APPENDIX B

GENERAL PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS

Revised 05/26/06

The basis for all investigation, design, and report preparation of WFLHD projects
shall be the Western Federal Lands Highway Division’s “Project Development
and Design Manual” (PDDM), and the Federal Highway Administration’s
“Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal
Highway Projects, FP-03” (FP-03).

The following information is to be used as a general basis for providing

engineering and design services for WFLHD Projects. The information is
contained in various sources and supplements the PDDM. The information is not
intended to be all-inclusive.

Chapter 3 - ENVIRONMENT..................................................................B-2
Chapter 5 - SURVEYING AND MAPPING..........................................B-13
Chapter 6 - GEOTECHNICAL...............................................................B-16
Chapter 7 - HYDROLOGY/HYDRAULICS.........................................B-24
Chapter 9 - HIGHWAY DESIGN..........................................................B-27
Chapter 10 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN....................................................B-34

6/15/2005 B-1
 Supplement to
CHAPTER 3 - ENVIRONMENT

Environmental Procedures and Requirements may be found at the following web site:

http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/guidebook/index.htm

All environmental reports shall be developed using the following criteria:

- Typed single-space or space-and-a-half, using Times New Roman 12 point font,
and bound margins shall be 12-inches.
- Documents shall be fully proofed and edited, and a consistent writing style shall
be used.
- All written material prepared shall be reproduced front to back in standard book
format with page numbers at the bottom center of each page.
- Measurements and quantities shall be shown in U.S. Customary units.
- Consistency of capitalization and punctuation usage, format, and style shall be
maintained throughout documents submitted.
- All documents shall be prepared on white paper in a standard 8 ½-inch by 11-inch
size with the exception that maps or other illustrations may be wider than 8 ½
inches (but no wider than 17 inches) provided they are folded to fit within the
standard size.
- All documents shall contain, at a minimum, a general area map showing the
location of the project in the state, an area map showing the project location with
respect to nearby towns and other features (the general area map can be an inset
on the area map), a vicinity map showing the specific location of the route and
project, and appropriate alignment maps. Other maps and illustrations should be
used that will help demonstrate or clarify points or items of interest in the
document.
- All reports are subject to review and acceptance by the FHWA. Revisions are to
be made to the draft document based on the FHWA's review.
- Copies of the documents shall be provided to the FHWA on compact discs, 650
MB or greater, capable of being read on any standard computer CD reader drive,
or via electronic transfer, at the time of approval and at other times FHWA may
request information contained in working copies of documents.

A. Preparation of the Environmental Document

A.1. Alternatives Discussion

Each alternative discussed shall cover the following information:

- Description of the condition of any roads (e.g., paved, graded, etc.) on an
alignment alternative, the name and location of adjacent and intersecting roads,
and relevant elevations for roads with steep grades.
- Description of the alternatives’ termini, location, road attributes, proposed right-
of-way, and property ownership.

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- Description of the terrain type, vegetation, streams, and wildlife areas from the
beginning to the end of the project.
- Description of the cities, towns, communities, major businesses, schools, and
churches served.
- Description of any nearby projects or current construction of roads, dams, or
bridges that might effect project development, construction, or traffic.
- Discussion of construction and maintenance costs and factors contributing to
those costs.

A.2. Affected Environment, Environmental Consequences, and Mitigation Measures

All studies performed shall identify the following:

- All impacts along with classification as positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse),
direct (primary) or indirect (secondary), and long-term (greater than five years) or
short-term.
- Project specific and cumulative (additive and interactive) impacts
- Positive and negative values defined on the basis of widely accepted values and
industry standards.
- Direct impacts defined as impacts without intermediate causal links.

Impact significance shall be determined as specified under the requirements of NEPA.

Evaluations of significance shall include an assessment of the intensity and extent of
potential impacts. The measure of intensity is based on the following:
- Changes in the unique characteristics of the area,
- Impacts which are likely to be controversial,
- Cumulative impacts,
- Changes which may set a precedent for future actions,
- Impacts on resources considered to be important or valuable from the perspective
of scientific opinion and agency concerns, and
- Impacts involving uncertain, unique or unknown risks.

A.3. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report Format

1. The cover may be designed by the Firm, subject to FHWA approval, but should
not be too complicated or detailed, and shall also contain the type of document,
the forest highway number, the State or county route numbers, and local route
names. “Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Western Federal Lands Highway Division" shall be placed on the cover.
2. Immediately following the inside cover page shall be the Table of Contents, List
of Figures, List of Tables, and List of Abbreviations, in order.
3. Executive Summary, maximum length of 20 pages, shall be placed after the List
of Abbreviations and shall follow the general outline for the body of the EIS.
4. The body of the DEIS shall follow the general outline below (consult TA 6640.8A
for additional information):

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 Chapter 1 Purpose and Need for Action
1.1 Proposed Action
1.2 Description of Existing Roadway
1.3 Background
1.4 Purpose and Need
1.5 Project Scoping
1.6 Project Process and Status

Chapter 2 Alternatives
2.1 Design Criteria Common to All Build Alternatives
2.2 Alternatives Under Consideration
2.2.1 Subsection for each alternative including the “no-
build”
Alternatives Considered but Eliminated

Chapter 3 Affected Environment, Environmental Consequences, and

Mitigation Measures
3.1 Separate Section for each Social, Economic, or
Environmental Issue

Chapter 4 Relationship of Local Short-Term Uses vs. Long-Term

Productivity

Chapter 5 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources

Chapter 6 Secondary and Cumulative Impacts

Chapter 7 List of Preparers and Reviewers

Chapter 8 List of Agencies, Organizations, and Persons Receiving Copies of

the EIS.

Chapter 9 Comments and Coordination

Chapter 10 Environmental Commitments Summary

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
APPENDICES

A.4. Environmental Analysis (EA) Report Format

- The cover may be designed by The Firm, subject to FHWA approval, but should
not be too complicated or detailed, and shall also contain the type of document,
the forest highway number, the State or county route numbers, and local route

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 names. “Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Western Federal Lands Highway Division" shall be placed on the cover.
- Follow the report format utilized in the example EA document provided as
Government Furnished data.

B. Biological Resources

B.1. Focus of Studies

The primary focus of the biological technical studies shall be to:

1.1 Determine the presence or absence of Species of Concern (SOC) and Indicator
species, federally listed or proposed Threatened and Endangered species, and
Sensitive species;

1.2 Define and document applicable vegetation and wildlife within and adjacent to
the proposed project alignments;

1.3 Evaluate the affect of the proposed project alternatives on these resources.

A detailed description of survey methods selected for each task assignment is to be

provided for the project files. Detailed field notes are to be maintained that shall provide
sampling methodology, location, date, taxonomic data, characteristics of the population,
and a list of all species identified. All references shall be clearly documented, including
phone logs and personal contact reports. These shall be maintained on a daily basis and
placed in the project files for the administrative record.

Conduct background research to ascertain the occurrence, distribution, abundance, and

life history of federally protected or Forest Service Sensitive species within or adjacent to
the proposed alignments. The data shall be collected from various sources, including
published and unpublished information available from the USFS, USFWS, USACE, and
State DF&G. Regional experts associated with other groups may also be contacted to
collect information, including experts at University/Colleges among other sources.
Specific types of data which shall be sought include population levels, temporal periods
of occurrence, concentration area, habitat utilization patterns, food utilization, and
responses to disturbance. Existing management plans, if available, developed by the
USFS, USFWS, and State DF&G shall also be reviewed. Supplementary data shall also
be collected from other sources as needed, including existing EAs, EISs, other technical
and scientific literature, unpublished information, experts with specific expertise, and
consultant files.

Species, vegetation, and/or communities shall be mapped at an appropriate scale to show

the geographic distribution in the project area. 1 Mapping shall be accomplished using a

1 The “project area” is dependent upon the species under consideration. For many
plants, only direct construction effects need be considered. In some cases, the resource
agency will determine the area necessary for survey. Survey protocols may also

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combination of available aerial photography interpretation and ground-truthing. Color
U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle maps reproduced at appropriate scales as
approved by the FHWA shall be used as base maps.

General Wildlife

1.1 Define, on the basis of existing data and limited field surveys, the occurrence,
distribution, and abundance of specific vertebrate and invertebrate species,
including commercially and recreationally valuable species, in relation to the
habitat types in the project corridor vicinity.

1.2 The possible impacts (both positive and negative) that the proposed project may
have on these species and any proposed mitigation designed to avoid or minimize
these impacts is also to be evaluated and defined. Specific vertebrates to be
considered shall be defined by Indicator species lists of the U.S. Forest Service,
and species of concern identified by the Department of Game and Fish and the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Threatened, Endangered, and Forest Service Sensitive Wildlife Species (TES Wildlife).

