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EC1257: LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB DEPARTMENT OF ECE
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. INVERTING, NON INVERTING AND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
2. INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR
3. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
4. SECOND ORDER ACTIVE FILTERS
5. BAND PASS FILTER
6. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
7. SCHMITT TRIGGER (REGENERATIVE COMPARATOR)
8. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
9. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
10. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP IC

11. DESIGN OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR – 555IC
12. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR – 555IC
13. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC

14. 723 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
15. STUDY OF SMPS CONTROL IC SG3524 / SG3525
__________________________________________________________________________________
1.INVERTING, NON INVERTING AND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To Design, construct and test inverting, non inverting and differential amplifier
using IC 741.
APPARATUS REQUUIRED:
i. RPS, DMM
ii. IC 741,
iii. Resistors
iv. Breadboard, Connecting wires.
THEORY:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
A typical inverting amplifier with input resistor R1and a feedback resistor Rf is
shown in the figure. Since the op-amp is assumed to be an ideal one the input bias current
is zero and hence the non -inverting input terminal is at ground potential. The voltage at
node A is Zero, as the non-inverting input terminal is grounded. The nodal equation by
KCL at node A is given by V1/R1 + Vo/Rf =0 or Vo = -Rf(V1/R1).In a practical circuit
input bias current compensating resistor R comp should be provided =Ri||Rf = R1 ||Rf
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
A typical noninverting amplifier with input resistor R1 and a feedback resistor Rf
is shown in the figure. The input voltage is given to the positive terminal. The output
voltage is given by
Vo = (1+Rf /R1) Vi
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DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
Basic differential amplifier is shown in figure. The output voltage is given by
Vo = (R2 / R1) (V1 – V2)
PROCEDURE:
(i) Give the connection as per the circuit diagram.
(ii) For various input voltage measure and record the output voltage.
(iii) Repeat the same for non-inverting and differential amplifier.
RESULT:
Thus a inverting amplifier, non inverting amplifier and differential amplifier circuits were
designed, constructed and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
TABULATION:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
S.No. Rf R1 Vi Vo = - Rf (Vi / R1) volts
ohms ohms volts theoretical practical
1. 2.2K 1K 1
2. 2.2K 1K 2
3. 3.3K 2.2K 2
4. 5.6K 5.6K 5
5. 6.8K 2.2K 2
__________________________________________________________________________________
AC Source:
DC Source:
NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
S.No. Rf R1 Vi
ohms ohms volts Vo= (1+Rf /R1) Vi volts
Theoretical Practical
1. 2.2K 1K 1
2. 2.2K 1K 2
3. 3.3K 2.2K 2
4. 5.6K 5.6K 5
5. 6.8K 2.2K 2
__________________________________________________________________________________
AC Source:
Model
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
S.No. R2 R1 V1 V2 Vo = (R2 / R1) (V2 – V1) volts

ohms ohms volts volts
Theoretical Practical
1. 2.2K 1K 5 1
2. 2.2K 1K 2 4
3. 3.3K 2.2K 2 5
4. 5.6K 5.6K 5 2
5. 6.8K 2.2K 2 3
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:
To Design, construct and test integrator and differentiator
APPARATUS REQUUIRED:
i. RPS, Function generator, CRO,
ii. IC 741,
iii. Resistors, Capacitors
iv. Bread board, Connecting wires
THEORY:
INTEGRATOR:
The circuit performs the mathematical operation of integration, that is , the o/p
waveform is the integral of the i/p waveform. The output voltage
Vo (t) = - ( 1 / R C )∫Vi(t) dt
Design:
(a) The gain for the practical integrator is
| A | d.c = Rf /R1
10 = Rf /R1
The input frequency = 10 KHz
For proper integration f > 10 fa , where fa is the break frequency of the practical
integrator,
f/fa = 10; fa = f/10, here 10 x 103 = 1KHz
fa = 1/2πRfCf
Let R1 = 10KΩ
Rf = 10 x R1 = 100KΩ
∴Cf = 1/2πRf fa = µF or nF
Rcomp = R1 || Rf
∴ Rcomp = KΩ
__________________________________________________________________________________
(b) f = 1KHz and T = 1msec

