that
;t ;s younger than the early Miocene
volcanic bedrock that lies adjacent to it
in the northern Cady Mountains (Mose-
ley, 1978; Miller. 1980). Consequently.
lhe granitic fanglomerate is either late
Tertiary age (Dibblee and Basseu.
1966; Moseley. 1978) or Plio-Pleisto-
cene age (Danehy and Collier. 1958).
lnerefore, lateral displacement on the
Manix fault is middle Miocene or
younger Sedimentary evidence sug-
gests that much of the lateral move-
ment on the fault occurred more than 2
million years ago and couki be contem-
poraneous with regional late Cenozoic
movement on northwest-striking faults
(Dokka. 1983).
CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
Afton basin is adjacent to the Manix fault and contains an
extensive and mostly continuous record of late Tertiary and
Quaternary sedimentation. On the basis of tephrochronol-
ogy. paleomagnetism. and extrapolated deposition rates.
(Jefferson, 1985; R Adams. written communM::ation. 1989).
portoos of Afton basin near the Manix fault appear 10 have
developed during the late Pliocene as a transtensional
basin associated with Ieft·lateral movemenl on a curved
segment of the Manix fault.
IMPLICATIONS
Significant left-lateral displacement on the east-northeast·
striking Manix fault in the northeast comer of the Mojave
block broadly supports previous model predictions by Gar-
funkel (1974) and Carter and others (1987). Moreover, meas-
urements of Ihe amount of lateral offset will facilitate recon-
struction of the Miocene paleogeography.
If left-lateral movement is presently continuing. it may be
responsible for the eastward offset of a possible relict outlet
channel of Lake Manix (Photo 4). Lake Manix was a 200·
square-mile Pleistocene freshwater lake lhat repeatedly inun-
dated some local basins due to increased runoff from the San
Bernardino Mountains and reduced evaporation during the
Pleistocene. For most of its history, Lake Manix was the ter-
minus of the M~ve River and did not overflow the Manix
basin rim. However. during Illinoian time (about 400.000
years ago) it may have spilled over the rim near Afton Can-
yon, carving a broad outlet channel. 10e truncated outlet
channel, originally described by Weldon (19821, now lies sev-
eral hundred feet east of the probable lake edge. and more
than 15 feet above lhe highest Iale Pleistocene lake stage
(see Meek. 1990. for analyses of the relict channel and lake
stages).
TABLE I. PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THIN SECTIONS FOR FIVE
DISTINCTIVE SAMPLE CLASTS IN THE GRANITIC FANGLOMERATE.
Sample Clasl Description
Intrusive A Hornblende·cllnopyroxene·blOllte dlonte WIth large poikJlltlC amphibole
encloSing biotite, plagIOClase. cllnopyro~ene. and opaque minerals
Hornblende IS altered In part to tMotJte and/or chlonte.
IntruSIVe B Coarse-rramed biotite granite wllh large sphene crystals. The potas-
SIUm feldspar is perthltJc mlCl"octine. BlOllle has altered to chIonte
along cleavage
extruSIVe A Orange-brown colored welded rhyolite tuff WIth sarudine and plagIO-
clase phenoaysts. lithic fragments. biotite and amphibole are moor
constJluents Coolams distmctlVe amphibole·och cumulate mduSlOns.
E~lJustve B Grey-purple colored fine-gralned rhyolite With strongly zoned plagIO-
clase Contall1S fare dinopyroxene, onhopyroltene. and biotrle which
are nmmed by opaque minerals.
Extrusive C Porphyritic dant grey andeSlte(?llhal e~hlblts Intense but vanable
hematitic alteration. Contains clinopyro~ene. orthopyroxene, and fare
hornblende and biotite. Malic minerals are usually rimmed by opaque
minerals.
FEBRUARY \991