1.1 Define, on the basis of existing data and limited field surveys; the occurrence,
distribution, and abundance of any federally protected or Forest Service Sensitive
vertebrate or invertebrate species in relation to the habitat types in the corridor
vicinity.

1.2 Define possible impacts that the proposed project may have (both positive and
negative) on these species, and any proposed mitigation designed to avoid or
minimize these impacts.

General Botanical

1.1 Each vegetation type shall be defined on the basis of existing data and limited
visual reconnaissance, and may include plant species composition (primarily
dominants), species richness/diversity, and other community and site
characteristics, including edaphic soil and water relationships, slope, aspect,
elevation and land use history. (Total and relative area of each vegetation type
shall be determined from the mapped data).

The vegetation types and/or communities shall be mapped at an appropriate scale to show
the geographic distribution in the project area.2 If present, disturbed and developed areas

determine the “project area” for other species.

2 The “project area” is dependent upon the species under consideration. For many
plants, only direct construction effects need be considered. In some cases, the resource
agency will determine the area necessary for survey. Survey protocols may also
determine the “project area” for other species.

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shall be mapped, including roads, towns, and other types of housing areas, campgrounds,
and other recreational areas. If available, existing vegetation maps shall be used to assist
vegetation mapping.

Limited ground-truthing surveys shall be completed to verify the results of aerial

photography interpretation and to identify the successional stage of each vegetation
community mapped. Ground-truthing shall consist of evaluating selected representative
areas of each vegetation type. Successional status shall be determined based on evidence
of natural and human-caused environmental irregularities.

Threatened, Endangered, and Forest Service Sensitive Plant Species (TES Botanical).

1.1 Define, on the basis of existing data and limited field surveys; the occurrence,
distribution, and abundance of any federally protected or Forest Service Sensitive
plant species in relation to the proposed alignments.

1.2 Define possible impacts that the proposed project may have (both positive and
negative) on these species, and any proposed mitigation designed to avoid or
minimize these impacts.

Listed species to be considered will be determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.

Forest Service Sensitive species will be determined by the USFS. For the proposed
alignments and immediate vicinity, temporal and spatial distributions and densities of
TES species shall be defined on the basis of existing information and limited field
surveys.

B.2. Biological Assessment/Biological Evaluation (BA/BE) Report

In general, the BA/BE shall address the temporal and spatial occurrence of listed or
proposed Threatened or Endangered species in the project area, any possible adverse
impacts of the proposed project preferred alternative on these species, and recommend
alternative actions or measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate these impacts.

The Biological Report shall include:

1.1 Any mapping or exhibits necessary to supplement the text, and sufficient detail to
present an adequate description of the environment affected by the proposed
project alignments relative to Indicator species and Species of Concern.

1.2 An Introduction with a description of the biological setting; including biomes and
dominant plant communities.
- Historic background of the species, and status/success of protection
efforts; including the views of recognized experts in the field.
- Distribution of the species within the project area; including USGS maps.
- An analysis of the effects of the proposed project alignments on the
species and habitat, including consideration of cumulative effects and the
results of any related actions.

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 - A determination of whether the proposed project is likely to affect the
species and whether that effect is adverse or not; including the views of
recognized experts.
- Suggested mitigation for adverse impacts; including the views of
recognized experts.
- Tabulated estimates of the costs of suggested alternative actions or
mitigation measures.
- List of preparers, including education and experience qualifications for
this work.
- Summary of coordination.
- Bibliography for referenced literature.

C. Historical and Archaeological Survey

C.1. Focus of Studies

The primary focus of the historical and archeological studies shall be to:

1.1 Determine the presence of historical, archaeological, or traditional cultural

properties within or adjacent to the proposed project alignment;

1.2 Map the location of any properties discovered, evaluate specific sites to determine
eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places (NHRP); and

1.3 Determine the need for and extent of further site testing or laboratory analysis.

All work shall be conducted in accordance with the Department of the Interior's
Archeological and Historic Preservation: Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines (Federal
Register 48(190):44716ff; September 29, 1983).

Historical and Archeological Studies

- Conduct background research of the project area within a regional archeological

framework to include a literature review of documents for both prehistoric and
historic periods, and archival and record searches for historic periods.
- Perform a 100 percent pedestrian walk-through of the alignment corridors in order
to determine the presence of historical, archaeological, and cultural resources.3
- Record all resources discovered within an Area of Potential Effect on site forms
and isolated artifact forms acceptable to the FHWA and the SHPO and provide an
artifact collection strategy and technique which is clearly supported and
documented in the final report.
- Map all resource sites discovered by determining site boundaries and establishing
a permanent site datum, taking bearing and distance measurements from the site
datum to prominent natural features or project survey traverse points, computing

3 If no historical or archaeological sites are discovered during the research and pedestrian
survey, work on this work item shall cease and a contract modification will be issued.

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 coordinates of the site datum and recording same in field notes and on site record
forms, and plotting site boundaries on full size USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles.
- Perform testing of resource sites discovered as determined and approved by the
FHWA. Five sites are to be assumed.4 Testing outside of the survey corridor
shall be limited to two 3 feet by 3 feet pits for each site, and shall be performed
only when it can be clearly justified by the FHWA that tests within the corridor
are insufficient to provide recommendations for NHRP status.
- Evaluate, for NHRP eligibility, all resource sites that have been identified as
likely to be affected by the proposed project. Sites shall be recommended as
either eligible or not eligible with respect to specific criteria of eligibility in
accordance with 36 CFR 60.
- Identify the nature of potential impacts to all resource sites that are likely to be
affected by the proposed project, evaluate these impacts with respect to criteria of
Effect and Adverse Effect, and recommend measures to avoid, minimize, or
mitigate impacts identified and the resulting effect determination proposed if the
measure(s) are implemented.
- Coordinate with the FHWA and SHPO during research, field studies, eligibility
and effect determinations and document all correspondence, including phone logs
and personal contacts.

Traditional Cultural Properties.

- Conduct appropriate historic and ethnographic background research in the

corridor area, contact and interview knowledgeable individuals, groups, and
organizations, and conduct field work in consultation with these groups to inspect
and record significant traditional cultural properties.
- Identify traditional cultural properties within or adjacent to the proposed corridor.
All work shall be conducted in accordance with National Register Bulletin #38,
Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties.
Identified properties shall be evaluated for significance in accordance with 36
CFR 60.4 and step-by-step procedures outlined in NRB #38, pp. 11-16.

Historical and Archeological Report

A final report shall be prepared for submission by the FHWA to the State Historic
Preservation Office (SHPO) in a request for concurrence with eligibility. This report shall
contain all of the information required in performance of the Historical and
Archaeological Studies work task. The report shall contain all photographs, maps,
drawings, and exhibits necessary to augment the text and fully document the findings.

1.1 Executive Summary - The executive summary is to serve as an interim planning

document for the FHWA so that it may consider any necessary future cultural
resource investigations at the earliest possible time. This report shall contain a
description of the resource sites discovered, recommendations for the sites’
eligibility, the site locations and other pertinent features with respect to the

4 If sites discovered do not require testing, a contract modification will be issued.

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 proposed project, and a summary of potential impacts. The report shall also
include recommendations for further testing or laboratory analysis of the sites.
The report must contain sufficient detail so that it can be used by the FHWA to
seek concurrence on eligibility to the NRHP.

1.2 Text, photographs, tables, plans; maps, and drawings must be technically and
professionally suitable for publication and prepared in a format reflecting
standards of professional archaeological journals.

1.3 No oversize materials shall be accepted in the final report.

1.4 The cover, title page, and the acknowledgements section of the final report must
bear a reference to the contract number and the source of funds and the name of
the Principal Investigator.

1.5 Forward - Written by principal investigator describing the overall research

context, the significance of the work, and any other background information
relating to the manner in which the work was accomplished.

1.6 Completed Department of Commerce, NTIS Form OF 272.

1.7 Technical abstract - (see: Landes, Kenneth K., A Scrutiny of the Abstract, II,
Geological Notes 50(90): 1992 - 1999, (1966) for guidance on preparation of a
technical abstract).

1.8 The final report shall be of a quality equal to or surpassing that for an M.A. thesis
in anthropology from an accredited university. The report shall be written in a
scholarly tone; to reference, use, and build on the available literature; to make a
contribution to the understanding of the history and prehistory of the area; and to
meet the accepted standards for a professional report.

