ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our immense sense of

gratitude indebtedness to our beloved principal for his
encouragement and valuable suggestions for providing the
light academic environment in this institution.
We would like to extend our sincere regards to our
beloved head of the department Mrs.Jayanthi for his co-
operation throughout project work.
We are greatly thankful to our guide Mr. Madu Gopinath
his constant monitoring in doing our project from the beginning
to the completion of the project.
We also express our sincere and grateful thanks to each
and every college staff who has directly or indirectly
responsible for success in completion of our project.

MITALI DAS
Final year
Department of electronics & comn Engineering
B
 CONTENTS

1. SNOPSIS
2. INTRODUCTION
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
4. WORKING
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
6. MICRO CONTROLLER
7. SOFTWARE PROGRAM
8. CONCLUSION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Missile tracking and destroying
system

Defense is an integral part of a nation. It will

protect the nation from enemy attacks. Missile gun
vehicle or war tanker is one of the main firing
source of defense. To handle a missile gun vehicle,
a group of 8 soldiers are required. To fire on to the
enemy, soldiers has to wait for the order from the
control room. If the order is delayed then the
soldiers life will be in danger, Which causes heavy
loss to defense the technology used in missile gun
vehicle is old & its efficiency is less as compared to
the new one. Missile gun vehicle is run by fuel
which is uneconomical.

To avoid all the above disadvantages of

missile gun vehicle, we have designed &
fabricated, a prototype of new technology war
tanker named as Vehicle MISILE. It is a embedded
system which makes use of micro controller for its
working. The vehicle is controlled from the control
room & it has many features as mentioned below.

Vehicle MISSILE can be controlled by both

manual & automatic mode through remote control.
We can control the movement of the vehicle,
speed of the vehicle, firing of the missile by sitting
in the control room. When the firing sound comes,
it is sensed by the sound sensor in the vehicle & it
is retransmitted to the control room. If any light
falls on the light sensor part of the vehicle, it will
inform to the control room & the further action can
be performed. If the vehicle is working in
automatic mode it will intimate the control room
about the enemy as well as it fires in both the
cases

FEATURES

1. Micro controller based embedded automatic

missile gun firing.

2. No risk to the soldiers life as Veh MISSILE is an

un manned missile gun.

3. Maximum efficiency & minimum pollution as

vehicle MISSILE runs on ELECTRICITY.

4. Audio Video picture of the enemy is obtained with

the use of
SPY Camera .
5. Automatic enemy missile destroying.
The DTMF encoder will encode the signal with different range of frequency and
transmit to the air.
At the receiver end the signal is received by RF receiver then it is decoded and is
passed to micro controller the micro controller will control the speed of dc motor as
well as on/off control
This project has also the feature of sensing the excess temperature and as overload
control

PC AND TRANSMITTER SECTION:

When from the keyboard we are pressing the CPU is

produced +5v to the pin number of parallel port. The pin no.2 of
parallel port is connected to the pin number1 of IC 2803, which is
working as “octal high current/high voltage darling ton transistor
array”.
The IC 2803 is provides a –12v at pin no 18 that is
apply to one terminal of relay coil & the other end of relay coil is
directly connected to the vcc. So the relay is activated.

When relay1 is activated the contact point (normally open)

is provide a –v e voltage to the pin no1 of the DTMF coder (dual tone
multi frequency). When DTMF coder get –v e voltage at pin no1, it
generates a two various frequencies (DTMF)

That frequencies coupled to FM modulator. The FM

modulator is modulating this DTMF code signal with the crystal
oscillator signal. After the frequency modulating it is send to the RF
amplifier.

The RF amplifier is amplifying and radiated through be

antenna. Here the rod antenna is used. The impedance of the antenna
used is 75ohm.

The output of this RF amplifier is 100mw and 27MHz.

FREQUENCY MODULATION:
In FM the noise level is very less.
• It is suitable for short range communication. Because it travels
parallel to earth.
• Band width is more.
• Easy for design.
• Economically cheap.

IC2803

It isolates CPU with the interface circuit.

• It avoide the feed back voltage to CPU.
 • It produced more current and voltage to the relay section.

POWER SUPPLY

Step down 12-0-12v transformer is used for power supply to

produce 12v.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

It is converting AC into DC, after capacitor filter it send to 12v

regulator IC7812 which is provide a constant voltage to the
interface section.

