Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THESE
DOCTEUR DE L’INPG
par
le 28 Septembre 2006
Titre :
Directeurs de thèse :
MEUNIER Gérard
CHADEBEC Olivier
KERADEC Jean-Pierre
JURY
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# .( G
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G
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4 :E ' 3 3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 :J 6 :
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@ @ :
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
3
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' U
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
[9 δϕ ; × ]* = 9: E J;
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33 U
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 :G
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 :? ) 0=
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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$ (
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
2 8
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
' ( $ 1 3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
# (
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
µ< µ?
σOµ
µ
<
<
4 B@ +
&&
,
( -σ µ -µi
1
9 Eµω& µ σ & µ σ + µσ µσ ; B = 9 ℜ9 µ i ; + E ℑ9 µ i ;; Eω& µ i & µ i B
B
σ B
9B @ @;
)
G@
G' * * 3* * " ) *
$
( 9 ;
3
%
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+ 3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
'
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33
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 B: ! ( U* P ! U)
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8
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 BB ) ( 3
j
W X A
33 (
H. I
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9 µ − 1;? 0 9α 0 ; − 9 µ + 1;? 2 9α 0 ; 2
& = &0 ϕ 91 + 0
;
9 µ + 1;? 0 9α 0 ; − 9 µ − 1;? 2 9α 0 ; 2
9B : @;
9 µ − 1;? 0 9α 0 ; − 9 µ + 1;? 2 9α 0 ; 2
&ϕ = −& 0 ϕ 91 − 0
;
9 µ + 1;? 0 9α 0 ; − 9 µ − 1;? 2 9α 0 ; 2
[ U
4µ & 0 ? 19α ;
& = ϕ
α [9 µ + 1;? 0 9α 0 ; − 9 µ − 1;? 2 9α 0 ;]
9B : :;
4µ & 0 1
&ϕ = − ? 9α ; + ? 1 9α ; ϕ
[9 µ + 1;? 0 9α 0 ; − 9 µ − 1;? 2 9α 0 ;;] 2 α
GE
G' * * 3* * " ) *
1+ E 2
α= δ= ? 9α ; = 0 ∞ 3 /
δ ωµ σ
3
+ 3
=* 3*4 µ>
$ 1 A (
3 -A
Wi
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
H' @?JJI
[ U
2
H = 91 + 0 0
2
;H0 ϕ
2
9B : B;
Hϕ = −91 − 0 0
2
;H0 ϕ
[ 3
U
H = 91 + 0 ;H0 9B : E;
µi −1
0=
µi +1
'
3
# (
* (
GF
G' * * 3* * " ) *
)
3 +
(
1 ) 1 3 3
+ 3
! 33 1 (
3
U
? 0 9α 0 ; − ? 2 9α 0 ;
µi = µ 9B : F;
? 0 9α 0 ; + ? 2 9α 0 ;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
# 3 BE
ZA @
A 3
3
O
! 3
( 9 ;
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3
* 3 7
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3
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33 $ 3
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
3 !
(
+ 3
0.5
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
-0.5 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10
Fréquence
4 BE \
( 3 % UA@
* 3 )
3 3 !
3 3 3 (
3
( 9µ σ;
9µi; )
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3
33 ( !
3
GD
G' * * 3* * " ) *
(
( ! 33 &
) 3
? +* @ A
! 3 P 3
33 " 3 P
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 BF < 3 P
( 1 33 3
3 (
3 (
9 3 BJ; 3
( +
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1 3 H 3 * @??BI
3 P 33
3 P O ( P ( P
GG
G' * * 3* * " ) *
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 BJ 6 3 P
' :&
( (
9µ σ;
( 9µi;
( (
3
( 1
' 3 9µi; 1
4 BD ' 3 P (
G?
G' * * 3* * " ) *
1 9µ σ;
33 '
( ( 3 (
+
1
H @??@IU
µ0 − µ i
1− 0
µ0 + µ i
µ i" ) * = 9B : J;
µ − µi
1+ 0 0
µ0 + µ i
2
0 33 U 0= 0
2
Wi
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
"
B:F
1 (
( (
$
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(
$ 3
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)0 8(
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
3 P @? A AB
A @JF
1 ( 3
@AA O-P @A -P
. 3 9B : F; 9B : J; 3
9µi; 3 3 U
6 : B&@ = (
* $. 8 ( * µ? A#+#/ $ "
G A ??BE?D 0 A AJE:AJ
+ 33
3 ) 33
(
6 : B&: 3 P 0)
9µ σ;
G @A FGB ^ @A BB ^
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#
33 3 P
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:k
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3 .
9 ( R;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
)
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3 3 (
?:
G' * * 3* * " ) *
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3 ( 3
!
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3 (
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
3 3 3 @AA
O-P @ -P [ 3 33
3
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3
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4 B? 6 3 )
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
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3 V
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3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
! 33
3
0) ,,*#.A $ (
B!"
