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@.?OK3 The Instilute of Electrical Engineers. Printed end Published by The IEE, Michael Faraday House, Six Hiil Wav, Steveneage SG 1 2AY
By connecting shorting pins from a patch antenna to the
ground plane, half of the sue of the patch can he The proposed E-shaped antenna geomeby is shown in
eliminated. This is due to the shorting pins acting as an Fig. 1. The antenna has only one patch, which is simpler
inductive element and perturbing the electric-field p a t h than traditional wide-band microstrip antennas. Two
in the patch. For microstrip patch antennas, the size parallel narrow slits with the same length and width
can also be reduced by inserting slots into it. These (43.25mm x Imm) are inserted to the rectangular patch.
slots force the surface current to meander, thus The patch sue is about 105 mm x 44 mm (L x W) and
artificially increasing the antenna's electrical length it is fed by a microstripline probe. The size of the
without modifying its global dimensions microstriplie is about 3mm x 1 mm (L x W) at the
centre of the patch. To achieve broadband performance,
3 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ANTENNAS
the length, width and position of the slot and
As prototype examples, the proposed antennas currently microstripline are the most significant elements
use relatively thick substrates with low permittivity throughout the design work. In Fig. 2, the practical
(e.g. air substrate, 4 = 1) in order to expand the configuration of the antenna is shown with ground
bandwidth. Microstripline feeding methods are also plane 150 mm x 15Omm and 18mm thickness of air
implemented in all of the proposed designs in order to substrate.
simplify the structure in the design package.
3.2 Antennas with Two Shorted Coplanar Patches
3.1 E-Shaped Patch Antenna
The basic idea of the shorted coplanar patch antenna is
The basic idea of the E-shaped antenna is to modify and to electromagnetically couple two coplanar shorted
optimise the geometry of the typical rectangular patch rectangular or circular microstrip patch elements on low
antenna by inserting a pair of slits from an appropriate permittivity substrate to achieve small and broadband
radiating edge of a rectangular patch. The sue of the features. A microstripline feed is directly connected to
original rectangular patcb can then be reduced, due to the driven patch element in order to excite the antenna.
existence of the slits. This will change the resonance The driven element is a rectangular patch and the
features and will in turn excite the dual frequency parasitic patch can be either circular or rectangular. The
features of the E-shaped patch antenna. It should be driven patch will dominate the higher resonant
noted that the higher frequency is mainly determined by frequency while the lower one is stimulated by
the centre part of the proposed patch, while the lower electromagnetically coupling two of the shorted
one is excited by the outer parts. In addition, the length patches. It should he clarified that the coupling gap
and width of the two symmetrical slots must be between two patches i s prudently selected for optimal
critically selected and positioned for optimal coupling, otherwise, only a single resonant frequency
performance; otherwise, only a single resonant with relatively narrow bandwidth will be excited [7].In
frequency will be ohserved. order to increase the bandwidth of the antenna, two
bandwidth enhancement methods were used, using
I . 33.00 -
multiple resonators and low permittivity air substrate.
-2
-
*.- w ..E352zaa%z m
Fig. 6a Measured rehun loss at the input port
z
-
= .,*
-20
.il
-21
I I , . e , P 2 . 0 2 . 3 2 1 21 2 .I 5 7 . 5 > . 7 2 . B 2 9 J 0
rrCOICnC,
UrmT
I.- (H ..Ecs832z rn
Fig. 6b Measured input impedance.
The input impedance of the proposed design was
measured usmg an HP8510C network analyser. The
measured input impedance is also given in Figs 6. The
measured results have impedance bandwidth of 23%
(return loss <-lOdB) with the centre frequency 2.6 GHz
and fully cover the frequency spectra of 2.3-2.9 GHz.
