Manik Gupta et al.

/ (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

FREEDOM: Fault Revoking and Energy Efficient

Protocol for the Deployment of Mobile Sensor
Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks
Manik Gupta D. Prasad R. B. Patel
Department of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science,
Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, D.C.R.U.S.T,
Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India. Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, India. Murthal (Sonepat), Haryana, India.
manikjmu@gmail.com dprasadvns@gmail.com, patel_r_b@yahoo.com

Abstract- In most of the research articles published so far in A. Resource constraints

the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the protocols

T
are usually designed with a pre-assumption that the Base SNs have limited resources, including low computational
Station (BS) has large amount of energy. But, how could it be capability, small memory, low wireless communication
true in those cases, where, we use the BS as any flying object bandwidth, and a limited power battery.
like airplane, Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV) or quadricopter B. Traffic characteristics
etc. As, there can be fuel related problems, i.e. either a flying
fuel station need to be provided to the BS or the BS has to In WSNs, the primary traffic is in the upstream direction
ES
disturb the network for fuel filling purpose. One can think
about some other airborne technologies, still fuel is the ultimate
requirement of the flying BS. Besides this unnoticed problem,
there is a very common problem that can be found in any
WSNs, i.e. the energy constraint over the sensor nodes (SNs),
which limits the lifetime of the WSN as well as some good
security techniques that require good amount of energy. Here,
in this article, we are trying to overcome both these drawbacks
from the SNs to the sink node or BS, although the BS or sink
nodes may occasionally generate certain downstream traffic
for the purposes of query and control. In the upstream, this is
a many-to-one type of communication. Depending on
specific applications, the delivery of upstream traffic may be
event-driven, continuous delivery, query-driven delivery, or
hybrid delivery.
of WSNs. In this article, we design a protocol named C. Small message size
FREEDOM, to provide power wirelessly to the BS, without
dislocating from the deployment area; as well as to the SNs in Messages in sensor networks usually have a small size
the deployment area, at a very reasonable cost with the help of compared with the existing networks. As a result, there is
power beam. Here, in this article, since we have ample of usually no concept of segmentation in most applications in
A
energy at both ends, i.e. at the BS as well as at the SNs; hence, WSNs.
we use mobile sensor nodes (MSNs) in the network rather than
D. Addressing Schemes
static sensors, which are better resources for the remote
surveying area. Due to relatively large number of SNs, it is not possible
to build global addressing schemes for the deployment of a
Keywords- Wireless Sensor Network (WSN); Base Station large number of SNs as overhead of identity maintenance is
(BS); Sensor Node (SN); Mobile Sensor Node (MSN); Laser high.
Power; Power Beam; Remote Surveillance Vehicle (RSV);
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Laser Diode Array; Photovoltaic (PV) cells. E. Sensor location and redundancy of data

I. INTRODUCTION Position awareness of sensor network is important, since

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of
autonomous devices equipped with sensors that co-
operatively perform the task of collecting relevant data and
monitor its surrounding for some change or event to occur
[1], such as temperature, vibration, pressure, or pollutants, at
different locations. These devices called sensor nodes (SNs)
have sensing, computation and wireless communication
capabilities. WSNs has its own features that not only
differentiate it from other wireless networks but also craft
the scope of wireless application to disaster relief, military
surveillance, habitat monitoring, target tracking and in many F. Fault tolerance
civic, medical and security applications [2-5]. Some of the
common characteristics of WSNs that were kept in mind
before developing FREEDOM are as following [6]:
data collection is normally based on location. Also, there
may be common phenomena to collect data, so there is a
high probability that this data has some redundancy. There
are three criteria that drive the common design issues for
large-scale sensor networks; scalability (these networks
might involve thousands of nodes), energy-efficiency (in
particular, wireless communication can incur significantly
higher energy cost than computation), and robustness (to
environmental effects and node and link failures).
Since nodes may run out of energy or might be damaged
or the wireless communication between two nodes can be

