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TOP232-234
®
TOPSwitch-FX Family
Design Flexible, EcoSmart®, Integrated
Off-line Switcher
Product Highlights
+
Lower System Cost, High Design Flexibility AC DC
• Features eliminate or reduce cost of external components IN OUT
-
• Fully integrated soft-start for minimum stress/overshoot
• Externally settable accurate current limit
• Wider duty cycle for more power, smaller input capacitor
• Line under-voltage (UV) detection: no turn off glitches D M
• Line overvoltage (OV) shutdown extends line surge limit CONTROL
• Line feed forward with maximum duty cycle (DCMAX) TOPSwitch-FX C
• Regulates to zero load without dummy loading Figure 1. Typical Flyback Application.
• 132 kHz frequency reduces transformer/power supply size
• Half frequency option for video applications
• Hysteretic thermal shutdown for automatic recovery OUTPUT POWER TABLE
• Large thermal hysteresis prevents PC board overheating
PART 230 VAC ±15% 85-265 VAC
• Standard packages with omitted pins for large creepage
ORDER Open Open
• Active-on and active-off remote ON/OFF capability 1 Adapter1
NUMBER3 Adapter Frame2 Frame2
• Synchronizable to a lower frequency
TOP232P
®
9W 15 W 6.5 W 10 W
EcoSmart - Energy Efficient TOP232G
• Cycle skipping reduces no-load consumption 10 W 25 W 7W 15 W
TOP232Y
• Reduced consumption in remote off mode
• Half frequency option for high efficiency standby TOP233P
13 W 25 W 9W 15 W
• Allows shutdown/wake-up via LAN/input port TOP233G
TOP233Y 20 W 50 W 15 W 30 W
Description TOP234P
16 W 30 W 11 W 20 W
TOPSwitch-FX uses the proven TOPSwitch topology and cost TOP234G
effectively integrates many new functions that reduce system
TOP234Y 30 W 75 W 20 W 45 W
cost and, at the same time, improve design flexibility,
performance and energy efficiency. Like TOPSwitch, the high Table 1. Notes: 1. Typical continuous power in a non-ventilated
voltage power MOSFET, PWM control, fault protection and enclosed adapter measured at 50 ˚C ambient. 2. Maximum practical
other control circuitry are all integrated onto a single CMOS continuous power in an open frame design with adequate heat sinking,
measured at 50 ˚C ambient. See key applications section for detailed
chip, but with two added terminals. The first one is a MULTI- conditions. 3. Packages: P: DIP-8B, G: SMD-8B, Y: TO-220-7B.
FUNCTION (M) pin, which implements programmable line
OV/UV shutdown and line feed forward/DCMAX reduction with TOPSwitch mode, but with the following new transparent
line voltage. The same pin can be used instead to externally set features: soft-start, cycle skipping, 132 kHz switching frequency,
an accurate current limit. In either case, this pin can also be used frequency jittering, wider DCMAX, hysteretic thermal shutdown
for remote ON/OFF or to synchronize the oscillator to an and larger creepage. In addition, all critical parameters such as
external, lower frequency signal. The second added terminal is frequency, current limit, PWM gain, etc. have tighter temperature
the FREQUENCY (F) pin and is available only in the Y and absolute tolerances compared to the TOPSwitch-II family.
package. This pin provides the half frequency option when Higher current limit accuracy and larger DCMAX, when combined
connected to CONTROL (C) instead of SOURCE (S). The with other features allow for a 10% to 15% higher power
features on the new pins can be disabled by shorting them to the capability on the TOPSwitch-FX devices compared to equivalent
SOURCE, which allows the device to operate in a three terminal TOPSwitch-II devices for the same input/output conditions.
July 2001
TOP232-234
Section List
Pin Functional Description ......................................................................................................................................... 3
TOPSwitch-FX Family Functional Description ......................................................................................................... 4
CONTROL (C) Pin Operation ................................................................................................................................. 4
Oscillator and Switching Frequency ....................................................................................................................... 5
Pulse Width Modulator and Maximum Duty Cycle ................................................................................................. 5
Minimum Duty Cycle and Cycle Skipping ............................................................................................................... 6
Error Amplifier ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
On-chip Current Limit with External Programability ................................................................................................ 6
Line Under-Voltage Detection (UV) ........................................................................................................................ 6
Line Overvoltage Shutdown (OV) ........................................................................................................................... 7
Line Feed Forward with DCMAX Reduction .............................................................................................................. 7
Remote ON/OFF and Synchronization ................................................................................................................... 7
Soft-Start ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Shutdown/Auto-Restart .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Hysteretic Over-Temperature Protection ................................................................................................................ 8
Bandgap Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 8
High-Voltage Bias Current Source .......................................................................................................................... 8
Using FREQUENCY and MULTI-FUNCTION Pins ..................................................................................................... 9
FREQUENCY (F) Pin Operation............................................................................................................................. 9
MULTI-FUNCTION (M) Pin Operation .................................................................................................................... 9
Typical Uses of FREQUENCY (F) Pin ...................................................................................................................... 11
Typical Uses of MULTI-FUNCTION (M) Pin ............................................................................................................. 12
Application Examples ............................................................................................................................................... 14
A High Efficiency, 30 W, Universal Input Power Supply ........................................................................................ 14
35 W Multiple Output Power Supply ..................................................................................................................... 15
17 W PC Standby Power Supply .......................................................................................................................... 16
Processor Controlled Supply Turn On/Off ............................................................................................................ 17
Key Application Considerations .............................................................................................................................. 19
TOPSwitch-FX vs. TOPSwitch-ll ........................................................................................................................... 19
TOPSwitch-FX Design Considerations ................................................................................................................. 20
TOPSwitch-FX Selection ................................................................................................................................ 20
Input Capacitor ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Primary Clamp and Output Reflected Voltage VOR ......................................................................................... 20
Output Diode .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Soft-Start ........................................................................................................................................................ 21
EMI ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Transformer Design ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Standby Consumption .................................................................................................................................... 23
TOPSwitch-FX Layout Considerations ................................................................................................................. 23
Primary Side Connections .............................................................................................................................. 23
Y-Capacitor..................................................................................................................................................... 23
Heat Sinking ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Quick Design Checklist ......................................................................................................................................... 23
Design Tools ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Product Specifications and Test Conditions .......................................................................................................... 24
Typical Performance Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 30
Package Outlines ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
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TOP232-234
0 DRAIN (D)
CONTROL (C) VC
ZC INTERNAL
1 SUPPLY
SHUNT REGULATOR/
ERROR AMPLIFIER +
SOFT START
- 5.8 V
4.8 V -
+ 5.8 V
INTERNAL UV
IFB COMPARATOR
VI (LIMIT)
CURRENT
LIMIT
ADJUST -
ON/OFF ÷8
+
SHUTDOWN/
VBG + VT
AUTO-RESTART CURRENT LIMIT
COMPARATOR
HYSTERETIC
MULTI- THERMAL
FUNCTION (M) VBG SHUTDOWN
CONTROLLED
TURN-ON
STOP SOFT- GATE DRIVER
OV/UV START
LINE DMAX
SENSE DCMAX DCMAX
CLOCK
HALF S Q
FREQUENCY SAW - LEADING
R Q
EDGE
FREQUENCY (F) + BLANKING
OSCILLATOR WITH JITTER
(Y Package Only)
PWM
COMPARATOR
RE
SOURCE (S)
PI-2535-083099
Pin Functional Description The switching frequency is internally set for 132 kHz only
operation in P and G packages.
DRAIN (D) Pin:
High voltage power MOSFET drain output. The internal start- SOURCE (S) Pin:
up bias current is drawn from this pin through a switched high- Output MOSFET source connection for high voltage power
voltage current source. Internal current limit sense point for return. Primary side control circuit common and reference point.
drain current.
