ENGINEERING INSTRUCTION

MSC BASED CORE NETWORK FOR CDMA2000 1X

No. ………….
No of Pages. 14
Issue No. 01
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BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

(A Govt. of India Enterprise)
TECHNICAL & DEVELOPMENT CIRCLE,
SANCHAR VIKAS BHAWAN, RESIDENCY ROAD,
JABALPUR, MP-482001

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MSC BASED CORE NETWORK FOR CDMA_2000 1X

1. Scope:
This engineering instruction describes brief description and an introductory knowledge about
MSC based core network for CDMA 2000 1x system.

2. Introduction:
This Core network is based on ANSI/TIA/EIA-41D (American National Standards Institute/
Telecom Industry Association/ Electronic Industry Association, USA) or its later version and IOS 4.0
(Interoperability Standards) or its later version. The system supporting later version shall be backward
compatible to system supporting earlier version). The CDMA 2000 1x standards are based on TIA/EIA
standards, 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2) standards and ITU-R Recommendation M-
1457.
Applications of such a system could be in urban and rural area with fixed and Mobile wireless
terminals in zero mobility, limited mobility or full mobility environments. It shall be possible to limit
mobility in the system in a limited mobility scenario as per the definition of limited mobility as specified by
the DOT.

3. Evolution of CDMA Networks:

¾ CDMA technology was late entrant into 2G landscapes.
¾ Earlier CDMA technology was used in defense establishments as a more secure form of
communication.
¾ First deployment of CDMA in commercial cellular systems was in 1994-95 only with IS-
95 A, as air-interface standard and IS-41 in core network; the complete network known
as CdmaOne.
¾ Next evolutionary step was use of IS-95B air interface standard which supported
maximum data rate up-to 64 kbps to a user.
¾ Further in CDMA 2000 1x version many of the limitations of earlier IS-95 standard were
overcome and new features were added.
¾ As a result CDMA 2000 1x has a higher voice capacity and better handling of packet
data services.

These aspects are shown in figure 1 on page14.

4. CDMA Concepts:

a)Shannon’s Theorem for Channel capacity

C= B log2 (1 + S/N)

C=channel capacity in erlang

B=channel bandwidth
S/N=Signal to noise ratio
¾ For the same channel capacity, Spreading the signal to wider bandwidth enables to
tolerate higher amount of noise (interference) in the system.
¾ Since system can tolerate higher amount of noise adjacent cells use the same frequency.
¾ There is no frequency planning is involved in CDMA systems.
¾ Each cell/sector uses the same frequency.

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b)What is CDMA2000 1x?

¾ CDMA2000 1x is the first IMT-2000 standard that offers high-speed wireless data.
¾ Capable up of to 307 kbps peak data rate on a 1x (1.25 MHz bandwidth) carrier.
¾ Doubles capacity for voice communications.
¾ Offers 50% longer stand-by time on handset
¾ Backward compatible with IS-95A/B.

c)Key Features CDMA 2000:

¾ Faster Forward Power Control .
¾ Pilot in Reverse Link
¾ Transmit Diversity : An optional feature which improves the performance in certain radio
environments by transmitting forward signal on multiple antenna.
¾ New Radio configurations : Provide new digital coding options for improved efficiency
over radio channel.

d)Advantages of CDMA 2000 1x

¾ Enhanced capacity – 38 users/Sector/FA.
¾ Enhanced data rates up-to 153 kbps in Release A. It can go up-to 307 kbps in Release B.
¾ Still higher data rates up-to 2.4 Mbps with 1x EV-DO.
¾ Higher Data Throughput
¾ Frequency Band Flexibility
¾ Increased Battery Life
¾ Synchronization
¾ Power Control
¾ Soft Hand-off
¾ Transmit Diversity
¾ Voice and Data Channels
¾ Traffic Channel
¾ Supplemental Channels
¾ Turbo Coding
¾ Connectivity to ANSI-41, GSM-MAP, and IP networks
¾ Full backward compatibility
¾ Improved service multiplexing and QoS management
¾ Flexible channel structure in support of multiple services with various QoS and variable
transmission rates
¾ 1X provides international roaming facility.