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

permanently interrupted, it is important that the WSNs as a M. Miscellaneous applications

whole are able to tolerate such faults. To tolerate node
failure, redundant deployment is necessary, using more WSNs may be used in different environments supporting
nodes than would be strictly necessary if all nodes diverse applications, from habitat monitoring and target
functioned correctly. tracking to security surveillance and so on. These
applications may be focused on different sensory data and
G. Network Lifetime therefore impose different requirements in terms of quality
of service (QoS) and reliability. Thus sensor networks are
The time for which the network is operational or, put application specific.
another way, the time during which it is able to fulfil its
tasks (starting from a given amount of stored energy). It is Extensive research is going on in almost all fields of
not quite clear, however, when this time ends. Possible sensor networks with the consideration of these
definitions are: characteristics, including sensor design, communication
protocol stack design, operating system for sensors etc. The
• Time to first node death: When does the first node in design goals of WSNs are application specific, but share
the network run out of energy or fail and stop some common attributes like security, scalability,
operating? robustness, network life time, fault tolerance, and data

T
• Network half-life: When have 50% of the nodes run aggregation. Out of which, network life time, security and
out of energy and stopped operating? fault tolerance are most important.
H. Time to partition One of the significant features of SNs is their limited
battery power and it is sometimes not feasible to recharge or
When does the first partition of the network in two (or replace the batteries. SNs may be left unattended in any
more) disconnected parts occur? hostile environment such as battlefields, volcanoes etc.,
I. Density of nodes ES which makes it difficult or sometimes impossible to recharge
or replace their batteries. Thus, efforts must be employed to
In WSNs, the number of nodes per unit area i.e. the remove this deficiency of the WSN. Many protocols existing
density of the network – can vary considerably. Different in the literature minimize energy consumption on routing
applications will have very different node densities. Even paths [7-10]. Even though these approaches increase energy
within a given application, density can vary over time and efficiency, they do not always, in essence, prolong network
space because nodes fail or move; the density also does not lifetime, if certain nodes become "popular" or more
have to be homogeneous in the entire network (because of commonly termed as "hot spots", i.e., present on most of the
imperfect deployment) and the network should adapt to such forwarding paths towards sink in the network. Thus, a good
variations. security algorithm demands good amount of energy in
J. Maintainability comparison to other security algorithms. Hence, there should
be some provision to overcome this deficiency of the WSN.
A
As both the environment of a WSNs and the WSNs itself So, rather than making the WSN energy efficient,
change (depleted batteries, failing nodes, new tasks), the FREEDOM will enhance the life-time of WSN to infinite,
system has to adapt it by monitoring its own health and not only to implement better security algorithms, but also for
status to change operational parameters or to choose providing mobility to the SNs with the help of remote
different trade-offs (e.g. to increase the interval of surveillance vehicles in the deployment area.
monitoring data and reduce quality when energy resource
become scarce). Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
summarizes the motivation factors and related works. In
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K. Node Deployment
Node deployment can be random, deterministic or self
organizing. For deterministic deployed networks the routes
are pre-determined, however for random deployed networks
and self-organizing networks route designation have been a
challenging subject.
L. Energy consideration
Since the life-time of the WSNs depends on energy
resources and their consumption by sensors, the energy
consideration has a great influence on route design. The
power consumed during transmission is the greatest portion
of energy consumption of any node. Direct communication
consumes more power than multi-hop communication;
however the multi-hop communication introduces extra the concept of wireless electricity [11] or supplying power to
topology management and medium access control.
section III, deployment of the SNs in the deployment area is
presented followed by the proposed architecture for power
supply model in section IV. Finally, simulation results are
presented in section V and then we conclude FREEDOM
and discuss the scope of future work in section VI.
II. MOTIVATION FACTORS AND RELATED
WORK
An exhaustive research topic in WSN is to enhance the
life-time of the network. For this purpose, a large number of
energy efficient algorithms like [7-10] are developed to
make them long lasting. But, it sounds much better to make
the life of WSNs never lasting rather than long lasting. It
feels to be difficult, but does it really so if one thinks about
space vehicles or solar power satellites (SPS) [16-18].

