21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS B5_110_2010 CIGRE 2010

http : //www.cigre.org

Substation Automation in the next decade:

Predictable steps and sound visions

Jorge Miguel Ordacgi Filho1, Raul B Sollero

ONS CEPEL
Brazil
Walter Baass, Klaus-Peter Brand2, Ivan De Mesmaeker, Thomas Werner
ABB Switzerland Ltd
Switzerland

SUMMARY

Substation automation (SA) based on digital devices is today a well accepted technology, but an
ongoing evolution is foreseen also for the next decade. To find both the predictable steps and sound
visions, the important factors influencing this evolution are identified in this paper. First, the
developments in power systems are listed. The high influence of the increasing share of decentralized
power generation is addressed. This trend results in the smart grid concept based on ICT (information
& communication technology) where SA is an important part already today. The market deregulation
and re-regulation has to respond on changes in the power system and on the commercial and
environmental constraints. The influence on this regulations both on the utilities and consumers are
considered. The slower but important technology trends in the switchyard, as controlled by SA, are
discussed. The SA technology shows ongoing development driven by technology and new
requirements. The standard IEC 61850 both documents and drives the changes of SA in the next
decade. The results screening all the relevant factors, the predictable steps and sound visions for
substation automation in the next decade are summarized.

KEYWORDS
Power system, markets, utilities, technology, switchyard, substation automation, protection.

1
jorgemo@ons.org.br
2
klaus-peter.brand@ch.abb.com

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INTRODUCTION
In order to find out how Substation Automation (SA) [1] will develop in the next decade, it has to be
considered how the power system will evolve and what are the trends and the resulting requirements
for utilities. Other important factors are the technological evolution both in the switchyard and the
substation automation system. Since Cigré has been, and is, heavily involved in all areas of power
systems, most arguments are supported by the topics, papers and working group results in brochures
seen during the last years within Cigré. All steps of SA evolution will be formed by IEC 61850 [2] .

In this paper, the relevance of all these identified trends, functionalities and activities for SA will be
assessed and, as far as possible, positioned in the time frame of the next decade. The results are short
term conclusions, as predictable steps, and long term ones, as sound visions.

EVOLUTION OF THE POWER SYSTEM

Issues Today Future (next decade)

Increasingly decentralized (high
generation Centralized (fossil, nuclear and hydro)
percentage of renewable sources)
flow direction Power flow top-down Power flow direction volatile
Power
system
Large-scale overlapping voltage levels Interconnected small-scale cells
structure
flow control Passive by natural impedance Active by FACTS and DGFACTS
Bulk data flow from the process level up Information flow for the control centers
information
to control centers according to their tasks
Power Stability monitored e.g. by WAMS Stability monitored and controlled
stability
system Stability controlled by operators by automatics like WAMPAC
Comprehensive information and global
operation Limited information and local actions
but selective actions → Smart Grid
Smartness as collective effect for the
Smart Grid Start at distribution level
complete power system
Table 1 – Important issues in the evolution of the power system

Nowadays, electric power is produced mainly by large coal, oil, nuclear and hydro power plants at a
limited number of centralized places. With the requirement for more environmentally friendly
production (“green”, “sustainable”, “low carbon”, “carbon free”) and the related technical
possibilities, the use of small, distributed plants (hydro, gas, CHP, thermal and photo-voltaic solar
power, wind, etc.) is increasing. In the next decade, more and more consumers will also be part-time
real or virtual power producers by solar panels, micro-CHP, electric cars, etc. and will join the trend
towards decentralized power generation (see overview in [3] [1] ).

Up to now, the power flow is directed from the generation to consumers through the transmission and
distribution systems. With a lot of small, decentralized generation feeding in at distribution level, the
power flow direction is reversed at least in certain times. Therefore, not only the amount of power
generation is volatile but also the power flow direction. In addition, the deregulation of the power
market allows the consumers to decide individually about the acceptable price and, therefore, about
the volatile amount of their consumption at any time.

The power system has a large scale structure with overlapping voltage levels. The backbone is the
transmission grid which is reinforced today in some countries by UHV lines (≥ 1000 kV AC) and/or
long HVDC lines. Transmission limits and distributed energy production have resulted in the concept
of local power system cells [4] , trying to balance out production and consumption locally, but with
the capability to import or export electric power on demand.