Photo 4. Aenal view of Ahon Canyon IooIung east. The relict channel can be seen In the
lower foreground. The Mafllx fauh passes northeast through Ahon Canyon In the lower left
comer of the photo
Although the late Pleistocene lakes
did not drain via the channel (Meek.
1989b: 1990). earlier lakes in the basin
may have. Significant lateral and verti-
cal movements along the Manix fault
help to explain the present localion and
elevation of the relict channel.
Tectonic activity on the fault may be
responsible for the sudden release of
water from Lake Manix during the Pleis·
tocene. which resulted in carving Afton
Canyon (Meek. 1989a). Because the
western end of Afton Canyon begins al
the intersection of the Manix fault and
the edge of the ancestral Lake Manix
(Weldon. 1982). it is possible that
movement on the fault during the maxi-
mum late Pleistocene lake stand may
have led to the rapid draining of Lake
Manix and the formation of Afton
Canyon.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Ron Dorn. Arizona Stale
University. Tempe. AZ. for the use of
unpublished cation-ratio dates: Ray In-
gersoll. University of California. Los
Angeles; Sally McGill. California Insti-
tute of Technok>gy. Pasadena; and
George Jefferson. George C. Page
Museum. Los Angeles.
Danehy, EA, and Collier. J.T.. 1958. Areal
economIC geology map ot T. 11 N. R.
5 & 6 E: Southern PaCific Minerai
Survey, 1:24,000.
Dlbblee, T.W Jr.. and Basse". A.M.. 1966.
GeologiC map of the Cady Mountains
quadrangle, San BernardIno County,
California: U.S. Geological Survey, Map
1·467. 1:62.500.
Ookka. R K.• 1983. Displacements 00 late
cenoZOIC stnke-sllp fauJls 01 the central
MOJ3ve Desert. CalifornIa: Geology. v
11. P 305·308.
Doklc.a. R.K, and TraVIS. C.J.. 1989. Time·
space pa"erns of late cenoZOIC stnke-
slip faufbng In the Mo)3ve Desert. cali-
fornia In Reynolds, R.E., editor, The
west-eenlfal MO)3ve Desert: Ouaternary
studies between Kramer and Ahoo Can·
yon: san Bernardino County Museum
SpecIal Publicaoon, p 65-68
Dokka, RK, and TraVIS. C.J.. 1990. Late
CenozOIC strike-slip fauillng In the
MO}3ve Desert. Califorrna: TectonICS. v
9. p 311-340.
Garlunket. Z., 1974. Model lor the late ce-
noZOIC tectonIC hIstory of the Mo,ave
Desert. California, and for its relalloo to
adJacenl regions: GeologICal Soclety 01
Amenca Bulletin, v. 85. p. 1931-1944
REFERENCES Hamilton, P., 1976. A geophySICal study of
the Manix fauh: Its tectonIC relatlonsrup
to the western MOjave Desen, San Ber-
Bartley. J.M., Glazner, AF.. and Schermer,
E.A, 1990, North-south contraction 01 nardinO County. California: Unpublished
the Mojave block and strike-slip tecton- M.S. theSIS. CaJilornia State UniverSity.
ICS In southern CaliforOla: SCIence, v Los Angeles, 101 p.
248, p. 1398-1401. Jefferson. G.T.. 1985. Stratigraphy and
Carter. J.N.. Luyendyk. B.P.. and Terres. geologiC history of the Pleistocene Ma·
R.R" 1987. Neogene clockWise tectoniC ni. FormaMn, central Mojave Desert
rotation of lhe eastern Transverse Califomla in Reynolds. R.E.. compiler.
Ranges, California. suggested by paleo· GeologiC investigations along Interstate
magnetic vectors: Geological Society of 15, Cajon Pass 10 Mani~ Lake, Califor·
America Bulletin, v. 98, p. 199-206. nia: San Bernardino County Museum
SpeCial Publication, p. 157·169.
Glossary
fanglomerate: 5edlmenlary rock UOll usually consisting 01 water·wom clasts Ihat were
dePOSIted In an allUVial fan and later cemented
lake sfand: Water level of an ancestral lake thaI remained stable for an edended pe-
riod of lime.
left·lateral slrike-sUp fault: Component of movement along the strike of a fauh and
on which displacement appears to the left of lhe side opposite the viewer,
paleosol: A burted anoent SOIl honzon: some paleosols are miDlons 01 years old
tephrochronology: Descnblng and dat10g tephra (claslJc rock matenal ef8Cled from a
voIcarnc venl).
transtensional basin: A baSIn formed by stnke-slip fault motIOn and is accompamed
by a component 01 extensIOn that IS crOSSWIse (or transverse) to lhe fauh.
wrench·type fold: Delormatlon caused by strike-slip stress acoompan,ed by a compo-
nent of transverse comprltSSlOn.
CAUfORNtA GEOlOGY FEBRUARY 1991 J7
Keaton. J.A.. and Keaton, R.T., 1977, Ma-
nix fault zone. San Bernardino County,
California: CALIFOANIA GEOLOGY, v.
30, p. 177-186.
Luyendyk. B.P" Kamer!ing, M.J" and Ter-
res, A" 1980, Geometric model for
Neogene crusta! rotations in southern
California: Geological Society of Amer-
ica Bulletin, v. 91, p. 211-217.
McGill, S.F.. Murray, B.C .. Maher, K.A..
Lieske, J.H. Jr., Aowan, L.A" and
Budinger, F" 1988, Quaternary history
of the Manix fault. Lake Manix basin,
Mojave Desert, California: San Bernar-
dino County Museum Association Quar-
terly, v. 35, p. 3-19.
Meek. N" 1989a, Geomorphic and hydro-
logic implications of the rapid incision of
Afton Canyon, Mojave Desert, Califor-
nia: Geology. v. 17, p. 7-10.
Meek, N" 1989b, Physiographic history of
the Afton basin. revisited In Aeynolds,
R.E., editor, The west-central MOjave
Desert: Quaternary studies between
Kramer and Ahon Canyon: San Bernar-
dino County Museum Special Publica-
tion, p, 78-83.
Meek, N" 1990. Late Quaternary geochro-
nology and geomorphology of the Manix
basin, San Bernardino County, Califor-
nia: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
University of California, Los Angeles,
212 p.
Weldon, R.J, II, 1982, Pleistocene drain-
Miller, S.T., 1980, Geology and mammalian
biostratigraphy of a part 01 the northern
Cady Mountains. Mojave Desert, Califor-
nia: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File
Aeport 80-878.
Moseley, C.G., 1978, The geology of a
porlion of the northern Cady Moun-
tains, Mojave Desert. California: Un-
published M.S. thesis, University of
California, Aiverside, 131 p.
Aichter, C.F.. 1958, Elementary seismol-
ogy: W.H, Freeman & Company. San
Francisco, CA, p, 516-518,
Aichter, C.F., and Nordquist. J.M.. 1951,
Instrumental study of the Manix earth-
quakes: Bulletin of the Seismological
SocielY 01 Amenca, v. 41, p. 347-388.
age and displaced shorelines around
Manix Lake In Cooper, J.D., compiler,
Geologic excurSions in the California
desert: Geological Society of America,
Cordilleran section held trip guidebook,
p. 77-81......•

Chaos Crags and Chaos Jumbles at the base, Lassen National Park. Lassen County. The Crags formed about 1,000 to 1.200 years
ago and are massive dacite plugs that had erupted into older volcanic craters. Violent volcanic explosive eruptions 01 incandescent
avalanches preceded the formation of the viscous dacite plu9s at the Cra9s. Large quantities of steam were reported (Ising Irom the
Crags from 1854,1857, suggesting that the volcanic life of the Crags extended over 1,000 years. They may not yet be exllnc!. The
Jumbles are a chaotic avalanche deposit formed about 300 years ago. This deposit is 2.5 miles long and covers about 4.5 square
miles. Photo by Sylvia Bender-Lamb:"