D. Wetland Delineation

Wetland delineation studies shall require USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle maps, project
mapping, aerial photographs, and visual inspection to identify the extent and type of
wetlands within and adjacent to the project corridor. In performing the wetland
delineation study, the following shall be performed:

- Identify all wetland areas within or adjacent to the project corridor.

- Determine the type and importance of any wetlands identified.
- Locate identified wetlands on project mapping.
- Determine the extent of impacts from the proposed alternatives on wetlands.
- Examine alternative measures to avoid or minimize impacts.
- If alternatives are not available to avoid or minimize impacts, develop mitigation
measures for all identified wetland impacts.

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The accuracy of the delineation shall be commensurate with the scale of the mapping on
which the boundaries shall be marked (boundaries can be marked within about 3 m [10
feet]). Survey personnel shall adhere to requirements for delineation of wetlands in
accordance with the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual (1987).5

D.2 Wetland Report

Results shall be presented of the wetland delineation study in a Wetland Report. The
report shall include the following:
- The total area of the wetlands identified, by type.
- The area of each wetland impacted by each alternative alignment.
- A brief narrative description of the major functions for each wetland identified.
- Location or design alternatives to avoid or minimize wetland impacts.
- Discussion of mitigation measures proposed for each alternative which impacts
wetlands.
- A brief discussion of delineation methods and procedures.

E. Hazardous Waste Investigations, Initial Site Assessment (ISA)

E.1. Focus of Studies

The primary focus of the studies shall be to:

- Address requirements in the ASTM Standard;
- Identify sites as having a potential for hazardous waste involvement within or
adjacent to the proposed corridor and recommendations for further investigation
of those sites having a potential hazardous waste involvement including, if any,
type(s) of testing, and approximate number of samples anticipated to be tested.

E.2 Report

A concise report shall be prepared (from 5 to 20 pages depending on the complexity of

the assessment) with appropriate appendices. The format for the report shall be as
recommended in the ASTM Standard.

In addition to the ASTM Standard's requirements, the report shall describe in the
"Findings and Conclusion" section a description of those sites as having a potential for
hazardous waste involvement within or adjacent to the proposed corridor and
recommendations.

F. Mitigation Commitment Summary

The purpose of Mitigation Commitment Summary is to document how environmental

commitments for a project will be accomplished. The Mitigation Commitment Summary

5 Identification of wetland types will be general in nature. If functional analysis and

specific mitigation plans are required, these work tasks will be considered in future
contracts.

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will list all mitigation commitments included in NEPA documents and permits. In
addition, the summary will also document how each mitigation commitment will be
accomplished for the project. Lists the specific locations (sheet, page, SCR Subsection,
and paragraph) in the plans and SCR’s where each of the requirements and stipulations
are satisfied. The Mitigation Commitment Summary will be completed before PS&E
sign-off. However, the mitigation commitments should be addressed in the plans and
specifications as early as possible.

Provide Mitigation Commitment Summary on 8 ½ x 11 inch sheets. Format to be

supplied by WFLHD. See SOW Section VI GOVERNMENT FURNISHED
MATERIALS AND SERVICES.

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 Supplement to
CHAPTER 5 - SURVEYING AND MAPPING

A. GPS controlled aerial photography for mapping.

Establish the horizontal and vertical control needed to control the aerial
photography for the project. Project control shall be tied to state plane coordinate
system and adjusted to project datum.

Control points shall be numbered sequentially beginning with point number HV1,
then HV2, HV3, etc.

Control points shall be a number 4 rebar, minimum length 18 inches, with a

yellow plastic cap stamped “FHWA”.

Control points shall be marked with a lath, length 4 feet, with the point
identification written on both sides of the lath set near the point. Red or
fluorescent pink flagging shall be attached to the lath.

Each control point shall be referenced with double swing ties using aluminum
tags provided by WFLHD. Distances and bearings to references shall be recorded
on the tags and in a sketch drawn for each point.

Provide controlled color vertical aerial photography for mapping of the project
corridor with the approximate number of flight lines and exposures required in
Section 3 SOW Tasks. Furnish vertical aerial photography at a scale of 1:5000
for mapping purposes using Kodak 2445 color film and a camera with a six inch
focal length lens equipped with eight fiducial marks. All photography shall
require three sets of color contact prints on a semi-gloss, double-weight paper,
color film diapositives. Deliver the negatives to the COTR. A BUREAU OF
STANDARDS CAMERA CALIBRATION is required. Endlap is to be 60%, side
lap is to be 25%, and tip or tilt shall not exceed six degrees. Flight lines are to be
flown from south to north or west to east, whichever is prevalent. Exposures are
to be numbered in the direction of the flight line. The Project number symbol [i.e.
OR PFH 244] shall also appear on each exposure. First and last photographs in
each flight line shall contain the photography scale and date.

All photography, film processing, print making and diapositives shall be in

accordance with the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
REFERENCE GUIDE OUTLINE & SPECIFICATIONS FOR AERIAL
SURVEYS AND MAPPING BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS FOR
HIGHWAYS.

Aerial photography shall be fully controlled for mapping with pug points and X,
Y, & Z coordinates.

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 Remove aerial target materials when survey data and photography is verified as
acceptable.

B. Set project control.

Set project control points within the project limits so that points are spaced not to
exceed 800 feet. Control points shall be placed such that the point is not within
the traveled way. Differential levels shall be run over all project control.

Control points shall be a No. 4 rebar, with yellow plastic cap supplied by
WFLHD, minimum rebar length 18 inches. Rebar shall be driven to + 4 inches
below ground surface. Control points shall be marked with a 4 feet lath with the
point identification written on both sides of the lath set near the point. Red or
fluorescent pink flagging shall be attached to the lath.

Each control point shall be referenced with double swing ties using aluminum
tags provided by WFLHD. Place tag on side of feature away from road. Take
measurement from side of feature facing control point. Distances and bearings to
references shall be recorded on the tags and in a sketch drawn for each point.

Provide the raw and adjusted closures of the control point traverses for the control
points set. Provide for each point a reference sketch of its location. Provide a
bound printout of the control points showing point number, coordinates (at project
datum), and elevation. Provide the datum adjustment factor calculated and used
for the project.

C. Preliminary alignment (station staking).

Existing roadway.

Station staking shall be set along one edge of the roadway. A PK nail with
red stake chaser shall be set at even 150 feet intervals near the edge of
pavement. Stationing may be set using a measuring wheel.

Offset stakes shall be set for all station staking points. Offset stakes shall
show the station with the offset distance circled facing the staked point. The
location preference for offset stakes is on a cut slope above the ditch rather
than on a fill slope where the option exists. Offset stakes shall not be set on
the roadway shoulder where they may be destroyed by roadway maintenance
equipment or errant traffic.

Unroaded terrain.

Station staking shall be set along tangent between control points. Points shall
be marked using PK nail, boat nail, spike, or 10 inch wooden hub as
appropriate, each with a red "stake chaser.” Points shall be set at even 150

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 feet intervals. Stationing may be set using a cloth tape and compass. Stakes
shall be set facing back on line and labeled with the Station. Stakes shall have
the top 2 inches painted yellow. When off the existing roadway yellow
flagging shall be attached at eye level to vegetation near the point set.

Stationing shall begin at station 10+00 at the beginning of the project in either
situation.

D. Centerline staking.

Centerline design alignment staking. All centerline control points (PC's, PT's,
TS's, SC's, CS's, and ST's) shall be set. Points shall be marked using PK nail,
boat nail, spike, or 10 inch wooden hub as appropriate, each with a red "stake
chaser.”

Intermediate centerline points shall be set at even 50 feet intervals. Points shall
be marked using PK nail, boat nail, spike, or 10 inch wooden hub as appropriate,
each with a yellow "stake chaser.”

Stakes shall be set facing back on line and labeled with the Station. Stakes shall
have the top 2 inches painted yellow. When off the existing roadway yellow
flagging shall be attached at eye level to vegetation near the point set.

Offset stakes shall be used when there is a possibility that the centerline stake may
be lost due to traffic or other causes. Offset stakes shall show the stationing with
the offset distance circled and facing the centerline point. The location preference
for offset stakes is on a cut slope above the ditch rather than on a fill slope where
the option exists. Offset stakes shall not be set on the roadway shoulder where
they may be destroyed by roadway maintenance equipment or errant traffic. The
purpose of the offset stake is for ease in locating the centerline point. Offset
stakes may be set using a cloth tape at an approximated angle perpendicular to the
centerline at the Station set.