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

Due to the recent efforts of MIT and Intel Co. [12-15],

wireless electricity comes into revolutionary phase, which
motivate us to think upon and work over the concept so as to
make the WSN’s life never lasting. Though this concept is
motivating to work upon future applications, but still it is
facing problem related to the transmission range, upto 3
meters. So, due to this problem as well as introduction of
new hardware structure to the SNs, the current technology
introduced by MIT and Intel Co. limits anyone to work upon
WSN. But, if one thinks about the principle of power
transmission in space to the space vehicles or space based
solar power satellites (SPS), as mentioned in [16-18] or to
recharge batteries of satellites in geo-stationary orbits as in
[19] made us to think beyond the concept of simple wireless Figure 1.SHARP flight experiment in 1987 [20]
electricity, as discussed in [12-15]. Though the concept of III. DEPLOYMENT OF SENSOR NODES
SPS is capable enough to provide unlimited power to the

SNs in the deployment area as well as to the flying BS over
it, but a large burden of extra cost is also involved in it as
includes a large number of SNs and the BS to get charged
through the satellites, which are governed by any third party
and hence the point of security also arises. So, it would be
more cost effective and more secured, if we are able to apply
the same principle from the land itself rather than space, at
T
The process of deployment of the SNs is divided into
two phases, as discussed below:
Phase I- Random Deployment
The SNs to be deployed in the deployment area are
mobile sensor nodes. To provide mobility to the SNs, they
are embedded over the Remote Surveillance Vehicles with

Laser Power Beaming.

ES
the deployment area by the first party itself. This can be
possible with Microwave power transmission (MPT) or

solar energy systems, but here it uses specialized mountains etc.

photovoltaic cells to convert laser light into electricity. The
laser light is shaped by a set of optics to define the beam size
the Global Positioning System (GPS). For military or other
secret applications, spider robots can be a good option to
choose them as RSV, due to their small size and proper
The working of Laser Power Beaming is similar to the legged walking capability over difficult areas like rocks,

at its destination, which is then propagated through air or the

vacuum of space until it reaches the photovoltaic (PV)
receiver. This array of PV cells then converts the light back
into electricity. Laser Power Beaming requires physical
A
installations of the laser power generator and beam director
at the transmitting end and PVcells at the receiving end, and
nothing in between. The receiver can be moved to a
different location, closer or further away, without changing
the cost of the system.
A microwave power transmission (MPT) is suitable for a
Mobile Sensors (RSVs)
power transmission from/to moving transmitters/targets.
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Therefore, accurate target detection and high efficient beam

forming are important. MPT was succeeded first time for
fuel free flight experiment, named SHARP (Stationary High Deployment Area
Altitude Relay Platform) [20] in 1987, in Canada, shown in
fig.1.
Figure 2. Distribution of MSNs or RSVs from the BS.
Here, in this article, we design a protocol named
FREEDOM for the WSNs to provide wireless power both at These RSVs along with the SNs and GPS system
the BS as well as to the SNs in the deployment area, with embedded on them are distributed with parachute to avoid
special reference to the use of laser beam as in [21] for any physical damage to them (as in figure 2); from the BS
supplying power to UAVs. which is flying around the deployment area. After
deployment BS becomes stationary over the deployment
area. These RSVs containing SNs as well as GPS, now
acting as MSNs. Based on the GPS limits, the BS will divide
the deployment area logically in to say k number of co-
ordinate points at its own end, as shown in the figure 3.

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

in regular sensor node distribution technique during the

deployment phase.

If a mobile sensor gets damaged physically due to any

natural calamity, it will activate its sleep mode. At the same
time, BS will send the message to one of the α MSNs in the
deployment area, which is closest to the segment with
damaged MSN in the following packet format, so that the
extra MSN in the deployment area replaces itself with the
damaged node.
NODE ID GPS – X1, Y1 GPS – X2, Y2

Here, Node ID represents the ID of the mobile sensor

node to be replaced, GPS – X1, Y1 and GPS – X2, Y2
represents the X-limit and Y- limit of the damaged mobile

