EMMI Manual 022210224626 6

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IIIRDSEMESTER ELECTRICAL
G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR

Department Of Electrical Engineering
IIIRD Sem Electrical Engg.
Electrical Measurement & Measuring Instruments Lab
________________________________________________________________________
INDEX
Sr. Name of Experiment Page No.

No.
1 Measurement of medium resistance by using 02
Voltmeter Ammeter method.
2 Measurement of medium resistance by using 04
Wheatstone’s bridge.
3 Measurement of high resistance by using loss of 07
charge method.
4 Measurement of low resistance by using Kelvin’s 09
double bridge.
5 Measurement of unknown inductance by using 12
Hay’s bridge.
Owen’s bridge.
Maxwell bridge.
8 Measurement of unknown capacitance by Desauty 20
bridge.
9 Measurement of unknown capacitance by Schering 22
bridge.
10 Measurement of 3-phase power by the one- 24
watt meter method.
11 Measurement of 3-phase power by the two-watt 26
meter method.
12 Measurement of Reactive power in 3- phase circuit 28
by Wattmeter method.
G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 1

Experiment No-01
Aim:- Measurement of medium resistance by the Voltmeter , Ammeter method.
Apparatus:- DC ammeter(0-50mA)
DC Voltmeter (0-50V)
Dc power supply (0-30V)
Variable Resistance -100 ohm.
Connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram:-
(0-50mA)
(0-50mA)
_ + --
+ A
A
+
V V (0-50v) 100
(0-30v) R (0-30v) R
(0-50V) Ohm
100 Ohm -
Fig.(1) Fig. (2)
Theory: -
Two types of the connections are done in this method. Ammeter voltmeter
method is shown in the figure (2) voltmeter and ammeter are connected in series, where
ammeter measures the total current flowing through the circuit and voltmeter measures
the voltage across the unknown resistance .The voltmeter should have ideally infinite
resistance and ammeter should have ideally zero resistance so that it will measure total
current flowing through the unknown resistance. But practically it is not possible and
measured value Rm of the resistance is the sum of resistance of ammeter and actual
resistance.
Rm =R1+Ra
Where
R1=Actual resistance.
Ra=Resistance of the ammeter.
It is clear from the expression that the value of measured resistance is equal to actual
resistance when ammeter has zero resistance.

1
Observation Table:-
For CASE 1 – voltmeter Ammeter Method
Voltage (volt) Current (Amp) Resistance Resistance

(calculated) (measured)
For CASE 2 – Ammeter voltmeter Method
Voltage (volt) Current (Amp) Resistance Resistance

(calculated) (measured)
Procedure:-
1) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

2) Switch on the supply and note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
3) Calculate the value of the unknown resistance by ohms low.
4) Perform the procedure for the other case similarly.
Result: - Hence the measured value of the unknown resistance is

found to be _________.
Viva Questions:-
1) What are the other methods of measurement of medium resistance?
2) What are the disadvantages of this method?

1
Experiment No.-02
Aim: - Measurement of the medium resistance by using wheatstone bridge.
Apparatus: -
Power supply (0-32V D.C)

Resistor: - R1=1KΏ, RX=1KΏ, R3=1KΏ, R4=10KΏ.
Unknown resistor=100Ώ,
Wheatstone bridge kit.
Digital multimeter-1no,
Patch chords.
Circuit Diagram:-
d
I3
R1 R3
I1
a
b
G
I2
Rx
R4
I4
c
0-32v

1
Theory-
Wheat stones bridge is very important device used in the measurement of medium
resistances. It is an accurate and reliable instrument .The wheat stone bridge is an
instrument based on the principle of null indication and comparison measurements .
The basic circuit of a wheat stone bridge is shown in fig . it has four resistive
arms, consisting of resistances R1,RX,R3 and R4 together with a source of emf and a null
detector , usually a galvanometer G or other sensitive current meter is used. The bridge is
said to be balanced when there is no current through the galvanometer or when the
potential difference across the galvanometer is zero. This occurs when the voltage from
point ‘a’ to point ‘d’ equals the voltage from point ‘d’ to point ‘b’ or by referring to other
battery terminal, when the voltage from point ‘a’ to point ‘c’ equals the voltage from
point ‘c’ to point ‘b’.
For bridge balance;