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The power flow in lines and cables is limited by their natural impedances. Active elements named
FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) and DGFACTS (low power FACTS [5] ) allow the control
of the impedance and, therefore, the power flow over a reasonable large range.

The above mentioned change in the use of the power system is a big challenge for the operation of the
power system itself. The most important issue is to keep a good stability margin for the power system
and to avoid black-outs. For this purpose, not only much more information from everywhere in the
power system is needed, but also coordinated actions in much more control points in the power
system. All these requirements request fast, adaptive and selective response to cope with any situation
by appropriate automatic actions. Thus, although the term “smart grid” has been introduced with main
focus in the distribution level, such smartness is needed in all levels, and may be seen as a collective
property of the power system [6] . As important side effect, this will blur the differences between
transmission and distribution [7] .

CHANGES IN THE MARKET REGULATION AND UTILITY REQUIREMENTS

In deregulated or liberalized markets, rules (regulation) are needed to guarantee fair competition but,
more challenging, reliable power supply. Table 2 addresses the evolution path expected for some
relevant aspects of market regulation:

Issues Today Future (next decade)

regulation Deregulation → Free market Reregulation → Market with boundaries
behavior Production and consumption as available Reduction of environment footprint
Market roles Active utilities and passive consumers Active utilities and active consumers
Short term profitability with minimum Long term profitability with smart
economy
investments investments
Power resources and New rules focused on the decentralized
Rules focused on the centralized (fossil
regulation framework (high percentage of renewable sources)
and nuclear) bulk power generation
for RTO and ISO power generation
Stress on power system by distributed
concerns
generation and limited dispatchability
Utility benefits Risk for shrinking revenues Chance for revenue growth
Comprehensive information and,
means Limited information and local actions
globally coordinated, selective actions
Table 2 – Important issues in the evolution of market regulation and utility needs

Rules have to consider limited resources, environmental constraints and society welfare. The
environmental footprint has already moved to the forefront of utility business in many countries.
Utilities must respond by supporting not only the use of energy but also reducing the ecological
footprint [8] by the introduction of renewable energy resources and by better using the available
infrastructure. Another goal is still safe, reliable, affordable and high quality electricity supply as a
critical element for any modern economy and society. One means to conciliate these rather
contradictory objectives is empowering the consumer’s role. The consumers will benefit from better
use of energy by lower consumption and, therefore, lower electricity bill [9] . This is supported by
technological achievements for low priced interactive metering devices, the common TCP/IP
communication infrastructure and easy high-level consumer interface. The sustainable profitability on
market requests smart investments i.e. in the so-called ICT (information & communication
technology, see e.g. [3] ) for smart interaction on all levels.

Utilities may be concerned about the stress of the power system by the increasing distributed power
generation and the limited availability and, therefore, dispatchability of such sources (additional
regulation and ramping reserve, for instance). Large penetration of intermittent resources down to the
household scale promise lower operating costs for users, reduced emissions and substantial revenue
growth for utilities. To alleviate these problems, more accurate forecasting models, more effective
energy storage systems and better integration in sound demand response programs are needed for the
future.

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What information shall be shared among utilities and ISOs to assure the best reliability and security
for the system consisting both of bulk and decentralized power generation? Regulation must support
the technical requirements, so secondary systems will take good care of the challenges in terms of
automating separation between restricted and common information. Taking the standard IEC 61850
with its high level semantics as example and supposing that it will be used from the process up to the
highest control center in the control hierarchy, the transformation of today’s bottom-up data flow to a
task driven information flow for the control centers will take place enabling e.g. dynamic state
estimators, easy application of WAMPACS, better tuned application of power swing (68OSB, 68OST)
and out of step (78) detection and, finally, more cost efficient power systems.

TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN THE SWITCHYARD

Substations provide all means (busbars, circuit breakers, isolators, and grounding switches) to switch-
on, re-direct or switch-off the power flow for operational reasons or in case of emergency. Indications
about foreseen trends in substation technology are given in Table 3:

Issues Now Future (next decade)

Commodity for new substations
Use of non-conventional Pilot projects with proprietary
and for replacements including
instrument transformers connections
standardized serial FO links
Interface for conventional Serial FO links introduced in case
Hard-wired
instrument transformers of refurbishment
Serial FO links introduced in case
Switchgear interface Hard-wired
of refurbishment
Interfaces for needed condition
Partial Comprehensive
based monitoring
Integration of IEDs into switchyard
Separated IEDs Integrated IEDs
devices
Table 3 – Key issues in the evolution of switchyard technology

Process interfaces
Conventional instrument transformers (CIT) convert primary voltages and currents down to
standardized values suitable for protection and metering devices. Non-conventional instrument
transformers (NCIT), especially optical sensors (Faraday and Pockels effect, see e.g. [10] ) convert the
same quantities with high linearity and without saturation in their useful range, but provide basically
different non-electrical signals. These sensors were developed and field tested more than two decades
ago, but their acceptance was impaired by the lack of necessary standards for their output signals. This
has changed with the advent of IEC 61850 defining standardized synchronized samples for voltage
and current for the so-called process bus [11] . Process bus architectures for combined sensors
(I: Rogowksi coil, U: capacitive divider) are shown in [13] .

Some of the benefits of this standardization are e.g. independence from the physical principle of the
instrument transformers (future-proof) and multi-usability of data. The optical implementation of the
process bus provides, in addition, galvanic decoupling and easier maintenance of protection. To get
these benefits also for CITs, the process-near conversion of the electrical output of CITs will be
requested in the near future in case of refurbishing the secondary system.

To get the reduction of copper cabling and galvanic isolation for switchgear operation, use of the same
standardized optical link will be requested in the near future also for exchanging position indications,
trips and control commands. The related interface is called breaker or switch IED (BIED/SIED)
installed near to the process e.g. in the switchgear drive cubicles.

Condition based monitoring

Condition based monitoring of power equipment in substations is requested for allowing efficient
management of important assets and life-time extension. This is reflected by an increased use of

4
sensors for non-electrical quantities like temperature, contact movement, etc. and by the work for
appropriate data models within IEC 61850 [12] .

Intelligent switchgear
The advent of electronics (Merging Unit - MU, B/SIED) in the switchyard raises the question why not
to have these devices integrated in the switchgear (intelligent switchgear) with fiber optic links as
interface to processing IEDs (bay protection, bay control). Having such processing capabilities in the
switchyard, why not move functionality form bay to process level? The free allocation of functions as
supported by IEC 61850 makes this option feasible. Acceptable concepts will be discussed and
implemented in the next decade.

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

Issues Now Future (next decade)

Processing capability
Hardware architecture
Communication
(see also IEC 61850)
Protection
Monitoring
Control
Function integration
System engineering
System maintenance
Power system integration
IEC 61850
Table 4 – Key issues in the evolution of substation automation technology
Acceptable computation power
(≤ 1 GHz processor rate)
Application function processing
integrated with sensor and actuator
interface in one dedicated IED
Dominated by copper wires;
no standardized dual port redundancy
Preconfigured protection
Fault evaluation centralized
Conventional algorithms
Limited monitoring of
 power system
 automation system
Manual control by operators
Low: many dedicated IEDs
Basic functionality of IEC 61850 tools
Individual maintenance procedures
Dedicated task splitting and overhead
by duplication
Successfully introduced
Request for extensions
More powerful computation
(> 1 GHz processor rate)
Split between (industrial) application
function processing platform and
dedicated interface IEDs
Dominated by serial fiber optic links in
case of new systems and retrofit;
dual port redundancy
Adaptive protection
Embedded fault evaluation
Advanced algorithms driven by NCIT
Comprehensive monitoring of
 power system
 automation system
Operator control strongly supported by
automatisms
High: optimal, least acceptable low
number of IEDs
Advanced IEC 61850 tools considering
e.g. free allocation of functions,
resource consumption and system
performance
Common maintenance procedure by
SCD file and version handling
according to IEC 61850
Intelligent task sharing
Comprehensive coverage of power
system domain (seamless comm.)

IEDs and SA functions

Today’s IEDs have reasonable computation power with processor speeds in the order of 1 GHz. In the
future, chip architectures are going towards multi- and many-core CPUs, which will see an adoption
also for embedded devices such as IEDs. This means that more computing performance will be
available on IED devices in the future as requested e.g. according to [7] .

