Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DISCONTINUITIES
or REAL FLAWS
-
NDE APPLICATIONS
AND
CHARACTERISTICS
What Are Real Flaws ?
Fatigue Cracks
Alternative Flaws
Real Flaw Type 1 -
Weld/Base Material Defects
Weld defects occur during the welding process.
Some Examples of weld defects:
Incomplete Penetration
Porosity
Real Flaw Type 1 –
Weld/Base Material Defects
Lamination
Single Gas Pores
Cracking
Real Flaw Type 2 -
Fatigue Cracks
Thermal Fatigue
Mechanical Fatigue
Real Flaw Type 3 -
Alternative Flaws
Petrochemical
Nuclear Navy
Aerospace
API-UT-1 & RP 2X
The Future
New Materials
Tighter Tolerances
New Markets
REAL FLAWS –
NDE CHARACTERISTICS
A36 CS Plate, 12 x12 x 0.75 T
A-Scan UT Calibration
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Phased Array Calibration
CURRENT ANGLE
SECTOR SCAN
40° - 70°
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A-SCAN (53°)
Lack of Fusion
Expected UT Response –
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Lack of Fusion(Mid-Wall)
Probe Skewed Left 15° Probe Skewed Right 15°
GATE
Lack of Fusion(Mid-Wall)
LACK OF FUSION
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Slag Inclusion
Expected UT Response –
entity
Primarily amplitude change is seen
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Slag Inclusion
Probe Skewed Left 15° Probe Skewed Right 15°
Slag Inclusion
SLAG INCLUSION
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Porosity
Expected UT Response –
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Porosity(Cluster)
Probe Skewed Left 15° Probe Skewed Right 15°
Porosity(Cluster)
POROSITY
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Incomplete Penetration
Expected UT Response –
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TIP SIGNAL
Incomplete Penetration
TIP SIGNAL
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INCOMPLETE
PENETRATION
Fatigue Crack – HAZ Area
Expected UT Response –
Location – At or near 3.5 screen divisions
Signal – Single indication with multiple ring
cycles, sometimes accompanied by pre & post-
cursor indications
Axial probe movement results in increase &
decrease of signal, but no character changes
Skewing of probe may show amplitude changes
in signal
Fatigue Crack – HAZ Area
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Fatigue Crack – HAZ Area
Probe Skewed Left 15° Probe Skewed Right 15°
Fatigue Crack – HAZ Area
HAZ CRACK
A-SCAN
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Fatigue Crack – Toe Area
Expected UT Response –
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TOP
Fatigue Crack – Toe Area
Probe Skewed Left 15° Probe Skewed Right 15°
Fatigue Crack – Toe Area
TOE CRACK
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THANK YOU!