c

c
c


cc 

cc
   cc
c
O
  
      
c

c
c
c
   c  c
c
c c
 
 c
c
c

 c
 
 c   cc
c
c
c
c
c
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 2

c c c

cc   c

× Come in proper dress code as prescribed by the college

× Come well equipped to the lab. (Datasheets, Practical record book, Graph
sheets, calculator etc).

× Read the theory of the experiment to be performed well in advance and

understand the working principle clearly before conducting the experiment.

× Come prepared for viva - voce.

× Follow the given procedure in the same sequence.

× USE only 5V power supply for all IC.

× Handle the equipment with care.

× Materials present in the vicinity of the experiment should be absorbing

ones. Remove reflecting objects from the work table.

× After the completion of the experiment get the datasheets signed by the
staff-in-charge.

× Make sure to return all the components and equipments to the stores after
the completion of the experiment.

Note: Lab manual should be treated as a guideline only.

2
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 3

  c
c
Cycle of experiments

Equipment specifications

1. Verification of sampling theorem using flat top samples.

2. ASK generation and detection (binary).
3. TDM and recovery of two band limited signals.
4. FSK generation and detection (binary).
5. PCM generation and detection using CODEC chip.
6. BPSK generation and detection (binary).
7. DPSK encoder and decoder.
8. QPSK modulator.
9. Delta modulator and demodulator.
10. Adaptive delta modulator and demodulator.
11. Generation of 3bit pseudo noise binary sequence using JK flip
flops.
12. Realization of direct sequence spread spectrum.
13. Realization of frequency hopping spread spectrum.

Data sheets.

Viva questions.

Sample question bank.

3
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 4

c

 c
 
 c c

c !"c#cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc
c$%!"c&c
'%$c"c#cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc'%$c$%!"cc

 c
  
 c

o Study of all the components of Microwave bench

o Usage of digital oscilloscope / Spectrum Analyzer

c(c
c
c
1. Verification of sampling theorem using flat top samples.
2. ASK generation and detection (binary).
3. PCM generation and detection using CODEC chip.
4. TDM and recovery of two band limited signals.

c(c

1. FSK generation and detection (binary).

2. PSK generation and detection (binary).
3. DPSK encoder and decoder.
4. QPSK modulator and demodulator.

c(c

cccccccc

1. Delta modulator and Demodulator.

2. Adaptive delta modulator and demodulator.
3. Generation of Pseudo Random Noise binary sequence using shift register.
4. Generation of WALSH code and BARKER code.
5. Generation of DSSS and FHSS.
c

Prof. and Head

4
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 5

')*
c 
c+ccc c c  ,

c c

"c-ccc
(a) To verify sampling theorem using flat top sampling.
(b) To observe the effect of under and over sampling.
c
,, c .
"c
Op-Amp (ȝA 741), CD4016 IC, resistors, capacitors, signal generators, CRO,
power supply, cables and accessories.

,

,c
Sampling of a signal is a fundamental operation in digital communication. A
continuous time signal is first converted to discrete time signal by sampling
process. The sufficient numbers of samples have to be taken so that the original
signal can be recovered from sampled values.c
c
i
 
Let m(t) is a message signal band-limited to W Hz. If this signal is sampled at a
rate of fs • 2W, then we can reconstruct the information from the sampled values
with less distortion.c
i.e. fs • 2W where W = max. Message signal frequency.c
fs = Sampling frequency.c

,  "c-c

 


 

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in fig (a).c

2. A sinusoidal signal is given as input message (fm) (5V and 3.4 kHz).
3. A square wave of amplitude 5V, frequency fs is given at the control input
of the analog switch.cfs = 2fm ± Nyquist samplingc
1. fs > 2fm ± Over samplingc
2. fs < 2fm ± Under samplingcc
4. The sampled output is held at the output terminal using capacitor µC¶.
5. The output is observed on the CRO for different sampling frequencies.

ë 

 
   

 

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in fig (b).

2. The flat-top sampled signal from the sample & hold circuit is given as the
input to the filter.
3. The cut-off frequency of the filter is chosen to be slightly greater than the
message frequency ( say 5 kHz for a message frequency of 3.4 kHz).c
4. The recovered message signal at the output of the filter is displayed on
the CRO & is compared with the input message signal for different
sampling frequency fs.c
5. Plot the outputs obtained on a graph sheet with suitable scale.

5
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 6

  
 "c-c
,%*c/%0"c-cc c
Amplitude of message signal = Voltsc
Frequency of message signal = Hzc
Amplitude of sampling signal = Voltsc
Frequency of sampling signal = Hzc

,%*c/10"c-cc c
Amplitude of recovered signal = Voltscc
Frequency of recovered signal = Hzc
c

 "c-c

+
fs : sampling frequencyc
fm : message frequencyc
c
fs • 2fmc
c
fs = 2fm ± Nyquist rate of frequencycc
fs < 2fm ± Under sampling
fs > 2fm ± Over samplingc
c
Ex: If the message signal frequency = 3.4 kHz, then for proper
reconstruction Fs > (2×3.4) kHzc

&
Design of reconstruction filter

c
(i) Gain A0=1 + (RF/R1)c[Hint: 2nd order Butter worth polynomial is
S2+1.414S+1]
For 2nd order Butterworth filter, A0=1.586c