5. Functions:

The functions and features of MSC based core network can be categorized into the following
main functional areas:

a) Call processing
b) Mobility Management
c) Supplementary Services
d) Radio Resource Management
e) Terrestrial Facility Management

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a) Call Processing:

This refers to the steps required in the MSC to set up and release wireless calls. Basic Call Processing
functions include Remote Station Origination and Remote Station Termination call set up, as well as Call
Clearing Scenarios initiated by the Remote Station, the BSC and the MSC. This functional area also
includes the call failure scenarios such as timer expiration and unsuccessful resource allocation.

b) Mobility Management:

These procedures are needed to manage the registration and access status of individual Remote Station
subscribers. These procedures include management of Mobile parameters such as Mobile location, Mobile
identity, and authentication status in the Visitor Location Register (VLR) and Home Location Register
(HLR). Through mobility management, wireless subscribers can roam freely within a network and across
networks. Mobile Management functions also include authentication which is a technique used to ensure
the security and privacy of wireless Mobile subscribers in a network.

c) Supplementary Services:
These are wireless subscriber features that provide capabilities other than basic voice and data services.
Over-the-air Service Provisioning (OTASP) and call features such as Call forwarding and Call waiting are
all examples of Supplementary Services. These services are listed in the following table:

Service Type Sub-type

Sub-type Call Forwarding Unconditional (CFU)

Call Forwarding Busy (CFB)
Supplementary services Call Forwarding No Answer (CFNA)
Call Forwarding Default (CFD)

Call Forwarding Unconditional (CFU)

Calling Number Identification Presentation (CNIP)
Call Forwarding Busy (CFB)

Call Forwarding No Answer (CFNA) Calling Number Identification Restriction (CNIR)

Call Forwarding Default (CFD)
Calling Number Identification Calling Number Identification Restriction Over (CNIR-Over)
Presentation (CNIP)

Calling Number Call Waiting (CW)

Identification Restriction (CNIR) Call Transfer (CT)
Three-Way Calling (3WC)
Calling Number Identification Conference Calling (CC)
Restriction Over (CNIR-Over) Remote Function Control (RFC)

Call Waiting (CW) Subscriber PIN Access (SPINA)

Call Transfer (CT) Subscriber PIN Intercept (SPINI) etc.
Three-Way Calling (3WC)

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Conference Calling (CC) Which comprises connection of the calls in local office,
Remote Function Control (RFC) connection of outgoing/incoming calls, gateway function, tandem
function, and Semi Permanent Connection (SPC) function

d) Radio Resource Management:

This refers to allocating radio channels for both voice and data traffic. This function includes the
management of hand-offs within a BSC, between BSCs and across MSCs.

e) Terrestrial Facility Management:

This is the function in the MSC that manages the terrestrial signaling links routes and voice circuit
resources.

6) Network architecture:
The following paragraphs describe the various components of the MSC based Core Network. The
various subsystem & environment in which this MSC shall work is given in block schematic
figure 2 on page15.

6.1 MSC/VLR

MSC (Mobile Switching Center) is responsible for call establishment, route selection, call control,
radio resource allocation, mobility management, location registration and channel handoff in
switching areas. In addition, it generates bill information, coordinates services between it and the
PSTN.

VLR (Visitor Location Register) acts as a dynamic database and stores the temporary
information (all data necessary to set up call connections) about the users roaming to the local
MSC area.

6.2 HLR/AUC

HLR (Home Location Register) is responsible for storing subscription information (telecom
service subscription information and user status), RS location information , MDN, IMSI, (MIN),
etc. The AUC (Authentication Center) is physically combined with the HLR. It is a functional unit
of the HLR, specially dedicated to the security management of the CDMA system. It stores the
authentication information and ciphering key and prevents unauthorized users from accessing the
system and prevents the unauthorized radio interception.

HLR can be an integrated HLR or a stand alone HLR as per the requirements.

6.3 Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC)

The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC) allows the centralize operation of the various
units in the system and the functions needed to maintain the sub systems. The OMC provides the

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dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network management functions for operation and
maintenance.