The change in output voltage is ∆ Vo = VinT/2R1Cf
DIFFERENTIATOR:
The circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation , that is , the
o/p waveform is the derivative of the i/p waveform. The output voltage
Vo(t) = - R C (dVi / dt)
Design Specification:
fa = fmax = 100Hz; let C = 0.1µ F
Design:
fa = fmax = 1/2 RfC1
Rf = KΩ
Now fb = 10fa ; ∴ fb = 1KHz and fb = 1/2π R1 C1
R1 = KΩ ; Since RfCf = R1 C1
Cf = R1 C1/Rf = µF
(b) Vmax = 1V and f = 100Hz

Vo = -RfC1dV/dt
d (sin 2∏ ft )
= -[ RfC12π ]
dt
= -Vcos[2πft] Volts
PROCEDURE:
(i)Connect the differentiator circuit. Adjust the signal generator to produce a 1V peak
a. Sine wave at 100Hz.
b. Square wave at 100 Hz
(ii) Observe i/p and o/p waveform on the oscilloscope. Measure and record the peak
value of Vo and the phase angle of Vo w.r.t Vi.
(iii) Connect the integrator circuit Adjust the signal generator to produce a 1V peak
a. Sine wave at 5kHz.
b. Square wave at 5kHz
__________________________________________________________________________________
Observe and record the input and the output waveforms.
RESULT:
Thus a integrator and differentiator circuit were designed, constructed and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Integrator Circuit:
Integrator circuit.
Input
Time/Division No. of Time Frequency Amplitude/Division No. of Amplitude
(s) Divisions Period f=1/T (V) Divisions (V)
T (s)
Output
T (s)
Waveforms
__________________________________________________________________________________
Differentiator Circuit:
Differentiator circuit.
Input
T (s)
__________________________________________________________________________________
Output
T (s)
Waveforms
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM :
To design and test the operation of Instrumentation Amplifier for various gain.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
i. IC 741
ii. Resistors
iii. RPS, DMM
THEORY :
Instrumentation amplifier is an amplifier with high input impedance, very low
offset and drift voltage. This configuration is better than inverting or non-inverting
amplifier because it has minimum non-linearity , stable voltage gain and high CMRR ( >
100 dB.). This type of amplifier are used in thermocouples, strain gauges and biological
probes.
Output voltage
V0 = ( V1 - V2 ) [ 1 + (2 R1 / R2 )]
Gain = 1+ (2R1 / R2)
PROCEDURE :
(i) Connect the instrumentation amplifier circuit.
(ii)For various input voltage V1 , V2 measure and record the output voltage.
RESULT : Thus the instrumentation amplifier is designed, constructed and tested
__________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+15
V1 3
+
7 6
IC 741
2 _
4 R1
-15
+15
R1
2 _
R1 7
R2 6 V0
R1 IC 741
R1 3
+ 4
-15
+15
R
2 _ 1
7 6
IC 741
V2 3
+ 4
-15
TABULAR COLUMN :
S.No. R2 R1 V1 V2 Vo = ( V1 - V2 ) [ 1 + (2 R1 / R2 )]
ohms ohms volts volts volts
theoretical practical
1. 2.2K 1K 2 1
2. 2.2K 1K 3 2
3. 1K 1K 4 2
4. 1K 1K 2 5
5. 2K 1K 1 4
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4. SECOND ORDER ACTIVE FILTERS