Tab Internally
CONTROL (C) Pin: Connected to SOURCE Pin
Error amplifier and feedback current input pin for duty cycle
control. Internal shunt regulator connection to provide internal 7D
bias current during normal operation. It is also used as the 5F
4S
connection point for the supply bypass and auto-restart/ 3M
compensation capacitor. 1C
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TOP232-234
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TOP232-234
CONTROL pin current, before the CONTROL pin voltage has Oscillator and Switching Frequency
had a chance to discharge to the lower threshold voltage of The internal oscillator linearly charges and discharges an internal
approximately 4.8 V (internal supply under-voltage lockout capacitance between two voltage levels to create a sawtooth
threshold). When the externally fed current charges the waveform for the pulse width modulator. The oscillator sets the
CONTROL pin to the shunt regulator voltage of 5.8 V, current pulse width modulator/current limit latch at the beginning of
in excess of the consumption of the chip is shunted to SOURCE each cycle.
through resistor RE as shown in Figure 2. This current flowing
through RE controls the duty cycle of the power MOSFET to The nominal switching frequency of 132 kHz was chosen to
provide closed loop regulation. The shunt regulator has a finite minimize transformer size while keeping the fundamental EMI
low output impedance ZC that sets the gain of the error amplifier frequency below 150 kHz. The FREQUENCY pin (available
when used in a primary feedback configuration. The dynamic only in TO-220 package), when shorted to the CONTROL pin,
impedance ZC of the CONTROL pin together with the external lowers the switching frequency to 66 kHz (half frequency)
CONTROL pin capacitance sets the dominant pole for the which may be preferable in some cases such as noise sensitive
control loop. video applications or a high efficiency standby mode. Otherwise,
the FREQUENCY pin should be connected to the SOURCE pin
When a fault condition such as an open loop or shorted output for the default 132 kHz. Trimming of the current reference
prevents the flow of an external current into the CONTROL pin, improves oscillator frequency accuracy.
the capacitor on the CONTROL pin discharges towards 4.8 V.
At 4.8 V auto-restart is activated which turns the output MOSFET To further reduce the EMI level, the switching frequency is
off and puts the control circuitry in a low current standby mode. jittered (frequency modulated) by approximately ±4 kHz at
The high-voltage current source turns on and charges the 250 Hz (typical) rate as shown in Figure 6. Figure 28 shows the
external capacitance again. A hysteretic internal supply under- typical improvement of EMI measurements with frequency
voltage comparator keeps VC within a window of typically 4.8 jitter.
to 5.8 V by turning the high-voltage current source on and off
as shown in Figure 5. The auto-restart circuit has a divide-by- Pulse Width Modulator and Maximum Duty Cycle
8 counter which prevents the output MOSFET from turning on The pulse width modulator implements voltage mode control
again until eight discharge/charge cycles have elapsed. This is by driving the output MOSFET with a duty cycle inversely
accomplished by enabling the output MOSFET only when the proportional to the current into the CONTROL pin that is in
divide-by-8 counter reaches full count (S7). The counter excess of the internal supply current of the chip (see Figure 4).
effectively limits TOPSwitch-FX power dissipation by reducing The excess current is the feedback error signal that appears
the auto-restart duty cycle to typically 4%. Auto-restart mode across RE (see Figure 2). This signal is filtered by an RC
continues until output voltage regulation is again achieved network with a typical corner frequency of 7 kHz to reduce the
through closure of the feedback loop. effect of switching noise in the chip supply current generated by
~
~
~
~
VUV
~ ~
~
VLINE
~
~
~
~
~
0V
S7 S0 S1 S2 S6 S7 S0 S1 S2 S6 S7 S0 S1 S2 S6 S7 S7 5.8 V
~
~
~
~
~
~
VC 4.8 V
0V
~
~
~
~
VDRAIN
~
~
0V
VOUT
~
~
~
~
~
~
0V
1 2 3 2 4
Note: S0 through S7 are the output states of the auto-restart counter PI-2545-082299
Figure 5. Typical Waveforms for (1) Power Up (2) Normal Operation (3) Auto-restart (4) Power Down .
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TOP232-234
PI-2550-092499
with the internal oscillator sawtooth waveform to generate the 136 kHz
duty cycle waveform. As the control current increases, the duty Switching
Frequency
cycle decreases. A clock signal from the oscillator sets a latch
128 kHz
which turns on the output MOSFET. The pulse width modulator
resets the latch, turning off the output MOSFET. Note that a
4 ms
minimum current must be driven into the CONTROL pin
before the duty cycle begins to change.
VDRAIN
The maximum duty cycle, DCMAX, is set at a default maximum
value of 78% (typical). However, by connecting the MULTI- Time
FUNCTION pin to the rectified DC high voltage bus through a
resistor with appropriate value, the maximum duty cycle can be Figure 6. Switching Frequency Jitter.
made to decrease from 78% to 38% (typical) as shown in
Figure 8 when input line voltage increases (see line feed limit comparator compares the output MOSFET on-state drain
forward with DCMAX reduction). to source voltage, VDS(ON) with a threshold voltage. High drain
current causes VDS(ON) to exceed the threshold voltage and turns
Minimum Duty Cycle and Cycle Skipping the output MOSFET off until the start of the next clock cycle.
To maintain power supply output regulation, the pulse width The default current limit of TOPSwitch-FX is preset internally.
modulator reduces duty cycle as the load at the power supply However, with a resistor connected between MULTI-
output decreases. This reduction in duty cycle is proportional FUNCTION pin and SOURCE pin, current limit can be
to the current flowing into the CONTROL pin. As the programmed externally to a lower level between 40% and
CONTROL pin current increases, the duty cycle reduces linearly 100% of the default current limit. Please refer to the graphs in
towards a minimum value specified as minimum duty cycle, the typical performance characteristics section for the selection
DCMIN. After reaching DCMIN, if CONTROL pin current is of the resistor value. By setting current limit low, a
increased further by approximately 0.4 mA, the pulse width TOPSwitch-FX that is bigger than necessary for the power
modulator will force the duty cycle from DCMIN to zero in a required can be used to take advantage of the lower RDS(ON) for
discrete step (refer to Figure 4). This feature allows a power higher efficiency. With a second resistor connected between
supply to operate in a cycle skipping mode when the load at its the MULTI-FUNCTION pin and the rectified DC high voltage
output consumes less power than the power that TOPSwitch-FX bus providing a small amount of feed forward current, a true
delivers at minimum duty cycle, DCMIN. No additional control power limiting operation against line variation can be
is needed for the transition between normal operation and cycle implemented. When using an RCD clamp, this feed forward
skipping. As the load increases or decreases, the power supply technique reduces maximum clamp voltage at high line allowing
automatically switches between normal operation and cycle for higher reflected voltage designs. The current limit
skipping mode as necessary. comparator threshold voltage is temperature compensated to
minimize the variation of the current limit due to temperature
Cycle skipping may be avoided, if so desired, by connecting a related changes in RDS(ON) of the output MOSFET.
minimum load at the power supply output such that the duty
cycle remains at a level higher than DCMIN at all times. The leading edge blanking circuit inhibits the current limit
comparator for a short time after the output MOSFET is turned
Error Amplifier on. The leading edge blanking time has been set so that, if a
The shunt regulator can also perform the function of an error power supply is designed properly, current spikes caused by
amplifier in primary feedback applications. The shunt regulator primary-side capacitances and secondary-side rectifier reverse
voltage is accurately derived from a temperature-compensated recovery time will not cause premature termination of the
bandgap reference. The gain of the error amplifier is set by the switching pulse.
CONTROL pin dynamic impedance. The CONTROL pin
clamps external circuit signals to the VC voltage level. The The current limit can be lower for a short period after the
CONTROL pin current in excess of the supply current is leading edge blanking time as shown in Figure 33. This is due
separated by the shunt regulator and flows through RE as a to dynamic characteristics of the MOSFET. To avoid triggering
voltage error signal. the current limit in normal operation, the drain current waveform
should stay within the envelope shown.