7) General requirements:
7.1 Types of Remote Stations

The MSC based core network for CDMA 2000 1x based system shall support Remote Stations
(RS) of WLL systems based on CDMA 2000 1x standards. It shall also be possible to support
Removable User Interface Module (R-UIM) based handsets.

The MSC based system shall be capable of finally migrating to an all IP based Core Network.

The system shall form an integral part of the Telecommunication Network of BSNL/MTNL and
the circuits derived there from shall be capable of extending over international circuits.

7.2 Dimensioning :

The equipment supplier shall provide engineering rules/guidelines for

dimensioning the capacity of the network components.
7.3 It shall be possible to upgrade the system to support CDMA 200 1x Ev DO and EvDV. Tendering
authority may specify at the time of tendering whether upgradability to 1x EvDO and EvDV is
required or not.

7.4 It shall be fully backward compatible with the existing CDMA networks, thereby implying that
any CDMA 2000 1x Remote Station would be able to place and receive calls in IS-95 systems.
Conversely, any CDMA 2000 1x system would be able to place and receive calls for IS-95 A
Remote Stations.

7.5 The system shall have the capability to support all the registration methods specified in the IS
2000 standards. The tendering authority, at the time of tendering, may specify the registration
methods required to be supported in the equipment.

7.6 Backhaul shall be packet based. However IP based back haul shall be highly desirable. In case of
non IP based back haul such as ATM, possibility of migrating to IP in future shall be indicated.

7.7 Power Supply: The power supply unit shall form an integral part of the equipment and shall have
protection against output over voltage, short circuit, input reverse polarity protection and shall
have visual indication for output under voltage.

7.8 Processors

i) The system shall have adequate redundancy so as to comply with the requirements of system
reliability and stability as specified in TEC specification G/LLT-01.

The control unit memories shall be of the semiconductor type. The switch memory pool should
support adequate redundancy.

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iii) Adequate backup memory shall be provided. Direct memory access, with suitable safeguards, is
preferred for information flow between the backup memories on the one and the main memories
and the input/output devices on the other.

iv) Provision shall be made to prevent the loss/alteration of memory contents due to power failures,
improper operating procedures and the procedures for restoring the system to its normal state, etc.

v) Dimensioning standards shall be evolved for the various types of memories used. This shall also
include standards for provisioning of the required spare memory capacity.

8.9 Input-Output devices:

7.9.1 The communication facilities provided for exchange of information between the system and the
maintenance and operating personnel shall include facilities for a system test and control and
alarm indication.

7.9.2 A suitable alarm and display system shall be provided for a continuous indication of the system
status. The alarm system shall also provide an alarm to indicate the failure of power supply to the
alarm circuits themselves. Provision shall be available to extend indications to a centralized place.

7.9.3 On a fault condition the system shall identity the faulty sub-system automatically and takes it out
of service. This shall automatically bring in the diagnostic programmes for diagnosis. In such
cases the details of the sub-systems taken out for executing diagnostic programs shall be printed
out. Availability of Intelligent terminal (PC) to display the location of bay, shelf, PCB on the
screen would be desirable. The dimensioning of processing capacity shall be such that the normal
call processing is not effected due to invocation of any diagnostic program.

8.10 Software:
The design of the software shall be such that the system is easy to handle both during installation
and day to day operations as well as during expansions..
The normal operation of the system should not be adversely affected while undertaking:
(a). Extension of the system (Hardware expansion)
(b). Enhancement of system facilities.
(c). Correction to programs or functional blocks.
7.10.1Software of charge records:
Arrangements shall exist for dumping the charging information to non-volatile backup memories
automatically at periodic intervals.

Facility shall be available for changing this interval by a Man-Machine Command.

7.11 It shall be possible to integrate the system with the National Internet Backbone (NIB) Phase I (as
defined in TEC Gr No.G/NIB.01) and NIB Phase II (as defined in TEC GR No.GR/VPN-01 and
other related GRs/IRs of narrowband and broadband access). The tendering authority may indicate
the type of interfaces required to be supported and associated hardware/software required for
integration may be specified by the supplier.

7.12 Mobility Functions

It shall be possible to restrict the services of the subscriber within the sector, within the BTS,
within a Group of BTSs, within BSC area, within a group of BSCs within a MSC, within a group
of MSCs, within a PDSN, within a group of PDSNs or any other area specified by BSNL/MTNL.