38 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991

A Page for Teachers
RECYCLING
Everyone's Challenge
The litter pick-up walk and recycling drive are two ",'aYS to
involve your students in the recycling challenge-one of the
most important challenges in their lives. It is imperative that
recycling be done. If children learn to be kind to the Earth.
the Earth will reward them by being the kind of place It
should be - clean and livable. If children are taught to recycle
when they are young. it will become second nature. They will
meet the challenge and everyone will benefit from it.
These activities can involve your class alone or all the
classes in the school. [t would be more effective (and more
fun) if the entire school were involved. Maybe a friendly com-
petition among the classes would help moliviate students and
teachers alike.
Nonproht groups collect recyclable
matenals at drop-ott locations.
Organize a litter pick-up walk
to clean up the area.
Tell the students that it may take hundreds of years for
an aluminum can to decompose. You can also talk about
the problems associated with burying trash in landfills. Ex-
plain that toxic runoff (rom landfills is often a very serious
problem. Also. many areas are running out of places to put
their trash. As an added incentive. you can begin your
recycling drive (see below) with the pounds and pounds of
glass. aluminum. and plastic you collect during this walk.
CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY
Plastics can be recycled too. Because plastic is made from
petroleum. a valuable mineral resource. its conselVation is
especially important. Plastics are also a big part of the prob-
lem of overflowing landfills. Most plastics are not bicxlegrad-
able (they do not decompose by natural processes).
Organize a recycling drive.
1. Decide what you want to recycle. You can collect
newspapers. glass. plastlc. and/or aluminum Also. decide on
a time frame for the drive. Will it last for one day or for sev-
eral months?
2. Contact a recycling collector several weeks before the
drive is held. Check on the recycling guidelines. For ex-
ample. most glass and can collectors want clean containers.
Also. many glass collectors require that you remove metal
caps and rings and separate the glass by color.
3. Your school is probably a convenient place to hold the
drive. It should have easy access and be visible from the
road. Arrange for a place within the school (maybe an empty
classrooml to store the collected materials. This is especially
important if you are holding the drive over a few months or
cannot transport the materials to the recycling center imme-
diately.
4. Organize transportation to haul the materials from the
collection or storage area to the recycling center.
5. Publicize the drive. Make posters and/or niers to tell
people what you are collecling. Include the date. time. and
location of the drive. You can also contact local newspapers
and radio stations to see if they will advertise the drive. Civic
groups can also help get the word OUI.
6. Think about how your school can spend the money it
makes. It could be used for something the school needs. or
donated to a local wildlife center or other organization.
Curbside recycling is a viable economic alternative to
landfills. Recycling aluminum cans and glass beverage con-
tainers costs Significantly less than producing them from
mineral resource ores such as quartz sand and borax used
in glass. and bauxite for aluminum. [n addition, recycling
reduces costs associated with garbage disposing in landfills.
Recycling benefits society and the environment by saving
energy. reducing pollution. and conserving resources. Some
communities in California. such as San Jose. have been
particularly successful in promoting advanced recycling
practices of beverage containers.
Remind your students to support recycling laws.
Contact the California Division of Recycling (916) 3234636
or (BOOl 642·5669 for information on recycling....
FEBRUARY 1991 39
• • • • DMG Releases
SPECIAL PUBLICATION 103
MiNES AND MINERAL PRODUC-
ERS ACTIVE IN CALIFORNIA (1989·
1990). By J.S. Rapp. M.A. Silva, C.T.
Higgins. R.c. Martin. and J.L. Burnett.
1990.162 p., $10,00.
This is the second revised listing of
active mines and mineral producers in
California. Special Publication 103
contains the names. addresses. com-
modities. and locations of more than
1.000 mines that were active in Cali-
fornia during 1988-1989. A broad
variety of mineral recovery operations
are included in this list including: rock
quarries. open pits. underground mines.
gravel-bar skimming operations. brine
wells. evaporation systems. and various
types of dredging operations. A mine
• • • • • • •
Riding an ore skip down an inclined-shafl althe Sixteen-Ta-One gold mine in the his-
toric Allegheny mining district. Sierra County. This mine is typical 01 a Mother lode.
high-grade. underground gold mine. The Allegheny mining district was discovered in
1852 by Hawaiian sailors. known as Kanakas. who had "jumped ship- in San Francisco
to participate in the Cali!ornia Gold Rush. Gold mining at Allegheny began in 1852. ex-
panded over time. and continued throughout World War II. Most o! California's other
major gold districts closed in 1942 in response to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's War
Production limitation Order (l-208).
The Allegheny district, Including the Sixteen·To-One mine. is famous for million·dollar
gold ·pockets" found there. These rich pockefs have conspicuous high-grade accumula-
tions ot tree gold within quartz vein material. Several 01 these gold pockets, each con-
taining more than 10,000 troy ounces. were mined at fhe Sixteen·To-One mine. Most
pockets were discovered prior to 1930.The Sixteen·To-One mine shut down mining op-
erations in 1965 aHer more than 60 years of conlinuouS operation. Currently. a consor-
tium of geologists. mining engineers. and investors is attempting to locale and discern
the character o! pocket gold deposits at the mine. The consortium would like to reopen
the mine. however if is a major scientific challenge to determine where the high·grade
ore pockets occur. Should these miners be successful, the SiKteen-To-One mine wilt be
included in the neKt revision 01 the DMG active mines lis\.
Developers o! pocket mines like the Sixteen-To-One mine are commonly conlronted
With obtaining and inferpreting subsurface inlormation at acceptable costs. Subsurface
information is typically obtained by drilling programs that can be both expensive and lime
consuming. Photograph by J.G. Scarborough (1990).
CALIFORNIA GEOLOOY FEBRUARY 1991
• • • • • • • •
is listed as active if it produced at any
lime during the two-year period from
January 1988 to December 1989.

Mine data are presented in three sec-

tions sorted by 0) county. (2) mineral
commodity. and (3) company name.
The Division of Mines and Geology
(DMG) began updating its mineral prop-
erty files in July 1988. and data for this
mine list was compiled from govern-
ment and private sources. The principal
source of information for this listing was
from files of lead agencies in California.
New features of this revised publication
include section/township/range data
where available. and a I: 1.000.000-
scale map of California that shows the
locations and commodities of the active
mines listed in the texl.