AIM :
To construct and plot the frequency response of second order low pass , high pass
filter having the fc of 1KHz.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. RPS, Function generator , CRO,
ii. IC 741,
THEORY:
An improved filter response can be obtained by using a second order active filter.
A second order filter consist of two RC pairs has a roll-off rate of –40db/decade. The
transfer function of a Low pass filter is
A0ω2h
H(s) =
S2 + αωhS + ω2h
For n=2, the damping factor α = 1.414 , the pass band gain A0 = 3 – α = 1.586.
Cutoff frequency of the filter = 1/ 2π RC .
Design:
F = 1KHz
Assume C = 0.1 µF, R= ohms
Ao = 1+ Rf / Ri = 1.586= 1+0.586;
Let Rf = 5.86 kohm , Ri = 10 kohm
HIGH PASS FILTER:
__________________________________________________________________________________
HPF is the complement of the Low pass filter and can be obtained simply by
interchanging R and C in the low pass configuration as shown in figure.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Low pass filter circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Give an input signal Vi of 1-V (p-p) and measure the output voltage for
different frequency.
3. Plot the frequency response 20 logVo/Vi versus input frequency and find 3db
frequency.
4. Determine the cut-off frequency.
5. Repeat the above for HPF.
RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of a second order high pass filter & low pass filter
are plotted.
cutoff frequency of LPF
i. Theoretical = ii. Practical =
cutoff frequency of HPF
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LOW PASS FILTER 10 KOhm 5.86KOhm
-15V
4
5
2 -
6
1.6KOhm 1.6KOhm 3 + 741
7
1
+15V
FUNCTION 0.1MFd 0.1MFd CRO
GENERATOR
INPUT VOLTAGE Vi = volts

S.No. Frequency Output voltage Vo Gain in dB
Hz volts 20 logVo/Vi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
__________________________________________________________________________________
MODEL GRAPH:
HIGH PASS FILTER

5.86 KOhm
10 KOhm
-15V
4
5
2 -
0.1MFd 0.1MFd 6
3 +
7
1
+15V
1.6KOhm 1.6 KOhm
FUNCTION CRO
GENERATOR

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
MODEL GRAPH:
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6. BAND PASS FILTER

AIM:
To design construct and test a wide band pass filter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. RPS, Function generator , CRO,
ii. IC 741,
THEORY:
A wide band pass filter can be formed by cascading a HPF and LPF section. If the
HPF and LPF are of the first order, then the band pass filter(BPF) will have a roll off rate
of -20 dB/decade. A wide band pass filter formed by cascading I order HPF and I order
LPF is shown in the circuit diagram.
Design Specifications:
fh = 2 K Hz ; fl = 400 Hz
pass band gain = 4
Design:
LPF and HPF sections may be designed to have a gain of 2.
Ao = 1+ (Rf/Ri)
Let Rf = Ri =10 kΩ
fh = 1/(2π R1 C1) = 2 KHz
let C1 = .01 µ F , R1 =
fl = 1/ (2 π R2 C2) = 400 Hz
let C2= .01µ F , R2 =
__________________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Band pass filter circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Give an input signal Vi of 1-V (p-p) and measure the output voltage for
different frequency.
3. Plot the frequency response 20 logVo/Vi versus input frequency and find 3db
frequency.
4. Determine the cut-off frequency fh and fl .
RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of a first order band pass filter is plotted.
Lower cutoff frequency
Upper cutoff frequency
__________________________________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
MODEL GRAPH:
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM:
To design a square wave generator for fo = 1kHz and study its performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. RPS, CRO,
ii. IC 741,
THEORY:
Square wave outputs are generated when the OPAMP is forced to operate in the
saturated region. That is, the out put of the OPAMP is forced to swing repetitively
between positive saturation V sat and negative saturation –Vsat, resulting in the square
wave output. Astable multivibrator circuit is shown in figure. The output of the OPAMP
in this circuit will be in positive or negative saturation, depending whether the differential
voltage is positive or negative, respectively.
The time period T of the out wave form is T = 2 RC ln ( (1+β)/(1-β))

β=R2/(R1+R2)
If R1 = 1.16 R2
T = 2RC
Frequency = 1/(2RC)
Design specification: f0 = 1 KHz

Design:
R1 = 1.16 R2
Let R2 = 10 k Ω ; R1 = 11.6kΩ
Let C= .05 µF
__________________________________________________________________________________
R = 1/( 10 X10-8X1000) = 10 kΩ
PROCEDURE:
i. Connect the circuit shown in figure using component values as obtained in
design.
ii. Observe and sketch the capacitor voltage wave form and output wave form.
iii. Determine the frequency.
RESULT: Thus the square wave generator is designed , constructed and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
10 KOhm
-15V
4
5
2 -
6
3 +
7
1
11.6
0.049MFd KOhm
+15V
CRO
10KOhm
Vsat - Vsat βVsat - βVsat T (S) Frequency