The simulated impedance bandwidth is 17% higher
than the experimental results and the input impedance
('rq (1.7000wz t o 3.aoooHr)
of the experimental results have been transposed out of
Fig. 5h Computed input impedance. the frequency band of interest. This is due to the use of
a ffite-size ground plane in the tests, instead of the
4.1 E-Shaped Patch Antenna Design S m i t e ground plane in the simulations: this can he
corrected by adjusting the patch sues
480
4.2 Twin shorted coplanar patch antenna edge of the driven patch in the simulation, but
indirectly connected in the tests. Nevertheless, the
Fig.7 depicts the simulated input impedance behaviour
experimental results demonstrate the general validity
of the proposed patch antenna in Fig.4 which uses air-
and feasibility of the proposed antenna
fded subskate and two shorted rectangular patches. As
can be seen from the return loss plot, the simulated
impedance bandwidth (return loss 5 -10 dB) is 20.2% CONCLUSIONS
from 1.78 to 2.18GHz. which fully covers the
Bandwidth enhancement and sue reduction techniques
frequency spectlum of UMTS from 1885 to 2200MHz.
for microstrip patch antennas have been discussed.
It also CM be observed that the proposed antenna
Two small and broad-band antennas were designed,
clearly has two resonant frequencies: 1.825 and
measured and characterised in detail. By modifying the
2.IGHz. The impedance locus on the Smith chart
geometry of the patches and using shorting pins, the
showed that good matching had been attained over a
size of the proposed antennas has been successfully
broad frequency band.
minimised. Likewise, by eleckomagnetically coupling
m9-l
two resonators and altering the geometry of rectangular
or circular patches, wider bandwidth can be achieved.
REFERENCES
1. D.H. Schaubert, D.M. Pozar, and A. Adrian,
“Effect of microstrip antenna substrate thickness and
permittivity: comparison of theories and experiment,”
f IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-37,
pp.677-682, 1989.
2. K.L. Lau, K.M. Luk and K.F. Lee, “Wideband U-
slot microstrip patch antenna array”, IEE Proc.-
Microwaves Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 148, No.1,
-
Fig. 7 Computed return loss at the input port.
2001.
3. Z.N. Chen, “Radiation Pattern of a probe-fed L-
shaped plate antenna”, Microwave and Optical
Technology Letters, Vol. 27, No.6, December 20 2000.
4. D.M. Pozar, “A review of bandwidth enhancement
techniques for microstrip antennas”, in Microstrip
Antennas: Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas
and Arrays, Ed. D.H. Schaubert. New York IEEE
Press, 1995,pp. 157-166
5. K.L. Wong and W. Hsu, “A Broad-band
Rectangular Patch Antenna With a Pair of Wide Slits,”
IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation,
V01.49, No.9, 2001.
6. F. Yang, X.-X.Zhang, X. Ye, and Y. Rahmat-
Samii, “Wide-Band E-shaped Patch Antennas for
Wireless Communication”. IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, Vol49, No.7,2001.
7. Y.J. Wang, C.K. Lee, W.J. Koh and Y.B. Gan,
“Design of Small and Broad-Band Internal Antennas
Fig. 8 Measured return loss at the input port. for IMT-2000 Mobile Handsets,” IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vo1.49, No.8, pp
The measured impedance bandwidth is shown in Fig. 8. 139,2001.
It shows that a 26.5% bandwidth, for return loss 5 - 8. A.K. Skrivervik, J-F. Ziircher, 0. Staub and JR.
4dB, has been achieved over a frequency range from Mosig, “PCS Antenna Design: The Challenge of
1.605 to 2.095GHz. It does not agree well with the Miniaturization,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation
simulated results in that return loss is less than -1OdB. Magazine, Vol. 43. No.4, 2001.
This is probably largely a consequence of using a f i t e - 9. P.S. Garg, P. Bhartia, I.J. Bahl & Ittipiboon,
size ground plane in the tests instead of an infmite “Microstrip Antenna design handbook”, Artech House,
ground plane, as in the simulations. It is well known pp533-654.2001.
that microstrip antennas are ground-dependent 10. J.T. Rowley and R.B. Waterbouse, “Performance
shuctures, thexefore, when mounted on a f ~ t grounde of Shorted Microstrip Antennas for Mobile
plane, the antenna induces a current to flow on the Communication Handsets at 1800 MHZ”. IEEE
ground plane, which in turn alters the performance of Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vo1.47,
the antenna, such as changing the input impedance and NOS, 1999.
radiation pattern. In addition, disturbance will also be
caused by the input port being directly connected to the