Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(a) Prerequisites (before maintaining a CA, all must be met) : 1 or more members of a class may sue
or be sued as representative parties on behalf of ALL members ONLY if :
(b) Types of Class Actions: A class action may be maintained if 23(a) satisfied AND if
(1) PREJUDICE (homogeneous class): Prosecuting separate actions by/against individual
class members would create a risk of
(a) inconsistent/varying adjudications (w/ respect to individual members) that would
establish incompatible standards of conduct for a party/opposing class.
• Purpose: prevents inconsistent standards of conduct.
• Yamamoto's example: City wants to issue bonds to build rail transit. Some
citizens oppose, others support. To avoid incompatible judicial rulings the court
can group the supporters and challengers into classes and litigate it under one
action. Combine into one decision.
(b) would be dispositive of interests of other members not parties to individual
adjudications or substantially impair/impede their ability to protect their interests.
• Purpose: Prevent some Ps from benefiting first while leaving other members of a
class who are similarly situated to be disenfranchised due to limited funds to
satisfy the matter. This allows all Ps in the class an equal share.
• Yamamoto's examples: D has many wives; insurance policies.
(2) INJUCTIVE RELIEF: Party opposing the class has acted/refused to act on grounds
that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding
declaratory relief is appropriate (for class as a whole).
• Yamamoto's examples:
◦ Civil Rights cases (voter registration, ending segregation, etc.)
◦ A class of purchasers against a seller alleged to have undertaken to sell to
that class at prices higher than those set for other purchasers, when the
applicable law forbids such a pricing differential. Money damages can be
awarded but only if the are incidental to the injunctive relief.
(3) CATCH-ALL DAMAGES: (1)Common questions of law or fact must predominate over
any questions affecting only individual members. (2) CA must be superior in terms of
fairness/efficiency.
• Consider:
◦ (A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the prosecution or
defense of separate actions;
◦ (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already
begun by or against class members;
◦ (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the
claims in the particular forum; and
◦ (D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.
• Purpose: Covers everything not in (1) and (2). All claims that involve monetary
damages. It can be beneficial for P, especially in mass action tort claims, because
it increases P's bargaining power by creating a threat to D for an enormous
damages judgement. On the other hand, it is beneficial for D since it allows
consolidation, efficiency, and encourages settlement.