Hz
theoretical
practical
WAVE FORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. SCHMITT TRIGGER (REGENERATIVE COMPARATOR)
AIM: To design a Schmitt trigger circuit and show its use for generating a square wave
output.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. RPS, CRO, Function generator
ii. IC 741,
iii. Resistors
THEORY:
Schmitt trigger circuit is an inverting comparator with positive feed back. The
input voltage is applied to the (-) terminal and feed back voltage to the (+) terminal. The
input voltage Vi triggers the output every time it exceeds certain voltage levels called upper
threshold and lower threshold voltage. This circuit converts an irregular shaped
waveform to a square wave or pulse.
VUT = Vsat [R2/(R1+R2)]

VLT = - Vsat [R2/(R1+R2)]
Design specifications: VUT = + 0.5V; VLT = - 0.5V

Design:
For 741, with supply voltages ±15V, the saturation voltage ±V sat = ±14V
0.5 = 14 [R2/(R1+R2)]
R1=27 R2
Let R2 = 1 kΩ
R1 = 27kΩ
__________________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Adjust the signal generator so that Vi =2V p-p sine wave at 1kHz
3. Observe and plot the input and output waveforms.
RESULT: Thus Schmitt trigger circuit is designed, constructed and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
SCHMITT TRIGGER (REGENERATIVE COMPARATOR)
4
5
1 KOhm 2 -
6
3 +
7
1
V 27KOhm
in
+15V
CRO
1 KOhm
Input
T (s)
Output
T (s)
WAVE FORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM: To design, construct and test a monostable multivibrator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. RPS, Function generator, CRO
ii. IC 741
iii. Diodes
iv. Resistors, capacitors
v. Breadboard , connecting wires.
THEORY:
Monostable multivibrator is a square wave shaping circuit having one stable state
and another quasi stable state. It can be made to switch to other state by the application of
triggering pulse, but it then returns to its stable state after a time interval determined the
RC value. It is oftenly referred as single shot multivibrator. It is also used as a gating
circuit and delay circuit.
T = RC ln ((1+VD / Vsat)/ (1-β))

Where β = R2 / (R1+R2)
If, Vsat >> VD and R1= R2 so that β= 0.5, then
T =0.69RC
Design specifications :
T= 600µs
Assume C= 0.1 µF; R=
PROCEDURE :
1. The connection is made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a negative going pulse as the input signal.
3. Observe the output voltage across the capacitor Vc and the output waveform Vo
and trace it.
__________________________________________________________________________________
RESULT : The monostable multivibrator was designed , constructed and tested

Time period
i. Theoretical =
ii. Practical =
__________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Vsat - Vsat -βVsat VD Pulse width Frequency

Hz
theoretical
practical
Trigger signal:
p-p amplitude = frequency=
WAVEFORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM :
To design, construct and test a RC phase shift oscillator.
i. RPS, Function generator, CRO
ii IC 741
iii Resistors, capacitors
iv Breadboard , connecting wires.
THEORY :
Oscillator is a feed back circuit where a fraction of output voltage of an amplifier

is fed back to the input in the same phase. RC phase shift oscillators are sine wave
oscillators which is used in the audio frequency range. The amplification is done by the
op-amp and as it is used in the inverting mode is gives a phase shift of 180° .The
feedback RC network produces an additional phase shift of 180°.Each RC network gives
60° phase shift.
The frequency of oscillation is given by
fo = 1 / √ 6 (2πRC)
Design specifications:
fo = 100Hz
Assume C = 0.1 µF ;
R= Kohm
To prevent overloading of the amplifier by RC network , R1 ≤ 10R
Let R1 = 10 R =
Rf = 29 R1 = kohm
__________________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:
1.The connection is made as per the circuit diagram.
2.Observe the output waveform Vo and trace it.
RESULT:
The RC phase shift oscillator is designed and tested
Frequency of oscillation fo
i. Theoretical =
ii. Practical =
__________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