In 1988 California produced nearly

$3 billion worth of mineral commodi-
ties; California has the largest and most
diverse mining industry in the United
States. In addition to the active mines
listed in this publication. California has
several dozen intermittent government
borrow pits and several thousand idle
and abandoned mines and prospects.
Of the 1.024 active mines in this list.
681 (66 percent) are construction ag-
gregate operations. 268 (26 percent)
are industrial mineral mines. and 75 (7
percent) are metal mines. These active
mines are broadly distributed throughout
California. although much of the state's
construction aggregate and industrial
mineral production have historically
come from southem California.

Special Publication 103. Mines and

Mineral Producers Actiue in California
Gravity separation of scheelite ore al the Andrew tungsten mine, los Angeles County. (1989·1990) is available at Division of
Scheelile is a calcium tungstate ICaWO.) and is the principal ore of tungsten. The An·
drew mine is a small underground open-pit mine that produces scheelite concentrate Mines and Geology district offices in
from thin scheelite-bearing quartz veins in granitic rock. This mine is located in the Los Angeles. Pleasant Hill. and Sacra-
Sheep Mountain Wilderness, a rugged region in the San Gabriel Mountains near Los mento at a cost of $10.00. Make
Angeles. Although this mine is small in area, the Andrew mine is currently the largest check or money order payable to: Divi-
producer of tungsten in California.
Tungsten is primarily used in steel alloys for high temperature and strength applica- sion of Mines and Geology. Special
tions: such as light-bUlb filaments. machine tools. and advanced weaponry. Because Publication 103 may also be purchased
relatively HUla tungsten is produced In the United States. most tungsten used in the by mail through the:
United Stales must be imported from the Republic of China and other foreign sources.
Small domestic metal mines such as the Andrew mine are important dispite their limited DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY
production. Photograph by J.S. Rapp (1989).
P.O. Box 2980
Sacramento. CA 95812-2980x

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGV FEBRUARV 1991

"
 • • • • more Releases • • • • • •

SPECIAL PUBLICATION 104

THE LOMA PRIETA {SANTA CRUZ

MOUNTAINSJ CAUFORNIA. EARTH-
QUAKE OF 17 OCTOBER 1989. Ed-
ited by Stephen R. McNutt and Robert
H Sydnor. 142 p. $12.00.

The Loma Prieta earthquake killed

63 people. injured 3.757. left over
12.000 homeless. and caused nearly $6
billion in damage. A total of 23.408
private homes were damaged and
1.018 private homes were destroyed.
A total of 3.530 businesses were dam-
aged and 366 businesses were de-
stroyed. Ten highway bridges were
closed due to structural damage and
three had one or more spans collapse.
Severe damage occurred 10 eight
schools and eight other schools under-
went substanlial damage. lnere is lillie
doubt that injuJy and damage lNeJ'e sig-
nificantly lessened by the adoption and
adherence of prudent building codes. RocJdall on Eureka Canyon Road
three days after the earthquake.
In the eplCenlraJ area It was the most significant earth-
quake to affect Californians since the
magnilude 6.4 1971 San Fernando
quake. Although the epicentral area of
the Lorna Prieta event occurred in a
PIKJros by the DMG Environmental ReV/ow ProJtx;t. sparsely populated region 01 the Santa
Cruz Mountains. its impact is second
only to the 1906 San Francisco earth-
quake. The greatest loss of life and
damage to property from the Lorna
Prieta event occurred in seismic hazard
areas that had been clearly identified
and mapped. If a similar magnitude
7. I event occurred in a more densely
populated region of California. the
losses woukl have been considerably
higher,

An emergency session of the State

Lateral spread along Hazel Dell Road. santa Cruz County
Legislature was convened from Novem·
ber 24. 1989 and a special sales tax of
1/4 percent was adopted for the period
from December 1. 1989 to December
31. 1990, The tax was expected to
raise about $800 million. An estimated
$2.9 billion in additional State and Fed·
eral assistance was needed to help the
len affected counties; about $2.3 billion
was identified for hazard mitigation

CALIFORNIA GEOLOOY fEBRUARY 1991

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
It is proven that significant loss of
life and damage from earthquakes can
be reduced by enforcing modern build-
ing codes. strengthening existlng struc-
tures. and maintaining an effective
emergency preparedness program.
Many of these issues are addressed in
the "Seismic Safety Element" which is
part of a city or county General Plan.
Residents can consult their planning
department to determine the seismic
hazards at specific locations.

Copies of Special Publication 104

are available for reference al Division
of Mines and Geology offices in Sacra-
mento. Pleasant Hill. and Los Angeles.
Copies may be purchased from these
offices for $12.00. Photos courtesy of
the U.S. Geological Survey....·

Post earthquake collapse of a coaslal bluff. Tunilas

Creek. north of San Gregorio, San Mateo County.

projects with the remainder earmarked for replacement hous-

ing. temporary shelter. and loans. Special Publication 104 is
a collectlon of 14 articles representing the efforts of 35 au·
thors. Most articles are by staff scientists of the Division of
Mines and Geology. This report is divided into three sec-
tions. The first focuses on the geologic. tectonic. and seismic
setting of the quake. The second section focuses on selected
aspects of the earthquake. such as slrong motion investiga-
tions. fault evaluation. and coastal bluff landslides analysis.
The third section focuses on quake response and evaluation.

There are abundant tables. photos. and illustrations

throughout the report. Article topics were chosen to high-
light Division of Mines and Geology activities and responses
resulting from the earthquake, For example. Division staff
scientists participated in analyzing strong motion seismic data.
conducted field investigations for evidence of surface rupture.
and provided expertise to analyze quake-induced landslides
and assisted county governments to determine potential land-
slide risk.