On-chip Current Limit with External Programmability
The cycle-by-cycle peak drain current limit circuit uses the Line Under-Voltage Detection (UV)
output MOSFET ON-resistance as a sense resistor. A current At power up, UV keeps TOPSwitch-FX off until the input line
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6 7/01
TOP232-234
voltage reaches the under-voltage threshold. At power down, feed forward operation is illustrated in Figure 4 by the different
UV prevents auto-restart attempts after the output goes out of values of IM. Note that for the same CONTROL pin current,
regulation. This eliminates power down glitches caused by the higher line voltage results in smaller operating duty cycle. As
slow discharge of input storage capacitor present in applications an added safety measure, the maximum duty cycle DCMAX is
such as standby supplies. A single resistor connected from the also reduced from 78% (typical) at a voltage slightly higher than
MULTI-FUNCTION pin to the rectified DC high voltage bus the UV threshold to 38% (typical) at the OV threshold (see
sets UV threshold during power up. Once the power supply is Figures 4, 8). DCMAX of 38% at the OV threshold was chosen
successfully turned on, UV is disabled to allow extended input to ensure that the power capability of the TOPSwitch-FX is not
voltage operating range. Input voltage is not checked again restricted by this feature under normal operation.
until the power supply loses regulation and attempts another
turn-on. This is accomplished by enabling the UV comparator Remote ON/OFF and Synchronization
only when the divide-by-8 counter used in auto-restart reaches TOPSwitch-FX can be turned on or off by controlling the
full count (S7) which is also the state that the counter is reset to current into or out from the MULTI-FUNCTION pin (see
at power up (see Figure 5). The UV feature can be disabled Figure 8). This allows easy implementation of remote ON/OFF
independent of OV feature as shown in Figure 16. control of TOPSwitch-FX in several different ways. A transistor
or an optocoupler output connected between the MULTI-
Line Overvoltage Shutdown (OV) FUNCTION pin and the SOURCE pin implements this function
The same resistor used for UV also sets an overvoltage threshold with “active-on” (Figure 19) while a transistor or an optocoupler
which, once exceeded, will force TOPSwitch-FX output into output connected between the MULTI-FUNCTION pin and the
off-state. The ratio of OV and UV thresholds is preset at 4.5 CONTROL pin implements the function with “active-off”
as can be seen in Figure 8. This feature turns off the (Figure 20).
TOPSwitch-FX power MOSFET when the rectified DC high
voltage exceeds the OV threshold. When the MOSFET is off, When a signal is received at the MULTI-FUNCTION pin to
the rectified DC high voltage surge capability is increased to the disable the output through any of the MULTI-FUNCTION pin
voltage rating of the MOSFET (700 V), due to the absence of functions such as OV, UV and remote ON/OFF,
the reflected voltage and leakage spikes on the drain. Small TOPSwitch-FX always completes its current switching cycle as
amount of hysteresis is provided on the OV threshold to prevent illustrated in Figure 7 before the output is forced off. The
noise triggering. The OV feature can be disabled independent internal oscillator is stopped slightly before the end of the
of UV feature as shown in Figure 15. current cycle and stays there as long as the disable signal exists.
When the signal at the MULTI-FUNCTION pin changes state
Line Feed Forward with DCMAX Reduction from disable to enable, the internal oscillator starts the next
The same resistor used for UV and OV also implements line switching cycle. This approach allows the use of this pin to
voltage feed forward which minimizes output line ripple and synchronize TOPSwitch-FX to any external signal with a
reduces power supply output sensitivity to line transients. This frequency lower than its internal switching frequency.
Oscillator
(SAW)
DMAX
Enable from
M Pin (STOP)
Time
PI-2558-092999
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7/01 7
TOP232-234
As seen above, the remote ON/OFF feature allows the supply on and off at an auto-restart duty cycle of typically 4%
TOPSwitch-FX to be turned on and off instantly, on a cycle-by- if an out of regulation condition persists. Loss of regulation
cycle basis, with very little delay. However, remote ON/OFF interrupts the external current into the CONTROL pin. VC
can also be used as a standby or power switch to turn off the regulation changes from shunt mode to the hysteretic auto-
TOPSwitch-FX and keep it in a very low power consumption restart mode described above. When the fault condition is
state for indefinitely long periods. If the TOPSwitch-FX is held removed, the power supply output becomes regulated, VC
in remote off state for long enough time to allow the CONTROL regulation returns to shunt mode, and normal operation of the
pin to dishcharge to the internal supply under-voltage threshold power supply resumes.
of 4.8 V (approximately 32 ms for a 47 µF CONTROL pin
capacitance), the CONTROL pin goes into the hysteretic mode Hysteretic Over-Temperature Protection
of regulation. In this mode, the CONTROL pin goes through Temperature protection is provided by a precision analog
alternate charge and discharge cycles between 4.8 V and 5.8 V circuit that turns the output MOSFET off when the junction
(see CONTROL pin operation section above) and runs entirely temperature exceeds the thermal shutdown temperature (135 ˚C
off the high voltage DC input, but with very low power typical). When the junction temperature cools to below the
consumption (160 mW typical at 230 VAC with M pin open). hysteretic temperature, normal operation resumes. A large
When the TOPSwitch-FX is remotely turned on after entering hysteresis of 70 ˚C (typical) is provided to prevent overheating
this mode, it will initiate a normal start-up sequence with soft- of the PC board due to a repeating fault condition. VC is
start the next time the CONTROL pin reaches 5.8 V. In the regulated in hysteretic mode and a 4.8 V to 5.8 V (typical)
worst case, the delay from remote on to start-up can be equal to sawtooth waveform is present on the CONTROL pin when the
the full discharge/charge cycle time of the CONTROL pin, power supply is turned off.
which is approximately 125 ms for a 47 µF CONTROL pin
capacitor. This reduced consumption remote off mode can Bandgap Reference
eliminate expensive and unreliable in-line mechanical switches. All critical TOPSwitch-FX internal voltages are derived from a
It also allows for microprocessor controlled turn-on and turn- temperature-compensated bandgap reference. This reference is
off sequences that may be required in certain applications such also used to generate a temperature-compensated current
as inkjet and laser printers. See Figure 27 under application reference which is trimmed to accurately set the switching
examples for more information. frequency, MOSFET gate drive current, current limit, and the
line OV/UV thresholds. TOPSwitch-FX has improved circuitry
Soft-Start to maintain all of the above critical parameters within very tight
An on-chip soft-start function is activated at start-up with a absolute and temperature tolerances.
duration of 10 ms (typical). Maximum duty cycle starts from
zero and linearly increases to the default maximum of 78% at High-Voltage Bias Current Source
the end of the 10 ms duration. In addition to start-up, soft-start This current source biases TOPSwitch-FX from the DRAIN pin
is also activated at each restart attempt during auto-restart and and charges the CONTROL pin external capacitance during
when restarting after being in hysteretic regulation of CONTROL start-up or hysteretic operation. Hysteretic operation occurs
pin voltage (VC), due to remote off or thermal shutdown during auto-restart, remote off and over-temperature shutdown.
conditions. This effectively minimizes current and voltage In this mode of operation, the current source is switched on and
stresses on the output MOSFET, the clamp circuit and the off with an effective duty cycle of approximately 35%. This
output rectifier, during start-up. This feature also helps minimize duty cycle is determined by the ratio of CONTROL pin charge
output overshoot and prevents saturation of the transformer (IC) and discharge currents (ICD1 and ICD2). This current source
during start-up. is turned off during normal operation when the output MOSFET
is switching.