2
c1 + (RF/R1)c= 1.586c
c
Let R1 = 10 KŸ, RF = 5.86 KŸcc
c
(ii) Cut-off frequency fc = 1
2ɥ¥R2C2R3C3
Let R2=R3=Rc
C2=C3=Cc
c c Then fc = 1 / (2ɥRC)c
c
Choose fc = Hzc
and C= Fc
c
R = 1 / (2ɥfcC) = Ÿ
c

6
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 7

c3+"c
c
,
c69%:%$c
It is a CMOS quad analog switchc
"cc
VDD = +15V VSS = GNDc      VDD
S1 S2 S3 S4  C   E0
Input  D E3
1 4 8 11 4
 
Output 2 3 9 10     Y3
 0    Z3
Enable 13 5 6 12  1  Z2
(control)  6 8 Y2
 


c
 "c-c
c
c
c VCC
c 15V 15V
3+c
c  
c  _ 14  _
 
c 1
c  ;3+c (i/p) 2  ;3+c c
c %: c  (o/p)    *)*c
c
5)* 15V 13 C 0.1F
15V
c(3.4 kHz)  7
c GND
c 5V
c 0
cccccccccccccccccccccccccc Sampling Signal
c
c
9:
c/%0c %$)4 c%56c746c8989*c"c
c  
c R 1 RF
c
c
c 15V
c 
 _
c 
c 
c   cc  ;3+c
c *)*c
9:5%4 R R 
c  
c  C 15V
c C
c
c
c
c
c c
9:
c/10c ccc c c 85*8*95c94* c

7
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 8

4*"cc

8
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 9

')*
c 
c&ccc c ,

c
c<
c/ <0c

"c-To design and study the working of binary ASK system. To demodulate the
above signal with the help of suitable circuit.c
c
,, c .
"c
Op-Amp (ȝA 741), Transistor, Diode, resistors, capacitors, signal generators,
CRO, power supply, cables and accessories.

,

,c
In an ASK system , the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a
sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude ÷ and fixed frequency  for a bit
duration T seconds, where as the binary symbol 0 is represented by switching off
the carrier k for T seconds
c c c c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc c8/&=>c*0ccccccsymbol 1
ccccccccccccc S(t) =
cccccccccccccccccccccccsymbol 0

To generate ASK wave, we have to apply the incoming binary data in unipolar
format to a product modulator. The detection of an ASK wave is done using a
coherent detector with an appropriate threshold level or using an envelope
detector.

,  "c-c

%0c @ 
  

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in fig(a).

2. The message signal (square wave of frequency 200Hz) is applied to the
base of the transistor.
3. The carrier signal (sine wave of frequency 1-2kHz) is fed to the collector
circuit of the transistor.
4. The output ASK signal is taken across the emitter resistor RE.
5. Observe the waveforms on the CRO and plot it.

10c O 
  

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in fig (b).

2. The ASK signal generated is fed at the input of envelope detector which
gives distorted square wave.
3. The output of the envelope detector is compared with Vref using a
comparator to get proper square wave.
4. The output of the comparator is the recovered message which is
compared with the input message.
c

9
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 10

  
 "c-c
c
Amplitude of message signal = Voltsc
Frequency of message signal = Hzc
Amplitude of carrier signal = Voltsc
Frequency of carrier signal = Hzcc
Modulated signal amplitude = Volts
Demodulated signal amplitude = Volts
Demodulated signal frequency = Hz


 "c-c
c

 @ 


c
r IC(sat) = 2 mA VCE(sat) = 0.2V
hfe(min) = 30
Vbe(sat) = 0.7V

RE = VE = VC - VCEsat = 8 ± 0.2 = 3.9kȍ Choose RE = 3.3kȍ

IE IC 2x10-3

Rb = Vm - Vbe(sat) = 10 ± 0.7 = 139.5kȍ Choose Rb = 140kȍ

-
[ICE(sat)/hfe(min)] [2x10
3
/30]
c
c
c
c
ë O 


c
Cut-off freq fc = 1 / (2ɥRC)c

Let message freq = 200 Hz

Choose fc = 800 Hz (passing upto 4th harmonics)

Let C = 0.1F
c
R = 1 / (2ɥfcC) = 2kŸ (use pot)
c
Vref = AcTb / 4
Ac = 8V Tb = 1/(2x2x10-3)
Vref = Volts
c

10
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 11



c
 "c-c

º @ 

c

Carrier 
c(t)c
c

Rb
i 100 9:
c/%0c
÷i

(t) outpu
t
essage
º   RE

ºO 

15V
 ;c 
 _
 (t)cccccccccc
   6 $64%* 6c
<c9)c   $ %: c9:5%4
C R  15V
9:
c/10c

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

11
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 12

c
c
c
c
c
c
c

12
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 13

c')*
c 
c#ccc 
c


 c
,?
c/0c

"c - To study the working of time division multiplexing circuit for Pulse
Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signals.
c
,, c .
"c

,

,c
In Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) systems, the sampled carrier pulses
occupy only a portion of the time interval between samples. Thus, with TDM
technique the time interval between samples is used by other independent
massage sources on a time-sharing basis.
The multiplexer unit multiplexes the different message signals, converts the
different message signals into a set of pulses on a time division basis. At the
receiving end a de-multiplexer is used to separate the sampled pulses of different
messages and low pass filters do the reconstruction of the different messages.
CD4051 an IC can be used as multiplexer or de-multiplexer and up to eight
signals can be multiplexed.