Right-of-Way Staking. Right-of-way points shall be set opposite all beginning

(TS) and ending (ST) curve points, and at all changes in width of the new right-
of-way. Intermediate right-of-way points shall be set along the right-of-way line
such that right-of-way points are intervisible. Maximum distance between right-
of-way points shall not exceed 200 feet.

All right-of-way points shall be marked with a wooden hub and blue stake chaser.
A 4 feet lath shall be set at each point and shall be labeled “ROW” followed by
the station and distance from centerline written on both faces of the lath. Blue
flagging shall be attached to the lath. All right-of-way points shall be set to a
horizontal accuracy of  6 inches. Measurement from centerline with a cloth tape
is acceptable.

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E. Project Mapping.

See Survey section of Appendix C for project mapping requirements.

F. Progress Reports.

Weekly progress reports for weeks in which field work was in progress shall be
completed and shall be received by the end of the week following the reporting
period. Field crew daily reports may be submitted in lieu of weekly reports.
Progress report content to be similar to examples contained in Chapter 5, Federal
Lands Highway Project Development Design Manual.

G. General requirements.

Brushing shall be kept to the minimum required to perform the needed surveys
and impacts shall not be visible from the roadway. No trees shall be felled. Cut
brush shall be properly disposed of.

Adequate traffic safety shall be provided. Traffic control devices shall comply
with the requirements of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
(MUTCD), dated 1988.

Use object descriptor codes from the SIDE SHOT FEATURE CODE listing
(provided by WFLHD) as appropriate.

H. Survey precision.

Control points shall be set to Second Order, Class II Survey Standards (Project
Development and Design Manual, Chapter 5).

All centerline points and right-of-way points shall be set to a horizontal accuracy
of  2 inches and a vertical accuracy of  3 inches.

Offset stakes may be set at a distance determined by cloth tape measure and
positioned normal to the alignment by commonly accepted field practice.

Terrain topography shall be accurate to  4 inches vertical within 65 feet of the

existing roadway centerline and within ½ % of the horizontal distance from the
existing roadway centerline when beyond 65 feet.

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 Supplement to
CHAPTER 6 - GEOTECHNICAL

General

The geotechnical investigation shall be comprised of the following major elements:

A. Field Investigation and Laboratory Testing of Samples

B. Subsurface Exploration Program
C. Engineering Analysis of Field and Laboratory Data
D. Geotechnical Report

A. Field Investigation and Laboratory Testing of Samples

1. General

Employ geologist(s) or geotechnical engineer(s) having experience in the

geotechnical investigation of highway projects. To complete the field investigation,
perform the following tasks:
a. Visual assessment and geological mapping of the project corridor to determine
the spatial distribution and characteristics of the soil and bedrock units that
exist within the project corridor.
b. Determination of the existence of such features as landslides, fill failures or
slumps, springs or seeps, rockfall problems, and areas of wet or soft soils that
could impact the project design and that should be mitigated during project
construction.
c. Gather information for the design of pavement structure, cut slopes,
embankments, retaining walls, stability hazard analysis, structure foundations,
and development of material sources.

2. Cut slopes

a. Evaluate the type and density of excavation materials within proposed cuts.
b. Obtain representative samples of materials from a sufficient number of cuts to
characterize the materials and their engineering properties. Describe the extent
of each geologic or soil unit on a station-to-station basis.
c. Provide an estimate of the anticipated shrink or swell of the cut materials for
calculation of excavation and embankment quantities.
d. Identify materials that are likely to be unstable or unusable in construction,
such as moist or wet silts or clays.
e. Identify, if present, non-frost-susceptible materials (select topping) that can be
used to construct the top 8 to 12 inches of the roadbed.
f. Evaluate the depth to rock and quality of rock within proposed cuts. Identify
the rock type and define the attitude and spacing of bedding, foliation,
fracture, or jointing that will control cut slope stability.

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 g. Evaluate the stability of proposed cuts in both overburden and rock. Where
potential for the proposed cut slope to fail exists, provide recommendations to
mitigate the anticipated failure.
h. Determine the potential for groundwater to be encountered in the cut
excavation or in the subgrade and provide underdrain or horizontal drain
recommendations as appropriate.
i. Provide site-specific, station-to-station, cut slope recommendations in table
form. Show station intervals, material type, suitability of materials for
embankments, recommended cut slope inclination, recommended method of
excavation (excavator, ripping, or controlled blasting), and any pertinent
comments.
j. Anticipated exploration methods:

Proposed Cut Height Method of Evaluation

0 – 6 ft. Visual and/or Test Pits
6 – 16 ft. Test Pits and/or Borings
> 16 ft. Borings

Space the explorations approximately 200 feet apart for variable conditions,
and up to 500 feet apart for more uniform conditions. To the extent possible,
explorations should be made within the prism of the proposed cut. Extend
explorations to the bottom of the proposed ditch, or to the base of soft
materials which extend below the ditch level.
k. Sampling. Obtain representative samples of each type of material for soil
classification and for embankment suitability evaluation. 0btain rock core
samples from core drill holes in rock cuts. Obtain the samples from cuts that
are most likely to be excavated during construction (i.e., sections in which the
roadway widening will probably be accomplished on the cut side).
l. Testing. Perform classification tests on representative soil samples:
Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
Hydrometer Analysis to 0.02 mm AASHTO T 88
Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265

Perform rock strength testing as required for cut slope design.

3. Embankments

a. Identify and explore areas of potentially soft soils at proposed embankment

locations.
b. Evaluate subsurface conditions and suitability for embankment support.
c. Provide recommendations for embankment foundation preparation,
embankment design, and embankment construction.
d. Identify possible embankment construction problems, such as “pumping”
soils, the need for maintenance rock, and the need for subgrade reinforcement.

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 e. Explorations. Explorations are not required where the surface reconnaissance
indicates firm foundation conditions exist. Where foundation conditions are
unknown, locate explorations near the deepest portions of proposed
embankments. Extend explorations to competent material or to a depth of
twice the proposed embankment height in soft material.
f. Sampling. Obtain representative samples of each type of material for soil
classification and for embankment support evaluation, including settlement
analysis, if appropriate.
g. Testing. Perform classification tests on representative soil samples:
Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
Hydrometer Analysis to 0.0008 in. AASHTO T 88
Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265

Perform shear strength or consolidation tests as required for embankment

foundation analysis.

4. Retaining Walls

a. Evaluate subsurface conditions and suitability for foundations.

b. Provide recommendations for wall foundation preparation, wall design, and
wall construction.
c. Space explorations approximately 65 feet apart for variable conditions and up
to 150 feet apart for more uniform conditions. To the extent possible,
explorations should be made along the face of the proposed wall. Extend
explorations to competent material or to a depth equal to twice the base width
below the wall foundation.
d. Evaluate subsurface drainage conditions and provide drainage
recommendations and provisions for wall designs.
e. Sampling. Obtain representative samples of each type of material for soil
classification and for wall foundation analysis, including settlement analysis,
if appropriate.
f. Testing. Perform classification tests on representative soil samples:
Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
Hydrometer Analysis to 0.0008 in. AASHTO T 88
Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265

Perform shear strength or consolidation tests as required for embankment

foundation analysis.

5. Pavement Design—Reconstruction

a. Provide recommendations for constructing a stable subgrade.

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 b. Determine the potential for frost heaving or thaw weakening of the pavement
to occur, if any.
c. Identify areas by station limits within the existing subgrade where weak or
wet soils will require subexcavation.
d. Identify areas of wet subgrade where underdrains may be required.
Recommend station limits for proposed underdrains.
e. Explorations. Supplement boring and backhoe test pits described under cuts
and embankments, as necessary, to obtain subgrade samples.
f. Sampling. Using either hand tools or mechanical equipment, obtain
samples of cut slope materials from a minimum of six representative road cuts
or natural backslopes. Using pavement sampling drilling tools, hand tools, or
mechanical equipment, obtain samples and layer thicknesses of the existing
roadway surfacing, base, and subgrade materials at a minimum interval of 0.6
miles. Obtain a sealed moisture sample from each R-value sample location
for determining in situ moisture contents.
g. Testing. Perform R-Value and classification tests on representative soil
samples:
Sieve Analysis AASHTO T 11 and T 27
Hydrometer Analysis to 0.0008 in. AASHTO T 88
Specific Gravity AASHTO T 100
Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
Field Moisture Content AASHTO T 265
R-Value AASHTO T 190

6. Pavement Design—3R

a. Identify areas by station limits within the existing subgrade where weak or
wet soils will require subexcavation.
b. Identify areas of wet subgrade where underdrains may be required.
Recommend station limits for proposed underdrains.
c. Obtain overlay design information by nondestructive deflection methods in
accordance with ASTM D 4694. Determine actual pavement layer thickness
measurements, at 1 mile intervals, by coring through the pavement with
pavement coring tools. (Fill and patch all pavement core holes with cold mix
asphalt patching material).