Shutdown/Auto-Restart
To minimize TOPSwitch-FX power dissipation under fault
conditions, the shutdown/auto-restart circuit turns the power
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8 7/01
TOP232-234
Figure Number 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Three Terminal Operation ✔
Under-Voltage ✔ ✔ ✔
Overvoltage ✔ ✔ ✔
Line Feed Forward (DCMAX) ✔ ✔
Line Feed Forward (ILIMIT) ✔
External Current Limit ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Remote ON/OFF ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
*This table is only a partial list of many MULTI-FUNCTION pin configurations that are possible.
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TOP232-234
Current
Limit
IM
DCMAX (78.5%)
Maximum
Duty Cycle
IM
VBG + VTP
MULTI- VBG
FUNCTION
Pin Voltage
IM
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Current (µA)
Note: This figure provides idealized functional characteristics of the MULTI-FUNCTION pin with typical performance values.
Please refer to the parametric table and typical performance characteristics sections of the data sheet for measured data.
PI-2524-081999
CONTROL Pin
TOPSwitch-FX
240 µA
VBG
(Positive Current Sense - Under-Voltage,
Over-Voltage, Maximum Duty
Cycle Reduction)
400 µA
PI-2548-092399
B
10 7/01
TOP232-234
+ +
DC DC
D D
Input Input
Voltage CONTROL Voltage CONTROL
C C
S F S F
- -
PI-2506-081199
PI-2505-081199
Figure 10. Full Frequency Operation (132 kHz). Figure 11. Half Frequency Operation (66 kHz).
+
QS can be an optocoupler output.
DC
D
Input
Voltage CONTROL
C
STANDBY
S F
QS 47 kΩ
RHF 20 kΩ 1 nF
-
PI-2507-040401
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TOP232-234
+ +
VUV = IUV x RLS
VOV = IOV x RLS
S S
- -
PI-2508-081199 PI-2509-040401
Figure 13. Three Terminal Operation (MULTI-FUNCTION Figure 14. Line Sensing for Under-Voltage, Overvoltage and
Features Disabled. FREQUENCY Pin Tied to SOURCE Maximum Duty Cycle Reduction.
or CONTROL Pin).
+ +
2 MΩ VUV = RLS x IUV VOV = IOV x RLS
2 MΩ
S S
- -
PI-2510-040401 PI-2516-040401
Figure 15. Line Sensing for Under-Voltage Only (Overvoltage Figure 16. Line Sensing for Overvoltage Only (Under-Voltage
Disabled). Disabled).
+ +
For RIL = 12 kΩ
ILIMIT = 67% ILIMIT = 90% @ 100 VDC
RLS 2.5 MΩ ILIMIT = 55% @ 300 VDC
For RIL = 25 kΩ
ILIMIT = 40%
DC DC
See graph for other
Input Input
resistor values (RIL)
Voltage Voltage
D M D M
CONTROL RIL 6 kΩ CONTROL
RIL C C
S S
- -
PI-2517-040401 PI-2518-040401
Figure 17. Externally Set Current Limit. Figure 18. Current Limit Reduction with Line Voltage.
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TOP232-234
+ + QR can be an optocoupler
QR can be an optocoupler output or can be replaced
output or can be replaced by by a manual switch.
a manual switch.
QR
DC DC ON/OFF
Input Input 47 kΩ RMC
Voltage Voltage
D M D M 45 kΩ
CONTROL CONTROL
QR C C
ON/OFF
47 kΩ S
- S
-
PI-2519-040401 PI-2522-040401
Figure 19. Active-on (Fail Safe) Remote ON/OFF. Figure 20. Active-off Remote ON/OFF.
+ + QR can be an optocoupler
QR can be an optocoupler
output or can be replaced output or can be replaced
by a manual switch. by a manual switch.
For RIL = 12 kΩ QR
ILIMIT = 67 % ON/OFF
DC DC 47 kΩ
Input For RIL = 25 kΩ Input
Voltage Voltage RMC 24 kΩ RMC = 2RIL
RIL D M ILIMIT = 40 %
D M
CONTROL CONTROL
QR C RIL 12 kΩ C
ON/OFF
47 kΩ S
- S
-
PI-2520-040401 PI-2521-040401
Figure 21. Active-on Remote ON/OFF with Externally Set Current Figure 22. Active-off Remote ON/OFF with Externally Set Current
Limit. Limit.
+ QR can be an optocoupler
output or can be replaced
by a manual switch.
RLS 2 MΩ
QR
DC ON/OFF
Input 47 kΩ
Voltage For RLS = 2 MΩ
D M
CONTROL
VUV = 100 VDC
C VOV = 450 VDC
S
-
PI-2523-040401
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TOP232-234
CY1
2.2 nF
C14 R15
1 nF 150 Ω
L3 12 V
3.3 µH @ 2.5 A
C3 R3
4.7 nF 68 kΩ
2W D8 C10 C11 C12
1KV 220 µF
MBR1060 560 µF 560 µF
35 V 35 V 35 V
BR1
600 V RTN
2A D1
UF4005
R1 D2
L1 4.7 MΩ 1N4148 R6
20 mH 1/2 W 150 Ω R8
T1 C6 150 Ω
100 nF
C1 U2
CX1 68 µF LTV817A
100 nF 400 V D M TOPSwitch-FX
250 VAC U1 CONTROL
TOP234Y C
R5
R2 S F 6.8 Ω
F1 9.09 kΩ VR2
J1 3.15 A 1N5240C
10 V, 2%
L C5
47 µF
10 V
N
PI-2525-040401
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TOP232-234
35 W Multiple Output Power Supply pin instead of the SOURCE pin in video noise sensitive
Figure 25 shows a five output, 35 W, secondary regulated applications to allow for heavier snubbing without significant
power supply utilizing a TOP233 for multiple output applications impact on efficiency.
such as set-top box, VCR, DVD, etc. The circuit shown is
designed for a 230 VAC input but can be used over the universal This design achieves ±5% load regulation on 3.3 V and 5 V
range at a derated output power of 25 W. Alternatively, a outputs using dual sensed optocoupler feedback through resistors
doubler input stage can be used at 100 or 115 VAC for the full R9, R10 and R11. Other output voltages are set by the transformer
power rating of 35 W. TOPSwitch-FX provides several turns ratio. Output voltage on the low power -5 V output is shunt
advantages in the above mentioned applications. regulated by resistor R12 and Zener diode VR2. Dummy load
resistor R13 is required to maintain regulation of the 30 V
A single line sense resistor R1 (2 MΩ) implements an under- output under light load conditions. Compensation of the TL431
voltage detect (at 100 V), over-voltage shutdown (at 450 V) and (U3) is achieved with resistor R8 and capacitor C7. Primary
line feed forward with DCMAX reduction features. Under- side compensation and auto-restart frequency are determined
voltage detect ensures that the outputs are glitch free on power by resistor R5 and capacitor C5. Second stage LC post-filtering
down. The over-voltage shutdown turns off the TOPSwitch-FX is used on the 3.3 V, 5 V and 18 V high power outputs (L2, L3,
MOSFET above 450 V on the DC input rail, eliminating L4 and C13, C15, C17) for low ripple. Full load operating
reflected voltage and leakage inductance spikes, and hence, efficiency exceeds 75% across the AC input range. Primary
extending the surge withstand to the 700 VDC rating of the clamp components VR1 and D1 limit peak drain voltage to a
MOSFET. This feature prevents field failures in countries safe value.
where prolonged line voltage surges are common.
The frequency jittering in TOPSwitch-FX helps reduce EMI,
This design also takes advantage of soft-start and higher operating maintaining emissions below CISPR 22 (FCC B) levels through
frequency to reduce transformer size. A snubber circuit (R4, proper choice of Y1 capacitor (CY1) and input filtering elements
C4) is used to slowdown dv/dt of the switching waveform (CX1, L1). To minimize coupling of common mode transients
minimizing radiated video noise that could interfere with TV to the TOP233, Y1 capacitor is tied to the positive input DC rail.
reception. The half frequency option of the TOPSwitch-FX can Lightning strike immunity to 3 kV is attained with the addition
be used by connecting the FREQUENCY pin to the CONTROL of a 275 V MOV (RV1).
