Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The gravity of
the situation
G
ravity concentration is re-establishing ◆ Sharp separation of particle sizes An alljig installation in Australia.
its importance, which has been known ◆ High capacity units
since ancient times, mainly for cost ◆ Reliable and simple operation
and environmental reasons. Outokumpu ◆ Automated control system further development and improvement in
technology notes “a traditional application of Outokumpu Technology notes “inherent hardware (including such things as an
gravity circuits is the recovery of gold from advantages” of minimal or no reagent costs, automatic screen cleaner) and introduction of
placer deposits. However, gravity concentration minimal energy costs, ease of operating and the high-capacity Model J1800 KCJ, the KCJ
is finding innovative applications in gold maintaining the equipment and low labour has also been installed and/or found application
processing due to significant advances in requirements in gravity concentration using in other industries, such as gold, nickel, iron
equipment design, simplicity, lower operating equipment such as spiral concentrators, tables, ore, chromite and base metals.
costs and increased environmental concerns.” and the Floatex units. “Dry electrostatic The KCJ has the capability to achieve high
For example gravity technology can be used: equipment is also available for recovery of separation efficiency (i.e. high recovery and
◆ As a preconcentration step in conventional precious metals from slags.” concentrate upgrade in a relatively small mass)
leach circuits Spiral concentrators consume no reagents or because it separates minerals based on their
◆ To recover coarse gold from grinding circuit power and offer high upgrade ratios. Tables specific gravity (as opposed to centrifugal
classifier underflow – can reduce losses of this also consume no reagents, and low power, concentrators, which separate minerals on the
material in the leach step, thereby increasing offering close control of product grade and basis of their mass). This can represent a
overall recovery high recovery. significant advantage in terms of downstream
◆ To recover gold-bearing pyrite concentrates processing of relatively small concentrate
from sulphide ores. The gold can then be Centrifugal jig tonnages. In order to take advantage of these
extracted following roasting or other pretreat- Since the first commercial Kelsey Centrifugal metallurgical benefits, it is important to estab-
ment methods Jig (KCJ) unit was installed at the Renison Bell lish and maintain the correct circuit around the
◆ The highly selective operation of enhanced tin mine in Tasmania, Australia in 1992, the KCJ KCJ, as depicted in the schematic flowsheet.
gravity concentrators can recover free gold has found many applications in tin, tantalum Over many years of operation in various
from flotation concentrates. and mineral sands. The KCJ is now one of the applications, it has clearly been identified that
The latter includes Outokumpu Technology’s many gravity processing technologies offered the most successful KCJ installations are those
Floatex density separator, which offers: by Roche Mineral Technologies, and with which establish and maintain such a circuit and
from material that was previously considered Dry electrostatic separation treatment of slag “As a company that is actively involved in
waste. The high-performance alljig machines has special requirements. These include auto- research and development, we have been
guarantee an export quality of 64% Fe, even mated electrode cleaning, dust extraction and exposed to varying and difficult coal types in
with graded products containing only slightly roll brushing. The company notes customers South Africa, which has led to cyclone designs
more than 50% Fe - this has opened up reporting typical recoveries of metallic values with improved efficiencies,” Engelbrecht says.
additional mining potential. of +95%. Some of the specially adapted features on
“Although the current life-of-mine is esti- It says the benefits of electrostatic separation Multotec dense media cyclones include longer
mated at ~25 years, the additional 300 Mt, of precious metals slags include a dry process barrel sections where misplaced materials are
some of which was previously stockpiled, can concentrate that can be returned directly into reduced by as much as 30%. “In terms of
now be beneficiated to a saleable product” the furnace, reducing in-house and in-process bottom-line savings and the impact on
states Udo Busch, the head of the allmineral precious metals inventory. profitability, this is a substantial benefit for
subsidiary in Johannesburg. Normally raw slag is crushed and sized at 20 most mines,” he says.
x 100 mesh. Coarse metallic values are cap- “However, in order to exploit the advantages
Technical data of the 24 alljigs supplied to tured on a 6-mm screen. For large capacity of the longer barrels fully, the design of the
the SEP: (+5,000 t of slag per week) operations, a two- total system must be taken into account as
Coarse Jigs - eight alljig® G(UB)-4000x stage electrostatic separator is recommended. well. This includes density control with the
3000 for iron ore at 8-25mm feed size A single-stage unit can be used for refineries with distribution system involved as well as the
Capacity: 320t/h smaller slag production. Metal concentrates properties of the magnetite media,” he
Jig length: 3 m and jig width: 4 m are returned to the furnace. Middlings are continues. With the introduction of large-
Number of chambers: three recrushed while the tailing can be leached. diameter cyclones, larger top-size particles can
Johan Engelbrecht, Managing Director of be treated, with a consequent impact on the
Medium Jigs - eight alljig® M(UB) Multotec Process Equipment, notes increased wear rate.