7. Materials Sources.

Investigate potential materials sources as required in the Statement of Work.

a. Describe the geology of the site(s), including the extent and composition of
overburden materials.
b. Provide recommendations for the development of the source(s). Highlight
characteristics, such as degrading particles, poor-quality natural fines, or fines
that adhere to coarse particles, which may have a negative effect on the
production of aggregates from the source.

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 c. Evaluate the quality of the material and determine if any special treatments or
additives will be required.
d. Explorations. Perform sufficient explorations to characterize the quality and
quantity of the source. Core drill borings will be the most likely technique
utilized in quarries, and backhoe pits in gravel deposits.
e. Sampling. Obtain representative bag samples, as appropriate, to supplement
drill core samples.
f. Testing: Crush the core and bag samples to a maximum size appropriate for
the material and perform the following aggregate quality tests:
Sieve Analysis on lab crushed materials AASHTO T 11 and T 27
Atterberg Limits AASHTO T 89 and T 90
Sand Equivalent AASHTO T 176
Durability Index AASHTO T 210
Los Angeles Abrasion AASHTO T 96
Sodium Sulfate Soundness AASHTO T 104
Accelerated Weathering by DMSO WFLHD-DMSO

For gravel deposits, perform Sieve Analysis, Atterberg Limits, and Sand
Equivalent tests on both the natural soil fines and the lab-crushed fines.

B. Subsurface Exploration Program

1. Drill inspector

Provide a qualified and experienced drill inspector for logging all borings and test
pits. The drill inspector is responsible for the following tasks:

a. Locating underground utilities prior to drilling or digging backhoe pits. Call

and coordinate with the appropriate underground utility services to locate the
utilities at each boring, test pit, and subgrade sample location. Field verify
utility locations with the utility locator. Identify any impacts utility locations
will have on exploration locations and relocate explorations impacted by the
underground utilities.
b. Coordinating with landowners regarding access for explorations on private
land.
c. Coordinating test pit explorations with the backhoe operator and flagging
subcontractor.
d. Recording subsurface conditions and obtaining samples at each boring and
test pit exploration.
e. Providing an approximate location of the boring or test pit in reference to the
preliminary alignment so that the survey crew can locate the exploration point.
f. Placing a lath, length 4 feet, with pink and blue flagging at each completed
boring and test pit. Mark lath with boring or test pit number.
g. Upon completion of the Geotechnical Report, deliver the drill core to
WFLHD Geotechnical Section.
h. Additional duties described in the following sections.

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 2. Boring and Test Pit Logs.

Provide final boring and test pit logs in a graphical format acceptable to the
COTR.

Provide the following information, as appropriate:

a. Exploration number, elevations, and approximate station and offset (or

coordinates) referenced to the preliminary alignment.
b. A field description of the materials encountered in accordance with the
Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D 2487), including estimated size
range of boulders, if encountered.
c. An estimate of the relative density of granular materials (very loose to very
dense) and the consistency of fine-grained soils (very soft to hard).
d. Notes regarding the reaction of the drill or excavator and other information
and observations provided by the operator.
e. Depth to groundwater if encountered. Note depth and extent of seepage.
f. Depths of any changes in material.
g. Sample depths, SPT blow counts, core run number, depth interval, percent
recovery, and RQD (ASTM D 6032).
h. Incorporate test pit logs into a sketch of the test pit drawn on the nearest cross
section. In each sketch show the location of the test pit with respect to the
existing road, limits of the test pit excavation, sample locations, contacts
denoting changes in material, groundwater or seepage level, and other
pertinent features in the cross section, such as rock outcrops and fill material.

3. Drilling

Provide drilling crew or subcontractor experienced in geotechnical drilling

techniques. The Firm or the subconsultant driller shall be responsible for:

a. Providing flaggers if required during drilling.

b. Obtaining and hauling drill water.
c. Providing core boxes and sample bags for samples obtained from borings and
subgrade sampling.

4. Overburden Materials

a. Advance borings in overburden material with hollow-stem augers to auger

refusal or to the bottom depth of the boring.
b. Each boring shall include Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) at 5 foot intervals
(2.5 foot intervals in soft or wet materials that may be detrimental to slope
stability or construction).

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 c. The drill inspector shall record a log of the drilling and place SPT samples in
air-tight plastic bags and label each bag, using water-proof ink, with the
project name, boring number, sample number, and depth interval.

5. Bedrock or Dense Materials:

a. Use wireline core-drilling equipment to advance borings in material

that cannot be augered.
b. The drill inspector shall:
i. Record a log of the core drilling.
ii. Place recovered core samples in core boxes labeled with the
project name, boring number, depth interval, and box number.
iii. Separate core runs with blocks identifying the run number and
depth.
iv. Take color photographs of the core in boxes.
v. Secure core boxes with fiberglass-reinforced tape.

6. Test Pits

The Firm is responsible for providing the backhoe and operator for excavating the
test pits and providing plastic or canvas sample bags of adequate size to collect
representative samples. The Firm is also responsible for providing flaggers, if
necessary, to safely control traffic during test pit excavation and backfilling
operations. The drill inspector shall:
a. Record logs of the test pits.
b. Direct excavation of test pits to the depth established in Task B or
to refusal in rock, if more shallow.
c. Take photographs of the test pits showing the excavation face and
spoils pile.
d. Obtain sufficient samples of representative material encountered in
the test pit excavations for classification and correlation purposes.
e. Label all sample bags with the test pit number and representative
depth interval.
f. Direct the backfilling of test pits. Reslope ground to natural
contours and cover disturbed areas with conserved topsoil.

7. Subgrade Sampling

a. The Firm or drilling subcontractor is responsible for obtaining subgrade

samples in a manner that avoids contaminating materials in different
layers. The typical process is:

i. Begin sampling by carefully augering through the pavement, if present,

without disturbing the underlying base material.

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 ii. Hand excavate the fragmented pavement to the top of the base. Carefully
loosen the base materials with the auger while avoiding mixing the base
with the underlying materials.
iii. Hand excavate and place all base material in a sample bag(s).
iv. Hand clean the bottom of the hole to avoid mixing the base with the
underlying material. Carefully loosen the underlying material with the
auger while avoiding mixing individual, distinct layers.
v. Sample each distinct strata encountered using the same process to a
depth of 5 feet or to auger refusal, if shallower. Obtain 66 lb. samples of
sandy, silty, or clayey materials, and 130 lb. samples in gravelly
materials. Limit samples to 66 lb. per bag.

b. The drill inspector shall:

i.Record a log of each subgrade boring.

ii. Place a representative sample of soil from each sample in a plastic bag
for moisture content determination. Place this sample inside the bulk
sample bag.
iii. Label the moisture content sample and the subgrade sample bags with
project name, hole number, sample number, and depth.

C. Engineering Analysis of Field and Laboratory Data

Field and laboratory test data shall be analyzed and utilized in the determination of
such aspects of the project as slope stability; usability of excavation materials for
common borrow, select borrow, or drainage materials; structure or embankment
settlements; culvert, bridge, and retaining wall foundation designs; material source
development plans; pavement and overlay designs; and other aspects of the project
design requiring engineering analysis.

Utilize the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AASHTO publication, Guide For Design of Pavement Structures 1993 edition, for
new pavement and pavement overlay design on this project.

D. Geotechnical Report

Prepare a report that presents the results of the investigations, analyses, conclusions,
and recommendations. The geotechnical report shall provide the basis for the
highway design. It shall be utilized by the highway design engineer, made available
to prospective bidders, and provided to the construction engineer, and should be
prepared with those users in mind.

See Appendix C for the items required in the Geotechnical report. Additional items
are listed in the SOW.

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 Supplement to
CHAPTER 7 - HYDROLOGY/HYDRAULICS

Hydraulic Reconnaissance

Provide a Hydraulic Reconnaissance Report that identifies the hydraulic issues on the
project. Include a summary of the information developed below:

1. Delineate the drainage basin for the specified stream crossings and river locations.
Determine the peak discharges for the 2, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500-year events.
To determine peak discharges use the most recent and applicable USGS multiple
regression equations. Check for USGS gaging station(s) within the area to verify
regression input and output variables. This work includes verifying the basin
characteristics for the gaging station(s) against those estimated from USGS maps.
If stations exist, obtain or perform a Log Pearson type III flood frequency
analysis. Compare the Log Pearson results against those estimated using the
regression analysis.