30 V
@ 100 mA
D8 C10 C11
MUR120 100 µF L2 1 µF 18 V
50 V 3.3 µH 50 V @ 550 mA
D9 C12 C13
CY1 R13
UF5402 220 µF L3 100 µF
2.2 nF 24 kΩ
25 V 3.3 µH 25 V
5V
D10 C14 @ 2.5 A
C15
MBR1045 1000 µF 100 µF
25 V L4 3.3 V
3.3 µH 10 V @3A
VR1
P6KE200 D11
BYW29- C16 C17
100 1000 µF 100 µF
25 V 10 V
BR1 D1
RTN
400 V UF4007
C18
330 µF VR2 C19
D12 R12 100 µF -5 V
1N5819 10 V 5Ω 1N5231 @ 100 mA
10 V
C1
L1 33 µF
20 mH 400 V D2 R6 R10
R1 1N4148 51 Ω 15.0 kΩ
2 MΩ T1 U2
1/2 W LTV817 R7
CX1 C4 C6 510 Ω R9
0.1 µF 47 pF 100 nF 9.53 kΩ
250 VAC D M TOPSwitch-FX
R4
2 kΩ CONTROL R8 C7
F1 C 10 Ω 0.1 µF
3.15 A TOP233Y R5
J1 U1 S F 6.8 Ω
C5 C8 U3
L RV1 47 µF 22 µF TL431CLP R11
275 V 10.0 kΩ
N
PI-2536-040401
B
7/01 15
TOP232-234
17 W PC Standby Power Supply achieved by turning the power supply off when the input
Figure 26 shows a 17 W PC standby application with 3.3 V and voltage goes below a level needed to maintain output regulation
5 V secondary outputs and a 15 V primary output. The supply and keeping it off until the input voltage goes above the
uses the TOP232 operating from 230 VAC or 100/115 VAC under-voltage threshold (VUV), when the AC is turned on again.
with doubler input. This design takes advantage of the soft- The under voltage threshold is set at 200VDC, slightly below
start, line under-voltage detect, tighter current limit variation the required lowest operating DC input voltage, for start-up at
and higher switching frequency features of TOPSwitch-FX. For 170VAC. This feature saves several components needed to
example, the higher switching frequency with tighter current implement the glitch free turn off with discrete or
limit variation allows use of an EE19 transformer core. TOPSwitch-II based designs.
Furthermore, the spacing between high voltage DRAIN pin and
low voltage pins of the TOPSwitch-FX packages provides large The bias winding is rectified and filtered by D2 and C6 to create
creepage distance which is a significant advantage in high a bias voltage for the TOP232 and to provide a 15V primary
pollution environments such as fan cooled PC power supplies. bias output voltage for the main power supply primary control
circuitry. Both 3.3V and 5V output voltages are sensed by R9,
Capacitor C1 provides high frequency decoupling of the high R10 and R11 using a TL431 (U3) circuit shown. Resistor R6
voltage DC supply, and is necessary only if there is a long trace limits current through optocoupler U2 and sets overall AC
length from the source of the DC supply to the inputs of this control loop gain. Resistor R7 assures that there is sufficient
standby circuit. The line sense resistor R1 senses the DC input bias current for the TL431 when the optocoupler is at a minimum
voltage for line under-voltage. When AC is turned off, the current. Capacitor C8 provides a soft-finish function to eliminate
under-voltage detect feature of the TOPSwitch-FX prevents turn-on overshoot. The no load regulation (cycle-skipping) of
auto-restart glitches at the output caused by the slow discharge TOPSwitch-FX permits the circuit to meet the low standby
of large storage capacitance in the main converter. This is power requirement of the Blue Angel specification for PCs.
CY1
1 nF
L1
3.3 µH
5V
D3 C10 C11 @2A
1000 µF L2
+ SB540
10 V 3.3 µH 100 µF
VR1 10 V
BZY97C-200 3.3 V
D4 C12 C13 @2A
SB540 1000 µF 100 µF
R1 10 V 10 V
200-375 3.9 MΩ RTN
VDC D1
UF4005 15 V
D2 R6 @ 30 mA
BAV21
301 Ω (Primary
C1 Referenced)
0.01 µF R7
1 kV T1 C6 510 Ω R9
(optional) 35 V
U2 16.2 kΩ
SFH615-2
D M TOPSwitch-FX
U1 CONTROL R10
TOP232Y C 12.1 kΩ
C7
R5 0.1 µF
S F 6.8 Ω C8
10 µF
35 V U3
C5 TL431CLP R11
47 µF 10 kΩ
-
PI-2537-040401
B
16 7/01
TOP232-234
Processor Controlled Supply Turn On/Off may include safely parking the print heads in the storage
A low cost momentary contact switch can be used to turn the position. In the case of products with a disk drive, the shutdown
TOPSwitch-FX power on and off under microprocessor control procedure may include saving data or settings to the disk. After
that may be required in some applications such as printers. The the shutdown procedure is complete, when it is safe to turn off
low power remote off feature allows an elegant implementation the power supply, the microprocessor releases the M pin by
of this function with very few external components as shown in turning the optocoupler U4 off. If the manual switch and the
Figure 27. Whenever the push button momentary contact switch optocouplers U3 and U4 are not located close to the M pin, a
P1 is closed by the user, the optocoupler U3 is activated to capacitor CM may be needed to prevent noise coupling to the pin
inform the microprocessor of this action. Initially, when the when it is open.
power supply is off (M pin is floating), closing of P1 turns the
power supply on by shorting the M pin of the TOPSwitch-FX to The power supply could also be turned on remotely through a
SOURCE through a diode (remote on). When the secondary local area network or a parallel or serial port by driving the
output voltage VCC is established, the microprocessor comes optocoupler U4 input LED with a logic signal. Sometimes it is
alive and recognizes that the switch P1 is closed through the easier to send a train of logic pulses through a cable (due to AC
switch status input that is driven by the optocoupler U3 output. coupling of cable, for example) instead of a DC logic level as
The microprocessor then sends a power supply control signal to a wake-up signal. In this case, a simple RC filter can be used to
hold the power supply in the on-state through the optocoupler generate a DC level to drive U4 (not shown in Figure 27). This
U4. If the user presses the switch P1 again to command a turn remote on feature can be used to wake-up peripherals such as
off, the microprocessor detects this through the optocoupler U3 printers, scanners, external modems, disk drives, etc., as needed
and initiates a shutdown procedure that is product specific. For from a computer. Peripherals are usually designed to turn off
example, in the case of the inkjet printer, the shutdown procedure automatically if they are not being used for a period of time, to
save power.
VCC
(+5 V)
External
Wake-up
Signal
High Voltage
DC Input
Power
MICRO Supply
100 kΩ PROCESSOR/ ON/OFF
U2 CONTROLLER Control
27 kΩ
PI-2561-040401
B
7/01 17
TOP232-234
In addition to using a minimum number of components, sequence when it detects the first closure of the switch, and
TOPSwitch-FX provides many technical advantages in this subsequent bouncing of the switch has no effect. If necessary,
type of application: the microprocessor could implement the switch debouncing
in software during turn-off, or a filter capacitor can be used
1. Extremely low power consumption in the off mode: 80 mW at the switch status input.
typical at 110 VAC and 160 mW typical at 230 VAC. This
is because in the remote/off mode the TOPSwitch-FX 4. No external current limiting circuitry is needed for the
consumes very little power, and the external circuitry does operation of the U4 optocoupler output due to internal
not consume any current (M pin is open) from the high limiting of M pin current.
voltage DC input.
