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Ls command options
P.C.P Bhatt OS/M2/V1/2004 8
File Extensions
¾ Most OS generate or use a file extension.
¾ For Example
permissions.
operations.
was created.
creation etc.
Back up area
Chained Allocation
P.C.P Bhatt OS/M2/V1/2004 33
Indexed Allocation - 1
Indexed Allocation
P.C.P Bhatt OS/M2/V1/2004 35
Internal and External Fragmentation
External Fragmentation.
byte points to the real data. If the file is still longer, the
In Unix,
¾ All non-removable discs are mounted automatically on
booting.
¾ Removable discs are mounted explicitly.
¾ A mount point is specified which signifies the point in the
Unix directory tree where the removable disc files get
attached.
For example,