The Loma Prieta event was the 11 th quake of magnitude

5.3 or greater to hit the San Francisco Bay area since 1865.
It occurred along a 25-mile-long section of the San Andreas
fault that runs through the southern Santa Cruz Mountains.
When the fault broke the Pacific plate slipped 6.2 feet north-
west past the North American plate and rode 4.2 feet up- Extensional movement across a surface fracture in the Summit
wards. This quake was felt by people from Los Angeles to Road area, near the Santa Cruz County/Santa Clara County
southern Oregon and western Nevada. boundary. Santa Cruz Mountains.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY FEBRUARY 1991

 Book Reviews
Books reviewed III this seeMn are not available 'or purchase from DMG.
Anthropology
CALIFORNIA INDIANS: PRIMARY
RESOURCES. A Guide 10 Manuscripts.
Artifacts. Documents. Serials. Music.
and Illustrations. By Syliv3 Brakke
Vane and Lowell John Bean. 1990.
Available from: Ballena Press. Publish-
ers Services. P.O. Box 2510. Novato.
CA 94948. 399 p. $33.00. paper
cover. $45.00 cloth cover.
California Indians are believed to be
descendants of several Asian tribes who
made their way here over the Bering
Sea land bridge al the close of the last
major Pleistocene glacial period per-
haps 29.000 to 34.000 years ago.
Evidence of early Indian culture in Cali-
fornia is among the oldest data for In-
dian presence in the Uniled States. It
has been estimated that between
133.000 to as many as 250.000 IncH-
cms were living in California when the
first Europeans arrived here in the 16th
century. This book describes how to
access the remaining breadth of Cali-
fornia Indian culture. A list of Indian
resource materials is listed by county.
Earthquake DeSign
EARTHQUAKES: An Architect"s
Guide to Nonstructural Seismic Haz-
ards. By Henry J. Lagorio. 1990.
Available from: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.. 605 Third Avenue. New York,
NY 10158. 312 p. $54.95. hard
cover. Price does not include sales tax.
shipping, or handling.
In recent years a popular adage
among California building design pro-
fessionals has been MEarthquakes don't
kill people. bUildings do. ~ Most people
who die during earthquakes in Califor-
nia are killed by collapsing structures. A
fundamental problem facing engineers
in California is how to design and build
structures that can withstand the ex-
peeted shaking from large earthquakes.
However. earthquake-resistant bUilding
codes have long been practiced in Cali-
fornia. They will probably improve over
time. The first spedfic seismic provi-
sions lor earthquake-resistant design in
" FEBRUARY 1991
the United States were incorporated
into building codes as a result of the
Aeld Act that was passed in 1934 by
the California State Legislature. This
Act mandates stnet building designs for
public schools and resulted from the
magnitude 6.3 Long Beach quake of
1933 that killed 120 people and caused
property damage estimated at $41 mU-
lion. In 1935 the Riley Act extended
the requirements of the Aeld Act to all
new buildings in California. Engineers
found that Unreinforced Masonry Build-
ings (UMBs) nearest a major quake epi-
center typically undergo the most exten-
sive damage. In contrast, most buildings
designed by recent building codes hold
up fairly well in large quakes.
A relatively recent technological in-
novation in quake design is the use of
seismic isolation: also called base isola-
tion. Seismic isolation is a way of build-
ing structures on flexible pedestals made
of laminated rubber and steel. called
isolators. which absorb earthquake
shock. Base isolated structures are de-
signed to slowly move for several inches
on the flexible isolators when respond-
ing to horizontal and vertical ground
movement during quakes. It is hoped
that isolators will keep overpasses from
collapsing. people from being hurled
around inside buildings of fewer than
12 stories. and plate glass windows
from shattering and becoming airborne
razors. In 1987 the California Office of
State Architect published MAn Accept-
able Method for Design and Review of
Hospital Buildings Utilizing Base lsola-
M
tion. This manual is now used for hos-
pital design throughout California.
This book is directed primarily at
structural designers and includes chap'
ters on site planning. building design.
rehabilitation of existing buildings. disas-
ter recovery, urban design and plan-
ning. nonstructural components of de-
sign, and earthquake hazards mitigation
processes in structure design.
CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
Energy
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY.
Volume IS. Edited by J.M. Hollander.
R.H. Socolow. and D. Sternlighl.
1990. Available from: Annual Reviews
Inc.. 4139 El Camino Way. Palo Alto.
CA 94306-0897.578 p. $62.00
postpaid. U.S.A. and Canada: $68
elsewhere. Prepayment reqUired
Hard cover.
Environmental issues play an in-
creasingly greater role in the world's
energy usage, Efnuenls from fossil fuel
consumption-the world's main source
of energy-are rapidly becoming a se-
rious worldwide concern. Articles
within this book renect that concern.
Articles included are about: energy
technologies such as photovohaic and
nuclear. global trends In motor vehicle
use and emissions. and implementing
environmentally sound energy sources
for developing countries. Extensive
literature citations are included with
each article.
Hydrogeology
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
HYDROGEOLOGY. By Patrick A.
Domenico and Franklin W. Schwartz_
1990. Available from: John Wiley &
Sons. Inc.. 605 Third Avenue. New
York. NY 10158. 824 p. $58.95.
hard cover.
One of the greatest natural resource
management problems facing California
in the coming decades will be the availa-
bility. use. and quality of groundwater.
