BUOYANCY SHOE

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Subject Code : BDA 10502

Subject : Fluid Mechanics I
Group : [S.H.O.E]
Name : Suganthan A/L Subramaniam
DD090057
Mohamad Lutfi Bin Abas
DD090100
Syarul Hakimi Bin Mohd @ Mohd Nor
DD090191
Mohd Amin Bin Ramli
CD100103
Athirah Hazwani Binti Mamat
CD100198
Title : Project – Buoyancy Shoe
Course : BDD
Lecturer : Mr. Shahrin Hisham Amirnordin

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Theory

Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float in a liquid, such as water. This concept helps
to explain why some things float while other objects sink. Buoyancy is an important factor in the
design of many objects and in a number of water-based activities, such as boating or scuba
diving.

In physics, buoyancy is an upward acting force exerted by a fluid, that opposes an

object's weight. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of
the over lying fluid. Thus a column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences
greater pressure at the bottom of the column than at the top. This difference in pressure results in
a net force that tends to accelerate an object upwards. The magnitude of that force is equal to the
difference in the pressure between the top and the bottom of the column, and is also equivalent to
the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the column. For this reason, an object whose
density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is
either less dense than the liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a boat), the force can keep the
object afloat. This can occur only in a reference frame which either has a gravitational field or
is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a "downward" direction. In a situation of
fluid statics, the net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid
displaced by the body. This is the force that enables the object to float.

Archimedes' Principle

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Archimedes' principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, who first discovered this

law in 212 B.C. His treatise, On floating bodies, proposition 5 states:

 Any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid.– Archimedes of Syracuse

For more general objects, floating and sunken, and in gases as well as liquids, Archimedes'
principle may be stated thus in terms of forces:

 Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object.– Archimedes of Syracuse

with the clarifications that for a sunken object the volume of displaced fluid is the volume of the
object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the
object.

 More tersely: Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid.

Assuming Archimedes' principle to be reformulated as follows,

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apparent immersed weight = weight – weight of displaced fluid

then inserted into the quotient of weights, which has been expanded by the mutual volume

density , ρ weight , N
=
density of fluid , ρ weight of displaced fluid , N

yields the formula below. The density of the immersed object relative to the density of the fluid
can easily be calculated without measuring any volumes:

density of object , ρ weight , N

=
density of fluid , ρ weight – apparent immersed weight , N

Calculation

 Length : 1m
 Width : 0.5m

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 buoyancy : 0.164m
 Maximum buoyancy : 0.324m

Shoes weight = mg

= ρVg

=ρLBhg

=(1000)(1.0)(0.5)(0.164)(9.81)

=804.42N

Maximum volume displaced = (1000)(1.0)(0.5)(0.324)(9.81)

=1589.22N

Weight that can be adapted = 1589.22-784.8

=784.8N

W= mg

W
m= g

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784.8
= 9.81

= 80kg

Formula for Buoyant Force:

F(buoyant) = - ρVg

-(1000)(1.0)(0.5)(0.164)(9.81)

-804.42N

p = density of the fluid

V = volume of the object being submerged
g = standard gravity on Earth (~ 9.81 N/kg)

Formula for Density of immersed object relative to the density of the fluid object is
immersed in:

Relative Density = Weight / (Weight - Apparent Immersed Weight)

= 804.42/ (804.42 - 784.8)

= 41 kg/m³

Formula for Buoyant Mass:

m(b) = m(object) x (1- (ρ(fluid)/ ρ(object)))

= (80)(1- (1000 / 41))

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= -1871.22N

m(object)= true mass of the object

ρ (object)= average density of the object
ρ (fluid)= average density of the surrounding fluid

If the fluid density is greater than the average density of the object, the object floats. If less, the
object sinks.

Rough figure of our design

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Specification

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Material: Expanded polystyrene

Rough dimension: 1.0 x 0.5m x 0.5m

Weight of one shoes: 2 kg

Material density (calculated): 41.0 kg/m3

Material density (choosen to be used): 30 – 120 kg/m3

Volume per shoes (with human weight): 0.082 m3

Description of material used:

Expanded polystyrene foam (EPF) is a plastic material that has special properties due to its
structure. Composed of individual cells of low density polystyrene. Although it is generally
called Styrofoam, and specifically to a type of hard, blue EPF used mainly in boating.

The uniqueness of Expanded Polystyrene

- EPF's main component is styrene (C8H8), which is derived from petroleum or natural gas
and formed by a reaction between ethylene (C2H4) and benzene (C6H6), benzene is
produced from coal or synthesized from petroleum.
- Styrene is polymerized either by heat or by an initiator such as benzoyl peroxide.
Stopping the polymerization is difficult; however, inhibitors such as oxygen, sulphur, or
quinol can be used.
- To form the low-density, loosely attached cells EPF is noted for, polystyrene must first be
suspended in water to form droplets. A suspension agent, such as specially precipitated
barium sulphate or copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid and their esters organic
product formed by the reaction between of an acid and an alcohol), is then added to the
water. All are similarly viscous and serve to hold up the droplets, preventing them from
sticking together.
- The beads of polystyrene produced by suspension polymerization are tiny and hard. To
make them expand, special blowing agents are used, including propane, pentane,

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methylene chloride, and the chlorofluorocarbons.

Advantages

- This EPF is extraordinarily light and can support many times its own weight in water.
- Because of the cells that are not interconnected, heat cannot travel through EPF easily
and overall make it as a great insulator material.
- From the shape that design, we can ensure that the shoes can float on the water as circle
is the most stable shape in the world.
- Even though stability is not considered in this project, we make the shoes sink ¾ from it
shape. So we can sure stability may appear from this.
- The entire factor has been calculated to ensure these shoes can support the weight of
subject. Thus we make, per shoes can support almost 80 kg of weight.
- The principle of Archimedes which is buoyant forced is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the object, has been considered.