T (s)
WAVEFORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP IC
AIM:
To design the wien’s bridge oscillator using OP-AMP IC for fo = 1000Hz
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. 741 IC
ii. Resistors, Capacitors
iii. CRO, RPS
THEORY:
The Wien bridge oscillator is the most commonly used audio frequency oscillator
because of its simplicity and stability. Figure shows the Wien bridge oscillator in which
Wien bridge circuit is connected between the amplifier input terminals and the output
terminal. The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the
adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistors R1 and Rf are connected.
The phase angle criterion for oscillation is that the total phase shift around the
circuit must be 0. This condition occurs only when the bridge is balanced. The
frequency of oscillation fo is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wien bridge
and is given by,
Frequency = f0 = 1/(2π R C )
Design specification :
fo=1kHz
Design:
f0 = 1/(2π R C ) and Rf = 2R1
Choose C=0.05µ F
So R= 1/ (2π 1000×0.05µ F) =3.1KΩ
Take R1=10R=30 KΩ and
Rf=2R1= 60 KΩ( Use 100 KΩ pot)
__________________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit with the values obtained in the design.
2. Observe the output wave form on an Oscilloscope. Adjust Rf to obtain a sine
wave output.
3. Measure the frequency of oscillator and voltage amplitude.
RESULT: Thus the wein bridge oscillator is designed for a particular required frequency
and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
+12V
C
7
1
3 +
6 Vo
2 -
V
o R
f
4
5
R C
-12V
V
R
1

T (s)
WAVEFORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
11.DESIGN OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555IC

AIM:
To design and test an astable multivibrator for generating symmetrical and
unsymmetrical square wave form for the given frequency and duty cycle.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. IC 555
iii. CRO, RPS
iv. Bread board, connecting wires
THEORY:
The 555 timer is connected as an astable multivibrator as shown in figure. In this
mode of operation the timing capacitor charges up towards Vcc (assuming Vo is high
initially) through (Ra + Rb) until the voltage across the capacitor reaches the threshold
level (2/3) Vcc . At this point the internal upper comparator switches state causing the
internal flipflop output to go high. This turns on the discharge transistor and the timing
capacitor C then discharges through Rb and the discharging transistor . The discharging
continues until the capacitor voltage drops to (1/3) Vcc at which point the internal lower
comparator switches states causing the internal flipflop output to go low, turning off the
discharge transistor. At this point the capacitor starts to charge again, thus completing the
cycle.
Design of Astable multivibrator using IC 555:
i. For Unsymmetrical waveform :
f =1/T = 1.44 / ( Ra + 2Rb )C
DutyCycle = D = tlow/ ( tlow + t high ) = R b / (Ra + 2Rb )
Where thigh = 0.693(Ra + R b)C; tlow = 0.693 R bC
__________________________________________________________________________________
frequency = 1kHz ; Duty cycle = 25%
Design: tlow = .25 ms = 0.693 R bC
Let C= 0.1 µF
Rb =
thigh = 0.693(Ra + R b)C = 0.75 ms
Ra =
ii. For Symmetrical Wave form :
thigh = 0.693 Ra C; tlow = 0.693 R bC
T = thigh + tlow
f = 1 / T = 1.44 / (Ra + Rb ) C
D = Rb / (Ra + Rb)
frequency = 1kHz ; Duty cycle = 50%
Design : tlow = 0.5 ms = 0.693 R bC
Let C= 0.1 µF
Rb =
thigh = 0.693 Ra C = 0.5 ms
Ra =
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the circuit as given using component values as obtained in designed