Groundwater in California Is a signifi-
cant resource that is instrumental to the
development of this state's economy_
About 40 percent of California is under-
lain by groundwater basins and there is
an estimated 30 times more groundwa-
ter than the total surface water storage
capacity of all the reservoirs. There are
449 groundwater basins of various sizes
in California. The annual withdrawal of
groundwater in California exceeds the
annual recharge from rain and snow by
about 2.2 million acre-feet. The use of
groundwater in California has more
than doubled in the past 30 years; the
rate of its use is projected to increase.
Hydrogeology is the study of
groundwater and its relationship to the
environment. It is an interdisciplinary
sdence that incorporales stratigraphy.
petrology. chemistry. math, biology.
and physics. Many scientists believe
that problems concerning groundwa-
ter-such as its quantity and quality--
may affect an increasing num~r of
Californians in the future. To protect
this vital natural resource. in current
years there has been rapid progress in
understanding hydrogeologic concepts
and a corresponding increase in the
technical capability of managing
groundwater. This book reflects much
of the recent research about this fast·
evolving science and is designed as a
fundamental. although rigorous. text-
book lor beginning hydrogeology stu-
dents as well as profeSSionals who may
use it for reference. A solid back·
ground in math, physics. and chemis-
try is recommended as a prerequisite.
Landslides
LANDSLIDE HAZARD IN THE
UNITED STATES: Case Studies in
Planning and Policy Development. By
Robert B. Olshansky. 1990. Available
from: Garland Publishing. Inc.. 136
Madison Avenue. New York. NY
10016 192 p. $47.00. hard cover
IMPORTANT
Please Note
Department of Conservation,
Division of Mines and Geology
Warehouse operations will be
relocating during April.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
subscriptions and/or mail
orders for Division publications
will be temporarily interrupted
for about two weeks during the
move. Your understanding and
patience are appreciated.
This book, a revised Ph.D. disserta- to consider the potential for landslides
tion, analyzes policy approaches for when designing and implementing land
preventing or mitigating landslide haz· use plans. Each county and incorpo-
ards. Establishing and implementing rated dty in California must have a
land use plans and hillside gravity ordi- General Plan that documents its deci-
nances are two effective methods of sions concerning the future develop--
moderating landslide hazards in regions ment 01 the community. One of the
that are prone to such threats. There seven required elements. the Safety Ele-
are five illustrated examples of land- ment (encompasses what was formerly
slides problem areas and how local g0v- the Seismic Safety Element). must ad-
ernments have addressed these issues. dress the potential for "slope instability
Two examples. Blackhawk Ranch and leading to mudslides and landslides."
Villa Mira Vista. are in California.
Landslide damage in California costs Loma Prieta Quake
about $250 million annually. However.
due in large part to California's plan- AFTERSHOCK The Loma Prieta
Earthquake and Its Impact on San
ning ordinances. local governments in
California use landslide hazard infonna- Benito County. By James Z. McCann.
tion more than local governments in
1990. Available from: Seismic Publica-
tions. 642 San Benito Street. Hollister.
most other states. California planning
CA 95023. 80 p. $14.95, paper cover.
laws explidtly encourage communities
,-----------------------------
MAIL ORDER FORM
Complete address form on ne~t page
Indicate number Of topIes, Pnce II1cludes
~
postage and sales tax.
SPECIAL REPORTS
SR t46 (Part I) Minefal Land c1aSSlfi(;allon: aggregate mate"als In the San FranCISCO'
Monterey Bay area (cenlral Caillorma}· proJOCl desenptlOll, t986 $9,00
SR t46 (Part II) Minerai land classlflCa\lOn: aggregate mat_Is In !he south
San Fral1ClSCO Bay productlon·consumptlon regiQl'l {Alameda Contra Costa.
San Frar1Clsco and San Mateo counties. Caillorn;a} 1988 $20.00
SR146 (part III) Mlneraliand classlticatlOn: aggregate malenals In the north
San FranciSCO Bay prOOUCloon-eonsumption region (Mann. Napa. and
SOnoma counlleS, Califorma) 1986 .... $20,00
SRU6 (Pan IV) Minerai land classl"cat,on: aggleg.a.te materials in the MontlKey Bay
-~ prodUCIlOll·consumplion region (Monterey, Sarl BeMO. San Mateo. Santa ClaJa.
and Santa Cru~ counlleS, Cahfornla) 1988 520 00
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
SP82 Minerai commodity reporl salt 1985 , $300
SP90 Minerai commod'ty reporl- talc and relaled mll'l8rals 1986 $3,00
SPt03 Mines and minerai produce~ active in Caillornia (1989·1990), (NEW) $10.00
SPI04 The Loma P"ela (Santa Cru~ Mounta'nli). Cellfornla.
earthquake of 17. October 1989 1990 (NEW) .... $12.00
MAP SHEETS (scale 162.500)
MSIS Prehmmary reconrnussance map or malOr landslides. San Gab"el Mounta,ns,
Los Angeles County. Cahfornla 1969 $1.00
_~ M531 Geology of the WiRow Creek quadrangle. Humboldt and T"mlY counties.
Cahfornla 1978 $7.00
_~ MS32 Geology of the Fallen Lear Lake (I 5') quadrangle. E' Dorado Country.
Cal,forn,a 1983 $900
MS3S Kaweah Peaks Pluton and IR rela\lOnSl'llp to lhe age of the Kern Canyon faull.
Tulare County. Cal,fOfIll8 1976 $3.00
M537 Geoklgy o! the Hamee re5llfVOlr (15'1 quadrangle. Inyo County, Caldorma. 1977 $600
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
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2 yea~ (24 ,ssues) $2000
Each back ,ssue Sl25
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Lisl of Ava'lable PublicatIonS .,"
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CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY FEeRUARY t99t '5
 Petrology