5. No high voltage resistors to the input DC voltage rail are
2. A very low cost, low voltage/current, momentary contact required to power the external circuitry in the primary. Even
switch can be used. the LED current for U3 can be derived from the CONTROL
pin. This not only saves components and simplifies layout,
3. No debouncing circuitry for the momentary switch is required. but also eliminates the power loss associated with the high
During turn-on, the start-up time of the power supply voltage resistors in both on and off states.
(typically 10 to 20 ms) plus the microprocessor initiation
time act as a debouncing filter, allowing a turn-on only if the 6. Robust design: There is no on/off latch that can be accidentally
switch is depressed firmly for at least the above delay time. triggered by transients. Instead, the power supply is held in
During turn-off, the microprocessor initiates the shutdown the on-state through the secondary side microprocessor.
B
18 7/01
TOP232-234
Table 3 compares the features and performance differences Other features increase the robustness of design allowing cost
between TOPSwitch-FX and TOPSwitch-II. Many of the new savings in the transformer and other power components.
features eliminate the need for costly discrete component.
*Not available
Table 3. Comparison Between TOPSwitch-II and TOPSwitch-FX. (continued on next page)
B
7/01 19
TOP232-234
Remote ON/OFF N/A* Single transistor 8, 19, • Fast on/off (cycle by cycle)
or optocoupler 20, 21, • Active-on or active-off control
interface or manual 22, 23, • Low consumption in remote off state
switch 27 • Active-on control for fail-safe
• Eliminates expensive in-line on/off
switch
• Allows processor controlled turn on/
off
• Permits shutdown/wake-up of
peripherals via LAN or parallel port
Synchronization N/A* Single transistor • Synchronization to external lower
or optocoupler frequency signal
interface • Starts new switching cycle on
demand
Thermal Shutdown Latched Hysteretic (with • Automatic recovery from thermal
70 °C hysteresis) fault
• Large hysteresis prevents circuit
board overheating
Current Limit Tolerance ±10% (@25 °C) ±7% (@25 °C) • 10% higher power capability due to
-8% (0 °C to100 °C) -4% (0 °C to 100 °C) tighter tolerance
DRAIN DIP 0.037" / 0.94 mm 0.137" / 3.48 mm • Greater immunity to arcing as a
Creepage at SMD 0.037" / 0.94 mm 0.137" / 3.48 mm result of build-up of dust, debris and
Package TO-220 0.046" / 1.17 mm 0.068" / 1.73 mm other contaminants
DRAIN Creepage at 0.045" / 1.14 mm 0.113" / 2.87 mm • Preformed leads accommodate
PCB for TO-220 (preformed leads) large creepage for PCB layout
• Easier to meet Safety (UL/VDE)
*Not available
Table 3 (cont). Comparison Between TOPSwitch-II and TOPSwitch-FX.
TOPSwitch-FX Design Considerations Primary Clamp and Output Reflected Voltage VOR
A primary clamp is necessary to limit the peak TOPSwitch-FX
TOPSwitch-FX Selection drain to source voltage. A Zener clamp (see Figure 26, VR1)
Selecting the optimum TOPSwitch-FX depends upon required requires few parts and takes up little board space. For good
maximum output power, efficiency, heat sinking constraints efficiency, the clamp Zener should be selected to be at least 1.5
and cost goals. With the option to externally reduce current times the output reflected voltage VOR as this keeps the leakage
limit, a larger TOPSwitch-FX may be used for lower power spike conduction time short. When using a Zener clamp in a
applications where higher efficiency is needed or minimal heat universal input application, a VOR of less than 135 V is
sinking is available. recommended to allow for the absolute tolerances and
temperature variations of the Zener. This will ensure efficient
Input Capacitor operation of the clamp circuit and will also keep the maximum
The input capacitor must be chosen to provide the minimum drain voltage below the rated breakdown voltage of the
DC voltage required for the TOPSwitch-FX converter to maintain TOPSwitch-FX MOSFET.
regulation at the lowest specified input voltage and maximum
output power. Since TOPSwitch-FX has a higher DCMAX than A high VOR is required to take full advantage of the wider DCMAX
TOPSwitch-II, it is possible to use a smaller input capacitor. For of TOPSwitch-FX. An RCD clamp provides tighter clamp
TOPSwitch-FX, a capacitance of 2 µF per watt is usually voltage tolerance than a Zener clamp and allows a VOR as high
sufficient for universal input with an appropriately designed as 165 V. The VOR can be further increased in continuous mode
transformer. designs up to 185 V by reducing the external current limit as a
function of input line voltage (see Figure 18). The RCD clamp
B
20 7/01
TOP232-234
12
PI-2559-093099
is more cost effective than the Zener clamp but requires more
careful design (see quick design checklist).
10
Soft-Start 0
Generally a power supply experiences maximum stress at start- 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
up before the feedback loop achieves regulation. For a period Switching Harmonic
of 10 ms the on-chip soft-start linearly increases the duty cycle (a)
from zero to the default DCMAX at turn on, which causes the
primary current and output voltage to rise in an orderly manner 80
PI-2576-010600
allowing time for the feedback loop to take control of the duty 70 TOPSwitch-II (no jitter)
cycle. This reduces the stress on the TOPSwitch-FX MOSFET,
60
clamp circuit and output diode(s), and helps prevent transformer
saturation during start-up. Also, soft-start limits the amount of Amplitude (dBµV) 50
output voltage overshoot, and in many applications eliminates 40
the need for a soft-finish capacitor. 30
20
EMI
The frequency jitter feature modulates the switching frequency -10
over a narrow band as a means to reduce conducted EMI peaks 0
associated with the harmonics of the fundamental switching VFG243B (QP)
-10 VF646B (AV)
frequency. This is particularly beneficial for average detection
mode. As can be seen in Figure 28, the benefits of jitter increase -20
0.15 1 10 30
with the order of the switching harmonic due to an increase in
frequency deviation. Frequency (MHz)
(b)
The FREQUENCY pin of TOPSwitch-FX offers a switching
80
PI-2577-010600
frequency option of 132 kHz or 66 kHz. In applications that
require heavy snubbers on the drain node for reducing high 70 TOPSwitch-FX (with jitter)
frequency radiated noise (for example, video noise sensitive 60
Amplitude (dBµV)
+
Output Filter Capacitor
TOP VIEW
M S S C
R1 Opto-
coupler
- DC +
Out
PI-2543-092199
Figure 29. Layout Considerations for TOPSwitch-FX using DIP or SMD (Using Line Sensing for Under-Voltage and Overvoltage).
+
Output Filter Capacitor
Figure 30. Layout Considerations for TOPSwitch-FX using TO-220 Package (Using Current Limit Reduction with Line Voltage).
B
22 7/01
TOP232-234
using a Zener clamp, 165 V when using an RCD clamp and sink attached to the tab should not be electrically tied to any
185 V when using RCD clamp with current limit feed forward. nodes on the PC board.
For designs where operating current is significantly lower than When using P (DIP-8) or G (SMD-8) packages, a copper area
the default current limit, it is recommended to use an externally underneath the package connected to the SOURCE pins will act
set current limit close to the operating peak current to reduce as an effective heat sink.
peak flux density and peak power (see Figure 17). In most
applications, the tighter current limit tolerance, higher switching In addition, sufficient copper area should be provided at the
frequency and soft-start features of TOPSwitch-FX contribute anode and cathode leads of the output diode(s) for heat sinking.
to a smaller transformer when compared to TOPSwitch-II.
Quick Design Checklist
Standby Consumption
Cycle skipping can significantly reduce power loss at zero load, As with any power supply design, all TOPSwitch-FX designs
especially when a Zener clamp is used. For very low secondary should be verified on the bench to make sure that components
power consumption use a TL431 regulator for feedback control. specifications are not exceeded under worst case conditions.