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Figure 3. Random Deployment of MSNs in the Deployment Area sensor node respectively, i.e. the area within which the extra
MSN is supposed to replace the damaged MSN.
Initially each MSNs, contain a packet with following
format, having ‘k’ number of co-ordinate points of the Figure 3 represents the case of regular shaped deployment
deployment area. area like rectangle or square, divided into equal segments;
however, it is not always necessary that the deployment area
GPS – X , Y
1 1 GPS – X , Y
2 2
ES
:::::::::::::::
GPS – X , Y
is in regular geometrical shape, as it may be in any irregular
k k

or polygon shape. In such cases, the deployment area is

The total number of MSNs to be deployed in the divided into segments having equal area rather than grid
deployment area will be few more, say α than actually structure segments, as in figure 3, because this may cause
required number of MSNs. These additional α MSNs will be unequal distribution of segments, due to which MSNs with
used to revoke any physically damaged or compromised larger segment area gets out of energy sooner than those
MSN in the deployment area. The number of these having smaller segment area. Here, the total number of
additional MSNs will depend on application of the WSN and segments in the deployment area is directly dependent upon
the area of deployment. The total number of MSNs will the total number of MSNs available for sensing purpose and
always be maintained at ‘n+ α’. the total deployment area. In such cases, the packet format
Phase II- Finding Physical Locations and Maintenance for establishing MSNs into any q- coordinate segment is as
A
of the Deployment Area following:
After landing of the MSNs, they will first find NODE ID GPS – X , Y GPS – X , Y
1 1 2:::::::::
2 GPS – X , Y
q q Hello
themselves whether they are within the given X and Y co-
ordinate of the net GPS limits of the deployment area. If the However, the packet for revoking which the BS will send
MSN is within the deployment area limits then the MSNs to the extra MSN in the deployment area will be of the
will find the appropriate vacant cell in the deployment area. following format:
On finding the vacant cell, the MSN will send the “Hello”
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NODE ID GPS – X , Y GPS – X , Y ::::::::::::: GPS – X , Y

message in the data packet to the BS in the following format, 1 1 2 2 q q

so that no other MSN will establish itself in the same GPS

limits. Why Mobile Sensors Nodes (MSNs)?
NODE ID GPS – X , Y
1 GPS – X , Y
1 2 Hello
2 The mobility always proved to be more advantageous
than some static things in almost all applications found
around, related to any technology. Similarly, MSNs have a
Here, GPS – X1, Y1 and GPS – X2, Y2 are the diagonal
number of advantages over ordinary (SNs). Some of the
co-ordinate points of any of the segment as shown in figure
primaries are as following:
3. Now, the responsibility of that particular sensor node is to
sense the required segment area within its GPS limits
1) In case of ordinary SNs, the sensor will sense the
continuously.
area where it is located and in normal distribution process
However, if the MSN is not within the limits of the the BS is not sure about the location to be occupied by any
deployment area then that particular MSN will approach SN before its deployment. So, it is not always necessary that
towards the GPS limits of the deployment area and hence the SNs cover whole deployment area with equal
eliminating the drawback of the wastage of sensor nodes, as distribution i.e. the distance between the physical neighbors
may be very less, which cause duplication of the data or it

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

may be very large, due to which the area in between them
may not be sensed and hence loss of data.
However, in case of MSNs, they are deployed with a
logical division of the deployment area at the BS end and
can be programmed to occupy the required position. Hence,
each segment of the deployment area can be sensed properly
without leaving any area unattended.
2) During the distribution of ordinary SNs, some of
the SNs get dropped outside the deployment area and hence
lead to the wastage of the SNs that cause decrease in the
concentration of total SNs in the deployment area, resulting
partial information of the deployment area. But, MSNs can
be programmed to find the required locations and thus
eliminating the drawback of wastage of SNs during their
match with the intensity of the beam and wavelength of the
generator, which can be either in DC or in AC. This prime
power generator then generates the laser via laser power
supply associated with the laser cooler, which maintains the
temperature of the laser beam, so that the laser beam so
generated will not damage any equipment on which it is to
be directed. The laser beam is then directed towards the laser
receiver with the help of beam director under the control of
tracking and safety sensors. Here, the safety system ensures
that the beam is unobstructed and is directed at the receiver
properly; however for tracking either an optical tracker is
used, which is straight forward or can be supplemented with
GPS based technique for acquisition. The laser receiver used
in this model contains an array of near-infrared laser diodes,
as shown in the figure 4 [21].
These arrays composed of the photovoltaic cells that