\RECIEVER SECTION AND LOADS

The transmitting signal that is FM modulator 27MHz is received

by the Rx antenna, after amplification is fed to the RF amplifier
which is amplifying 100 times. Then it is fed to DTMF decoder.
The DTMF decoder separates the codes which is generated in the
transmitting section.
The output of DTMF de coder send to the driver section
(transistor) to drive the relays. The relay is provides high voltage
to the stepper motor. So the stepper motor rotated in clockwise
and anti clockwise direction. The direction control program
written in micro controller.
DTMF DE CODER

FM TRANSMITTER

Transmitter

The FM transmitter is working on 27 Mhz is used to control the

relay .It based on DTMF (dual tone multi frequency).

The DTMF generate IC no 91214 various types of 16 tones the

tones are modulated in modulator section after amplification by the RF
section is radiated by the antenna Transistor BC 494 are used for RF
amp and modulator . Rode antenna is used to transmit the FM
modulated signal because the impedance of the circuit and the antenna
are same 75 ohm

RECEIVER

The FM modulated signals are received by the antenna is fed to the

FM receiver (27 Mhz),after de coded by the DTMF de coder is send to
the micro controller then appropriate driver section for activate the
motor IC 8870 is used as DTMF de coder and all twelve transistor are
working as driver to drive the DC motor(to control the train ON/OFF).
Components list

IC 91215 = 1
IC 8870 =1
Tr BC 494 =2
Tr Bc 147 =12
Res various types = 15
X –tal 27 MHZ = 2

DTMF BASIC

DTMF or tone dialing, is very commonly used.In this article we

would like to explain How the way it works, and what are the
advantages as well as disadvantages. DTMF (Dual-tone Multi
Frequency) is a tone composed of two sine waves of given
Frequencies. Individual frequencies are chosen so that it is quite easy
to design frequency Filters, (where the maximum Guaranteed band
with extends from about 300Hz to 3.5 kHz). DTMF was not intended
for data transfer; it is designed for control signals only. With Standard
decoders, it is possible to signal at a rate of about 10 “beeps” (=5 bytes)
per Second. DTMF standards specify 50ms tone and 50ms space
duration. For shorter lengths, Synchronization and timing becomes
very tricky.

DTMF usage:

DTMF is the basis for voice communications control. Modern

telephony uses DTMF

To dial numbers, configure telephone exchanges (switchboard), and so

on. Occasionally, simple floating codes are transmitted using DTMF –
usually via CB transceivers
(27MHz). It is used to transfer information between radio transceivers,
in voice mail applications, etc.

Almost any mobile (cellular) phone is able to generate DTMF after

establishing a Connection. If your phone can’t generate DTMF, you
can use a stand –alone “dialer”. DTMF was designed so that it is
possible to use acoustic transfer, and receive the codes using standard
microphone. Composition of DTMF signals the table shows how to
compose any DTMF code. Each code, or “beep”, consists of two
simultaneous frequencies mixed together (added Amplitudes).
Standards specify 0.7% typical and 1.5% maximum tolerance. The
higher of the two frequencies may have higher amplitude (be “louder”)
of 4 dB max. This shift is called a “twist”. If the twist is equal to 3 dB,
the higher frequency is 3 dB louder. If the lower frequency is louder,
the twist is negative.

Frequency table:

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633Hz

697 Hz 1 2 3 A

770 Hz 4 5 6 B

852 Hz 7 8 9 C

941 HZ * 0 # D

This table resembles a matrix keyboard. The X and Y coordinates of

each code give the two frequencies that the code is composed of.
Notice that there are 16 codes; however, common DTMF dialers use
users won’t need any of those; they are used to configure phone
exchanges or to perform other special function.

How to transmit DTMF

Most often, dedicated telephony circuits are used to generate DTMF

(for example, MT8880). On the other hand, a microprocessor can do it,
too. Just connect a RC filter to two output pins, and generate correct
tones via software. However, getting the correct frequencies often
requires usage of a suitable Xtal for the processor itself- at the cost of
non- standard cycle length, etc. so this method is used in simple
applications only.

DTMF Detector
The task to detect DTMF tones in an incoming signal and to
convert them into actual Digits is certainly more complex then the
encoding process. the decoding process is by nature a continuous
process, meaning it needs to continuously search an incoming data
stream for the presence of DTMF tones.