Alternately, switching losses can be significantly reduced by The following minimum set of tests is strongly recommended:
switching from 132 kHz in normal operation to 66 kHz under
light load conditions. 1. Maximum drain voltage – Verify that peak VDS does not
exceed 675 V at highest input voltage and maximum overload
TOPSwitch-FX Layout Considerations output power. Maximum overload output power occurs
when the ouput is overloaded to a level just before the power
Primary Side Connections supply goes into auto-restart (loss of regulation).
Use a single point (Kelvin) connection at the negative terminal
of the input filter capacitor for TOPSwitch-FX SOURCE pin 2. Maximum drain current – At maximum ambient temperature,
and bias winding return. This improves surge capabilities by maximum input voltage and maximum output load, verify
returning surge currents from the bias winding directly to the drain current waveforms at start-up for any signs of
input filter capacitor. transformer saturation and excessive leading edge current
spikes. TOPSwitch-FX has a leading edge blanking time of
The CONTROL pin bypass capacitor should be located as close 200 ns to prevent premature termination of the on-cycle.
as possible to the SOURCE and CONTROL pins and its Verify that the leading edge current spike is below the
SOURCE connection trace should not be shared by the main allowed current limit envelope (see Figure 33) for the drain
MOSFET switching currents. current waveform at the end of the 200 ns blanking period.
All SOURCE pin referenced components connected to the 3. Thermal check – At maximum output power, minimum
MULTI-FUNCTION pin should also be located close to input voltage and maximum ambient temperature, verify
SOURCE and MULTI-FUNCTION pins with dedicated SOURCE that temperature specifications are not exceeded for
pin connection. The MULTI-FUNCTION pin's trace should be TOPSwitch-FX, transformer, output diodes and output
kept as short as possible and away from the DRAIN trace to capacitors. Enough thermal margin should be allowed for
prevent noise coupling. Line sense resistor (R1 in Figures 29 and the part-to-part variation of the RDS(ON) of TOPSwitch-FX as
30) should be located close to the MULTI-FUNCTION pin to specified in the data sheet. The margin required can either
minimize the trace length on the MULTI-FUNCTION pin side. be calculated from the tolerances or it can be accounted for
by connecting an external resistance in series with the
In addition to the 47 µF CONTROL pin capacitor, a high frequency DRAIN pin and attached to the same heatsink, having a
bypass capacitor in parallel may be used for better noise immunity. resistance value that is equal to the difference between the
The feedback optocoupler output should also be located close to measured RDS(ON) of the device under test and the worst case
the CONTROL and SOURCE pins of TOPSwitch-FX. maximum specification.
B
7/01 23
TOP232-234
THERMAL IMPEDANCE
Thermal Impedance: Y Package (θJA)(1) ............... 70 °C/W Notes:
(θJC)(2) ................. 2 °C/W 1. Free standing with no heatsink.
P/G Package: 2. Measured at the back surface of tab.
(θJA) ........ 45 °C/W(3); 35 °C/W(4) 3. Soldered to 0.36 sq. inch (232 mm2), 2oz. (610 gm/m2) copper clad.
(θJC)(5) .......................... 11 °C/W 4. Soldered to 1 sq. inch (645 mm2), 2oz. (610 gm/m2) copper clad.
5. Measured on the SOURCE pin close to plastic interface.
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
See Figure 34
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
FREQUENCY Pin
Switching Connected to SOURCE 124 132 140
IC = 4 mA; kHz
Frequency fOSC
(average) TJ = 25 °C FREQUENCY Pin
Connected to CONTROL 61.5 66 70.5
Minimum Duty
Cycle (Prior to DCMIN 0.8 1.5 2.7 %
Cycle Skipping)
PWM
IC = 4 mA; TJ = 25 °C -27 -22 -17 %/mA
Gain
B
24 7/01
TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
See Figure 34
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
CONTROL
Current at Start of TJ = 25 °C 5.9 7.5 mA
Cycle Skipping
Dynamic IC = 4 mA; TJ = 25 °C
ZC 10 15 22 Ω
Impedance See Figure 32
Dynamic
Impedance 0.18 %/°C
Temperature Drift
SHUTDOWN/AUTO-RESTART
Control Pin VC = 0 V -5.0 -3.8 -2.6
Charging Current
lC (CH) TJ = 25 °C mA
VC = 5 V -3.0 -1.9 -0.8
Charging Current
See Note A 0.5 %/°C
Temperature Drift
Auto-restart Upper vC(AR)
Threshold Voltage 5.8 V
Auto-restart Lower
4.5 4.8 5.1 V
Threshold Voltage
Auto-restart
Hysteresis Voltage 0.8 1.0 V
Auto-restart Duty
2 4 8 %
Cycle
Auto-restart 1.0 Hz
Frequency
B
7/01 25
TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
See Figure 34
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
MULTI-FUNCTION INPUT
Line Under-Voltage TJ = 25 °C
lUV 44 50 54 µA
Threshold Current
Line Over-Voltage
Threshold 210 225 240 µA
or Remote ON/
OFF Threshold IOV TJ = 25 °C
Current and µA
Hysteresis Hysteresis 10
Remote ON Delay TRON From Remote On to Drain Turn-On 1.5 2.5 4.0 µs
See Note B
Remote OFF Minimum Time Before Drain
Setup Time TROFF Turn-On to Disable Cycle 1.5 2.5 4.0 µs
See Note B
B
26 7/01
TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
See Figure 34
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
FREQUENCY INPUT
FREQUENCY Pin VF 1.0 2.9 VC -1.0 V
See Note B
Threshold Voltage
FREQUENCY Pin IF VF = VC 10 22 40 µA
Input Current
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
TOP232 Internal; di/dt = 100mA/µs
0.465 0.500 0.535
TJ= 25 °C See Note C
Self Protection ILIMIT TOP233 Internal; di/dt = 200mA/µs
TJ= 25 °C 0.930 1.000 1.070 A
Current Limit See Note C
TOP234 Internal; di/dt = 300mA/µs
TJ= 25 °C 1.395 1.500 1.605
See Note C
≤ 85 VAC 0.75 x
See Figure 33 (Rectified Line Input) ILIMIT(MIN)
Initial Current Limit IINIT A
TJ = 25 °C 265 VAC 0.6 x
(Rectified Line Input) ILIMIT(MIN)
OUTPUT
TOP232 TJ = 25 °C 15.6 18.0
ID = 50 mA TJ = 100 °C 25.7 30.0
ON-State TOP233 TJ = 25 °C 7.8 9.0
RDS(ON) Ω
Resistance ID = 100 mA TJ = 100 °C 12.9 15.0
TOP234 TJ = 25 °C 5.2 6.0
ID = 150 mA TJ = 100 °C 8.6 10.0
B
7/01 27
TOP232-234
Conditions
(Unless Otherwise Specified)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
See Figure 34
SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C
OUTPUT (cont.)
Off-State VM = Floating; IC = 4mA
IDSS 150 µA
Current VDS = 560 V; TJ = 125 °C
NOTES:
A. For specifications with negative values, a negative temperature coefficient corresponds to an increase in
magnitude with increasing temperature, and a positive temperature coefficient corresponds to a decrease in
magnitude with increasing temperature.
B. Guaranteed by characterization. Not tested in production.
C. For externally adjusted current limit values, please refer to the graph (Current Limit vs. External Current Limit
Resistance) in the Typical Performance Characteristics section.
D. It is possible to start up and operate TOPSwitch-FX at DRAIN voltages well below 36 V. However, the CONTROL
pin charging current is reduced, which affects start-up time, auto-restart frequency, and auto-restart duty cycle.
Refer to the characteristic graph on CONTROL pin charge current (IC) vs. DRAIN voltage for low voltage operation
characteristics.