2. Provide a log-log plot of drainage area versus discharge for the 2, 25, and 50-year
peak discharges. Show on the plot the drainage area that a selected culvert size
could handle for the 25-year flood with a headwater to diameter ratio of one. For
the particular culvert size, assume inlet control for a circular metal pipe. The
selected culvert sizes should range in 12 inch increments from 24 to 120 inches in
diameter.

3. Conduct one or more field review of the project as needed. At prescribed flood
plain, stream and river crossings, and lake locations, take photographs and
provide written comments. Discuss local stream stability (i.e., aggrading,
degrading, lateral shifts), bed material size (D50), debris abundance, and local
scour and deposition characteristics. Provide observations on the possible
structural type for each stream crossing (culvert versus bridge) and on possible
river or lake characteristics relative to the road (i.e., lateral erosion of
embankments, road elevations versus water elevations). Support all observations
with written justification (i.e., may need bridge to pass up-stream debris flows).

4. Contact the appropriate State Department of Fish and Game to determine all fish
issues on the project. Provide a rough check of the capacity, fish passage
capability, and condition of existing structures. A detailed hydraulic analysis is
not needed unless it is determined that existing structure needs to be replaced.

Hydraulic Structure Design

Culvert Structures. Design culverts structures according to the FLH PDDM. Minor
hydraulic structures are culverts with a diameter equal to or less than 48 inches.
Design structures to pass the 50-year storm with HW/D less than 1.5. Check that
culverts will pass the 100-year storm without water overtopping the road. Skew

6/15/2005 B - 25
 culverts to match natural drainage channels. Design culverts requiring fish passage
consistent with applicable regulatory agency guidelines.

Roadway Drainage. Design roadside ditches with minimum depth of 12 inches below
top of subgrade. Provide ditch line and toe of fill profiles. Design and specify
appropriate ditch-lining material to minimize erosion assuming a 25-year storm.
Maintain minimum ditch grade of 0.5 percent. Ensure drainage structures can be
incorporated within minimum ditch depths. If 24-inch culverts are spaced 500 feet on
sustained ditch grades, hydrologic and hydraulic analysis is not required. Culverts
under approach roads may be 18 inch. Hydraulic and hydrologic analysis is to be
submitted for alternate pipe diameters and spacing. Design cross drain ditch relief
culverts on a 2-6% culvert gradient. Do not specify a drop inlet or mechanical catch
basin unless there is a specific design rationale. WFLHD preference is to not install
culverts under high fills or on steep grades. To limit cover depth and flatten culvert
invert profile, use down drains with energy dissipaters. Evaluate the need for culvert
anchors according to the FLH PDDM. Bevel inlets and outlets to match proposed
slopes. Do not specify bevels flatter than 1:3.

Floodplain Hydraulics. Collect topographic data and stream cross-sections at each

floodplain encroachment site. Develop water surface profiles using the peak discharge
estimates (2,10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 year) and the USCOE computer program HEC-
RAS, or a comparable one dimensional, fixed boundary computer model. Calibrate the
HEC-RAS model by comparing computed water surface profiles to survey and site
investigation information (i.e., top of bank and high water mark elevations, stream bed
particle sizes). Using the computed water surface profiles, document the occurrence
and general location of overtopping floods (i.e., the 50-year flood overtops the road
approaches or structures). Prepare a hydraulic report for the floodplain analysis. State
in the report whether or not the road profile requires raising, and if so by how much.
Summarize recommended erosion protection and mitigation measures for the specified
floodplain locations. Also summarize other environmental or engineering problems
and solutions identified at the specified floodplain locations. Include comments on
lateral channel stability, aggradation and degradation trends, Manning’s “n” values,
bed material sizes (D50, D90), evidence of local scour, hydraulic controls, high water
marks, debris problems, and existing erosion protection features (i.e. riprap).

Bridges. Collect topographic data at bridge location. Cross-sections should be

obtained at the upstream bridge face and downstream bridge face. In addition, one
section should be obtained upstream and two sections downstream of the structure.
The upstream section shall be located approximately one bridge length or hydraulic
opening upstream of the bridge. The two downstream sections shall be located
approximately at one and three bridge lengths or hydraulic openings downstream of
the bridge. The survey shall consist of enough data points (horizontal and vertical) to
define main and overflow channels, approach roads, floodplain slopes and widths, and
any other features that may significantly affect the bridge hydraulics. The survey shall
tie into locally established horizontal and vertical control at each bridge sites.
Elevations on structures shall have an accuracy of 0.02 ft. Ground elevations shall

6/15/2005 B - 26
 have an accuracy of (0.01ft).0.01ft. Horizontal distances from previously established
controls shall have an accuracy of 0.5 percent of the horizontal distance.

Develop water surface profiles using the flood peak estimates (2,10, 25, 50, 100 and
500 year) and the USCOE computer program HEC-RAS, or a comparable one
dimensional, fixed boundary computer model. Calibrate the HEC-RAS model by
comparing computed water surface profiles to survey and site investigation
information (i.e., top of bank and high water mark elevations, stream bed particle
sizes). Using the computed water surface profiles, document the occurrence and
general location of any overtopping floods (i.e., the 50-year flood overtops the road
approaches but not the bridge itself).

Estimate the bridge scour depths using FHWA HEC-18 and HEC-20. Compute pier
and contraction scour and determine bank stability for the abutments using the 50 and
500-year flood events. At existing bridges, check the computer scour depth against
foundation depths determined from record drawings. If the scour depths exceed
foundation depths, recommend appropriate scour protection (i.e., riprap). At proposed
bridges, determine maximum scour depth. Apply FHWA or other acceptable methods
to evaluate and design riprap scour protection. Assume that the riprap extends at least
1 foot above the 50-year flood elevation, has a slope no steeper than 1.75 (horizontal)
to 1 (vertical), and has an embedded toe. Documentation on bridge scour shall include
comments on lateral channel stability, aggradation and degradation trends, Manning’s
“n” values, bed material sizes (D50, D90), evidence of local scour, hydraulic controls,
high water marks, debris problems, existing scour protection features (i.e. riprap), and
stream and bridge compatibility (i.e., piers well-aligned with the stream flow).

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 Supplement to
Chapter 9 - Highway Design

A. Drafting

Utilize WFLHD Standard Format for Plans found at

http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/manual. These standards specify text size and
element color, weight, level and line code. Adjust plotting software, pen tables, and
resource files to make plan sheets look like WFLHD example plans.

B. Software

Complete and submit all work in Microstation V8, Geopak, Word, Microsoft Project,
and Excel in formats acceptable to WFLHD.

C. Electronic Files

Provide electronic copy of all plan and cross section sheets in Microstation V8
format, SCR’s in Microsoft Word format, and the CPM schedule in Microsoft Project
format. Provide an index of all electronic files and a brief description of their
content. Utilize Geopak files tracking sheet.

Provide a CD ROM at Final PS&E phase of the project containing all electronic files
in the following format. Provide a listing of all files and their contents. Also provide
electronic version of individual files such as permits at the time specified in the
project submittals table.

1. All Geopak input, ASCII report, and all other design files including .gpk and
.tin files.
2. Microstation plan sheet files utilizing WFLHD’s V8 level library.
3. Microsoft Word special contract requirements.
4. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets.
5. Microsoft Project files.
6. Microstation and Microsoft Word Permit application files.
7. WFLHD Engineers Estimate program files.

D. General Design Guidelines

1. Plans. Refer to WFLHD Standard Format for Plans found at

http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/manual, and any example WFLHD plans
provided as Government furnished data for guidance in developing final plan
sheets for a complete contract package.

2. Design cross-sections. Evaluate the alignment for curve widening requirements

using the “Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO

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 2001.” Widen the roadway to include curve widening, guardrail shy distance,
guardrail terminal sections, mailboxes, and turnouts/parking areas.

Adjust cut and fill slopes to meet Geotechnical recommendations and meet
WFLHD recommended slope ratios based on cut and fill heights per the FLH
PDDM.

Provide cross sections at all changes to the roadway and other critical areas (e.g.
shoulder widening for guardrail terminal sections, curve widening, culvert inlet
and outlets, culvert catch basins and inlet ditches, under drains, etc.) Show
guardrail, culverts, etc. on cross sections.

3. Alignment and Safety. Perform all work in accordance with the PDDM. If the
manual does not cover a specific situation, use the current version of either the
“Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO 2001” or the
respective State agencies design manual. Obtain concurrence and provide
mitigation measures if design exceptions are required. Document design
standards, design exceptions, and mitigation on WFLHD Highway Design
Standards form (WFLHD-3).