T
distribution from the flying BS.
laser and are efficient, compact, robust, reliable and
3) Replacing a physically damaged node by any extra relatively inexpensive. However, for greater range or low
node rather than some existing node in the network is a good power applications, other lasers like diode-pumped fiber
option to proceed with the existing topology. MSNs can lasers can be provided that are relatively expensive to that
easily replace any physically damaged node during the fault we are using in this model. With current laser cells, the
revoking phase in a very small amount of time and continue deliverable power is limited mainly by cell cooling and can
the process by its end.

4)
ES
controlled RSVs, hence different types of sensors may be
easily exceed 6 KW/m2 or about 1HP per square foot. The
architecture of the power supply model of FREEDOM is as
Since, mobility can be provided by wirelessly shown in the figure 5.
In the figure 5, first of all the power is supplied so as to
involved along with the same RSV in order to sense generate a laser beam from BD2, which directs the laser
different data like in a farm field, a mobile sensor can sense beam to one of the laser receiver with the help of optical
various data like temperature, moisture etc. tracking and safety sensors. The photovoltaic cells in the
laser receiver provides power to the motor of flying BS, so
IV. POWER SUPPLY MODEL that it communicates with the deployment area continuously
After the successful completion of the deployment phase by eliminating the need of providing extra fuel filling station
of the MSNs, the power supply phase in the deployment area to the flying BS or some other fuel related problems at the
BS end that may cause its dislocation from the network for
A
begins after some time, since the RSVs are initially
completely charged before deployment. However, the power fuel filling purposes.
supply to the BS will start before the process begins with the After the successful deployment of the MSNs in the
help of beam director (BD2). deployment area, the working of BD1 will begin. This may
be placed either at ground with some AC line supply or may
be embedded with some high power military vehicle. BD2
will also direct laser beam to the second laser receiver at the
IJ

BS. The photovoltaic cells in second receiver will now act as

prime power to the laser beam director associated with GPS
based tracking and safety sensor, which will help in
directing laser to the MSNs, containing small arrays of
photovoltaic cells as receiver that are sufficient to supply
power to the MSNs for some period of time. The laser is
directed to all the MSNs in the deployment area either on
rotation basis or on priority basis; the priority may be
associated with the level of energy or even more number of
directors can be provided in some ratio to the MSNs in the
deployment area. One may think that rather than using GPS
based tracking and safety sensor even ordinary tracking and
safety sensor can be used here in a way to direct the beam
Figure 4. Sample near-infrared 1,000W (1.3 Horse Power) laser diode array, throughout the deployment area continuously, this can be a
less than 3 inches across [21]
good option in case of ordinary SNs which senses data
As per the principle to be followed in the power supply periodically and consumes least energy but not in case of
model [21], the power is generated from the prime power MSNs where the energy consumption is high and moreover

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

here most of the energy gets wasted with decreased intensity
of the beam and even if one tries to increase the intensity,
then either the safety sensor will not allow or it may cause
harm to the beam director due to high temperature.
Issues in charging of Laser Diode Arrays in the Power
Supply Model
In FREEDOM, the power is supplied to the BS as well as
MSNs in the deployment area. Though a continuous beam is
directed to one of the laser diode array for supplying power
to the BS continuously and the other beam is directed
continuously to the other laser diode array which is
connected to the beam director to further supply power to
the MSNs, hence it is not a matter of discussion about the
factors for the BS power supply. However, a number of
factors are involved in supplying power to the MSNs in the
is one most important factor involved in supplying power to
the MSNs, which is solar energy; as the photovoltaic cells
within in the MSNs get charged with power beam on
rotation basis in addition to the exposure to continuous solar
energy present in the environment during day time, which
motivates the usage of MSNs over normal SNs. The
intensity of power beam can be adjusted by considering the
factors like weather, time intervals between charging. This
gives immense benefits in case of cloudy or rainy weather,
hence ensuring almost 100% energy uptime of MSNs at the
deployment end.
A photovoltaic cell involved in the laser diode array
exists in one of the four states:
1) Fully Charged State: The charges inside the
photovoltaic cells are full to their maximum capacity.

