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What do you think Newton’s bucket thought experiment shows? Discuss the
In this essay I will exposit Newton’s bucket experiment (BE), describe two perspectives on
the things it shows, and then examine one analogy and two disanologies to the twin/clocks
Exposition
In the Principia, Newton describes a bucket, suspended by a cord. The cord is twisted while
the bucket is held stationary; the vessel is then filled with water. The bucket is then released.
As the cord untwists the surface of the water will at first be even, then as the vessel begins to
revolve the water will, after a short delay, form itself into a concave figure. When the water
and the bucket are at rest relative to each other, the water remains concave (Newton, p10).
Forces
I will now discuss what Newton’s BE shows. Firstly, it does not attempt to demonstrate a
circular velocity, instead in shows an absolute acceleration. The idea of a circular velocity is
by a series of restrictions on the movement of water by the bucket. The particles in a fluid
have a natural tendency to move at a tangent to the curvilinear path they are following, and
when they are restricted they produce the characteristic concave shape (Dainton, p174).
Two options
Many conclusions can be derived from this experiment. Two favourable to Newton are:
• The metaphysical conclusion - the concavity shown by the water even in the absence
experiment. Here, we can identify the movement of the spheres by reference to the
tension in the string that connects them, even though they may appear at rest.
Absolute space?
The metaphysical conclusion seems suspect. The relativist will decry the existence of
Newton’s postulated ‘absolute’ rotation leads to the existence of absolute space. It is clearly
problematic to describe the rotation of the bucket without reference to anything else, if it is
relative to the existence of other bodies then it cannot prove the existence of absolute motion,
if it is relative to ‘absolute space’ then this is likely to be circular as it relies on the existence
It also seems that the bucket could rotate relative to something. Firstly, one can claim that it
is rotating relative to the cord. One could distinguish the rotation without positing the
existence of absolute space - though one could solve this by postulating a spinning, cordless
bucket. Secondly, one could argue that the water is rotating relative to itself, the outer edges
of the water may be relatively at rest relative to the bucket‘s edge but if we imagine the water
as to be composed of concentric circles, the inner circles are moving at a much lower speeds
relative to the bucket’s edge and the outer circles. The concave effect is caused in part by the
velocity differential between the centre of the water’s speed and the edge of the bucket’s
speed. One could describe the bucket’s inertial forces purely with reference to its internal
motions and without reference to absolute space. The outer concentric circles may be at rest
relative to the bucket, but the inner concentric circles are not.
acceleration, it doesn’t demonstrate absolute rest. It seems Newton could pick out a class of
moving inertial frames in which the bucket is contained, but it is not clear that any of these
frames entail, or contain an absolute space (Lacey p341). Furthermore, Sklar holds that
acceleration is a primitive monadic property, and one does not need to make reference to
absolute space to describe it (Dainton p179). Whatever one’s perspective, it seems clear that
Differentiating
I believe that this thought experiment attempts not to necessarily affirm the existence of
absolute space or motion but expresses the illustration of a case where absolute ‘rotation’ can
be distinguished from merely relative rotation if one holds Newtonian mechanics to be true.
In the BE, it is when the water is relatively at rest to the bucket that the concavity at its
zenith. It is the inertial effects of the continued accelerations of the bucket that force the
water into concavity. The existence of inertial forces in the bucket indicates that it is it that is
However, what is it that causes these inertial forces? Is it, as Mach holds, that the existence of
a framework of other situated objects causes these forces at a distance (Dainton p176)? With
this option, we can hold that it is not necessarily any absolute motion that causes the inertial
forces it could be instead the action at a distance of other relatively situated objects.
Furthermore, frame dragging phenomena demonstrates that a rotating inertial frame around
the bucket is enough to institute concavity in the bucket – it is not necessarily the rotation of
Exposition
The classical TP involves two twins, A & B. A remains on earth, while B accelerates to near
the speed of light. At a certain distance away, B stops, then returns to earth at an identical
speed. When B returns he is significantly younger than his twin. The paradox exists because
the Principle of General Relativity entails that we can describe a reference frame in which
twin B is at rest while it is twin A that travels at near c, and it is no more privileged a
reference frame than the one in which A is resting (even though the constructed reference
frame where A rests may contain pseudo-gravitational fields). The paradox is also caused by
the Principle of Special Relativity - from the perspectives of both of the twins, the other
twin’s clock seems to be retarded. If these above special and general situations are both valid,
why is it the case that B is younger? Surely, both twins should be younger than the other.
Normally the paradox can be solved by explaining that the movements of the twins are
asymmetrical and twin B ‘jumps’ an inertial reference frame, upon his return to earth. The
reference frame shift could be caused by acceleration or the change of speeds between the
outward and return journey – and this is what causes the asymmetrical time dilation.
However, one can postulate the ‘triplets paradox’ (Salmon p6) in which no changes in speed
occur. Both paradoxes are solved by the lack of an absolute present in Special Relativity. A
present is defined as a set of events that are simultaneous from the point of view of a given
observer. The apparent symmetric retardation in the clocks is due to the relativity of
simultaneity, the asymmetric time dilation is caused by the relativity of simultaneity of which
Analogy
Both the TP and the BE seem to posit the existence of a privileged reference frame, or some
sort of absolute space. We ask, of both scenarios, if they are strictly relative, what accounts
for the water’s concavity and twin B’s (relative) youth? As I’ve mentioned above, the BE
could argue that without the existence of an absolute space, one cannot explain the inertial
forces within the bucket. Or, at least, there is a means to distinguish and confirm the
forces in the bucket. In the TP, the postulations are similar if one rejects the consequences of
Special Relativity. The appearance of the symmetric retardation of clocks and the asymmetric
differences in seconds passed lead one to argue for absolute space and motion to attempt to
explain why twin B is not as old as twin A (why B has ‘actually’ moved, while A has not),
when in fact, the phenomena experienced can be explained by the relativity of simultaneity as
Disanalogy
One disanology is that the BE must affirm Newtonian mechanics to assert the incongruous
absolute motion. The TP, on the other hand must deny the entailments of Special Relativity
BE is a dynamical one, while the solution to the TP is a kinematical one. If the BE is thought
to have a solution, one can be found by postulating that the inertial forces in the bucket are
created by the water moving relative to that of absolute space. In the TP, it is a conceptual
shift in the lines of simultaneity as represented in Minkowski space time that accounts for the
‘time gap’ and asymmetricity of time dilation (Lucas and Hodgeson p.76). It is not the effect
of acceleration, or change in speed but the kinematic shift in perspective upon the ‘return
Conclusion
In this essay I have claimed that the BE demonstrates the experimental conditions under
accept Newton’s dynamics. I went on to present that the TP urges us to pursue absolute space
also, in order to determine that it was ‘actually’ twin B that moved though this is based upon
the misunderstanding of Special Relativity. Finally I discussed two disanalogies between the
thought experiments. The BE asks us to affirm Newtonian Dynamics in order to create the
misunderstand Special Relativity in order to generate the paradox. Finally I demonstrated that
a presentation of the BE requires use of dynamics, while a resolution of the TP requires use
of kinematics.
Bibliography
(1978)
1990)
Press, 1934)
Press 1975)