I1=I3= E/(R1+R3) (1)
I2=I4=E/(RX+R4) (2)
E=emf of battery.
Combining equ (1) and (2) we get
RX*R3=R1*R4
OR
RX=(R1*R4)/R3
Where RX is the unknown resistance, R1, R3 and R4 are called the ratio arms.
Observation Table: -
Ratio Arm Std. Arm Measured Rx Calculated

Resistor Resistor Rx
R1 R3 R4
Procedure: -
1) Connect the patch chords as per the circuit diagram.
2) Note the resistance of R1,R4 and R3 using multimeter.

1
3) Switch on the power supply and adjust the resistance R4 such that galvanometer
shows the zero deflection.
4) Disconnect the supply & measure the value of RX.
5) Now calculate the value of unknown Resistor R, Using formula
Rx=(R1*R4)/R3.
Result:- Unknown Resistance found to be __________Ω.
Viva Questions: -
1) What are the other methods used for measurement of medium resistance?
2) Why we use this method for measurement of medium resistance?

1
Experiment No-03
Aim:- Measurement of the high resistance by using loss of charge method.
Apparatus:-
Multimeter –1no
Voltmeter –(0-30v)-1no
Capacitor-10uf-1no
Resister-100K-1no
Power supply-(0-30v)-1no
.
Circuit Diagram:-
S1
S2
(0-30V)
V C=10uf
(0-30V) R
Theory:-
In this method the resistance which is measured is connected in parallel with
the capacitor C and the electronic voltmeter V. The capacitor is the charged up to some
suitable voltage by means of the battery having the voltage V and is then allowed to
discharge through the resistance.
The terminal voltage is observed over the considerable period of the time
during discharge.
Let,
V=initial voltage on the charged capacitor.
v=instantaneous discharging voltage.

1
t=the charging time of the capacitor.

V=v exp (-t/C*R)
or
V/v=exp (-t/C*R)
or
Insulation resistance
R=t/(Clog V/v)
=0.4343*t/(C log10 V/v)
R’=0.4343*t/(C log10 V/v)
Where R’ is a resistance of R1 & R in parallel
R1 represents the leakage Resistance &
R is the unknown resistor.
The test is then repeated with the unknown resistance R disconnected & the
capacitor discharging through R1
R’=(R*R1)/(R+R1)
Observation Table:-
S. Time (sec) V V(with R) Log10(V/v) Log10(V/v)
NO. (withoutR) without R with R
Procedure:-
1) Connections is make as per the circuit diagram.
2) Close the switch S1 and keep S2 open till the capacitor charge upto V volts.
3) Now open the switch S1 & allow the capacitor to discharge by its Owen
leakage resistance
4) Note down the reading of the voltmeter verses equal interval of the time.
5) Calculate the unknown resistance using the formula.
6) Now close the switch S1 & S2 till the capacitor charge upto V volts.
7)Now open the switch S1 & allow the capacitor to discharge through the unknown
Resistance.
Result:- Unknown value of high resistance is calculated by using loss of charge

method.
Viva Questions:-
1) Why this method is called as loss of charge method?
2)What kind of errors occurs while performing this practical?

1
Experiment No:-04
Aim: - Measurement of the low resistance by using Kelvin’s Double bridge .
Apparatus: -
Regulated dc supply-1no
Standard resistance coil-1no
Kelvin’s double bridge kit.
Digital multimeter-1no,
Patch chords.
Components Used: -
Q=q=10KΩ, RX1 =5Ω, RX2=10Ω, P=p=100Ω,
RB=11KΩ,, S=Pot of 1kΩ.
Circuit Diagram: -
P G Q
p d q
R
S
a r c
m n
R
Rb E