How to decode DTMF

It is not easy detect and recognize DTMF with satisfactory
precision. Often, dedicated Integrated circuit is used, although a
functional solution for DTMF transmission and receiving by a
microprocessor (a PIC in most cases) exists. it is rather complicated, so
it is used only marginally. Most often, a MT 8870 or compatible circuit
would be used. Most decoders detect only the rising edges of the sine
waves. So, DTMF generated by rectangular pulses and RC filter works
reliably. The mentioned MT 8870 uses two 6thorder-band pass filters
with switched capacitors. These produce nice clean sine waves even
from distorted input, with any harmonics suppressed.
Features:

• Low standby power.

• Minimum external parts count.

• 2.75 V to 10V operation

• 2-of –8 keyboard or calculator- type single contact (from A)

keyboard input.

* On-chip regulation of output tone.

* Mute and transmitter drivers on-chip.

• High accuracy tones provided by 3.58 MHz crystal oscillator.

• Pin- selectable inhibit of single tone generation. Application:

DTMF signaling for

• Telephone sets

• Mobile radio
• Remote control

• Point-of-sale and banking terminals

• Process control.

;PROJECT 3

; This program is to DRIVE THE STEPPER MOTOR CAMERA

CLOCK AND ANTICLOCKWISE
;P3.0 =1 FOR SMALL ADJEST IN CLOCK
;P3.1 =1 FOR SMALL ADJEST IN ANTICLOCK
;P3.2 =1 FOR CONTINUOUS 180 DGREE CLOCK AND
ANTICLOCK

;P1.4 TO P1.7 STEPPER MOTOR

;TO STOP THIS PRESS ONCE P3.0 OR P3.1 ONCE THEN ADJEST.
org 00h
sjmp main
main:
mov p1,#00h
mov p3,#0ffh
mov p3,#00h
LJMP MAIN1
CLOCK:
 JNB P3.0,MAIN1
MOV P1,#040H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#060H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#020H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#0A0H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#080H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#090H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#010H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#050H
lcall DELAY1
ljmp CLOCK

ANTICLOCK:

JNB P3.1,MAIN1
MOV P1,#050H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#010H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#090H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#080H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#0A0H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#020H
 lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#060H
lcall DELAY1
MOV P1,#040H
lcall DELAY1
LJMP ANTICLOCK
MAIN1:
JB P3.0,CLOCK
JB P3.1,ANTICLOCK
JB P3.2,OFFROUND
JMP MAIN1

OFFROUND:
MOV R1,#0DH
ON2:
JB P3.0,MAIN1
JB P3.1,MAIN1
djnz r1,CLOC
ljmp ON6

CLOC:
MOV P1,#040H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#060H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#020H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#0A0H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#080H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#090H
lcall DELAY2
 MOV P1,#010H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#050H
lcall DELAY2
LJMP ON2
OFFRO:
MOV R1,#1AH
ON8:
JB P3.0,MAIN1
JB P3.1,MAIN1
djnz r1,CLOCK2
ljmp ON6

CLOCK2:
MOV P1,#040H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#060H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#020H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#0A0H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#080H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#090H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#010H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#050H
lcall DELAY2
LJMP ON8
ON6:
MOV R1,#1AH
ON7:
djnz r1,CLOCK1
ljmp OFFRO

CLOCK1:
MOV P1,#050H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#010H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#090H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#080H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#0A0H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#020H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#060H
lcall DELAY2
MOV P1,#040H
lcall DELAY2
LJMP ON7

DELAY1:
mov r7, #02Fh
uB2: mov r6, #080h
uB1: mov r5, #01h
djnz r5, $
djnz r6, uB1
djnz r7, uB2
ret
DELAY2:
mov r7, #0fh
 up2: mov r6, #080h
up1: mov r5, #01h
djnz r5, $
djnz r6, up1
djnz r7, up2
ret
end

CONVEYOR CONTROLLER:

Stepper motor:

A stepper motor's shaft has permanent magnets attached to it.