,  "c-c

80c `O@ 

1. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig a. CD4051 is used for multiplexing two
signals.
2. One signal is applied at I0 and the other signal at I1 input of the multiplexer
IC (pins 13 and 14).
3. VCC is connected to +5V. VEE is grounded or connected to ±5V. VSS is
grounded. The inhibit input (INH ± pin 6) is also grounded.
4. The output is taken at pin 3. Selection lines B & C (pins 9 & 10) are
grounded. The control signal is applied to A (pin 11) with a frequency
greater than twice the maximum frequency of the input signals.
5. Design the demodulation (reconstruction) circuits and rig ± up as shown
above.
6. Observe the reconstructed output and compare with input signals.
* "- To generate PAM waves follow the procedure given below.

60c 2÷@
,9589)4 "-cPulse amplitude modulation, the simplest form of pulse modulation, is
illustrated in the figure. PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the signal is
sampled at regular intervals, and each sample is made proportional to the
amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. The pulses are then sent by
either wire or cable, or else used to modulate a carrier. There are two types of
PAM, double-polarity PAM and single-polarity PAM. In single-polarity PAM a
fixed DC level is added to the signal, to ensure that the pulses are always

13
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 14

positive. PAM is used infrequently because it does not utilize constant amplitude
pulses, and when it is used, the pulses frequency-modulate the carrier.
@ 
 
1. To generate PAM signal, rip up the circuit as shown in fig(c).
2. Apply sinusoidal message signal at the base of the transistor(say
frequency 1kHz).
3. Square wave sample pulses are applied at the collector of the transistor
(frequency is higher than message signal frequency say 10kHz)
4. PAM output is observed across emitter resistor RE.

O 
 c
1. Apply PAM signal to envelope detector as shown in fig(d).
2. Design RC filter to pass only message signal.
3. The filter will eliminate the higher frequency components and demodulated
message is obtained at the output.
4. Compare demodulated message with actual message.
5. Observe the waveforms on CRO and plot it.
c
48!c9%:%$"c-c

X1 (t) LPF X1R (t)

MUX TDM DEMUX
X2 (t) LPF X2R (t)

Control
Signal
,95c9%:%$c>c3+"c-c

I4 1 16 VDD
I/O I6 2  15 I2
OUTPUT 3  14 I1 Inputs
I7 4 3 13 I0
I/O I5 5  12 I3
INHIBIT 6  11 A
VEE 7 + 10 B Selection Lines
VSS 8 9 C

58*95c%14 c>c3+"c-c

,c c  c



c c c c  c
0 0 0 0
c
0 0 0 1
+c
0 0 1 0
&c

14
 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 15

0 0 1 1
#c
0 1 0 0
3c
0 1 0 1
c
0 1 1 0
c
0 1 1 1
;c
+c ?c ?c ?c  c



c
 "c-c
c

X1R(t)

INH VEE INH VEE LPF

X1(t) Io 13 6 7 6 7 13
VCC VCC
X2(t) I1 14 16 16 14

  LPF
ccccccccccccccc3 
TDM Signal X2R(t)
3 3 3
 
 GND GND 
c +ccccccccc 8 8 +

11 10 9 11 10 9
A B C A B C

Control Signal

c
c

c,%c94* c/,0"c-c

 

ë
I/P C 0.1ȝF O/P `‘

4*"c
c
c

15
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 16

')*
c 
c3ccc c  . c

c<
c/<0c

"c -To design and demonstrate the working of FSK and demodulate the
signal with the help of a suitable circuit.
c
,, c .
"c
NE/SE 565 PLL IC, 555 IC, Op-Amp (ȝA 741), Transistor, resistors, capacitors,
signal generators, CRO, power supply, cables and accessories.

,

,c
In an FSK system, two sinusoidal waves of the same amplitude ÷, but different
frequencies and are used to represent the binary symbols1and 0.

÷8º&=c cccccccsymbol 1
ccccccccccccc S(t) =
÷8/&=c 0ccccccsymbol 0


To generate FSK wave, we may apply the incoming binary data
represented in the polar format to a frequency modulator. As the modulator input
changes from one voltage level to another, the transmitted frequency changes in
a corresponding fashion.