5
Common use of process bus will allow the split between industry grade processing IEDs for
application functions and substation proof sensor and actuator electronics (MU, B/S-IED) as dedicated
I/Os. Therefore, the participation in the industrial innovation cycles will be easier.

Fiber optic cables are used for communication in substations already today (station bus). The trend
goes toward the replacement of all signal wires by fiber optic (FO) links. In the next decade there will
be increasing acceptance of this replacement, starting mostly from fiber optic links for instrument
transformers (V, I) to complete fiber optic interfaces to the switchyard process (trips, commands).

Today, protection parameters (sets) may be changed from remote locations in response of changes in
the power system. In the future, protection functions will adapt themselves by using local and remote
information as discussed e.g. in [14] . The fault evaluation in centralized expert systems will be
replaced or at least complemented by embedded evaluation in protection IEDs, providing on-line short
report e.g. to allow the operator to react appropriately, in time. The use of NCIT with high linearity
and no saturation will allow for more advanced algorithms. Phasor measurement functionality will
become a commodity in protection IEDs.

Nowadays, sensors and algorithms limit monitoring, especially for the power system and power
system equipment. More monitoring data will be available in the future (see requested extension of the
IEC 61850 data model [12] ) with more advanced evaluation facilities.

With the exception of faults, switchgear is operated mostly by operators at network level. In the future,
automation functions allocated to SA (local) and the network level automation (remote) for normal
and emergency operation will support or partly replace the operator. This automation functions are a
special case of the task sharing between SA and network control discussed below.

Protection, control and monitoring functions are hosted today by a lot of dedicated IEDs. The
technology allows for integration of more functions in one IED, e.g. the combination of protection and
control not only at distribution but also at transmission level. Nevertheless, the minimum acceptable
number of IEDs for redundancy or fault coverage requirements like independence of main 1 and
main 2 protections has to be considered [15] . Other combinations will be discussed and accepted in
the next decade, like allocating protection functionality also to process level IEDs supported by
IEC 61850 (free allocation of functions).

The engineering tools based on SCL (Substation Configuration Language) defined in IEC 61850 have
all basic features for system integration already today. Their improvement in the next decade will
allow optimization of systems by considering free allocation of functions and resource consumption to
confirm automatically the requested SA system performance.

The individual maintenance will be de facto harmonized by referring to the version indices and using
the SCD file (as built configuration) according to IEC 61850 both for test and maintenance tools.

Power system integration

Today, the tasks of SA systems are restricted to each substation, independently from other substations.
The network control center has its own dedicated tasks. Once IEC 61850 supports seamless
communication in the power system and there are increasing requirements for cooperation between
SA in different substations and between SA and network management systems, intelligent task sharing
for smart grid will get very common. Examples for such functions are both state estimation and the
hierarchical execution cycles as described in [7] or coordinated VAR control as described in [17] .

6
Advanced use of IEC 61850
IEC 61850 will remain the standard supporting and enabling all SA progress also in the next decade.
In this context the following issues will be part of Edition 2 [23] or can be foreseen elsewhere as the
evolution path:
a. Extension of the Data Model to not yet covered functions in substations, like intrusion detection,
fire alarm or embedding of revenue metering
b. More support for topology-based and distributed functions [18]
c. Increasing free allocation of functions as supported by IEC 61850 to optimize SA system
architectures regarding availability and performance and for moving some “local” bay level
functions down to the process level and some “global” bay level functions to the station level
d. Dual port redundancy defined in [23] with reference to [19]
e. Standardized communication interfaces to the world beyond the substation, including
communication between substations for teleprotection, interlocking and other automatic functions
[21] as well as advanced standardized communication between SA and National Control Center
f. Closer integration of SA systems in the overall power system control, protection and monitoring
system where the SA processing capacity may support the system-wide functions with data and
information preprocessing functionality
g. Harmonization of the Synchrophasor standard IEEE C37.118 [22] with IEC 61850
h. The synchronization of sampling with an accuracy of 1 s will move from pulses (1 pps) to
IEEE 1588 [20] over Ethernet
i. Cyber security for communication inside and beyond the substation fence is increasing, resulting
in more reliable SA
j. Maintenance, testing and extension aspects in the context of IEC 61850 (version handling, SCD
based tools)

CONCLUSIONS

Predictable steps
These steps are mainly based on trends given already in edition 1 of IEC 61850, like the process bus,
scheduled for edition 2 [23] to be issued in 2010 or extensions with no acceptance barrier. The time
frame is about the first half of the next decade.