7.13 Diagnostic/Testing

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The equipment shall support diagnostic capabilities (which will run as background tasks) to verify
the equipment’s proper operation within the network. Built-in test capabilities shall be provided
which will run at specific events or on demand. Health monitoring signals shall be continuously
passed between the various modules to ensure the detection of any failure in a module.

7.14 The system hardware/software shall not pose any problem, due to changes in date in time caused
by events such leap year etc., in the normal functioning of the system.

8) Quality Requirements:
8.1 Quality standards:
The equipment shall be manufactured in accordance with the International Quality Standard ISO-
9001: 2000 for which the manufacturer shall be duly accredited.

8.2 Lightning Protection

The equipment including shall have adequate protection against lightning & power surges. All
equipment shall have provision for grounding.

8.3 Redundancy

The power supply as well as the control equipment in the case of all components of the core
network including the OMC shall be provided with 1 + 1 hot standby/N + 1 mode redundancy.
Any other redundancy provided shall be indicated by the equipment supplier. The redundancy
provided shall ensure reliability of 99.999.

8.4 Automated Service Provisioning

Along with manual service provisioning, automated provisioning capabilities shall also be
provided to facilitate optimal utilization of network resources and real time service provisioning
(limiting human involvement to a minimum). Once a service is provided to a customer, the
provisioning system shall constantly monitor its availability and quality. During an outage, it shall
be possible to re-provision or provide an alternative support to the customer. Auto provisioning
shall be available for both voice and data subscribers.

8.5 Design objectives:

The design objectives with regard to quality of service shall meet the below mentioned statistical
values under normal operating conditions.

(i) Time to connect M-M call: The total time for a mobile to mobile call origination shall be
less than 10 seconds for 90% of calls with the system running at rated capacity. This is
the time from when the originating subscriber hits the SEND until the time that the
terminating mobile receives the alert.

(ii) Time to connect M-L call. The call setup delay for a mobile to land call shall not exceed
5.0 seconds for 90% of calls with the system running at rated capacity. This is defined as
the time period from processing the SEND button to out pulse complete.

(iii) Time to connect L-M calls. The time to alert the mobile of land to mobile call shall be not
greater than 6.5 seconds for 90% of mobile terminating calls which respond to the first
page with the system running at rated capacity. For mobile terminated calls, it is defined

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as the period between the complete address information being received at the MSC from
a PSTN interconnect link to the start of handset alerting.

(iv) Time to release call (RS originated – RS connection part): The maximum time from
initiating the DISCONNECT command to when this command is passed to the called
network shall be less than 2 seconds.

(v) Time to invoke or change a supplementary service: The maximum time from initiating a
supplementary Service Request (INITIATE command) till this service has become
available or changed (as requested by the user) shall be less than 10 seconds including
authentication, if required.

9) OPERATIONAL REQUREMENTS:

9.1 Services:
The system shell provide following speech and data services:

9.1.1 Speech: Voice calls , Emergency calls.

9.1.2 Data services:

Circuit switched ; Asynchronous Data, Fax services shall be supported on the network with Fax
machine to fax machine , Fax machine to PC , PC to fax machine and PC to PC.
Packet switched; High speed Data Services upto 144 Kbps.

9.1.3 Supplementary and other services:

The system shell support the supplementary services listed in column 5(c).

9.2 Billing/Charging:

MSC shall be capable of generating CDRs in AMA/IS-124B/DAS/ASN.1 format for end user
billing as well as inter carrier accounting details. The tendering authority at the time of tendering
may specify the type of billing format for CDRs, to be generated by MSC. The CDRs generated
shall also broadly conform to TEC GR.No.G/PCS-01 and shall be capable of being used by the
mediation devices forming part of the existing billing systems of BSNL/MTNL as specified by
TEC GR No.GR/BCS-01 and TEC GR No.TD/CDR-01.

The MSC CDRs shall be input to the existing BSNL/MTNL billing system and hence it shall be
ensured that the two are compatible. The tendering authority may specify the CDR format &
interfaces supported by the mediation device used for billing system. In case the MSC have a
different CDR format from what the current billing system is configured to support, then the MSC
vendor shall work with mediation & billing system vendor for integration and provide the extra
hardware or software (if required) for the purpose of integration.