1
Theory: -
Kelvin’s bridge is a modification of wheatstone bridge and always used in
measurement of low resistance. It uses two sets of ratio arms and the four terminal
resistances for the low resistance. As shown in above fig. The first set of ratio P and Q &
second set of ratio arms are p and q are used to connect to the galvanometer to a pt ‘d’ at
an Approx. potential between points ‘m’ and ‘n’ to eliminate the effects of connecting
lead of resistance ‘r’ between the known std. resistance ‘s’ and unknown resistance ‘R’.
The ratio P/Q is made equal to p/q. under balanced condition there is no current flowing
through galvanometer which means voltage drop between a and b, Eab equal to the
voltage drop between a and d, Eamd.
Now
Eab = Eamd
Eab=(P*Eac/P+Q); Eac=I[R+S+[(p+q)r/p+q+r]] ---------(1)
Eamd= I[R+ p/p+q[ (p+q)r/p+q+r]]

=I[R+p*r/(p+q+r)] ----------------------- (2)
For zero deflection->
Eab=Eamd
[ P/P+Q]I[R+S+{(p+q)r/p+q+r}]=I[R+pr/p+q+r] --3)
Now, if
P/Q=p/q
Then equa… (3) becomes
R=P/Q=S -(4)
Equation (4) is the usual working equation. For the Kelvin’s Double Bridge .It indicates
the resistance of connecting lead r. It has no effect on measurement provided that the two
sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. Equation (3) is useful however as it shows the error
that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It indicates that it is desirable to
keep r as small as possible in order to minimize the error in case there is a diff. between
the ratio P/Q and p/q.
R=(P*S)/Q
Observation Table: -
P (ratio arm Q (ratio arm Standard resistor R measured Calculated

resistor) resistor) S value R

1
Procedure: -
1) The circuit configuration on the panel is studied.

2) The unknown resistance is connected as shown.
3) The value of P,Q was selected such that
P/Q=p/q
4) S was adjusted for proper balance i.e., galvanometer to shows zero deflection.
5) The value of Unknown Resistance R=(P*S/Q) was calculated.
Precautions-
1) Check all the connections before turning ON the power supply.
2) Note the readings accurately.
Result- The observed value of unknown resistance is __________.
Viva Questions:
1) Why this method is called as double bridge method?
2) Can this method be beneficial for measurement of low value of
Resistance or not?

1
Experiment No :-5
Aim: - Measurement of the unknown Inductance by using Hay’s bridge.
Apparatus:- Multimeter
LCR meter
Hay’s bridge kit,
Patch cords.
Components Used: -
R2=100Ω, R3= 4.7KΩ, R4= 100Ω, C4= 1uf
Circuit Diagram:-
E1 E3
D
I1
L1
R3
I1
R1
A B
G
I2
R4
R2
C4
E2 C I2
E4

1
Observation:-
R2 = __________.
C4 = __________.
For Unknown Inductance Lx1:-
Calculated - Lx1 = (R2R3C4) /(1+ω2R42C42).
Lx1 =________mH.
Measured - Lx1 = ________mH.
Quality factor (Q)=1/ωR4C4.
For Unknown Inductance Lx2:

Calculated - Lx2 = (R2R3C4) /(1+ω2R42C42).
Lx2 =________mH.
Quality factor (Q)=ωR4C4.
Theory:-
The hays bridge is the modification of the Maxwell Bridge. This bridge uses a
resistance in series with the standard capacitor. The bridge has four resistive arms in
which the arms one is consists of the resister R1, Lx .The arm 2 is consists of the variable
resistance R3.The low value of the resistance is obtain by the low resistive arms of the
bridge. The value of R4 and C4 is the standard value of the capacitor and resistance.
By using the unknown inductance having a resistanceR1. R2, R3,R4-is the known
non-inductive resistance and C4 is standard value of the capacitor. The unknown value of
inductance and Quality factor of the Bridge is obtained by formula.
Lx = (R2R3C4) /(1+ω2R42C42)
Quality factor (Q)=(1/ωR4C4)
2
For value of Q greater 10, the term (1/Q) will be smaller & hence neglected.
Therefore Lx= R2*R3*C4
Basic AC bridges consist of four arms, source excitation and a balanced detector.
Commonly used detectors for AC bridges are:
(1) Head phones
(2) Vibration galvanometers
(3) Tunable amplifier detectors
Vibration galvanometer is extremely useful at power and low audio
frequency ranges. Vibration galvanometers are manufactured to work at various
frequency ranging from 5 KHZ to 1 KHZ. But one most commonly used between

