Artificial Intelligence

Artificial: something that is man made

Intelligence: the ability to comprehend, understand and learn from

experience

Artificial intelligence: A machine that mimic’s human behavior

What is it? A humanoid robot created by Honda

What does it do? ASIMO can do just about anything you tell him, from
climbing stairs to get things to shutting the kids up by getting it to play soccer with
them.

Why is it an example of AI? Because AI programs have been uploaded into the
system.

Artificial intelligence
Intelligence involves solving problems independently and learning by experiences
and reasoning. A computer solves problems, make predictions and learn from their
mistakes by storing data and examining it when similar situations arise.

Computer intelligence is not true intelligence as they can only solve problems that
they have been programmed to solve. They can store huge amounts of data which
allows them to appear intelligent however their abilities are specific to a particular
problem.
Artificial intelligence VS Intelligence
Humans use reasoning, knowledge and feelings to react to data gained through
their five senses of touch, taste, smell, sound and sight. Human senses are like
machine senses.

Humans communicate via writing and languages. They reason about the world and
learn, think and make decisions. Computers are the basic building blocks of AI but
they cannot perform all of these complex functions.

A human receives input from their five senses, they use their brain to process the
input received, this results in an output which in a decision or an action.

Historical Perceptive on AI
In ancient Greece Aristotle worked on logical reasoning machines but did not have
the technology to put their ideas into practice.

Date Person Involved Events

1956 Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw First running AI program

and Herbert Simon the logic theorist

1952-56 Arthur Samuel Game-playing Program,

checkers, could challenge
a world champion.

1958 John McCarthy LISP language invented

1963 Thomas Evans Analogy program showed

computers can solve
analogy problems give in
a IQ test

1965 Joseph Weizenbaum ELIZA program able to

interact with user to
discuss any topic in
English via the keyboard

1967 Richard Greenblatt First chess playing

program

1968 Marvin Minsky and Simple neutral Networks

Seymour Papert

1970 Terry Winograd SHRDLU program able to

understand limited English
 sentences

1972 Alain Colmerauer Prolog programming

language

1974 Ted Shortliffe MYCIN expert system for

medical diagnosis

1979 Bill VanMelle MYCIN basis for expert

system shell

1981 Danny Hillis Parallel processors to

handle large calculations

1985 Harold Cohen Aaron, an artist program

1997 Gary Kasparov Deep Blue defeated the

world champion chess
player.

ELIZA
Eliza was a program that was designed to imitate a psychotherapist. It works by
string substitution and using keyword based responses. It tries to get you to talk
about yourself.

Eliza is NOT truly intelligent. It responses are programmed. However when it first
appeared in the 60’s some people thought it was a human.

This brings us to the Turing Test.

Analogue

Smooth continuous changes. Real world data.

Digital

Sudden, discrete changes. Digital data is in the computer.

 F= 1/time

1 bytes = 8 bits

32 bytes = 32x8 bits

1 MB= 1000Kb

1 GB= 1000mb

1 TB= 1000 GB

178 KB= 178X1000X8

=1,424,000 bits

1.7 MB= 1.7x1000x1000x8

= 13600000

12 GB= 12x1000x1000x1000x8

=9.6z1010

1TB= 1x1000x1000x1000x1000x8

= 8x1012
Hardware needed for modeling and simulations

HDD 120 GB-1TB

CD 650-700 MB

DVD 4.7 GB

FLASHDRIVE 64 MB – 64 GB

Demons
Demons are independent programs that begin to run when they are relevant. Each
time a situation is encountered and the appropriate demon is activated the system
begins to recognize more accurately when to start that program. To behave in an
intelligent way the system will need to have lots of demons running.
Agents
Intelligent Agents are used to search vast bodies of data to locate information that
matches a particular goal. An intelligent agent must obtain a mission, carry out the
mission using a search technique and report the output or result to a controller.

Some agents are used to track trends in data which is known as data mining.
Agents can be used to scan text messages and phone calls for key words or phrases
and are therefore to redirect them to a relevant person.

Some intelligent agents exhibit human intelligent behavior.

Data Mining
It is the process of extracting hidden patterns from large amounts of data.