The magnitude 7. 1 October 17 EARLY PRECAMBRIAN BASIC of the Archean and Early Proterozoic
Lorna Prieta earthquake occurred on a MAGMATISM. Edited by R.P. Hall and eras. which constitute the Early Precam-
section of the San Andreas fault in the D.J. Hughes. 1990. Available from: brian. Such rocks are rarely exposed at
Santa Cruz Mountains immediately Routledge. Chapman & Hall. 29 West the surface of the Earth, but often occur
south of the San Francisco Bay area. 35th Street. New York. NY 10001. in relatively small patches within the
The quake released an amount of en- 486 p .. $141.00. hard cover. Precambrian shields. The Precambrian
ergy equivalent to about 30 million tons shields usually serve as cores to the can·
of high explosives. The death toll from This book is a collection of papers by tinental plates. The more recent Paleo-
this temblor is officially listed at 67. petrologists who study Precambrian zoic, Mesozoic. and Cenozoic rocks are
property loss is about $8 billion: there rocks, It describes, analyzes. and char- generally accreted at the edges of. or lie
were 2.435 reported injuries. and about acterizes Early Precambrian basic igne- atop. the Precambrian shields to make
13.000 people were rendered home- ous rocks, The study of these rocks is up the continents we know today.
less. This book chronicles the impact important because, (1) they are the old-
of the Lorna Prieta earthquake on Hol- est rocks we know of on Earth. (2) they The composition of the Earth's crust
lister and the residents of San Benito give us an idea of the original composi- has evolved dramatically since the Arch-
County. Destructive earthquakes are a tion of the Earth's crust, (3) they give us ean. Key differences can be seen in
fact of life in San Benito County and an idea of what the early geology and basic rock types and textures between
there will certainly be many more. This tectonics were like on Earth, and (4) the Archean rocks and basic rocks of
book has 150 photographs and infer- these rocks are frequently associated similar chemistry from more recent geo-
views with 75 residents. with massive ore deposits. The tenn logic limes. For example. the present-
basic rocks as used here includes basalts. day Mid-Oceanic Ridge Basalts (MORB)
peridotites. norites. anorthosites, and are nearly the chemical equivalents to
related igneous rocks. These rocks are the Archean basic rocks, yet the two
ages of rocks have much different lex-
-----------------------------1 tures due to the higher temperatures of
ADDRESS FORM FOR ALL ORDERS formation of the Archean basic magmas
Please print Of type
and, in some places, metamorphic tex-
PA YMENT MUST BE INCLUDED WITH ORDER tures superimposed on the Archean
NAME _ basic rocks. The development of the
Earth's crust through time is also sug-
ADDRESS _ gested by changes in the ratio of basic
to acidic rocks in continental crust
CITY _
through geologic time. For example,
STATE _ ZIP _ after the Archean Era there is a marked
increase in the amount of granitic rock
TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED: $, _ over basaltic rock in the continental
crust through the Proterozoic and Pa-
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTIONS leozoic eras. Thus. the Early Precam-
brian basic rocks should give us a model
1 yr, $10.00 2 yrs, $20.00 (IndiVidual issues are $t.25 each) of the Earth's crust and of tectonic ac-
tivity from the earliest part of the geo-
NEW SUBSCRIPTION: Allow 60 days 10f delivery of first issue.
I logic record we are able to study. 11
RENEWAL: To receive your magazme continuously, send in renewal 60 days before gives us a basis for comparison with all
expiration date shown on your address label. (El\"ample: EXP9112 means
I subsequent magmatism and crustal de-
that the subscription expires on feceipt ot December 1991 Issue.) Please I velopments.
enclose address label trom past issue. Without an address label. renewal
subscriptions will take 3 10 4 months to process.
I
I This book reviews the general char-
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY renewals only: fill in InlormalJon Irom you, mailing label or allaCll a ~bel acteristics of the Archean and Early
!,om a pas1lsSlJe,
I Proterozoic basic rocks. particularly the
1.0.# _ ACCT. #. _
I geochemistry and rock textures. 11 also
I draws comparisons with more recent
GIFT: (Gift card trom _ I types of basic rocks and the older lunar