3500x3000 for iron ore at 3-8mm feed coal prices have resulted in the retreatment of Construction materials have also paralleled
size dumps and lower-grade deposits, and this has developments in process technology. “At
Capacity: 165t/h necessitated a different design in cyclone. present the move is away from the traditional
Jig length: 3 m and jig width: 3.5 m Traditionally, cyclones were controlled by the Ni-Hard and high-chrome cast iron materials to
Number of chambers: three quantity of sinks or rejects that could be the more exotic ceramics such as alumina and
handled when treating these lower yield feeds. silicon carbide. The current preference in the
Fine Jigs – eight alljig® F(UB)-2200x3000 So, Multotec, a global leader in the design and industry for lining a cyclone is to use 25-mm-
for iron ore at 0.8-3mm feed size application of dense media cyclones, is launching thick high-alumina ceramic engineered tiles
Capacity: 60t/h a new improved design specifically aimed at due to the cost-effectiveness. It is important
Jig length: 3 m and jig width 2.2 m the coal sector. Developed in conjunction with that these tiles are engineered properly, as
Number of chambers: three a major university, this dense media cyclone their wear life is only as good as the joints.
has higher spigot or apex capacities. Therefore the actual manufacture of these
At the beginning of 2007 allmineral extend- tiles, and their installation, are critical factors in
ed its product line to include a high-intensity maximizing wear life,” Engelbrecht says.
magnetic separator. “The GAUSTEC® magnetic An initial version of a movable centrifugal jig plant, Practical operations have shown that properly
separator,” allmineral reports, “is mainly of incorporating two Roche KCJ1800 units and two engineered and installed tiles can provide up
interest to customers who intend to separate Derrick Stack Sizer screens. to double the life of hand-cut standard tiles.
fine particles including “Multotec has been
inter grown ores and fortunate in having a large
minerals according to their local base of heavy media
respective magnetic applications. This involves
properties.” This new processing of diamond ores,
product was covered in iron ores, manganese ores
the German Technology and andalusite ores, as well
article in April IM. as some chromite ores,
Outokumpu Technology through dense media
says its high-tension cyclones. The need for very
electrostatic separators are high cut densities in the
ideal for precious metals range of four necessitated
refinery slags. When our involvement in the whole
smelting to refine gold or circuit, especially
silver, a slag is produced densification, where we have
that can contain ‘prills’ of developed a couple of
precious metals. When the solutions in terms of
slag is crushed, the densification and cleaning of
metallic values become the media,” Engelbrecht says.
liberated and amenable to Another recent development
electrostatic separation. is a unique high-intensity
magnetic drum separator, which not only alluvial operations in the Republic of Yakutia in winter temperatures of –50°C or below. Even
improves the densities attainable in densifica- northern Siberia, near the Anabar River. The in midsummer, temperatures may stay below
tion, but also minimizes the losses of the first modular plant was shipped in December –10°C. Such conditions require low tempera-
expensive ferrosilicon. This is in line with last year and the remaining two in February ture lubricants and special conveyor belting,
Multotec’s mission statement to get involved in 2007. cabling and switchgear. Plug in cables are used
the entire process so as to give the customer The 55-65 t/h capacity plants are compact for the power supply to avoid making cable
the added benefit of our full spectrum of enough to fit into open top containers while connections onsite. In winter, with the plant
process knowledge. still allowing ease of access for maintenance. shut down, equipment liable to get damaged
The logistics of the project were difficult: the in the extreme cold is removed and placed in
DMS for Alrosa plants were shipped to St Petersburg, railed to relatively warm storage.
Dense Media Separation (DMS) is seeing wider Urkutsk, 6,500 km to the east, and then This is DRA’s third venture in the area which
applications in different metals as well as its trucked north along frozen rivers into the started with a single 50 t/h DMS plant at Estok
more traditional applications in diamonds and Arctic Circle. Here they were commissioned on in 2004. It was followed a year later by the
coal. DRA is one engineering company that site using local labour under DRA supervision supply of two 55-65 t/h units for a kimberlite
does many such plants and one of its latest is via a Russian interpreter. pipe operation at Aykhal as a replacement for
a $2 million order from the Russian diamond Operations in this region are restricted to part of the jig section at the existing plant. IM
miner Alrosa for three modular DMS plants for about 100 days a year in summer, due to