1
200HZ.
Advantage-1) This Bridge gives very simple expression for unknown for High Q coil.
2) This bridge also gives a simple expression for Q factor.
Disadvantage- 1) The hays bridge is suited for the measurement of the High Q inductor.
2) It is used to find the inductor having the q value of the smaller then 10.
Procedure:-
1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.
2) Connect unknown inductance LX1 in the circuit. Make all connections to
complete the bridge.
3) Put the supply ON
4) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting variable resistance R3.
5) Note value of R2, R3, and C4 by removing connection by patch cords.
6) Calculate theoretical value of LX1 using L=R2R3C4
7) Measure value of LX2 by LCR meter and compare it.
8) Repeat process for LX2.
Result:- The unknown inductance is measured using Hay’s bridge and is found to
be___
Viva Questions:-
1) What is the Q factor of the coil?
2) Which bridges are used for measurement of inductances?

1
Experiment No :-6
Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using OWEN’S bridge method
Apparatus:-
Digital multimeter, Patch chords.
Components used:
R3=1K(pot), C4=1uF, R2=1K(pot),

L1= L2= ------
Galvanometer, 12VAC source.
Circuit Diagram:-
R1L1 R3
A B
G
R2
C4
C2
Theory:-
Bridge are used for the accurate measurement of electrical quantities viz;
esistance, Capacitance, Inductance, Storage Factor, Loss factor etc. Depending upon the
excitations used , the bridge are classified as AC bridges & DC bridges.

1
Owen’s – Inductance Capacitance Bridge comes under category of AC bridges and it is

used for measurement of an Inductance in terms of capacitance. General form of AC
bridges consists of four arms of impedances & AC excitation.
Let
L1= unknown self inductance of resistance
R2=variable non- inductive resistance
R3= fixed non- inductive resistance
C2=variable standard capacitor
C4=fixed standard capacitor
And
At balance condition,
(R1+jwL1) (1/jwC4)=(R2+1/jwC2)*R3
Separating the real & imaginary terms, we obtain:
L1=R2R3C4
&
R1=R3*C4/C2
Procedure:-
1. Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.

2. Connect unknown inductance LX1 OR LX2 by patch chords
3. Switch ON power supply
4. By varying the pot R2 & R9 make bridge balance
5. Switch off the power supply, disconnect the patch chords & measure the value of
R3 & R2
6. Find the value of unknown inductance by using formula
7. L1=R2R3C4
Observations:
Measured value of L Calculated value of L
Result:-
Using Owen’s Bridge we can calculate the value of unknown inductance &
we found there is short difference between theoretical and practical value of L.
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1) Draw the Phaser diagram of OWE’N Bridge?
2) What are the balancing conditions of any a.c. bridge?

1
Experiment no 7
Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using Maxwell’s bridge.
Apparatus:-
Digital multimeter,
Patch chords.
R2=100Ω, R4=1KΩ, R3=4.7KΩ,
C4=1µf, LX2=318mH, LX1=73 mH
Circuit Diagram:-
L1 I3
I1
R3
R1
A B
G
I2
R2 C4
R4
C I4
Theory:-
The Maxwell’s bridge is used to measured inductance by comparison

with a standard variable capacitance. One of the ratio arms has a résistance and
the capacitance in the parallel.
In this bridge at the balance condition there is no current flow in the

1
galvanometer.
At balanced condition,
(R1+jwL1) (R4/1+jwC4R4) = R2*R3
By separating the real and imaginary term, the unknown value of the
resistor (R1) and the unknown value of the capacitor (C1) has given below.
R1= R2*R3/R4
L1= (R2*R3*C4)
Observation:-
R2 = __________.
C4 = __________.
For Unknown Inductance Lx1:-
Calculated - Lx1 = (R2R3C4)
Lx1 =________mH.
Quality factor (Q)=ωR4C4
For Unknown Inductance Lx2:

Calculated - Lx2 = (R2R3C4)
Lx2 =________mH.
Advantage-
1) This bridge is very useful for measurement of a wide range of a
inductance at the power and audio frequencies.
2) The frequency does not appear in any of the two equations.
Disadvantage-
1) This bridge requires a variable standard capacitor, which may be

Vary expensive if the calibration to a high degree of the accuracy.
2) The bridge is limited the measure the low Q value.

1
Procedure:-
1) Study circuit on kit from panel.

2) Connect unknown inductance LX1 in circuit. Make all possible connections to
complete the network. Switch the supply on.
3) Set null point of galvanometer by adjusting variable resistance R3
4) Note values of R2, R3, C4 by removing their connections. Calculate theoretical
values of LX using L1=R2R3C4.
5) Measure actual value of LX1 using LCR meter. Compare this value with
calculated. also calculate Q factor by using above equation.
Result:- Unknown inductance measured using Maxwell’s bridge is found to be

LX1=____ , & LX2 =__---------.
___________
Viva Questions:-
1) What are the limitations of this bridge?

2) What is the difference between this method and Hays bridge method?

1
Experiment no-08
Aim:- Measurement of the unknown capacitance by using De Sauty’s bridge.
Apparatus:-
De Sauty’s bridge kit
Digital multimeter,
Patch chords,
R2=100Ω, R4=10KΩ, R3=10KΩ,
C2=1µf, CX1= 1µf, CX2=4.7µf
Circuit Diagram:-
D
I3
C1
R3
I1
A B
G
I2
C2 R4
I4
C
Theory:-
Bridge are used for the accurate measurement of electrical quantities viz;
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance, Storage Factor, Loss factor etc. Depending upon the
excitations used , the bridge are classified as AC bridges & DC bridges.
De-sauty Bridge comes under category of AC bridges and it is used for measurement of
capacitance. General form of AC bridges consists of four arms of impedances & AC

1
excitation.
At balanced condition,
(1/jwC1) * R4 = (1/jwC2)*R3
Separating real & imaginary part,
C1= C2*(R4/R3)
Resistance Calculated Measured

R3 C1=C2*R4/R3 C1
Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel on the kit.

2) Connect the unknown capacitance of the position given.
3) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting the variable resistor R3.
4) Calculate the value of unknown capacitance by formula given
Result: -The values of unknown capacitance is measured using De Sauty’s bridge is

found to be C1= ______uF.
VIVA questions:
i) What are the limitation of this bridge?
ii) Can Dissipation factor be measured by this
bridge?

1
Experiment No-09
Aim:- Measurement of the unknown capacitance using schering bridge.
Apparatus:- Schearing bridge kit

digital multimeter,
patch chords,
Circuit Diagram:-
D
R1 I3
R3
C1
A I1 B
G
IC4
I2
C4
C2
R4
C IR4
Theory:-
The schering bridge is one of the most important ac bridge used extensively for the
measurement of capacitance.
In schering bridge the arm 1 contains a series combination of the resistor and the
capacitor and standard arm contain only one capacitor. The standard capacitor is usually a
standard high quality mica capacitor.
In the balance condition of the bridge the sum of the phase angles of the arms 1

1
and 4 is equal the sum of the phase angle of arms 2 and 3.At the balance condition there
is no current flow in the galvanometer.
At balance condition,
[R1+(1/jωC1)] * [R4/(1+jωC4R4)] =R3/( jωC2)

After solving & equating real & imaginary parts, we get
R1= C4*R3/C2.
C1= R4*C2/R3
Observation:-
R4 = __________.
C2 = __________.
For Unknown Capacitor C1:-
Calculated - C1 = (R4*C2/R3)
C1 =________.
Measured - C1 = ________.
Dissipation factor (D.f)=ωR4C4
Procedure: -
5) Study the circuit provided on the front panel on the kit.
6) Connect the unknown capacitance of the position given.
7) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting the variable resistor R4
8) Calculate the value of unknown capacitance by formula given
Result: -The values of unknown capacitance is found to be C1= ______uF.
Viva Questions-
1) What is the Q factor of the coil?