,  "c-c

 @ 
  
   !"##!$%%"&'((!")
 *'!#"&(!"% +,$(-$ +,$
.!&!"!$(%%!&%&!"$!!% )
 $,!" &!!&!$(&! !/(#, )
  +,$0 0!&!"!$(%%!&%&!"$!!%)
 $,!" &!!&!$(&! !/(#, )
  +,$%/$'$1&1(/(#,$(-&2%1!" *3&4 )

ë O 
  
   !"##!$%%"&'((!")
  +,!" *3%($+!&!"4 $(-&2%1!"-5&-+$!-&4 )


 "c-c

@ 

 
 6  07
6   07
"&&%869
6 )  


 &$%!$2+5&- 6 )4º8
6 9
%9 &!  9%%!$(#

16
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 17

 &5&(&%!$2+5&- 6 )4:º;8<


!86 9
6 )  

;6 9
   "&&%66 9

Use 47k pot + 10k resistance for both RA and RC

ëO 

 
 6  076   07
&!6º 46   07
&!6 )4  

! 6 )  

 69
6º6  &+!%

36=>&!46=07
06 4?@@@6  9@6 ) 




c
 "c-c
@ DU ÷


17
 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 18

ºO 





 0.15ȝF 0.02ȝF 0.02ȝF 0.02ȝF

R1 10k  
  0.01ȝF C2
 
 
10k 10k 10k

C1 15V

 10 7 
 _ c
 8 4 5 
 ccc)c

 c,c
 
0.1ȝF 6 27k   
<c
c9)c 2 15V
3 9 1

680ȍ R2
 
680ȍ R3
 0.047ȝF
-5V

V- 1 14 NC

i/p 2 
13 NC
i/p 3  12 NC
VCO o/p 4  11 NC
Phase comparator VCO i/p 5 
10 V+

Ref o/p 6  Ext Cap for VCO
Demod o/p 7 8 Ext R for VCO


Results:

18
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 19

c')*
c 
cccc c , c

c<
c/,<0c

"c-ccc
a) To design and demonstrate the working of BPSK modulated signal.
b) To demodulate the BPSK signal to recover digital data.

,, c .
"c
Op-Amp (ȝA 741), Transistor, Diode, resistors, capacitors, signal generators,
CRO, power supply, cables and accessories (Balanced Modulator).

,

,c
In a PSK system, a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude ÷ and fixed
frequency  is used to represent both symbols 0 and 1, except that the carrier
phase for each symbol differs by 180 degrees. The PSK may be represented as
follows.

c
÷8º&=c ccccccccccsymbol 1
ccccccccccccc S(t) =
÷8/&=c @c=0cccsymbol 0

To generate PSK wave we can apply the signal in polar format to a product
modulator. The detection of the PSK wave can be done using a coherent
detector by choosing an appropriate threshold level.
c
c
,  "c-c

 @ 
  
  Rig up the circuit as shown in fig(b).
 Apply the message signal m(t), a square wave of frequency 500 Hz, at the
base of each transistor.
 A carrier signal (sine wave) of frequency 2kHz is applied as shown in the
figure.
 During the positive half cycle of the message m(t), the transistor T1 will
conduct and the output of the op-amp is in phase with the carrier, as the
input is given to the non-inverting terminal.
 During the negative half cycle of the message m(t), the transistor T2 will
conduct and the output of the op-amp is 180o out of phase with the carrier,
as the input is given to the inverting terminal.
 The output of the op-amp is the BPSK signal.
 Adjust the 10k pot to get equal gain for both the cycles.
> Observe the waveform on the CRO.


19
 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 20

ë O 
  
  Rig up the circuit as shown in fig(d).
 Apply BPSK signal and reference carrier at the input of the adder as
shown in fig(d).
 The output of the adder gives the ASK signal.
 The ASK signal is applied to the envelope detector to get the demodulated
output.
 The waveform may be distorted. To get a smooth output, apply the
demodulated signal to a comparator with proper Vref.
 The output of the comparator gives a perfect square wave message.



 "c-c

@ 

 

RC >> T
Choose RC = 10T
Let f = 500Hz T=1/f
Choose C = 1ȝF
Find R



c
 "c-c

ºº

@ 



15V
   $6c
 %: BM-I BPSK  _  0.01ȝF  %: c
1496  BM-II
9:5%4c  cccc)c
9)c   BPSK 1496
R 
  741 C
- 15V
%9 c
 cc9:5%4c

 Modulator Buffer Demodulator


9:
c/%0c

20
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 21

º@ 


º
 O




+ 10k

+15V
<+ 
10k 
c(t)  _ 
 à i

carrier  3 + ÷41 signal
signal  10k 

 
+
 -15V
&   k

(t) digital pot
datac
 1k
c
9:
c/10c,<cccccccccc
c 64%*c
c
4* 5%* c8989*c>c,<c64%*95c"c

OA79

 %: c ,<c
cccc$/*0 cc*)*

%9 c
9:5%4c8/*0

9:
c/80c

21
 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 22

 $64%*c"
c  k
c
c
+15V
,<c 15V
9:5% k OA79 
 _ 
4   _
3 + 
3 + 
>  58 cccccc
1k
cc%9    C  
)c
-15V R  15V
c
c 9:
c/60c
c
c
c
ADDER ENVELOPE COMPARATOR
DETECTOR
*)*cA  "

c
c
Binary Data 1 0 1 1 0

Polar
Representation

Carrier c(t)

BPSK
signal

Results:

22
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 23

')*
c 
cccc 
  
c, c
c<
c/,<0c

"c-cTo demonstrate the working of DPSK encoder and decoder with the help
of a suitable circuit.
c
,, c .
"c
c
DPSK Encoder and Decoder kits, Signal Generator, CRO and accessories.