DISCUSSIONS

Bouyancy Shoe

A pair of shoes for being worn by a person so to enable the person to walk upon the
surface of a body of water, the device consisting of elongated shoes made of floatable material,

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each shoe being sufficiently large so to support the weight of the wearer each shoe being
provided with a fin tail so that the shoe moves forwardly instead of slipping sideward and each
shoe being provided with a downward extending fins or vanes on the underside there of so to
allow maximum forward motion with a minimum of slipping the underside vanes in one form of
the invention being stationary and in another form of the invention being of pivot able type so to
retract into an inoperative position when the shoe is moved forwardly and wherein the vane
extend downwardly into the water for holding against the water when the shoe is intended to be
stationary.

This invention relates generally to footwear. More specifically it relates to footwear for
use upon water. A principal object of the present invention is to provide a pair of flotation shoes
so to permit a person to walk upon the surface of a body of water. Another object of the present
invention is to provide a pair of flotation shoes wherein the underside thereof are provided with
downwardly extending vanes for holding against the water while a person tries to walk. Still
another object of the present invention is to provide pair of flotation shoes wherein the
downwardly extending vanes in one form of the invention are stationary and in another form of
the invention is retractable so that when the shoe is moved forwardly the vanes are retracted to
provide a streamline under side for more effective walking. Other objects of the present
invention are to provide a pair of flotation shoes which are simple in design, inexpensive to
manufacture, rugged in construction, easy to use and efficient in operation.

Referring now to the drawing in detail, and more particularly at this time to FIG. 1
thereof, the reference numeral represents one of a pair of flotation shoes according to the present
invention wherein the shoe comprises an elongated member made preferably of a material that is
stiff and which will float so that it can support a persons foot placed there upon and support the
wearer upon the surface of a body of water such as a lake, river or the like. The material
accordingly is preferably made of polystyrene for meeting such requirements and which is quite

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inexpensive. The forward end of the shoe can be tapered to a front for being pushed through the
water and the rear end may be formed to include a fish tail or rear fin.

A plurality of vanes are integrally formed on the underside of the shoe body, each of the
vanes comprising a transverse element that extends downwardly and inclined rearward so that it
has a streamlined front side for allowing the shoe to be pushed easily forwardly through the
water, and each fin has a rear side for holding against the water so that the shoe can be retained
in a stationary position between each step while walking on the water. Upon the upper side of the
shoe body there are provided a toe receiving member and a heel member so that a person may
place his foot there between and from which he can quickly release himself in case of necessity.

Referring now to FIGURE of the drawing, there is shown a modified design of flotation
shoes which is likewise made of an elongated body made preferably of polystyrene material so to
be stiff and to float. It includes the foot holding members and described above. Advantage of this
structure is that a person can walk with the shoe upon the ground with out danger of injuring any
mechanical parts. Additionally this form of construction is exceedingly inexpensive while
accomplishing the same purposes.

In a flotation shoe, the combination of an elongated body made of stiff material that is
floatable within water, said elongated body having means upon its upper side for attachment to a
person's foot and the underside of said body having means for selectively holding said shoe in a
stationary position while a shoe on the person's other foot is forwardly moved during a walking
operation upon water means on the underside of said shoe body comprising a plurality of
transverse vanes, a forward end of said shoe box being tapered to a point for frictionally moving
through the water.

CONCLUSION

If the weight of an object is less than the weight of the displaced fluid when fully
submerged, then the object has an average density that is less than the fluid and when fully
submerged will experience force buoyancy greater than its own weight. If the fluid has a surface
such as water in a lake or the sea the object will float and settle at a level where it displaces the
same weight of fluid as the weight of the object. If the object is immersed in the fluid, such as a

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submerged submarine or air in a balloon, it will tend to rise. If the object has exactly the same
density as the fluid, then its buoyancy equals its weight. It will remain submerged in the fluid but
it will neither sink nor float, although a disturbance in either direction will cause it to drift away
from its position. An object with a higher average density than the fluid will never experience
more buoyancy than weight and it will sink. For example a ship will float even though it may be
made of steel, which is much denser than water, because it encloses a volume of air and the
resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water.

A floating object is stable if it tends to restore itself to an equilibrium position after a

small displacement. Floating objects will generally have vertical stability, as if the object is
pushed down slightly this will create a greater buoyant force which unbalanced by the weight
force will push the object back up. Rotational stability is of great importance to floating vessels.
Given a small angular displacement, the vessel may return to its original position, move away
from its original position or remain where it is neutral. Rotational stability depends on the
relative lines of action of forces on an object. The upward buoyant force on an object acts
through the center of buoyancy being the centroid of the displaced volume of fluid. The weight
force on the object acts through its center of gravity. A buoyant object will be stable if the center
of gravity is beneath the center of buoyancy because any angular displacement will then produce
a righting moment.

From that we knew if the total area of the object that makes contact with the water is
large enough, the object floats. The object must make room for its own volume by pushing aside
or displacing an equivalent volume of liquid. The object is exerting a downward force on the
water and the water is therefore exerting an upward force on the object. Of course the floating
object's weight comes into play also. The solid body floats when it has displaced just enough
water to equal its own original weight.

This principle is called buoyancy. Buoyancy is the loss in weight an object seems to
undergo when placed in a liquid, as compared to its weight in air. Archimedes' principle states
that an object fully or partly immersed in a liquid is buoyed upward by a force equal to the
weight of the liquid displaced by that object. From this principle, we can conclude that a floating
object displaces an amount of liquid equal to its own weight.

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References

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouyancy
 Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbal, 2010, “Fluid Mechanics, Fundamentals And
Applications” 2nd Edition in SI Units, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

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