9.2.1 Some of the features to be provided by the CDRs are as follows:

(i) Selected Subscriber’s Dump – It shall be possible to immediately output the CDRs for a
selected subscribers after each call is completed.

(ii) Dialed digits – The CDR shall provide the exact digits dialed by the subscriber including
# and *.

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(iii) Record for feature code – The system shall generate the CDR even for the feature code
dialed by the subscriber.

(iv) Intermediate CDR for long call with respect to time, charge etc.

(v) It shall be possible to view/access the data in CDRs randomly as well as sequentially.

9.2.2 It shall be possible to transfer the billing information i.e. CDRs over X.25 or TCP/IP links to be
billing center of BSNL/MTNL using any standard file transfer protocol like FTP, FTAM etc. Any
additional hardware/software if required for such an online transfer of billing information i.e.
CDRs to the billing center shall be provided by the supplier.

In addition, it shall also be possible to locally take the billing information in standard
magnetic/optical media. Necessary hardware/software required to retrieve the information from
the standard magnetic/optical media shall also be provided.

9.3 Lawfully Authorized Electronic Surveillance (LAES):

It shall be possible, through a man machine command, to monitor/record voice of at least 1%

subscribers of equipped capacity simultaneously, for all incoming and outgoing calls for complete
duration of the call without intrusion on the line.

9.4 Hand-off:

The action of switching a call in progress i.e. hand-off from one sector to another sector of same or
adjacent BTS of same or different BSCs of same MSC or different MSCs of same PDSN or
different PDSNs shall be automatic and smooth without the user noticing it. Continuous control of
call quality shall be a maintained automatically to get the optimum transmission quality.

9.5 Supervision:

Supervision of complete network shall be both automatic and operated controlled and centralized
at OMC.

9.6 Alarm Indications:

In case of all major alarms (any event that leads to system switch-over or service disruption) both
audio and visual alarm indications shall be provided. In case of minor alarms visual alarm
indications shall be provided and provision of audio alarms is desirable. It shall be possible to
define the major and minor alarm conditions and set the threshold values thereof. The OMC shall
provide the flexibility to forward the alarm triggered by faulty operations to a pager, a short
message service system, an electronic mail or additional alarm windows on the OMC interface.
The operator shall be able to redefine and configure the alarm-forwarding destination. Facility
shall exist for audio/visual alarm indication in the event of ‘Route Busy’, poor network
performance in terms of under utilization of BTS or too many blocked calls etc., or when the
processor load exceeds a certain preset value. Alarm indication shall exist in the event of fan
failure.

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9.7 Fraud Management:

The system shall be capable of prohibiting the use of stolen units or use by unauthorized callers.
For this, the OMC shall provide fraud management tools with all features as specified in TEC
document GR/CDM-03.

9.8 Security:
The system shall provide confidentiality, subscriber authentication features and high security.
Latest digital encryption technology to support secures communications for message and voice
privacy shall be provided. Authentication procedures and security arrangements specified in TEC
document GR/CDM-03 shall be provided.

9.9 Announcements/Prompts:

Provision shall be available for announcements to give information regarding the following:

(i) Barring service

(ii) Absent subscriber service
(iii) Changed number service
(iv) Closure of service
(v) Service not available etc.

9.10 Carrier Selection:

The subscriber shall have the flexibility to choose the carrier for long distance calls. The system
shall support both carrier pre-selection (through System Administrator) and carrier selection on a
per call basis (subscriber controlled) as per TEC Service requirements No.SR/ASF-01 titled
“Service description for analog subscribers”. To support National Long Distance (NLD) and
International Long Distance (ILD) dialing for carrier selection, the equipment supplier shall
support at least 24 digit dialing. The maximum number of digit dialing that can be supported may
also be indicated.