,

,c
c
As for PSK, it cannot be detected non-coherently because the envelope of a PSK
wave is the same for both the symbols 1 and 0 and a single carrier frequency is
used for the modulation process. To eliminate the need for phase
synchronization of the receiver with PSK, we may incorporate differential
encoding. In differential encoding, we encode the digital information content of a
binary data in terms of transitions. A signaling technique that combines
differential encoding with phase shift keying is known as differential phase shift
keying (DPSK). The DPSK wave can be detected by multiplying the signal with a
delayed version of itself and then applying it to an integrator followed by a
decision device with an appropriate value of threshold. Thus the need for phase
and timing synchronization is eliminated.
c
,  "c-c

 `

 
 

1. Connect the power cord to the power supply as

Red : +5V
Black : GND
Green : +12V
Blue : -12V
2. Select the input bit stream by the combination of DIP switches.
3. From this switch, 8-bit data is available.
4. Select proper transmission rate, either 300bps or 600bps, by connecting
jumpers.
5. By connecting jumper select NRZ(L) data at the output of the data
generator.
6. By using EX-OR gate and 1 bit delay ckt, we can generate encoded bit
stream.
ck = bk ck-1
7. The DPSK data changes the phase of the carrier whenever the selected
data bit is µ0¶ and remains in the same phase when the data bit is µ1¶ (For
bit µ1¶ it will select sine function whereas for bit µ0¶ it will select inverted sine
function).
8. The DPSK waveform is displayed on the CRO.
9. The experiment is repeated for different data patterns.

23
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 24

ë 
 

 ) "(!$##$-%#&((#!-2!'(!$(%5!!$(-#1)
) O
*35&-+$!-%($+%1(!&!"$--#9!'!"&'!"&!(&%)
) "%%($+% $%%-!"&"8
!&5(57(&%#!)
) " &! ! & !" 8
 % $ +- $! !" ( ! & !" 5+! + '!" (#
#$)
) "&! !&!"5+! +% $%%-!"&"$+!!&+5($!""/(#,
#&5 &((!%)
) " +! &! ! % #&((#!- !& !" #&5 $$!& '!" &   !& ! #!
-!$+-$!$)
) "%-$!$%-#&--%( A$(- 2!-+$,#9!)
>) "-#&---$!$$! A%+$!#"-$!!"&! !$(-&2%1-&(!")


  
 "c-c
c
%0c64%*c
c
c
( !2!%!$5:29<         
(#&--2!%!$5:#9<         
O
*3 "$%   B BBBB
c
10c $64%*c
c
c
&-+$!-O
*3   B BBBB
%($+ "$%
ºA%($+
&5 $$!&&! !         
2!%!$5
O#&--&! !         
2!%!$5
c

c
c
c
c
c

24
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 25

<c
 "c-c

,<c%5$9** c"c

600bps
CLOCK CLOCK
GENERATI DIVIDER 300bps
ON

600bps Selection
Logic NRZ(L)
DIVIDE DATA NRZ(L)
300bps BY 8 GENERATOR
Select
Ext
Data
Parallel 8-bit
Data
1 BIT
From DIP
DELAY

SINE WAVE MUX

GENERATOR INVERTER 2:1
Encoded
(10kHz) EX-OR
Data
DPSK MODULATED
OUTPUT

D i
eceiver 


 Noise In
ADDE LPF MULTIPLIER LPF
 R
DPSK signal
 (from T )
X
 Reference Sine
 



 EX-OR
LEVEL Decoded
 CONVERTER LATCH Data

 Vref
 1 BIT
 DELAY


25
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 26

')*
c 
c;cccc,c95:cc879)c

"c -cc*6Bc *7 c: 5 %*95c>c ,c %C c %56c  85*8*95c >c %5%4:c
9:5%4c>$c,c95:cc879).
c
rinciple


 &-#% $ %% & (52% & -!% %$++, ( 2($, #&-  %(!( !"
$ &C5$!+, $5 +!- ( & !" %($+ %$5 + $! !"$! (%!$(!) (
D !" !&!$+
$5 +!- $(D '"#" !" %($+ 5$, &## , % -1-- (!& !" (52 & %!$(-$-
+1+%$ %(!-2,!"2($,#&-D!"$#!$+(52&+1+%%!" &')!"
%%(!$+ & $!&( & $
 !$(%5!!  $ %$5 +(D /$(!7$!&( $(- (#&-()
E$(!7$!&( % !&!" % & (! %! & $5 +!- +1+% $(- %+#!&( & $ +1+%
($%! !& $ $!#+$% %$5 + 1$+ & !" 5%%$ %($+% $%  %(!- & !) "
/$(!7$!&(  $(- #&-( &#%% $ &5- ( !" %$5 ##! 9(&'( $% O
#&(1!)!"%%(!$+%&!"#1%$($!&(D-#&-($(--5&-+$!&(&
!" !$( +%%D '"#" $ &5- ( !" %$5 ##! #$++- $% O #&(1!)!"
/$(!7$!&( &#%%(!&-#%%&5-%!&!&(9(&'($%/$(!7$!&((&%)
-1$(!$&
F
 )
"$%5#"2!!(&%55(!,)
)
 -&%(&! % &5 $-$+ -!&$!&( $(- -$-$!&( $% ( !" #$% &
$($+&%($+%)