2) Which bridges are used for measurement of inductance

1
Experiment no-10
Aim-. Measurement of the 3phase power by the one watt meter method.
Apparatus:-
Three phase variable load.
Wattmeter (0-5A)-, 300v-1no
Ammeter (0-10A)-1no
Voltmeter (0-600v) , (0-300v)-2no
Three phase variac.
Circuit Diagram:-
(0-5A,300V)
R (0-5A)
M L
A
C V
V (0-300v) R (100 Ohm,5A)

3-
Phase Y
,440V,
Supply
R R (100 Ohm,5A)
B
(100 Ohm,5A)
Theory:-
In this method the total power consumed is calculated by using one wattmeter .
This method is used only if the load is balanced. Current coil is connected in series with
one phase ‘R’ & pressure coil of the wattmeter is connected between ‘R’ phase & Neutral
of the 3- phase load.
Here-V1=V2=V3=V (line voltage)

& I1=I2=I3=Line

1
&V13-V12=V23
3- phase power = √3* V1*I1*cos θ (The load is resistive so cos θ=1)
= 3* Wattmeter Reading
Observation Table:-
Sr no Voltage Current Power 3 phase watt
Procedure:-
1) Make the arrangement as per the circuit diagram.
2) Increase the dimmerstat reading
3) Note the corresponding values of voltmeter ,ammeter and wattmeter.
4) Take consequent 3 readings.
Result:- The 3phase Power by one watt meter method is ________Watts.
Viva Questions:-
1) Explain in short how the wattmeter is connected in the circuit to .
Measure the power delivered to the Load and the Line.
2) Explain How the Resistive Power is measured by the Wattmeter
Method.

1
Experiment no- 11
Aim:- Measurement of the 3phase power by the two watt meter method.
Apparatus:-
Ammeter (0-5A)- 1no.
Voltmeter (0-600v) –1no
Rheostat (100 ohm-5A)-3no
Wattmeter (300V-5A) -2no.
3-PHASE dimmerstat
connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram-
300v,5A
R (0-5A)
M L
A
C V
V (0-300v)
3-phase, R 100ohm
440V, Y
Supply 5A
100ohm
5A
R R
C V 100ohm
B
5A
L
M
N 300V,5A

1
Theory:-
Here two wattmeter are connected to measure power in 3 phase circuit.
Let V1,V2,V3 be rms values of phase voltage and
i1,i2,i3 be rms values of line current
Phase voltage=V1=V2=V3=V
Line voltage=V13=V23=V12=√3V
Power factor=cos φ
Reading of P1 wattmeter =V13*I1cos(30-φ)
= √3VIcos(30-φ)
Reading of P2 wattmeter= V23*I2cos(30+φ)

= √3VI(30+φ)
Sum of two wattmeter readings=P=P1+P2
= √3VI[cos( 30-φ)- cos(30+φ)]
=3VIcosφ
Total Power consumed by the load P= W1+W2.
Observation Table:-
Sr no Voltage Current Power 3 phase watt

W1 W2 W1+W2
Procedure:-
1) Make the arrangement as per the circuit diagram.
2) Adjust supply voltage to 100v. Take the reading when the wattmeter is connected
between the R and Y phase.
3) Repeat previous for the different reading of the voltage.
4) Also note the corresponding current.
5) Now connect wattmeter between R and B phase .
6) Repeat the previous procedure which will give by the total power consumed by
the load.
Result:- Hence it is found that the calculated power and the measured power by the two
wattmeter method is nearly same.
Viva Questions:-
1) Explain the working of 3phase wattmeter?
2) Explain in short how the wattmeter is connected in the circuit to measure
the power delivered to the Load?

