Gas Turbine:

Introduction and Brief Technical

Evaluation Guidelines

hamdi@hammer-engineers.com
 Agenda
• A. Introduction to Gas Turbine
• B. Technical Bid Evaluation Guidelines
 A. Introduction to Gas Turbine

1. Gas Turbine Components and Parts

2. Gas Turbine Applications
Component and Parts
Gas Turbine Component (Ground-based engine)
 Gas Turbine Component (Turbojet engine)

LP compressor case
IP compressor

Intermediate
case
IP turbine LP turbine

LP compressor rotor

High speed gear box HP systems

 Gas Turbine Component
Compressor:
• draws air into the engine
• pressure it and deliver to combustion chamber
Combustion Chamber:
• receives air from compressor
• mixing with fuel sprayed from nozzle
• burn the mixture to generate maximum possible heat energy (initiate by igniter
plugs, isolated after start-up and remains continuous until the fuel supply is shut
off)
• designed to provide mixing, burning, dilution and cooling; by the time the
combustion mixture leaves the combustion system and enters the turbine, it is at
a mixed average temperature
Turbine:
• Turbines are generally easier to design and operate than compressors, since the
hot air flow is expanding rather than being compressed.
 Gas Turbine Component (cont.)
Inside the Package:
• Fuel System
• Bearing Lube Oil: Tank, Filters, Pump
• Fire and Gas Detection System
• Starter / helper driver: Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Variable Speed
• Seal gas / oil

Outside the Package:

• Enclosure and Fire Protection System
• Inlet System: Air filter, Silencer
• Exhaust System: Silencer, Stack, Lube Oil Cooler, Motor Control Center, Switchgear
• Fire and Gas Detection System
• Starter / helper driver: Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Variable Speed
• Seal gas / oil

Human Machine Interface:

• Machinery monitoring and protection
• Driven Load Regulation
• Communications (SCADA) interface
 Gas Turbine Component (cont.)
• Sensing and Control Instrumentation:
- Temperature sensors
- Pressure sensors
- Flow sensor / surge control
- Position sensor
- Velocity probes
 Theory of Operation

Brayton Cycle:
• (1 - 2) Air is compressed isentropically
• (2 – 3) Combustion at constant pressure
• (3 – 4) Expansion at turbine isentropically
Application: As Generator
Application: As Mechanical Drive
 B. Evaluation Guidelines
• Decide the best sizing  use guidance / handbook or
based on similarity in past project
• Decide shaft arrangement  single or twin shaft
• Decide the best type  Aeroderivative or Heavy Duty
• Evaluate Efficiency, performance and loss → update
process calculation
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Evaluate Hazardous Class → review inside and outside
enclosure
• Materials → gas composition and site condition
• Monitoring System → discuss with operation team (or
operation requirement)
• API review → study exception and deviation
maintaining performances compliance
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Decide the best sizing from various manufacturer  see
Gas Turbine World Handbook magazine
Consideration:
- price per kW
- Efficiency LHV

Review Manufacturer population in typical industries:

Solar Turbine → Booster Application
GE → LNG and Petrochemical

Saturn 20: 1.2 MW GE Frame 3: 15140 HP

Centaur 40: 3.5 MW GE Frame 5: 26400 HP
Centaur 50: 4.6 MW GE Frame 6: 50700 HP
Taurus 60: 5.8 MW
Taurus 70: 7.7 MW
Mars 90: 9.9 MW
Mars 100: 11.2 MW
Titan 130: 15.3 MW
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Decide the best shaft → Single or Twin Shaft
– Single Shaft: used for power generation
– Twin Shaft:
for mech. drive: allows variable speed operation
for power generation: transient response inferior to
single shaft unit

Twin Shaft → Power Turbine → PTC test:

– Smaller cranking requirement
– Air compressor runs at most efficient speed
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Decide the best type → Aeroderivative vs Heavy Duty
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
Heavy Duty vs Aeroderivative
• Heavy Duty / Industrial Type:
- Heavy Casing
- Massive stiff shafting with journal bearing
- Requires pre-post lube
- Cheap but excessive lube
- Less frequent maintenance
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
Heavy Duty vs Aeroderivative
• Aero derivative:
- Light Casing
- Rotor shafting: 2 or more shaft
- Each with its own bearing
- Expensive but less lube (aero type)
- Higher efficiency but very rapid decrease after washing
- Quick overhaul
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Evaluate Efficiency:
Efficiency 30% means:
70% of rotational energy produced is required to drive air
compressor in order to maintain sufficient air flow for
combustion
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Evaluate Performance and Loss
- Site Rated correction:
for Indonesia: 82% of ISO Rated, mostly due hotter Temp
T up, rho up, mass flow down: power down
for Indonesia: 60% RH
- Fuel Type
- In the case of Dual fuel:
– Liquid hotter and less efficiency than gas
– Engine efficiency liquid 1.3% lower
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Evaluate Performance and Loss
- Heat Rate:
Amount of heat energy to produce output
- Inlet Loss:
P drops through inlet filters
- Exhaust Loss:
P drops through stack, silencer, WHR (be aware that this
will create backpressure)
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Evaluate Lube System
- Sleeve & Thrust Bearing → typical heavy duty →
mineral based oil → common lube
- Anti friction type ball and/or roller bearing → typical
aero derivative → synthetic oil → need scavenging
system
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Hazardous Class Certificate:
- If possible use OEM standard: IEC (Eropa) or NEC
(USA)
- Use equivalence of IEC-NEC
• Material for ducting, silencer and venting:
- Gas composition
- SS or CS or CS with internal SS
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Monitoring System:
- System 1 (GE) or Turbotronic (Solar)
Be aware of Duplication (by function) and Interface
problem
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• API review:
- Convenient purchasing document → force OEM to
supply similar equipment
- Limit misunderstanding
- Exception are allowed
- API 616 (1998) is not for aero derivative, except stated
by client
- Alternative design: deviations and reasons
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• API review:
- Site rated power → don’t forget to ask OEM guarantee
point
- API → mechanical test run
- PTC → closed loop test
PTC 10 Comp + PTC 22 GT (usually type 2)
- Review API 617 as well → speed variation control for
GTCP
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Scope for Split Arrangement (by EPC or Mfr):
- Anti Surge Valve
- Lifting Kit
- Fuel Valve → SS or Aluminum
- Water Wash Cart
- Water Mist or CO2 Suppression
- Platform
- Exhaust Stack
- FAT / SAT
 Evaluation Guidelines (cont.)
• Technical Bid Evaluation:
- List up company (or owner) spec and API requirement
- List up deviations for approval → discuss with Mfr!!
- List up deviations to API → be realistic!!
- Complete Item Check List
- Performance Comparison
- Guarantee Comparison
 Evaluation Guidelines
• (Typical) Utility Review:
- Electrical System → 3 ph, 1 ph
- Compressor Dry Seal System → P, flow rate, External
- Start System → Direct Drive
- Natural Gas Fuel System → P, flow rate, T
- Lube Oil Cooler
 References
• Manufacturer's Publications
• Gas Turbine World Handbook Publications
• Internet (public domain) information
• Author's experience working as EPC company / Owner
company / Consulting company 's engineer

hamdi@hammer-engineers.com