part (a)
2. Observe and sketch the capacitor voltage waveform and output waveform.
3. Measure the frequency and duty cycle of the output waveform.
4. Connect the circuit using component values as obtained from designed
part (b).
5. Repeat step 2 and 3.
RESULT: Thus astable multivibrator is designed, constructed and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Circuit Diagram :
Unsymmetrical Waveform Symmetrical Waveform
+Vcc +Vcc
8 4 8 4
RA RA
Outpu O utpu 7
7
t 3 t 3
RB
NE 555 NE 555
RB 2 IN - 4001
2
6
6 1
1 5
5
C
C 0.01 - 0.1 µ f
0.01 - 0.1µf C = 0.01 µ f
C = 0.01µf
Tabulation:
Symmetrical: Duty Cycle = 50 %
tlow (ms) t high (ms) Frequency (Hz)
theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unsymmetrical: Duty Cycle = 25%
WAVEFORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
12.MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM :
To design construct and test a monostable multivibrator using IC - 555 timer .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. IC 555
iii. CRO, RPS
iv. Bread board, connecting wires
THEORY :
Mono-stable multivibrator has only one stable state and one quasi-stable state.
Transition is obtained from the stable to quasi-stable by triggering. The transition time
due to external triggering is very short, whereas the time for the circuit to remain quasi-
stable state is very large. The circuit returns to stable state from its quasi-stable state by
itself, without requiring any external triggering signal. Because, after triggering, the
circuit returns from quasi-stable state by itself after a certain time delay, therefore the
circuit is also called a one shot multivibrator or univibrator.
The mono-stable multivibrator also called a one shot multivibrator, is a

regenerative device, which is used to generate rectangular output, pulse of predetermined
width. The device can make a fast transition in time T after the application of input
trigger and as such can be used as a delay circuit. The circuit is also referred to as gating
circuit, because it generates rectangular wave form, which can be used to gate other
circuits.
Pulse width T = 1.1 R C
__________________________________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2. Apply negative trigger pin 2 .
3. Observe and sketch the out put waveform at pin 3.
4. Observe the out put pulse width for different values of C and tabulate.
RESULT: Thus monostable multi vibrator is designed, constructed and tested.
__________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
+V c c
8 4
R
O u tpu t 7
3
NE 555
2 6
Tr i g g e r
5 1
C
0 .0 1 - 0 .1 µ f
0 .0 1 µ f
TABULATION :
R C ( µF ) Pulse width Pulse width

Ω T (Practical) T (Theoretical)
WAVEFORM:
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC
AIM:
To study the operation of NE 565 PLL as a frequency multiplier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
i. Rps
iii. IC NE565, IC 7490
iv. Transistor 2N3391
v. Breadboard, connecting wires.
THEORY:
Figure shows the block diagram of a frequency multiplier using the 565 PLL. The
frequency divider is inserted between the VCO and the phase comparator. Since the
output of the divider is locked to the input frequency fIN, the VCO is actually running at a
multiple of the input frequency.
The desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide

by N network, where N is an integer. For example, to obtain the output frequency fOUT =
5 fIN, a divide by N = 5 network is needed. The 4 bit binary counter (7490) is configured
as a divide by 5 circuit. The transistor Q is used as a driver stage to increase the driving
capability of the NE 565. C3 is used to eliminate possible oscillation. C2 should be large
enough to stabilize the VCO frequency.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Adjust the signal generator so that Vi =1V p-p square wave at 500Hz
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. The free running frequency fOUT of VCO is varied by adjusting R1 and C1

and the output frequency is determined and it should be 5 times the input
frequency.
4. Determine the output frequency for different input frequency of 1KHz and
1.5 KHz.
RESULT:
The frequency multiplier using PLL principle is studied and the output waveform
is observed.
__________________________________________________________________________________
565 PLL
f
f PHASE out
in
COMPARATOR
AMPLIFIER LPF VCO
f = f
in out
N ./.N NETWORK
(FREQUENCY
DIVIDER)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER CIRCUIT
+5V
C2 20KOhm
10MFd R1
2KOhm
C3
0.001MFd
10 7 8
VCO output f = 5f
4 out in
NE565 +5V
fin
9 1 5
5 4.7KOhm
7490 1
10KOhm
2
C1 11
0.01MFd 2N3391 3
(./.5 network)
1
2 3 6 7 10
-5V
__________________________________________________________________________________
14. 723 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
AIM: To study the operation of 723 regulator IC.
i. RPS
ii. 723 IC
iii. Resistors, capacitors, potentiometer.
iv. Ammeter
v. Breadboard , connecting wires.
THEORY:
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage
independent of the load current , temperature and ac line voltage variations. 723 IC is a l
general purpose regulator. The 723 regulator can be adjusted over a wide range of both
positive or negative regulated voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the dc power supply voltage Vin to +10V.
2. Measure and record the value of Vref
3. Remove RL and measure the minimum and maximum output voltages by rotating
1Kohm-pot .
4. Adjust the 1 kohm-pot so that Vo = +5v and measure the voltage between the
wiper arm of the 1kΩ and ground
5. Adjust RL until the IL = 1 mA and note VL .For various values of IL , note VL and
calculate Load regulation.
6. Gradually increase IL above 18mA. VL decreases when IL is about 18 to
20mA.Measure IL and VL for below and above the current limiting point
7. Plot a graph of IL versus VL.
8. Replace RL with short circuit and measure IL. This gives the short circuit current
Isc.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Make Rsc = 0. With Vin = 10V, measure and record IL and VL for IL: 5mA,
10mA upto IL(max).
10. Adjust RL for IL of 1mA. Determine the line regulation, measure and record VL
for various values of input voltage and percentage line regulation.
RESULT: Thus the 723 regulator is studied and its regulation characteristics are
observed.
__________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
Line regulation: Line regulation:
sno Vi volt V0 volt