Around the body of the motor is a series of coils that create a magnetic
field that interacts with the permanent magnets. When these coils are
turned on and off the magnetic field causes the rotor to move. As the
coils are turned on and off in sequence the motor will rotate forward or
reverse. This sequence is called the phase pattern and there are several
types of patterns that will cause the motor to turn. Common types are
full-double phase, full-single phase, and half step.
To make a stepper motor rotate, you must constantly turn on and
off the coils. If you simply energize one coil the motor will just jump to
that position and stay their resisting change. This energized coil pulls
full current even though the motor is not turning. The stepper motor
will generate a lot of heat at standstill. The ability to stay put at one
position rigidly is often an advantage of stepper motors. The torque at
standstill is called the holding torque.
Because turning coils on and off can control steppers, they are
easy to control using digital circuitry and micro controller chips. The
controller simply energizes the coils in a certain pattern and the motor
will move accordingly. At any given time the computer will know the
position of the motor since the number of steps given can be tracked.
This is true only if some outside force of greater strength than the
motor has not interfered with the motion.
An optical encoder could be attached to the motor to verify its
position but steppers are usually used open-loop (without feedback).
Most stepper motor control systems will have a home switch associated
with each motor that will allow the software to determine the starting
or reference "home" position.
 Here stepper motor is used in conveyor. Belt conveyor starts
automatically. IC89C2051 interfaced with IC 2803 is used for this
conveyor control. IC 2803 is a darlington transistor voltage array. It
provides high voltage and high current. The output of micro controller
is 5v & 10mv, this output is not enough to rotate stepper motor, so
IC2803 the interface between stepper motor and micro controller to
provide high current to run the motor. Stepper motor contains 4 coils,
which is connected to micro controller providing 12V. IC2803 is a
transistor, which provides inverted & amplified output. If we apply
+5V, the output will be +12v.
Program is written to give clock wise rotation. P0.0 gets high
voltage, which is provided by IR receiver and micro controller start
rotation. Capacitors along with crystal oscillator are used to provide the
clock pulse input. Capacitors functions in charging and discharging
and this is given to oscillator, it amplifies and supply to micro
controller

RECEIVING SECTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
WORKING:
The signal transmitted is received by the Receiver anntena.The length
of the anntena is reduced by the connecting the inductor in series with
the antenna.Its then fed to the RF amplifier to amplify the received
signal since received signal strenght is low. An inductor is connected at
the collector and tuned to the carier frequency used to the transmitter
for synchronization the receiver and tranmsitter frequency .Frequency
modulated signal is obtained at the collector. The signal is then
demodulated by passing it through diode, which removes the carier
signal and hence signal obtained at the output of the diode is a DTMF
signal.Which is then passed to the DTMF decoder to Deocode the
signal sent and hence run the relay and inturn controlls in which
direction should the 12V DC motor rotate depending on the signal
transmiited from the receiver section.

FM RECEIVER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DESIGN:
Designing the Receiver for the given parameters we get the current
and passive elements of the Receiver,
Ic = 0.8605mA, Vcc=12V, beta=100, VE=2.54V
Wkt,
Vce = Vcc/2 = 12/2=6V
IB = Ic/ beta = 8.605u A
IE = Ic + IB = 0.8691m A
Vc = Vcc - Vce - VE = 3.46V
Vc = Vcc - (Ic * Rc)
Rc = 9.924K ohm
Rc = ( Rc1 * Rc2 )/( Rc1 + Rc2 )
Let Rc1 = 10K ohm
Rc2 = 1.3057M ohm

XL = Rc2 = 2*3.142*f*L

Taking,

f = 27M Hz (FM Transmission frequency)

 L = 10m H

RE = VE / IE = 2.834K ohm

Let, RE = 3K ohm

Vth = VBE + VE = 3.24V

IB = ( Vth – VBE )/{ Rth + (beta + 1) RE}

Rth = 72.97K ohm

Rth = ( R1 * R2 )/( R1 + R2 )

Assuming R1 = 270K ohm

 R2 = 100K ohm.
Stepper motor:

A stepper motor's shaft has permanet magnets attached to it.