deployment area. They are: (1) the rated capacity of the
photovoltaic cells used in the laser diode arrays, (2) the run
time of the MSNs, (3) zenith distance i.e. the angular
distance from the position of the laser beam above the
deployment area of MSNs, (4) the probability that recovery
would occur from the discharged state or recovered state to
fully charged state (5) capacity fading rate of the laser diode
T
2) Discharging State: The charges near the anode
flows out of the battery in a rate faster than the internal
diffusion inside the battery composition.
3) Recovered State: Due to exposure to the sunlight or
laser beam, internal diffusion occurs among the electrons
inside the electrolyte so as to equalize the concentration of

LASER POWER SUPPLY

Base Station
ES
array that affects its life time. Beside all these factors, there

PRIME POWER
COLLECTOR
charges within photovoltaic cells inside laser diode array.

Laser Receivers

POWER
CONTROL AND
MOTOR
BATTERY
LASER COOLING
LASER

Beam
A
GPS based Tracking Director
and Safety Sensor
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Laser
Beam

Tracking and Safety

Sensor

Beam
Director

Deployment Area

LASER POWER
SUPPLY
PRIME
LASER
POWER
Laser Beam Generator BD1 LASER
COOLING BD2
Embedded on a Military Vehicle
Figure 5. Power Supply Architecture of FREEDOM

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

4) Depleted State: When all the charges near the where, I(z) - total flux intensity in KW/m2 and is defined as
anode of the PV cells within laser diode array gets depleted the total energy either by power beam or solar energy or
and stops the flow of electrons from the battery then the PV both absorbed by each PV cell involved.
cells enter into the depleted state and the concerned MSN
will enter into the sleep state. I0 - solar flux intensity outside the earth’s atmosphere i.e.
exoatmospheric solar flux (1.353 KW/m2).
The capacity fading rate of the laser diode array was
given by Peukert Effect and can be described by Eq. (1) as: c - empirical data numerical constant with value 0.357.
s - empirical data numerical constant with value 0.678.
C = I nT (1)
z1 - zenith distance i.e. the angular or line of sight distance
from the position of sun directly above the MSNs.
where, C - Rated capacity of the laser diode array.
z2 - zenith distance i.e. the angular or line of sight distance
I - Discharge current. from the position of GPS based beam director in the flying
T - Runtime of the laser diode array. BS above the MSNs.
n - Peukert’s exponent.

T






The probability that a recovery would occur is given by

   

[22] as follows:

e-k(N-q/N) ; if q ≠ N (2)  



 


    
Pr =
ES 
0 ; if q = 0 or q = N

where, q - fraction of discharge of PV cells in laser diode

array. S
un
N - total charge capacity of the laser diode array. z1

N-q/N - fraction of capacity remained in PV cells in laser

diode array.
k- constant dependent upon the amount of PV cells in laser
diode array used. z
Zenith angle of z1,

z2
The intensity of power beam applied to the laser diode
A
arrays at various ends in this model depends upon various
parameters: MSN