The equipment supplier shall provide detailed information regarding extent of implementation in
his equipment, to support international roaming w.r.t. all issued related to International Roaming,
such as numbering issues, dialing issues, signaling issues, Fraud issues, Billing issues, Service
issues and other miscellaneous issues, as specified in the latest release of IFAST document
“International Roaming Guide”.
10) Implementation of CDMA 2000 1x technology in BSNL:

¾ MSC BASED CDMA 20001X WLL Under Deployment

ZTE TECHNOLOGY: TOTAL = 19.89 LAKH
Huawei Technology : 10.50 lakh : PO BEING PLACED
¾ Up gradation From IS 95 To CDMA 20001x
IS 95 ZTE Equipment Of 5 Lakh Lines
Equipment supplied by HFCL can not be upgraded to 1x. To be utilized in its present form.
¾ Expansion Plan: The 5 lakh line is 95 CDMA ZTE equipment will be expanded along with up
gradation from is 95 to CDMA 2000 1x
¾ These will be integrated with MSCs of 10.26 lakh supply.
¾ CDR based billing: order placed on M/S CSG for 10 year unlimited software licence and
software AMC. Hardware to be added. It is same available with GSM billing

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References: -

1) GR (Generic Requirements) No. -01/01 february2004 on MSC based core network for CDMA
20001x system.
2) www.en.wikipidia.org
3) www.huwei.com
4) BSNL plan for deployment of MSC based CDMA 20001x WLL system; BSNL CO.

Abbreviations: -

Sl.No. Short form Full form

1. ANSI American National Standards Institute
2. AUC Authentication Center
3. BSC Base Station Controller
4. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
5. CDRs Call Detail Records
6. EvDO Evolution Data Only
7. EvDV Evolution Data & Voice
8. GR Generic Requirements (TEC Publication)
9. HLR Home Location Register
10. IFAST International Forum on ANSI-41 Standards Technology
11. ILD International Long Distance
12. IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
13. IS-95 A Interim Standards 95 release 'A'
14. LAES Lawfully Authorized Electronic Surveillance
15. MDN Mobile Directory Number
16. MIN Mobile Identity Number
17. MMC Man Machine Language
18. MS Mobile Station
19. MSC Mobile Switching Center
20. MTNL Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
21. NLD National Long Distance
22. OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre
23. OTASP Over-the-air Service Provisioning
24. PC Personal Computer
25. PCB Printed Card Board
26. PDSN Packet Data Service Node
27. PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
28. RS Remote Stations
29. R-UIM Removable User Interface Module
30. TEC Telecommunication Engineering Center
31. TIA Telecom Industry Association
32. VLR Visitor Location Register
33. EDGE Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
34. WCDMA Wideband CDMA
35. GPRS General Packet Radio Services
36. AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting for network access
37. BTS Base Transceiver System
38. IWF Inter Working Function

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Figure 1: Evolution of CDMA Networks

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

Data only 2.4

Mbps
CDMA

IS-95A IS-95B CDMA2000 1x

Voice, Voice, Nearly Doubles Voice, 307k, RF

EDGE

GSM GPRS 1
(Europe)
WCDMA
Voice, Data only

Voice,

PDC WCDMA (DoCoMo)

(Japan)

Voice Voice, 64k/384k

Sl. Year Growth of CDMA Technology Growth of GSM Technology

No.
1 1995, 1999 IS - 95A, GSM
2 2000 IS - 95A, IS - 95B GSM
3 2001 IS - 95A, IS - 95B,CDMA 2000 1x GSM
4 2002 IS - 95A, IS - 95B,CDMA 2000 1x, GSM, GPRS
CDMA 2000 1x EvDO,
5 2003 IS - 95A, IS - 95B,CDMA 2000 1x, GSM,GPRS,EDGE
CDMA 2000 1x EvDO,
6 2004 IS - 95A, IS - 95B,CDMA 2000 1x, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA
CDMA 2000 1x EvDO, (GSM towards CDMA)

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Figure 2: CDMA 2000 1x Network

BSS Circuit
BTS
HLR/AuC
S22
PST
Abis

CSS7
BTS Network
S11 BSC1/PCF/IW
BTS
S11
M2000

BTS MSC/SSP
S11

BSC2/PCF/IW
Billing
PDSN/FA MIP HA
C
FIREWALL t
BTS
BTS
S22 IP Network
S11
Internet
AAA

Packet

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