Around the body of the motor is a series of coils that create a
magnetic field that interacts with the permanet magnets. When
these coils are turned on and off the magnetic field causes the rotor
to move. As the coils are turned on and off in sequence the motor
will rotate forward or reverse. This sequence is called the phase
pattern and there are several types of patterns that will cause the
motor to turn. Common types are full-double phase, full-single
phase, and half step.
To make a stepper motor rotate, you must constantly turn on and
off the coils. If you simply energize one coil the motor will just
jump to that position and stay there resisting change. This
energized coil pulls full current even though the motor is not
turning. The stepper motor will generate a lot of heat at standstill.
The ability to stay put at one position rigidly is often an advantage
of stepper motors. The torque at standstill is called the holding
torque.
Because steppers can be controlled by turning coils on and off, they
are easy to control using digital circuitry and microcontroller chips.
The controller simply energizes the coils in a certain pattern and the
motor will move accordingly. At any given time the computer will
know the position of the motor since the number of steps given can
be tracked. This is true only if some outside force of greater
strength than the motor has not interfered with the motion.
An optical encoder could be attached to the motor to verify its
position but steppers are usually used open-loop (without
feedback). Most stepper motor control systems will have a home
switch associated with each motor that will allow the software to
determine the starting or reference "home" position.
Servo motors:
There are several types of servo motors but I'll just deal with a
simple DC type here. If you take a normal DC motor that can be
bought at Radio Shack it has one coil (2 wires). If you attach a
battery to those wires the motor will spin. See, very different from
a stepper already!. Reversing the polarity will reverse the direction.
Attach that motor to the wheel of a robot and watch the robot move
noting the speed. Now add a heavier payload to the robot, what
happens? The robot will slow down due to the increased load. The
computer inside of the robot would not know this happened unless
there was an encoder on the motor keeping track of its position.
So, in a DC motor, the speed and current draw is a affected by the
load. For applications that the exact position of the motor must be
known, a feedback device like an encoder MUST be used (not
optional like a stepper).
The control circuitry to perform good servoing of a DC motor is
MUCH more complex than the circuitry that controls a stepper
motor.
RC Servos:
Often when talking about robots the word "servo" really means an
RC (remote control) servo motor. This is a small box designed for
use in hobby airplanes and cars.
Inside this box is a complete servo system including: motor, gearbox,
feedback device (pot), servo control circuitry, and drive circuit. It's
really amazing that they can stick all of that in such a small package.
RC servos normally have 3 wires: +v, ground, control. The control
signal is a pulse that occurs at about 50hz. The width of the pulse
determines the position of the servo motors output. As you can see, this
would be pretty easy to control with a digital controller such as a Basic
Stamp. Most will run on 5-6 volts and draw 100-500ma depending on
size.
IR TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

In receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used as amplifier

and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and closing) and providing negative
voltage to the relay through emitter to collector.

WORKING
The receiver IR LED(photo transistor) is placed in the base of transistor
Q1. The received IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out put is taken
from collector and given to the base of transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 is
amplified input signal and fed to the base of transistor Q3 through coupling
capacitor Q4 and out put is taken from collector and fed to the base transistor
Q4 through resister R8 and R9 and it is worked as a coupling, the out put from
collector is given transistor Q5 through the diode D1.

The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the transistors. The diode D2
used as a polarity diode. The negative voltage is extended from emitter to
collector to the relay. When there is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are not
conducting so transistor Q5 all so will not operate so negative voltage extended
to the relay. One end of the relay coil is directly connected to the positive
terminal and the other end is connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is
providing negative voltage to the relay for activation.
When there is no input signal the transistor Q1 to Q5 are in forward bias
and the transistor Q5 is produce negative voltage from emitter to collector the
relay gets activated

When the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is
amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to the base of
transistor Q5 through a diode which de- operating the transistor Q5 so there is
no negative voltage from collector the relay gets no negative and it is in ideal
condition(de activated )
Through relay positive voltage is extended to .the LED and negative is
applied directly to .the LED .

TRANSMITTER

• IC 555 is working as a stable multi vibrator used to generate a frequency

in the range of IR Frequency (40 khzl) and is fed to the transistor BD
140.Pin no 1. The transistor BD140 is amplify the IR signal and drive the
 signal through the IR Diode Registers are used to provide DC biasing to
the IC and transistor .Capacitor C1 used for triggering pulse to pin no 2
and capacitor C2 is working as filter and to generate a frequency in the
range of IR level (infrared radiation).

GSM MODEM
The gsm modem will send sms to the other missile tracking system for
ready to fire the enemy fire.

WHY GSM TECHONOLOGY?

A unique feature of GSM, not found in older analog systems, is the Short
Message Service (SMS). SMS is a bidirectional service for short alphanumeric (up to
160 bytes) messages. Messages are transported in a store-and-forward fashion. For
point-to-point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the service, and an
acknowledgement of receipt is provided to the sender. SMS can also be used in a cell-
broadcast mode, for sending messages such as traffic updates or news updates.
Messages can also be stored in the SIM card for later retrieval.

ARCHITECTURE OF GSM:
A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and
interfaces are specified. Figure1.1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM
network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the
subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The
Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center
(MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and
fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not
shown is the Operations and Maintenance Center, which oversees the proper operation and
setup of the network. The Mobile Station and the Base Station Subsystem communicate
across the Um interface, also known as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station
Subsystem communicates with the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface.