1) The environmental temperature or temperature of

the solar energy. Since, in the open air deployment areas like
military applications, farm fields, etc. exposure to sunlight is Figure 6. Zenith Distance of a MSN
a natural phenomenon whose intensity cannot be changed
manually. The temperature of the laser beam directed, which Figure 6 shows the zenith distances z1 and z2 from the
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can be controlled by the safety sensors at the beam directors. MSN to the sun and the power beam generator respectively.
Moreover, this temperature can be programmed to vary Here, z1 is dependent on the time of the day, whereas z2 is
according to the environmental temperature and the density independent of time as the power beam is directed
of MSNs in the deployment area; as in large number of continuously over the MSNs on rotation basis, irrespective
MSNs the intensity of the beam needs to be increased to of time. If λ is the latitude of the MSN and δ is the solar
decrease the time slots among the charging of several nodes. declination, then z1 can be calculated by Eq. (6) [23] as:
2) Relation between the time and the amount of
energy provided by the PV cells within the laser diode array. z1 = cos-1(sin λ sin δ + cos λ cos δ cos t) (6)
For this we describe the flux intensity of the PV cells
involved which is given by [23] can be modified according where, t = (360/24)T (7)
to the proposed model in FREEDOM as in the following T - number of hours from the highest point of the sun.
equation:
λ - latitude of MSN in deployment area.
-c(sec z1)^s -c(sec z2)^s
I(z) = e I0 + e (3) δ – solar declination angle i.e. the angle between earth-sun
line and the equatorial plane.

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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

However, z2 can be calculated as in Eq. (8):
z2 = (GPS position of the beam generator at the BS) – (GPS
position of the MSN) (8)
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation is done using Matlab as the plotting software,
as well as the calculation engine to plot the change in total
flux intensity with respect to time, considering the total flux,
considering both the flux due to solar energy and power
beam. Following data values are assumed before the
simulation of the model.
Empirical data numerical constant (c) = 0.357.
Empirical data numerical constant (s) = 0.678.
charges depending upon the value of a charge unit generated
by the total power including solar power and laser beam.
The total flux intensity is maximum during noon, when both
the solar power and laser beam are available but, in night,
due to supply of power beam, this flux intensity gets
decreased, as only the laser beam is available, but still the
laser diodes on MSNs are capable to work above the
threshold power, due to the energy so available by the laser
diode array.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
FREEDOM has the potential to expand the capabilities
of WSN in both military and commercial applications, by
providing laser beams at kilowatt power levels and in
kilometer range. Some of the advantages of FREEDOM are

T
Exoatmospheric solar flux (I0) = 1.353 KW/m2. as follows:
Zenith Distance (z2) = 1 mile.
Latitude of MSN in deployment area (λ), involved for 1.
FREEDOM ensures high energy at the BS end actually
the calculation of z1 = 600. rather than any assumption in fictions.
According to the University of Southern Mississippi in 2. FREEDOM provides a definite solution to unlimited
[23] the value of solar declination changes throughout the power at the BS as well at the sensor nodes with an
ES
year as shown below, due to tilting of earth’s equatorial line involvement of very low investment at the corporate
by 23.450 with respect to its orbit. end.
Solar Declination Angle (δ), involved for the calculation of 3. Due to never lasting energy at the sensor nodes,
z1 = 23.50 ; During Summer FREEDOM is used to provide mobility to the sensors.
0 ; During Equinox 4. High energy by FREEDOM also ensures continuous
-23.50 ; During Winters sensing of data rather than periodic sensing as in general
techniques of WSN.
5. Due to high energy at both the ends, FREEDOM
enhances good security techniques like peer to peer
between the sensor node and the BS may eliminate the
need of sink nodes; however time cycles can be
provided for sending data packets to get rid of traffic
A
congestion problems. With this technique even more
Time (Hours)

security can be obtained as one of the key for each node

is stored in the BS itself, rather than in any other node in
the hostile environment.
6. With the deployment technique as in FREEDOM,
sensor nodes are distributed in such a way that no
sensor node gets wasted even if it lands out of the
IJ

deployment area.
Considering all these advantages, FREEDOM can found
a large number of applications in disaster relief, military
surveillance, habitat monitoring, target tracking and in many
2
Total Flux Intensity (KW/m ) security applications. As a future work, we can think about
more good security and key management algorithms,
Figure 7. Total Flux Intensity with respect to Time
irrespective of the energy which the network will consume.
Result of simulation is given in Figure 7. Here, the plot Moreover, we can also work upon some good robotics
describes total flux intensity with respect to time for technology to develop even more compact RSVs that suits to
different seasons: summer (yellow), equinox (pink), winters our applications.
(blue), on the basis of Eq. (3). Figure 7 represents the time
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 Manik Gupta et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 1, 001 - 009

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