sno Vi volt V0 volt
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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EC1257: LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB DEPARTMENT OF ECE

10. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP IC

13. FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC

1.INVERTING, NON INVERTING AND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

S.No. R2 R1 V1 V2 Vo = (R2 / R1) (V2 – V1) volts

2. INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

(b) f = 1KHz and T = 1msec

(b) Vmax = 1V and f = 100Hz

Observe and record the input and the output waveforms.

RESULT : Thus the instrumentation amplifier is designed, constructed and tested

4. SECOND ORDER ACTIVE FILTERS

HIGH PASS FILTER:

1. Connect the Low pass filter circuit as shown in the diagram.

LOW PASS FILTER 10 KOhm 5.86KOhm

INPUT VOLTAGE Vi = volts

HIGH PASS FILTER

INPUT VOLTAGE Vi = volts

S.No. Frequency Output voltage Vo Gain in dB

6. BAND PASS FILTER

1. Connect the Band pass filter circuit as shown in the diagram.

INPUT VOLTAGE Vi = volts

The time period T of the out wave form is T = 2 RC ln ( (1+β)/(1-β))

Design specification: f0 = 1 KHz

Vsat - Vsat βVsat - βVsat T (S) Frequency

7. SCHMITT TRIGGER (REGENERATIVE COMPARATOR)

VUT = Vsat [R2/(R1+R2)]

Design specifications: VUT = + 0.5V; VLT = - 0.5V

RESULT: Thus Schmitt trigger circuit is designed, constructed and tested.

SCHMITT TRIGGER (REGENERATIVE COMPARATOR)

AIM: To design, construct and test a monostable multivibrator

T = RC ln ((1+VD / Vsat)/ (1-β))

RESULT : The monostable multivibrator was designed , constructed and tested

Vsat - Vsat -βVsat VD Pulse width Frequency

9. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Oscillator is a feed back circuit where a fraction of output voltage of an amplifier

Time/Division No. of Time Frequency Amplitude/Division No. of Amplitude

10. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP IC

Time/Division No. of Time Frequency Amplitude/Division No. of Amplitude

11.DESIGN OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555IC

1. Connect the circuit as given using component values as obtained in designed

RESULT: Thus astable multivibrator is designed, constructed and tested.

tlow (ms) t high (ms) Frequency (Hz)

theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical

Unsymmetrical: Duty Cycle = 25%

tlow (ms) t high (ms) Frequency (Hz)

theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical

The mono-stable multivibrator also called a one shot multivibrator, is a

Pulse width T = 1.1 R C

RESULT: Thus monostable multi vibrator is designed, constructed and tested.

R C ( µF ) Pulse width Pulse width

13.FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL IC

The desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide

3. The free running frequency fOUT of VCO is varied by adjusting R1 and C1

FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER CIRCUIT

tlow (ms) t high (ms) Frequency (Hz)

theoretical practical theoretical practical theoretical practical

14. 723 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM: To study the operation of 723 regulator IC.

sno Vi volt V0 volt

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