O%$-1$(!$%F
 )
/%1,#&5 +C(#&-($(-/$(!7(##!$,)
)
/%$+$2$(-'-!"#&5 $-!&$($+&%,%!5%)

 +#$!&(F

#"$((+!+ "&(,º! %,%!5%D% $##&55(#$!&(D2&$-2$(-(!'&9!#)

$+&#9-1-##!F




      




26
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 27


C DEC chip circuit diagra

rocedure

 )   !" #+&#9 ##! !& ($! > 907 %,(#"&(&% #+&#9 $(- !%!!"
&4 )
)  !"O ##!$%%"&'((!")
)  +,!"#+&#9º907$(-%,(#"&(&%º>907%($+%)
)  +,!"( !º$($+&%($+%&/(#,+%%!"$()907º'!"(!"
1&#2$(-)
) 2%1!"
&4 $! ( $(-(&!-&'(!"&4 )
) $%!"$5-$!&(º 5#&%#)
) &((#! !"
 4
 !& !"
 4
 $(- &2%1 !" #&(%!#!-
%($+%)
>) &5 $!"$($+& 4
$(-#&(%!#!-( !)

servation

27
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 28

')*
c 
cDccc .   c, c

c<
c/.,<0c

"c-cTo generate QPSK signal by using suitable circuit and also to demodulate
QPSK signal.
c
,, c .
"c
c
QPSK Encoder and Decoder kits, Signal Generator, CRO and accessories.

,

,c
c
In binary data transmission, we send only one of two possible signals during
each bit of interval Tb. On the other hand, in an M-ary data transmission system
we send any one of the M possible signals, during each signaling interval T. For
almost all applications, the number of possible signals M=2 to the power of n. It is
apparent that a binary data transmission system is a special case of M-ary data
transmission system. Each of the M signals is called a symbol. The rate at which
these symbols are transmitted through the communication channel is expressed
in units of bauds. A baud stands for one symbol per second; for M-ary data
transmission, it equals log2M bits per second.
c
In this section we consider quadriphase-shift keying(QPSK), which is an example
of M-ary data transmission with M=4. In QPSK, one of the four possible signals is
transmitted during each signaling interval, with each signal uniquely related to a
dibit (pairs of bits are termed dibits).


,  "c-c

 `

 
 

 ) *+#! & #+&#9% -!" 2 %& 2 %)

) &((#!!" &'#&-!&!" &'% +,$%
 - F
 8+$#9 FO
 ( F 
 8+ F  
) *+#!!"( !2!%!$52,!"#&52($!&(&O
%'!#"%)
) &((#!Gº
+(!&!"-$!$%+#!+()
) "#9 !" '&9( & (-1-$+ AD $#" A "$% !& '&9 $% $
*3
5&-+$!&)
) ! !&$#"A%#&52(-%(!"$--##!)"&! !&!"$--
#9!1%E
*3%($+'"#"%&2%1-&(!")

ë 
 
 ) "(!$##$-%#&((#!-2!'(!"!$(%5!!$(-#1)

28
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 29

) " (# %( H #&%( #$ %($+% $ $ +- !& !" !'& 5+! +%
$+&('!"!"#1-E
*3%($+)
) "  %! 5+! + $#!% $% ( "$% -!#!& $(- !" (- 5+! + $#!% $%
/$-$!-!#!&)
) "&--$(-1(%/(#%$-5&-+$!-% $$!+,)
) "&! !$!!"+1+#&(1!%&2!$(-2,$-I%!(!" &!#&((#!-!&!"
(#1&+!$)
) "#&1-2!%!$5%&2%1-&(!"$(-#&5 $-'!"!"(&!2!
%!$5)
  
 "c-c
( !2!%!$52º!          
       
--2!%!$52&º!
º  º  º  º 
       
1(2!%!$52º!
º  º  º  º 

"$%&5&-+$!-
B4 B4 B4 B4
&! !
<c
 "c-c
.,<c%5$9** c"c

600bps WORD Select

DATA NRZ(L)
PULSE Data BIT
GENERATOR GENERATOR
300bps SPLITTER
Ext Data
Parallel
8-bit Data

DIP SWITCH
DATA PATTERN Ext Data
Odd Bit Stream

Ext Data
sin Even Bit Stream
CARRIER MUX
GENERATOR INVERTER ²²
2:1
sin
QPSK
(10kHz) ADDER
O/P
90O PHASE cos
SHIFTER INVERTER MUX
2:1
²²
cos

29
 DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 30

Q i
eceiver 



 LEVEL
MULTIPLIER LPF CONVERTER


Ref
QPSK  Sine
 BIT O/P
input BPF COMB- LATCH
 INER
 (Parallel
 To Serial)
 LEVEL
MULTIPLIER LPF
 CONVERTER