General architecture of a GSM network

Mobile Station:

The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a smart
card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides personal mobility, so
that the user can have access to subscribed services irrespective of a specific terminal. By
inserting the SIM card into another GSM terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that
terminal, make calls from that terminal, and receive other subscribed services.
The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret key for authentication, and other
information. The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing personal mobility.
The SIM card may be protected against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity
number.
Base Station Subsystem;

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).The Base Transceiver Station houses the
radio tranceivers that define a cell and handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile
Station. In a large urban area, there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed,
thus the requirements for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.
The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles
radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described below. The BSC is the
connection between the mobile station and the Mobile service Switching Center (MSC).

FLOW CHART :
CHAPTER 3:
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION AND COMPONENT
SPECIFICATIONS:
3.1.INTERFACING CIRCUIT
• MICROCONTROLLER :
We are using 89s52 microcontroller, which belongs to the family of ATMEL 8051/52
series, which is called as mother board from which interfacing of other components is
done. Main components like LCD display, MAX232, relays, sensors and power
supplies are interfaced with the microcontroller.

FEATURES:
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
• Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag

Description:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-
Standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable flash on
a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides
a
Highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters,
a
Six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip
oscillator,
and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for
operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port,
and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM
contents
but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset.

WHY 89S52?
1. Meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost effectively
  Speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and timers,
size, packaging, power consumption.
 Easy to upgrade.

2. Availability of software development tools

 Assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator, technical
support.

3. Wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

• POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT :

WORKING OF THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT :

The bridge wave rectifier is used in power supply circuit. AC220V of input
signal is given to the bridge wave rectifier circuit. During positive half cycle of the
circuit diodes D1 and D3 will conduct, which produces the rectified output at the
load. During the negative half cycle diodes D2 and D4 will conduct to produce the
rectified output at the load. The load contains bypass capacitors, which bypasses the
AC components and produces only DC components to the next circuit. Here we use
IC7805, which acts as a voltage regulator to produce +5V of power supply required
for LCD and the MICROCONTROLLER and IC7812 which produces +12V of
power supply required for other devices.
• RELAY CIRCUIT :
FIG 3.2: RELAY CIRCUIT

RELAY PIN DESCRIPTION: 1. NEGATIVE 12 V

2. POSITIVE 12 V
3. COMMON TERMINAL
 4. NORMALLY CLOSED
5. NORMALLY OPEN

CONDITIONS: i. WHEN RELAY IS ON:

FIG 3.3

ii. WHEN RELAY IS OFF:

FIG 3.4:

When -12 v(from o/p of 2803) is not applied to the coil .Magnetic field is not setup
around the coil and it doesn’t acts as temporary magnet .The switch is pulled
towards normally closed & no electric signal is fed to DTMF coder.

• MAX232 :
RS232 cables are commonly referred as DB25 connector and DB9 connector.
When ‘D’ signifies the ’D’ shape of the connector, the ‘B’ indicates the material being
used in the connector and ‘9’ to indicate that it is a 9-pin connector. Generally, most of
these DB9 connectors are male type. MAX232 is a Voltage converter from Maxim Corp.
The MAX232 converts from RS232 Voltage level to TTL Voltage level and vice versa for
connection between a microcontroller and RS232 cable. They are also known as Line
Drivers. One advantage is that it uses +5V power source for 8052. The MAX232 has two
sets of Line Drivers for transferring and receiving data. The Line Drivers used for TxD
are called T1 AND T2 while the Line Drivers for RxD are designated as R1 and R2.

• LCD :
Alphanumeric LCD displays have become very popular for microcontroller
applications because they can add a lot to a project in a variety of ways. A text
message giving the user instructions as well as feed back can make the application
seem much more “professional” and easy to use. I like to use LCD’s to help debug
applications, with break points set to display variable and I/O conditions and they
are a lot cheaper using a microcontroller emulator.

To top it off, surplus LCD’s can be found for a dollar or less. The pin assignment is
shown in the table3.1 is the industry standard for character LCD-modules with a
maximum of 80 characters.

PIN ASSIGNMENT FOR <= 80 CHARACTER DISPLAYS

Pin No. Symbol Function

1 VSS Ground
Power
2 VDD supply
Power
Supply for
3 VLCD LCD
Select
Display
Data("H")
orInstructi
4 RS ons("L")
Read or
Write
Select
5 R/W Signal
Read/Wri
te Enable
6 E Signal
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
Display
Data
10 DB3 Signal
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
Cathode
of
15 K Backlight
Anode of
16 A Backlight