B
28 7/01
TOP232-234
t2
t1
HV
90% 90%
DRAIN t
D= 1
VOLTAGE t2
10%
0V
PI-2039-033001
PI-2022-033001
tLEB (Blanking Time)
120 1.3
PI-1939-091996
1.2
100 1.1
1.0
80 0.9
0.8
IINIT(MIN) @ 85 VAC
0.7
60
0.6 IINIT(MIN) @ 265 VAC
0.5
40
0.4 ILIMIT(MAX) @ 25 °C
Dynamic 1
=
Impedance Slope 0.3 ILIMIT(MIN) @ 25 °C
20 0.2
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CONTROL Pin Voltage (V) Time (us)
Figure 32. CONTROL Pin I-V Characteristic. Figure 33. Drain Current Operating Envelope.
S1 470 Ω
100 kΩ
5W
S3
5-50 V
40 V 0-60 kΩ M D
470 Ω CONTROL
C C TOPSwitch-FX
S2
S4 F S
0-15 V
47 µF 0.1 µF
NOTES: 1. This test circuit is not applicable for current limit or output characteristic measurements.
2. For P and G packages, short all SOURCE pins together. PI-2538-040401
B
7/01 29
TOP232-234
The following precautions should be followed when testing restart mode, there is only a 12.5% chance that the CONTROL
TOPSwitch-FX by itself outside of a power supply. The schematic pin oscillation will be in the correct state (drain active state) so
shown in Figure 34 is suggested for laboratory testing of that the continuous drain voltage waveform may be observed.
TOPSwitch-FX. It is recommended that the VC power supply be turned on first
and the DRAIN pin power supply second if continuous drain
When the DRAIN pin supply is turned on, the part will be in the voltage waveforms are to be observed. The 12.5% chance of
auto-restart mode. The CONTROL pin voltage will be oscillating being in the correct state is due to the divide-by-8 counter.
at a low frequency between 4.8 and 5.8 V and the drain is turned Temporarily shorting the CONTROL pin to the SOURCE pin
on every eighth cycle of the CONTROL pin oscillation. If the will reset TOPSwitch-FX, which then will come up in the
CONTROL pin power supply is turned on while in this auto- correct state.
1.0 200
.9 180
Current Limit (A)
.8 160
di/dt (mA/µs)
.7 140
.6 120
di/dt (mA/µs)
.8 160
Minimum Maximum
.7 140
.6 120
Typical
.5 100
Maximum and minimum levels
.4 are based on characterization. 80
.3 60
0 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K
External Current Limit Resistor RIL (Ω)
B
30 7/01
TOP232-234
PI-176B-033001
PI-1123A-033001
1.0
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
Output Frequency
Breakdown Voltage
0.8
1.0 0.6
0.4
0.2
0.9 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction Temperature (°C)
1.2
PI-2554-033001
1.0 1.0
(Normalized to 25 °C)
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
Scaling Factors:
TOP234 1.50
0.4 0.4 TOP233 1.00
TOP232 0.50
0.2 0.2
0 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction Temperature (°C)
Under-Voltage Threshold
Over-Voltage Threshold
1.0 1.0
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction Temperature (°C)
B
7/01 31
TOP232-234
PI-2542-091699
PI-2541-091699
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Voltage (V)
1.4
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin (V)
5
1.2
4
1.0
3 0.8
0.6
2
See 0.4
1 Expanded
Version 0.2
0 0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Current (µA) MULTI-FUNCTION Pin Current (µA)
PI-2563-033001
Onset Threshold Current
1.0 1.0
(Normalized to 25 °C)
(Normalized to 25 °C)
CONTROL Current
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction Temperature (°C)
TCASE = 25 °C VC = 5 V
TCASE = 100 °C
Charging Current (mA)
1.6
DRAIN Current (A)
CONTROL Pin
1
1.2
Scaling Factors:
0.8
TOP234 1.00
0.5 TOP233 0.67
TOP232 0.33
0.4
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 20 40 60 80 100
DRAIN Voltage (V) DRAIN Voltage (V)
B
32 7/01
TOP232-234
PI-1941-033001
PI-1942-033001
Scaling Factors:
300 Scaling Factors:
TOP234 1.00
TOP234 1.00
DRAIN Capacitance (pF)
TOP233 0.67
TOP233 0.67
TOP232 0.33
TOP232 0.33
Power (mW)
200
100
100
10 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
DRAIN Voltage (V) DRAIN Voltage (V)
B
7/01 33
TOP232-234
TO-220-7B
.165 (4.19)
.185 (4.70)
.400 (10.16) .045 (1.14)
.146 (3.71) .415 (10.54) .055 (1.40)
.156 (3.96)
.108 (2.74) REF
+ .236 (5.99)
.260 (6.60)
B
34 7/01
TOP232-234
DIP-8B
⊕ D S .004 (.10) Notes:
-E- 1. Package dimensions conform to JEDEC specification
MS-001-AB (Issue B 7/85) for standard dual-in-line (DIP)
package with .300 inch row spacing.
2. Controlling dimensions are inches. Millimeter sizes are
shown in parentheses.
3. Dimensions shown do not include mold flash or other
.245 (6.22)
protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed
.255 (6.48)
.006 (.15) on any side.
4. Pin locations start with Pin 1, and continue counter-clock-
wise to Pin 8 when viewed from the top. The notch and/or
dimple are aids in locating Pin 1. Pin 6 is omitted.
Pin 1 5. Minimum metal to metal spacing at the package body for
the omitted lead location is .137 inch (3.48 mm).
.375 (9.53) 6. Lead width measured at package body.
-D- 7. Lead spacing measured with the leads constrained to be
.385 (9.78)
.057 (1.45) perpendicular to plane T.
.063 (1.60)
(NOTE 6)
.128 (3.25) 0.15 (.38)
.132 (3.35) MINIMUM
-T-
SEATING .010 (.25)
PLANE .125 (3.18) .015 (.38)
.135 (3.43)
.300 (7.62) BSC
.100 (2.54) BSC .048 (1.22) (NOTE 7)
.014 (.36)
.053 (1.35) .300 (7.62) P08B
.022 (.56) ⊕ T E D S .010 (.25) M .390 (9.91) PI-2551-033001
SMD-8B
Notes:
⊕ D S .004 (.10) Heat Sink is 2 oz. Copper
1. Controlling dimensions are
As Big As Possible
inches. Millimeter sizes are
-E- shown in parentheses.
2. Dimensions shown do not
include mold flash or other
protrusions. Mold flash or
protrusions shall not exceed
.372 (9.45) .006 (.15) on any side.
.245 (6.22)
.388 (9.86) .420
.255 (6.48) 3. Pin locations start with Pin 1,
⊕ E S .010 (.25) and continue counter-clock
.046 .060 .060 .046 Pin 8 when viewed from the
top. Pin 6 is omitted.
4. Minimum metal to metal
.080 spacing at the package body
Pin 1 Pin 1
for the omitted lead location
.086 is .137 inch (3.48 mm).
.100 (2.54) (BSC)
.186 5. Lead width measured at
package body.
.286
.375 (9.53) 6. D and E are referenced
-D- Solder Pad Dimensions datums on the package
.385 (9.78)
body.
.057 (1.45)
.128 (3.25) .063 (1.60)
.132 (3.35) (NOTE 5)
.004 (.10)
.032 (.81) .048 (1.22)
.053 (1.35)
.009 (.23) .004 (.10) .036 (0.91) 0°- 8°
.037 (.94)
.012 (.30) .044 (1.12) G08B
PI-2546-040501
B
7/01 35
TOP232-234
The PI Logo, TOPSwitch, TinySwitch and EcoSmart are registered trademarks of Power Integrations, Inc.
©Copyright 2001, Power Integrations, Inc.
B
36 7/01