 Ref
 
Cos


c
c
1 C%*95"cc
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
4*"c
c
c
c

30
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 31

Expt No 9
9$"cc %49E c6 4*%c$64%*95c%56c6 $64%*95c95:c
9*%14 c8989*
c
Coponents and equipents requiredcc
4
c $)5 5*
c %4 c%56cF%5*9*B
c
+
cc ) %*95%4c $)49>9 c  ;3+c/#0
c
&
c %59*
c .& #3c/+0
c
#
c 9* c +!/#0c!/+0c+!/#0c
#!/+0+!/+0
c
3
c %)%89*
c 
&&/+0c
&5/+0
c

c , c))4B
c -#
c

c 9:5%4c: 5 %*c -&E/&0
c
c

heory Delta odulationºO&J5&-+$!&(%$($($+&!&-!$+$(--!$+
!&$($+&%($+#&(1%&(!#"(/%- &!$(%5%%&(&1&# (&5$!&('"
/$+!,%(&!& 5$,5 &!$(#)O%!"%5 +%!&5&-(!$+ +%#&-
5&-+$!&(ºO
'"!"-(#2!'(%##%%1%$5 +%%(#&--(!&(
2! -$!$ %!$5%) ( -+!$ 5&-+$!&(D !" !$(%5!!- -$!$ % -#- !& $  2! -$!$
%!$5)

rinciple of operation
 "$($+&%($+%$ &C5$!-'!"$%%&%5(!%
 $#"%5(!&!"$ &C5$!-%($+%#&5 $-!&!"&($+$($+&'$1
!&-!5(!"(#$%&-#$%(+$!1$5 +!-

 "-#%&( &#%%&%!$2+%"(!"%!$!&%##%%12!%%-!5(-2,
!"%#&5 $%&(
 (+,!"#"$(&(&5$!&(%%(!D!"$!%D&(+,$((#$%&-#$%&!"
%($+$5 +!-&5!" 1&%%$5 +%%(!'"$%$(&#"$(#&(-!&(
#$%% !" 5&-+$!- %($+ !& 5$( $! !" %$5  &   %!$! & !" 1&%
%$5 +)
 $!" !"$( /$(!7( !" $2%&+! 1$+ & !" ( ! $($+& '$1&5D -+!$
5&-+$!&(/$(!7%!"-(#2!'(!"#(!$(-!" 1&%%! D$%
%"&'((!"2+&#9-$$5( ) )




31
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 32

) 8+&#9-$$5&$J5&-+$!&4-5&-+$!&
 "5&-+$!&%5$-2,$/$(!7'"#"#&(1!%!"-(#2!'(!"
( ! %($+ $(- !" $1$ & !" 1&% %! %) ( !% %5 +%! &5D !"
/$(!7#$(2$+7-'!"$#&5 $$!&(#-!& º!'&+1+%/$(!7D
'"&%&! !% & !"( !%($+% &%!1&($!1)"-5&-+$!&
% %5 +,$( (!$!&º+9!"&( (!" -2$#9 +&& '"&%&! !%%&
$++%'!"$#" & #1-) 
Circuit diagra
 

 
"#

&
 ' Ê

Ê
 

   Ê$%
 
 
Ê


Ê Ê Ê ()(  "#
Ê  


 
 




  
  
&

  
 

Ê
Ê

 Ê

 Ê   Ê$%
()( Ê  



 
  



  
Ê

 "# 


Ê





 
 Ê
   
  &   
Ê


! "#

 Ê 


Ê

Ê
"# Ê  
 


  

Ê

Ê „


,+ $-
*+ $-


,8 6 "c
,%*c( "c 4*%c$64%*95"c
 ) !"##!$%%"&'((!"$2&1)
) +,!"1&+!$&!" +%!&$(-/(#,!&  907&5!"%($+($!&%
!&%55##!)
) +,1&+!$&!"5%%$%($+!&1$(-/(#,!& 07&5%($+%
($!&%!&%55##!$%%"&'(($2&1)
) +,!"$2&1%+!(%($+!&/$(!7$(-%! -+$,##!)
)2%1!"&! !'$1&5$%%"&'(2+&')
)&!-&'(!"-$!&(&!"-+!$%($+$(- +&!!"$ "%)
art-à Delta deodulation
 ) !"##!&#&1,&!"5%%$%($+&55&-+$!&()

32
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 33

) +,!"5&-+$!-&! !!&!"( !&!"(!$!&$++&'-2,+&' $%%+!)

)2%1!"'$1&5&5%%$%($+&5!"-5&-+$!&(##!)

Expected wavefors

4*"

33
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 34

')*c+"ccc?eneration of pseudo noise inary sequence using J-

flip flop.cc
$)5 5*c F9 6"cc
Sl.No Components. Value and quantity.
1. J-K flip flop. (3)
2. 2 input XOR gate (1)

7 B"($!&(&
%/(#F




 F$C55+(!"%/(#($!&&(6
-2$#9%"!%!%%$-!&2
($'"(!"-2$#9+&##&(%%!%&(!+,
5&-$--%%º C&$!%) (%#"$#$%D!"7&%!$!%(&! 5!!-)" &-
&$
%/(# &-#-2,$ +($ -2$#9 %"!%!'!"K(@ +  +& %#$((&!
C#- ( ) ."( !" &- % C$#!+, ( D !"
 %/(# % #$++- $ Kaxiu
length sequence¶ &K-sequence¶)

rinciple of operationF &(%- !" +($ - 2$#9 %"! %! $% %"&'( (   )
(1&+1!"+ +& %)"( !%&%/$+!&!"5&-%5&* $(-*) !"(!$+
%!$!&!"%"!%!%  )"(!"%##%%&(&%!$!%'++2$%&++&'%)