Whenever possible, set the grade on bridges to allow a minimum one to three
meters freeboard (clearance between soffit elevation of the bridge superstructure
and water surface elevation) at Q50. In addition, maintain a minimum three
meters clearance between the soffit and the stream bed. See Section III
Statement of Work Tasks for specific requirements.

To assure deck drainage, new bridge construction should include a minimum

0.5% grade on structures less than 150 feet long, and a minimum 1% grade on
bridges over 150 feet long. Whenever possible, adjust the vertical alignment for
the road to assure that there is this minimum grade. Adjust horizontal alignment
to assure that all spirals and template transitions (superelevation to crown, crown
to superelevation) are fully off the ends of bridges.

4. Right-of-way. Regulations, policy and guidance for Right-Of-Way and Utility

tasks may be found at the following web sites:
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/realestate/index.htm
http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design/row

Place existing right-of-way information on the plan and profile sheets. Review
existing right-of-way agreements and ensure that all commitments are included
in the plans.

Develop CADD files, utilizing Geopak and Microstation, which show the
Existing Land Lines and Property lines of all Landowners along the project
corridor.

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 Prepare Right-of-Way Plans and Property Descriptions for private property
acquisition.

Prepare Right-of-Way Plats and Legal Exhibits necessary for Federal Land
Transfers and private property acquisition.

With FHWA guidance, determine initial estimate to do Government’s portion of

relocation work. Upon completion of right-of way plans or construction plans,
as appropriate, send design package to utility companies including plans, cross-
sections, drainage summary, excavations, structures and guardrail locations,
miscellaneous excavations, etc. that may conflict with the location of existing
facilities.

Prepare draft notices to utility companies of scheduled dates for award of

contracts.

Request and review utility company’s relocation plan to insure that their
relocation will facilitate construction of the project.

Obtain from utility company when the relocation can commence and how long it
will take to complete the relocation.

Upon determination by FHWA, that all or part of the relocation work will be
paid by the Government, request and review company’s cost estimate at the
direction of FHWA.

5. Approach Roads. Locate or verify approach roads and intersections to be

impacted by project improvements. Design new intersections and approaches.
Evaluate approach road intersections for adequate sight distance and safety.
Utilize WFLHD standard details which are based on the respective State
Department of Transportation’s standards. Show location and approach road
type on the plan and profile sheets. Include quantities in summary table.
Provide design criteria and calculations to support design.

6. Guardrail. Design for guardrail locations using the FLH PDDM and the
respective State Department of Transportation’s Design Manual. Use the
AASHTO Roadside Design Guide for determining clear zone, recovery area and
extent of guard rail need. Utilize approved WFLHD standard guardrail
drawings. Document criteria used at each guardrail installation. Utilize the
AASHTO Roadside design guide cost effectiveness analysis where needed.
Coordinate the selection of the terminal end section through the COTR.

7. Roadway obliteration. Show the location and extent of work involved in

roadway obliteration on the plan view of the Plan and Profile sheets. Provide
sufficient details to show the location and extent of work involved in roadway
obliteration. Obliterate by removing all culverts and eliminating all ditches. It

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 is preferred that the road shoulder be removed and excess excavation be utilized
to “fill in the roadway” (20% out slope) where possible. Do not waste in areas
of flat terrain that result in a strip mound. Provide typical sections to detail
removal of culverts, placing excess excavation or recontouring existing ground,
removing roadway fill and construction of barriers. Show areas to be top soiled
and revegetated. Show necessary drainage features, if applicable.

8. Mail Boxes. Locate/verify mailboxes that will be impacted by the road

improvement. Prepare plans to relocate mailboxes. Include widening for
mailbox turnouts. Utilize WFLHD standard details which are based on the
respective State Department of Transportation’s standards.

9. Temporary Traffic Control. Design a temporary traffic control plan. Design

detours where necessary. Design type and location of signing and striping in
conformance with Manual of Uniform Traffic and Control Devices (MUTCD).

10. Permanent Traffic Control. Design a permanent traffic control plan. Type
and location of signing and striping should be in conformance with MUTCD.
Coordinate with owner agency on the placement of regulatory signs. Note
removal and replacement of existing signs. Compute “passing and no-passing”
areas.

11. Revegetation. Take soil samples from five locations throughout the project.
Provide initial revegetation recommendations based on soil samples taken from
the project site and knowledge of native vegetation in the area. Coordinate these
recommendations with the affected agencies and WFLHD, and then develop a
revegetation plan for the project.

12. Erosion Control and Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan. Provide an
erosion control plan in a separate section of the plans using only the plan view
of the project showing the horizontal alignment (two plan views will fit on one
sheet). Place the alignment with a lower stationing above the alignment with
higher stationing. Show contours and erosion control symbols along the
alignment. Incorporate the respective State’s Department of Transportation Best
Management Practices for temporary erosion control. Do not use straw bales.
Provide energy dissipators at culvert outlets with steep grades or near riparian
areas. In erodible soils, riprap ditches with gradients over 4%. Extend riprap
lining in cut to fill transitions that may contribute sediment to live water.
Include all permanent and temporary erosion control measures in the plan
section.

Using the plan developed above, provide a Storm Water Pollution Prevention
Plan in compliance with the respective State’s Department of Transportation
guidelines suitable for application for the Pollution Discharge Elimination
Permit by WFLHD.

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 13. Quantity Tables. Provide tables of quantities for each section of the plans. The
location and quantity of all work for every pay item must be shown in a table. If
pay items are needed that are not included in the list of approved pay items, a
request may be made to include a new item in the WFLHD data base. With the
request, include the Item Description and Unit of Measurement. For lump sum
pay items, provide a table with estimated quantities associated with the lump
sum item. Refer to sample PS&E for guidance of needed tables. Tables are to
be located at the start of sections, i.e. plan and profile, guardrail, traffic control
etc., on separate sheets if they cannot be conveniently fit on the first detail sheet
of the section.

14. Summary of Quantities. Summarize all the individual tables into a Summary
of Quantities Table plan sheet(s) using the Engineer’s Estimate program
supplied by WFLHD. Information included in the Summary of Quantities is a)
Pay Item Number, b) total item quantity, c) plan section where item is shown
(may include multiple sections), d) bid schedule quantity, and e) designate if the
pay item is a contract quantity.

15. Quantities. Provide documentation for all plan quantities. Provide sketches
and dimensions to illustrate quantity calculations. Provide printout of GEOPAK
generated quantities. Develop the bid quantities from the plan quantities in
conformance with the FLH PDDM. Show calculations adjusting from plan
quantity to bid quantity.

16. Specifications. Provide special contract requirements (SCRs) which describe in

detail the project work required when read in conjunction with the FP-03.
Provide special contract requirements on both a hard copy and in an approved
electronic format. WFLHD will prepare the complete contract specification
document.

Use active voice when writing all SCRs. Supplement and edit WFLHD’s
standard Library of Specifications (LOS) to develop the SCRs needed. Follow
the LOS’s format and method of adding, deleting, and supplementing the FP-03.
Use the lastest version of the specification from the LOS at
http://www.wfl.fhwa.dot.gov/design for each review submittal.

17. Engineer’s Estimate. Enter bid items, quantities, and unit price information for
the project into WFLHD’s Engineer’s Estimate program. Provide the
Engineer’s Estimate printout and electronic files to WFLHD. The estimate
program database is periodically updated with new pay items or bid tabulation
data. Request the following updated file from the COTR for Plan-In-Hand and
Final Design phase submittals or as needed: Item_Tbl.dbf. New pay items may
only be added by WFLHD. Make requests for proposed new pay items to the
COTR.

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 18. Unit Price Documentation and Analysis. Document basis for unit prices.
Utilize either bid-based or cost-based estimating. Utilize WFLHD’s Unit Bid
Price Analysis form. Follow procedures and support unit prices as outlined in
the FLH PDDM.

19. Contract Time. Utilize Microsoft Project software to prepare a Critical Path
Method (CPM) Schedule for construction. Show all limitations of operations,
production estimates, and quantities. Calculate critical path of construction
activities to determine construction time. Provide critical path printout using
Gantt chart type graphics.

Prepare a written narrative that adequately defines the type of work, quantity
and location of each activity. Indicate the resources (equipment and workforce)
and production rates for all activities.