The dual port redundancy has to be applied carefully and will result in new SA communication
architectures. The communication according to IEC 61850 between substations will allow line
protection schemes with different suppliers, also improved protection schemes and automatisms
beyond the substation boundary.

Both the NCITs and the related process bus with the MU already operational in some pilot installation
will get a common option for new substations and refurbishment. Stand-alone merging units (SAMU)
will convert signals from CITs to standardized telegrams. Therefore, hybrid substations with any
combination of NCITs and CITs without and with process bus will be operated. The synchronization
of sampling with accuracy of 1 s over Ethernet will get a commodity. Open issues like dynamic
response behavior of the NCIT plus MU/SAMU are handled in the Cigre WG B5.24 [24] and will be
fixed as predictable step. The transmission of trips and commands to breakers will slowly move from
parallel copper wires to serial links. The result will be a full optical process interface. Interfaces
integrated in switchgear will result in the first intelligent or IEC 61850 enabled breakers and isolators.

PMU functionality, which is important for power system wide monitoring, protection and control will
be integrated in protection IEDs using the synchrophasor standard harmonized between IEEE and
IEC. This implies in the use of IEEE 1588 for synchronization and the capability to send the resulting
synchrophasors to the evaluation center, where huge phasor data concentrators will be located.

Facilities for condition based monitoring will be more and more available in the switchyard,
supported by the data models provided by edition 2. This trend has to be supported by the SA system

7
and it will continue over the whole next decade as seen from the activities already started in IEC TC57
working groups for edition 3 of the standard.

In addition to the process bus, the wires between bay units will also be replaced by serial fiber optic
links. If the acceptance follows closely the technological maturity is not yet clear.

The architecture of SA systems will be adapted to all these new features. The same is valid for the
SA engineering and maintenance tools. The tool functionality will be extended at least by resource
management. Concepts for testing and maintenance (see [16] [25] ) started already now will get a
commodity.

All these conclusions are summarized Figure 1.

Network
WAMPAC Maintenance
Control

Commands Phasors Events

Positions Commands Files
Events Positions Parameters
Alarms

Shared
HMI functions
Gateway GPS

IEC 61850
IEEE 1588

Station LAN

Bay Bay Bay Bay Bay

IED IED IED IED IED

Process LAN IEC 61850

IEEE 1588

MU BIED SIED

Figure 1 - Predictable steps for Substation Automation

Sound visions
These steps are either based on experience from the predictable steps, increasing power system
requirements, work started for IEC 61850 beyond edition 2 or refer to higher acceptance barriers.

All signal wires between all IEDs within the substation will be replaced by serial fiber optic links.
NCITs and the process bus are well accepted and proven.

This experience with powerful communication over fibers everywhere in the substation including the
process bus will trigger the discussion both about free allocation of functions to IEDs and allocation of
IEDs to physical locations in substations. Next-generation IED families designed from the beginning

8
for process bus and free allocation of functions will appear in the market. IEDs will become
processing units with I/O hardware detached to process level. Combined protection/control units for
main 1 and main 2 at transmission level will provide redundant control. Back-up functions may be
provided in central places. Some control and automation functions may be shifted to station level,
some protection functions to process levels in the MU or BIED/SIED.

This sound vision of flexible function allocation requires not only proper IEDs and communication
means, but also engineering tools which allow the comparison of the given resources with the
requested performance. Since the design phase, the flexible function allocation shall be proved
virtually to the customer and, physically, at the FAT and/or SAT. Therefore, high focus on system
integration tools will result.

Another point in this vision is the much more controllable and reliable upgradability of IEDs by
software download and extension of systems, demanding differential engineering and testing only.

The condition based monitoring of all power equipment will be extended including cables, lines and
towers.

The seamless communication in the power system based on IEC 61850 will facilitate the task of
sharing functions at different levels, especially between SA and network control systems referring to
state estimation, VAR control, power balance, system monitoring and more. This seamless
communication will be accompanied by appropriate measures for cyber security like role based access.
These measures may have a reasonable impact on power system automation technology but also have
to allow efficient maintenance procedures.

All these conclusions are summarized in

Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Sound vision for Substation Automation

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