  D   D   D   D   D   D  D  ))))))

"&! !%/(#º&! !*%!"&)       )))))

."#" $!%!%+'!" &-  6º(6

$C5$++(!"#&-%$#&55&(+,%-
#&-%
(2($,%"!%!D!"5$C55+(!"%/(#%N = 2-1 #" %D'" %!"
(52&%!$%&+ +& %(!"%"!%!)

servation c

34
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 35

c +c c c
c +c +c c
c +c +c
c +c +c
+c c +c
c
c +c c
c c +c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
  c"c
c
%0c3+"c

35
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 36

c
c
10
c33&##,"cc

36
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 37

37
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 38

38
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 39

39
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 40

80c  ;3+c, ,"c

c

40
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 41

c
c

41
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 42

60c3+"c
c

42
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 43

43
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 44

44
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 45

c
0cc
c


 c.
 c
c

c9:9*%4c$$598%*95
1. State and explain sampling theorem.
2. What is Nyquist rate of sampling?
3. What is aliasing? How is it minimized practically?
4. What should be the minimum sampling rate for a voice signal in the range
300 ± 3400 Hz?
5. Explain FDM & TDM
6. What are the advantages of digital communication?
7. What are the disadvantages of digital communication?
8. How can an analog voice signal be digitized?
9. What is quantization? How is this error minimized?
10. Explain sampling theorem for a band pass signal?
11. A message signal is band limited to a frequency range of 10 ± 12 kHz, find
the minimum sampling frequency?
12. How messages signal is reconstructed from the sampled values?
13. How is bandwidth measure in the case of AM, DSBSC, SSB and Digital
Modulation?
14. For a given sinusoidal input signal write PAM, PWM and PPM signals.
15. What are the advantages of PPM signals?
16. Explain different types of digital modulation techniques.
17. For the binary data 101101 draw ASK, FSK and PSK modulated
waveforms.
18. Comment on the bandwidth requirement of the various digital modulation
techniques.
19. Explain the need for CODECS.
20. What is PCM draw the block diagram of a typical PCM system?

45
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 46

21. For an 8 ± bit PCM system if the voice signal is sampled at the rate of 8k
samples /sec, find the rate of transmission and bandwidth requirement.
22. What is delta modulation (DM)?
23. Explain the different types of errors in DM,
24. Compare the different types of DM techniques.
25. What are the advantages of optical communication?
26. Explain few optical sources and detectors.
27. How is the maximum bit rate supported measured in a digital link?
28. Represent the following binary data in 1.Polar, 2. Bipolar, 3. Unipolar, 4.
Manchester coded and 5. Differential coded forms.
29. Explain the need for M- ary modulation.
30. What is QPSK modulation?
31. What is signal space representation?
32. Write the signal space representation for the following signals a) ASK, b)
FSK and c) PSK.
33. Differentiate between matched filter and correlative filter.
34. What is bit error rate and probability of error in digital modulation?
35. Compare PER of ASK, FSK & PSK modulation techniques.
36. Explain non-coherent ASK & FSK demodulation.
37. What is QAM?
38. Explain a DPSK modulator and demodulator.
39. Differentiate between coherent & non-coherent demodulation techniques.
40. In a PCM system the minimum SNR required is 40dB, how many bits of
quantization is required.

46
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 47

c

 c
 
 c c
c
 ,c.
 c <c

1
c9:9*%4c$$598%*95
1. For a _____ Hz message signal, design and demonstrate the working of a
flat top sampling circuit. Demonstrate the effect of a) Under sampling, b)
over sampling & c) right sampling, on the demodulated signal with the help
of suitable reconstruction filter.
2. Design and demonstrate the working of TDM for PAM signals with ______
& ____ Hz message signals. With the help of suitable circuits demultiplex
the above message signals.
3. Design and demonstrate an ASK system to transmit ____bps digital date
using a suitable carrier. Demodulate the above signal with the help of a
suitable circuit and determine the minimum carrier frequency for proper
detection.
4. Design and demonstrate the working of FSK system with a suitable circuit
for ___ & ____ Hz carri9er signals. Determine the frequency deviation and
modulation index. Demodulate the above signal with the help of a suitable
circuit.
5. Design and demonstrate the working a BPSK modulation for a carrier
signal of ___Hz to transmit a digital data of ____Hz. Demodulate the
BPSK signal to recover the digital data.
6. With the help of a suitable circuit demonstrate the working of a DPSK
encoder and decoder for a given input stream and carrier frequency.
7. Rig up a DPSK system to avoid error propagation. For a suitable binary
input demonstrate the output with and without error propagation.
8. With the help of suitable circuit modules demonstrate the working of a
QPSK modulator and demodulator.
9. Measure the maximum bit rate a digital link can support by setting up a
digital fiber optic link.

47
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION, R V C E 48

10. Conduct a suitable experiment using a fiber optic trainer kit to determine
a) Launching angle, b) attenuation loss c) bending loss, of the given
optical fiber
c

48