As a minimum, show the following as individual activities: mobilization,

staking, clearing, excavation, drainage with permit restrictions, structures,
aggregate base, asphalt concrete surfacing, guardrail, signing/stripping,
revegetation, and demobilization. In the CPM schedule, depict the order and
interdependence of all activities.

The CPM shall be used to document the contract time to be used in A+B
Bidding when required.

20. Design Data Book. A Design Data Book shall be prepared during the
development of this project. The purpose of this book is to document the
scoping, environmental, location, and design considerations involved in the
development of a construction project. The book shall consist of a loose leaf
binder with index sheets provided by WFLHD. It is not expected that the Firm
will have information for every section. The COTR can address any questions
regarding book content. The book shall be the last item submitted to WFLHD at
the conclusion of this project.

21. Construction Staking Data. The Project Engineer’s (PE) Hold file submittal
includes all information and number of copies identified in the PE Hold File
Checklist. Provide the following data needed for construction of the project.
Utilize WFLHD report printing program. Furnish one set of notes on write-in-
the-rain paper, two copies on regular paper and an electronic copy.

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 Staking Detail Report ---
Design centerline and
stationing, profile grade, and x, y coordinates
profile
Earthwork quantities Computer generated listing.
slope stake catch point, and superelevation,
Slope stake notes
excavation and embankment slope ratios.
Clearing notes station, offset and quantities.
subgrade, centerline and shoulders, station, offset,
Blue Tops
elevation, xyz coordinates
top of aggregate layers - centerline and shoulders,
Red Tops
station, offset, elevation, xyz coordinates
Seeding notes station, offset and quantities
Control points List of horizontal and vertical control points
Design topography information (.tin file).
Topography
Electronic copy only.

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 Supplement to
Chapter 10 - Structural Design

I. Design Criteria.

II. Design bridges, culverts, and retaining walls in accordance with the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition, 2004, with current Interims
except as noted. Any interpretations or deviations from these criteria must be
coordinated with and approved by the COTR.

Specific design values for foundations shall be contained in the geotechnical

report. This shall include, for example, soil bearing capacity for spread footings,
pile size and capacity recommendations, soil loads, and recommendations
regarding construction issues that should be addressed in the plans or
specifications.

Likewise, hydraulic analysis and recommendations shall be addressed separately.

Specific hydraulic recommendations must be considered on an individual basis.

III.Specific design criteria are as follows:

Use concrete density equal to 150 lb. per cubic foot for cast-in-place concrete and
160 lb. per cubic foot for precast concrete. Design for HL 93 design live load.
Use 24 lb. per square foot for provision of 2 inch AC wearing surface at the time
of construction, and design for an additional 24 lb. per square foot to provide for
future paving allowance over the deck surface. For design of vertical abutments
and retaining walls, use soil pressure based on the internal angle of friction as
recommended in the goetechnical report. In the absence of a specific
recommendation, a conservative design assumption is to compute active soil
pressure based on an assumed angle of internal friction of 32° and a triangular soil
pressure distribution. Alternatively, assume soil pressure to be equivalent to a
fluid weighing 36 lb. per cubic foot.

Design for the appropriate seismic acceleration coefficient. In states where local
seismic acceleration has been mapped by the local DOT, use those coefficients.
In all other cases, use the coefficients given in AASHTO. Perform single-mode
or multi-mode analysis, as appropriate.

Typically, WFLHD does not put deck drains or scuppers on the bridge. Provide
deck drainage as noted on the TS&L.

IV. Detailed work items are as follows. Design phases are the same as those called
for under the section “Standard Highway Design Submittals/Deliverables” above.

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 V. Preliminary Design. Prepare a vicinity map drawing of the proposed bridge,
culvert, or retaining wall site.

Plot the vicinity map on M.BRDG, contained in the WFLHD cell library. Use the
same scale for both plan and elevation views. Choose a scale which shows
sufficient surrounding topography to show the entire stream width plus some
additional length of roadway, allowing for a longer crossing than currently exists.
Indicate existing topography to no greater than 2 foot contours. On the elevation
view, plot the existing ground contour along centerline road. On the plan view,
plot roadway centerline with station tic marks. Indicate curve data for the
segment of roadway shown. Plot the locations of geotechnical borings.

Include typical roadway section information and a line graph of centerline

roadway grade in the space provided. Indicate in the grade diagram the VPIs
immediately upstation and downstation from the crossing plus vertical curve data
for these VPIs.

On a separate drawing, provide a plan view contour map showing the proposed
roadway centerline and additional ground contours for a sufficient reach of the
stream to indicate general streamflow alignment and the bank width at some
reasonable distance away from the existing or proposed bridge crossing.

Whenever possible, set the grade on bridges to allow a minimum one to three
meters freeboard (clearance between soffit elevation of the bridge superstructure
and water surface elevation) at Q50. In addition, maintain a minimum 10 feet
clearance between the soffit and the stream bed. See Section III Statement of
Work Tasks for specific requirements.

To assure deck drainage, new bridge construction should include a minimum

0.5% grade on structures less than 150 feet long, and a minimum 1% grade on
bridges over 150 feet long. If necessary, adjust the vertical alignment for the road
to assure that there is this minimum grade. Adjust horizontal alignment to assure
that all spirals and template transitions (superelevation to crown, crown to
superelevation) are fully off the ends of bridges.

VI. Intermediate Design. If called for in the Statement of Work, prepare a Type, Size,
and Location (TS&L) drawing of the proposed bridge, culvert, or retaining walls.

On bridge TS&L, indicate the proposed structure type, span length, beginning and
ending stations, deck width, wingwall size and alignment, rail type, foundation
type, hydraulic data, and any utilities to be accommodated on the bridge. For
culverts, indicate the alignment (skew), size, length, and end treatment for the
proposed structure. Retaining wall TS&L shall indicate wall type, footing
elevation, length of wall, and finish ground profile along the face and top of wall.
Select a structure type that is appropriate to the site. Consideration of structure
type should include cost of construction, construction constraints (including

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 remoteness of site, availability of prefabricated sections, availability of cast-in-
place concrete, etc.), maintenance costs, and overall aesthetics.

On the elevation view, plot the existing and finish ground contour along
centerline road for bridges, and along the face of wall for retaining walls. On a
separate drawing, show a typical cross section through the bridge superstructure
or retaining wall.

If the bridge is to be constructed with partial width stages, develop a staged

construction phasing plan as necessary for traffic maintenance during
construction.

Prepare preliminary cost estimates of the proposed bridge alternative(s).

Summarize the data used to select the recommended alternative.

VII. Plan-in-Hand Design. Design and prepare contract drawings and draft
specifications for the proposed structure. When available, and with prior
coordination with the COTR, it may be permissible to use WFLHD, FLH or state
DOT standard drawings for some structures or structure elements. Depending on
the specific application, it may be necessary to modify standard drawings before
incorporating them into the contract plans.

a. Girders. Calculate moments, shears, and stresses at critical sections.

Show moment and shear capacities, prestressing steel strand patterns, and
shear stirrup diagrams. Provide dead load deflection (camber) diagram.
Produce the calculations for the deflections of the entire structure due to
prestress camber, dead load, creep, and shrinkage.

b. Abutments. For concrete deck bridges, unless otherwise indicated on the

TS&L or in the Statement of Work, detail the abutment endwalls to be integral
with the superstructure (no deck joints or independent backwalls). Produce
plan and elevation drawings of the abutments so that design sections can be
identified. For each different design section, produce the loading calculations,
load groupings, foundation loads and design calculations.

c. Culverts. Produce design calculations for the cast-in-place concrete

portion of the culverts. Plan drawings shall clearly indicate the length, size,
and orientation of the proposed culvert. Indicate precast culvert sections and
cast-in-place portion. Provide construction details for cast-in-place concrete
portions of the culvert including connection to precast sections.

d. Retaining walls. Specific elements of retaining walls requiring design

calculations will depend on the wall type selected. Produce design
calculations for those portions of retaining walls which do not utilize standard
plans. Plan drawings shall include plan and elevation views to indicate the

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 line and grade of the proposed wall, typical sections through the wall at
critical locations, and any additional details required to construct the wall.

e. Compute contract quantities for all items to be incorporated into the

bridge. Use FLH standard pay item numbers and quantities. Prepare an
Engineer's Estimate of the cost of construction.

f. Perform an independent design check. The design check shall consist of

an independent set of calculations prepared by an engineer not involved with
the initial design calculation. Compare loads, stresses, and capacities at
critical sections in the superstructure and substructure.

4. Final Design. Make revisions to the design based on review comments by COTR and
comments received in Plan-in-Hand review. Compute and check all required
construction contract quantities for the bridge and list these on the plans.

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