Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Offset QPSK
• Transmitter
• Receiver
1
Figure 3: Receiver block diagram of OQPSK
Finally, the BER under the equal probabilities of Pr(a0I ) = Pr(a0Q ) = 0.5 is
So we can conclude that QPSK gives worse performance than BPSK when the phase error exists.
2
Figure 4: I and delayed Q
– BER of OQPSK
Ãr !
1 1 Eb
Pb (E) = · erfc cos(φ)
2 2 N0
" Ãr ! Ãr !#
1 1 Eb 1 Eb
+ erfc (cos(φ) − sin(φ)) + erfc (cos(φ) + sin(φ))
2 4 N0 4 N0
Ãr ! Ãr ! Ãr !
1 Eb 1 Eb 1 Eb
= erfc cos(φ) + erfc (cos(φ) − sin(φ)) + erfc (cos(φ) + sin(φ))
4 N0 8 N0 8 N0
– Let {bk } be the information bit and {dl } denote the differentially encoded sequence. We now introduce
the following definitions in the generation of this sequence.
∗ If the incoming binary bit bk is 1, leave the symbol dk unchanged with respect to the previous bit.
∗ If the incoming binary bit bk is 0, change the symbol dk with respect to the previous bit.
The differentially encoded sequence {dk } thus generated is used to phase-shift a carrier with phase angles
0 and π radians representing the bit 0 and 1, respectively. The differential-phase encoding process is
illustrated in the following Table.
• Block diagram of binary transmitter DPSK is one example of noncoherent orthogonal√ modulation, when it is
considered over two bit intervals. Suppose the transmitted DPSK signal equals P cos(2πfc t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb ,
where Tb is the bit duration and Eb is the signal energy per bit. Let s1 (t) denote the transmitted DPSK signal
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2Tb for the case when we have binary bit 1 at the transmitter input for the second part of this
3
Figure 5: Block diagram of binary DPSK transmitter
interval, namely, Tb ≤ t ≤ 2Tb . The transmission of bit 1 leaves the carrier phase unchanged over the interval
0 ≤ t ≤ 2Tb , and sw we define s1 (t) as
½ √
s1 (t) = √P cos(2πfc t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
P cos(2πfc t), Tb ≤ t ≤ 2Tb
Let s2 (t) denote the transmitted DPSK signal for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2Tb for the case when we have binary symbol 0 at
the transmitter input for Tb ≤ t ≤ 2Tb . The transmission of 0 advances the carrier phase by 180 degrees, and so
we define s2 (t) as ½ √
s1 (t) = √P cos(2πfc t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
P cos(2πfc t + π), Tb ≤ t ≤ 2Tb
We see that s1 (t) and s2 (t) are indeed orthogonal over the two-bit interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 2Tb .
• Detection block diagram is illustrated in Fig. 2.
• Suppose next, in differentially coherent detection of binary DPSK, the carrier phase is unknown (or the phase er-
ror given by φ). Then, in light of the receiver being equipped√with an in-phase
√ and a quadrature
√ channel,
√ we have
a signal space diagram where the received signal points are ( P cos φ, P sin φ) and (− P cos φ, − P sin φ).
The geometry of possible signals is illustrated in 2. The receiver measures the coordinates (yI0 , yQ0 ) at time
t = Tb and (yI0 , yQ0 ) at time t = 2Tb . The issue to be resolved is whether these two points map to the same
signal point or different ones. Assume that the phase error φ is the constant over the two bit interval 2Tb . Then
the multiplication of two consecutive symbols must be positive when the bit 1 is transmitted and negative when
the bit 0 is transmitted. Accordingly we may write
4
Figure 7: Signal-space diagram of received DPSK signal
– In general the differential encoding can be expressed by the phase change with 2π modulo operation as
shown in Figs. 9 and 10. In Figs. 9 and 10, ∆θi is the phase of the M -PSK modulated signal and then
it is differentially encode. For example for D-QPSK, the following table shows the phase change at the
transmitter
5
Figure 9: Differential encoder and decoder (real form)