ADDRESS CHANGE: Send us an old address labet and your new address.
I rock types. The authors discuss the
various types of mineralization associ-
Allow 60 days tor address change. I ated with the Archean and Early
Your ordef/subscnplIOn cannot be pfOcessed unless correct amount IS rammed All Foreign and Cana·
II Proterozoic basic rocks and the various
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DiVISion 01 Minas and Geology. Address all orders to DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY. P. O. I that are layered. These basic layered
____ ~x~~~f'::.e~.~11~'~581N9~ --.J igneous complexes are relatively com-

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY fEBRUARY 1991

moo in the Precambrian shields and
relatJYeIy uncommon after Precam·
brian tllTle. Different occurrences of
the early Precambrian basic rocks in
many parts of the world on a case-by-
case basts is also examined. Observed
IndMdual occurrences of Early Precam·
brian rocks are compared and con·
trasted in terms of the geologic and
tectonic histories and hOVJ they rclate
to the seemingly separate pieces of the
Early Precambrian geologjc puzzle.
The infonnation presented leads to
Implications about. and constrainlS on.
our model of the early evolution of the
Earth's crust. This refines our under
standing of geologic events in the Early
Precambrian, Besides the substantial
academic interest in this topic. there
are practical potential benefits. These
benefits Include locating further ore
bOOies. eIther like the weD-knovm rich
deposIts in the Precambrian shiekis. or
locating more recent ore deposits in
analogous geologic settings. Reuiewed
by Dule Stickney.
fARTH SClENCE I VESnGA-
nONS. Edited by Margaret A Ooster-
man and Mark T. Schmidt 1990 Avail- Plates in Action. and Malong Moun-
able from: American Geologicallnsti
tute. 4220 King Street. Alexandria. VA
22302. 234 p. $38.95. paper cover
Pnce includes shipping and handling.
This book is designed to meet the
need of earth science teachcrs for cur-
rent laboratory exercises that incorpo-
rate a Mhands on approach, ~ and that
challenge and motivate secondafy"-Ievel
students. lltere are 27 exercises and
each exercise is divided into Six sections; of mountam ranges. the Appalachians.
(l)the objective of lhe exercise, (2) time the growth of 'NCStem Nonh America.
required. (3) materials needed, (4) a
background section containing concepts
and additional resources for reference.
(5) procedure. and (6) questions A
sampling of exercises in this laboratory
manual include; eolian action. block dia-
gram prot»ems. geophysKal investiga-
tions. micro-weather pallentS. modeling
crystal growth in magmas, comparing
water hardness. determining the density
of soil panicles. determining groundwa-
ter contamination. and analyzing Nonh
American meteorite impact sites
Plate TectonICS
SHAPING TI IE EARm TECTON-
ICS OF CONTINENTS A 0 OCEANS.
Readings from Scientific American, Ed-
ited by Eldridge M MOOfe5. 1990.
Available from: W H Freeman and
Company. 41 Madi~ Ave.. New
York. NY 10010 208 p.. 1195.
soft cover
The discovery of plate tectonics is
one of the most important scientific
revolutions of the 20th century. This
book is a collectiOn of 12 articles from
Scientific American magazlnc about the
lheory of plate teclonics and our cur-
rent understanding of how mountains.
oceans. and continents foOll. lltere
are 129 ilIuslratlOns. most of which are
in color. that rewallhe dynamic Eanh
processes of plate tectonics. Plate tec-
tonic theory was a remarkable break-
through in effectively unifying all preVi-
ously disparate branches of the earth
sciences inlO a smgle world view. ThiS
collection of articles-wnnen by scleo·
tists ",,+to work at the vanguard of their
disciplines-clearly dnd accurately ex-
plain the theory and evidence of plate
tectonics. This book is divided mto
three sections. the Dynamic Earth.
tains. Section 1 The Dyndmic Eanh.
has four anKles alxxll the continental
crust. the oceanic crust. the Eanh's hot
spots. and seismic tomography (a three-
dimensional analylicaltechniqlle for im-
aging Earth's internal heat flow). Sec·
!ion Il: Plates in Action. has two anicles
about how continents break up and oce-
anic fracture zones, The third. Section
Ill: Making Mountains. has six articles
about terranes, ophlohtes, the structure
and the fonnalkln of super continents
through geok>gic time (such as Pan·
gaea). 11lere are abundant c~ aerial
photos. cok>r geo6ogK maps and cross
sections to aSSiSt the reader in compre-
hending the concept presented.
CAUFQRNIA GEOlOGY FEBRUARY 1991
5eosmology
SAN FHA oseo BAY ARfA
fARTHQUAKES POSTER By the staff
of the U.S. Geological Soeiety_ 1990
Available from: U,S. Geological Survey.
Branch of Distribution, Box 25286.
Federal Center. Denver. CO 80225 24
inches wide by 38 inches 1ong. $4 .00.
Note; For orders less than $10.00 in-
clude an addihonal $1.00. Make check
or money order payable to: Department
of the Interior-USGS,
This color poster depicts earthquake
activity in the San Francisco Bay area.
The poster indicates eanhquake activity,
the areas where it is concentrated. and
hO\W the seismIc activity is associated
lAIith landform features The arca repre-
sented includes a 19.000-square-mile
regiOn from lake Berryessa on the
nonh 10 Monterey on the south. and
from about 20 miles m the Pacifjc
Ocean on the west 10 Stockton on the
east. The image was taken from 563
miles above the Earth The poster m-
c1udes false-color imaging to enhance
the land forms and surlace features.
Various shades of red. for instance. rep-
resent areas on the ground surface that
are covered by vegetation; dark red ar-
eas indicate heavy vegetation whereas
lightCT red areas show cultivated crops
Large bOOies of water are depicted in
dark blue. Urbanized areas. such as
most of San Francisco. are shown in
turquoise.
The epicenters of more than 12.000
earthquakes of magnitude 2 or larger
that occurred in the poster region from
January I. 1972 to December 31,
1989 are shown by bright yellow dots.
The magmtudes of the quakes are rep-
resented by different sized dots; earth-
quakes of magnitudes 2-3 are shown by
1 milhmeter dots. the magnitude 7. 1
Lorna Pocta eanhquake is depjctoo by a
8 millimetCT dot in the Santa Cruz
Mountains. In areas of frequent seismiC
activity, saiki yeUow lines or clusters
clearly indicate lhe trace of major Bay
area faults (Hayward. Calaveras. and
San Andreas faults)."
"
 ,
STATE Of (AUFORNlA SfCOND CLASS POSTAGE PAlO
THE RESOURCES AGENCY AT SACRAMENTO, CAUFotINIA
Dt:PARTMENT Of CONSER:VAOON
CAUFORNIA GEOlOGY
DM5IONOf
MINES AND GEOlOGY
PO BOX 2980
SACRAMENTO, CAUFORNlA 95812-2980
USPS JSO 840
ADDRESS CORRECTION REOUESTED

• • • • Announcements
Union Pacific Resources Funds
(AWG) Speakers Bureau
The Association for Women Geoscientists announces that
funding is available lor the Union Pacific Resources - AWG
Distinguished Lectures. Union Pacific Resources Company
has given the AWG Foundation a $2.500 grant for 1991 to
underwrite travel for women geoscientists participating as
speakers.
Grants of up to $300 for direct travel costs are available
on a first come. first served basis to nonprofit. nongovern-
ment institutions or organizations seeking speakers from the
AWG Speakers Bureau. The Speakers Bureau provides a list
of over ISO nationally recognized women geoscientists whose
specialties cover a wide range of topics.
The Association for Women Geoscientists was founded in
1977 to encourage women to become and remain geoscien-
tists. AWG has chapters and at-large members throughout the
U.S. and in other countries. The AWG Foundation was estab-
lished in 1983 to develop and fund innovative programs de-
signed to encourage women to study earth sciences. to inves'
tigate career opportunities, and to advance in the geoscience
professions.
To obtain a list 01 speakers and for information on
speakers travel. contact:
• • • •
USGS Open House at
Menlo Park in May
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) will host a
public open house at its campus in Menlo Park. California on
May 18-19. 1991 The exhibits and all other activities will
explain earth science in layperson's language.
Highlights will include poster exhibits. laboratory tours.
earth science videos. gold panning lessons. and mineral rec-
ognition conducted by USGS mineral specialists. In addition.
visitors will have the opportunity to talk with scientists who
conduct research lor the USGS. and to browse through the
USGS map store which stocks topographic maps 01 13 west·
ern states.
The USGS campus in Menlo Park offers one of the most
outstanding displays of azaleas. rhododendrons. and roses in
the Bay area. They should all be in full bloom in mid-May.
For more information contact:
Peter Stauffer
USGS
Mail Stop 919
Menlo Park, CA 94025
(4151 329-5100--

Speakers Bureau
Association for Women Geoscientists Foundation
c/o Resource Center for Associations
10200 West 44th Avenue #304
Wheat Ridge. CO 80033
1303) 422-8527"--

CALIFORNIA GEOlOOY FEBRUARY \991

"