1
Experiment no- 12
Aim:- Measurement of the 3phase Reactive power by the one watt meter method.
Apparatus:-
Ammeter (0-5A)- 1no.
Voltmeter (0-600v) –1no
Rheostat (100-5A)-3no
3- phase variable reactive load.
3-PHASE dimmerstat
connecting wires.
Circuit Diagram-
(0-5A) (0-5A,300V)
R
M L
A
C V
(0-300v) V
3-
phase,
Y 3-Phase,5A
440V, Inductive
Supply Load
THEORY:-
The reactive power in the ckt. Is Q = Visinθ. It is often convenient &
essential that reactive power be measured in the given ckt. for load connections & it also
serves the check on power factor measerement.
Tanθ = REACTIVE POWER / ACTIVE POWER

Reactive power in a 3-phase balance ckt. is measured by connecting current coil of
wattmeter in one line. & pressure coil across other two lines as shown in above fig.

1
Reading of wattmeter = V23* I1 Cos(Φ +90)

= -√3V I sin Φ
Therefore = V23*I1*Sin Φ.
Total reactive power of 3- phase ckt.
Q= 3VISin Φ = √3 * wattmeter Reading
Observation Table:-
Sr. no VL IL Power 3-phase Q

=√3*Wattmeter
(W)
Reading
Procedure:-
2. Make the arrangement as per the circuit diagram
3. Adjust the variac to obtain line voltage.
4. Vary the load in such a way that current through phase is equal.
5. Note down the readings.
Result:- The reactive power found to be =______.
VIVA QUESTION:-
1) What are the other methods for measurement of Reactive Power?
2) What is the Difference between Active & Reactive Power?

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IIIRDSEMESTER ELECTRICAL

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR

Sr. Name of Experiment Page No.

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 1

Aim:- Measurement of medium resistance by the Voltmeter , Ammeter method.

Fig.(1) Fig. (2)

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 2

For CASE 1 – voltmeter Ammeter Method

Voltage (volt) Current (Amp) Resistance Resistance

For CASE 2 – Ammeter voltmeter Method

Voltage (volt) Current (Amp) Resistance Resistance

1) Make the connections as per circuit diagram.

Result: - Hence the measured value of the unknown resistance is

1) What are the other methods of measurement of medium resistance?

2) What are the disadvantages of this method?

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 3

Aim: - Measurement of the medium resistance by using wheatstone bridge.

Power supply (0-32V D.C)

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 4

For bridge balance;

Ratio Arm Std. Arm Measured Rx Calculated

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 5

5) Now calculate the value of unknown Resistor R, Using formula

Result:- Unknown Resistance found to be __________Ω.

2) Why we use this method for measurement of medium resistance?

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 6

Aim:- Measurement of the high resistance by using loss of charge method.

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 7

t=the charging time of the capacitor.

Result:- Unknown value of high resistance is calculated by using loss of charge

2)What kind of errors occurs while performing this practical?

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 8

Aim: - Measurement of the low resistance by using Kelvin’s Double bridge .

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 9

Eamd= I[R+ p/p+q[ (p+q)r/p+q+r]]

P (ratio arm Q (ratio arm Standard resistor R measured Calculated

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 10

1) The circuit configuration on the panel is studied.

Result- The observed value of unknown resistance is __________.

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 11

Aim: - Measurement of the unknown Inductance by using Hay’s bridge.

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 12

Quality factor (Q)=1/ωR4C4.

For Unknown Inductance Lx2:

Quality factor (Q)=ωR4C4.

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 13

1) What is the Q factor of the coil?

2) Which bridges are used for measurement of inductances?

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 14

Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using OWEN’S bridge method

R3=1K(pot), C4=1uF, R2=1K(pot),

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 15

Owen’s – Inductance Capacitance Bridge comes under category of AC bridges and it is

1. Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 16

Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using Maxwell’s bridge.

The Maxwell’s bridge is used to measured inductance by comparison

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 17

Quality factor (Q)=ωR4C4

For Unknown Inductance Lx2:

1) This bridge requires a variable standard capacitor, which may be

G.H.RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR 18

1) Study circuit on kit from panel.