$ 3
( 3 -A
4 EA + ( 3
# T 3 EA U
?E
G' * * 3* * " ) *
&= 9B B @;
∂H
7=− 9B B :;
∂
. H = µ& = σ7
! 9B B @; 9B B :; U
∂&
9 & ; = −σµ
∂
9B B B;
∂&
∆& = σµ
∂
) 7 @'
( P P
9B B B; 3 U
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
∂ 2&
= Eωµσ& 9B B E;
∂C 2
U
& C =3 = & 0
9B B F;
& C = −3 = & 0
9B B E; U
αC −αC
&9 C ; = 1 i + 2 i
9B B J;
α 2 = Eωµσ
!
)@ ): ( U
(9αC ;
&9 C ; = &0 9B B D;
(9α3 ;
?F
G' * * 3* * " ) *
= &
2C 2C
(9 ;− 9 ;
= & 0 σωµ δ δ 9B B G;
23 23
(9 ;+ 9 ;
δ δ
U
∂H
= 7+ & = 9ν + Eν ; EωHH i
∂
1
= + Eωµ& & 9B B ?;
σ
2C 2C 2C 2C
( − ( +
= ω& 02 δ δ +E δ δ
23 23 23 23
( + ( +
δ δ δ δ
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
( 9B B ?;
U
3
= C
−3
23 23 23 23 9B B @A;
( − ( +
= µδω& 2 δ δ +E δ δ
0
23 23 23 23
( + ( +
δ δ δ δ
* * * µ> " ) *
#
)
Wi (
& -A #
U
?J
G' * * 3* * " ) *
∂H
= &
∂
= Eωµ i & & 9B B @@;
[
= Eω& 02 ℜ9 µ i ; + Eℑ9 µ i ; ]
( 9B B @@;
U
3
= C
−3 9B B @:;
= E 23ω& ℜ9 µ ; + Eℑ9 µ ;
2
0 [ i i
]
'
+
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
( #
@' U
23 23
( +
µδ δ δ
ℜ9 µ i ; =
23 23 23
( +
δ δ 9B B @B;
23 23
( −
µδ δ δ
ℑ9 µ i ; = −
23 23 23
( +
δ δ
#
( 3 #
( 9 3 E@;
?D
G' * * 3* * " ) *
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 E@ \ 3 3 '
: ZAG
6 * * *
+
3 $ 33
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H :AABI 9 3 E: 3 B B @E ; #
( 3
33 3 U
23 23 2 2
( + ( +
µδ δ δ µδ δ δ
ℜ9 µ iC ; = ℜ9 µ i ; =
23 23 23 2 2 2
( + ( +
δ δ δ δ 9B B @E;
23 23 2 2
( − ( −
µδ δ δ µδ δ δ
ℑ9 µ iC ; = − ℑ9 µ i ; = −
23 23 23 2 2 2
( + ( +
δ δ δ δ
?G
G' * * 3* * " ) *
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 E: :' 3 9 @'
( ;
3 ! 3
+
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H :AABI )
( ( ( 3
# (
( U
??
G' * * 3* * " ) *
*
= 9B B @F;
µ=
! Wi 9 3 EB;
U
1 1 1 9 + ;@
= + = µ i" 9B B @J;
1 + 3+
) *
" ) * 3 2
3 3+
= m = = 9B B @D;
1
µ0 @ 2
µ @
i 3
µ0 @
[ &
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 EB
! CG
3+ µi
µ i" C ) * = + 9B B @G;
+ 3+ 3 + µi
! G
+ 3 µC i
µ i
= + 9B B @?;
3+ + + µ iC
" ) *
@AA
G' * * 3* * " ) *
$ 9 * " / 9 *C
$ ( 3
# 3 3 FA O-P
AB B :&@
:' 9W X; H :AABI ( 3
( 9 ; 3 @
# 33 3
6 B :&@ ! 3 S ] (
R9
n@ k n@ k n@ k n@ k
1 n@ k FEk :F k BF k
5 n@ k @B D k EF k FE k
+ ]
.
9 ] 33 @;
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
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4 EE .
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3
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
( 9
3 EJ; 3 (
#
1 ( !
6 @'
7 & 33
[
:' ( @'
:' 3 3
3
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4 EF 4 (
33 (
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 EJ ) (
, *
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3 ! 3 9
α 3 R; 3
3 + 33
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(
$ 3 :' ( [ (
:'
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
)
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(
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
38 (
3 3
@AE
G' * * 3* * " ) *
# 3
$
(
3 3 33
9µ σ;
9µi;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
D 3E +
9µ σ;
3 3
# 33 (
3 (
" 3 :' 3
# + 3o < 3
+ 3o < 3 ) 3
3
.
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M
3
)
# 3 3 3 U
@AF
G' * * 3* * " ) *
2
− 2
8 2 − 8 2+
= D8 =
+
D 2
m 9B B :A;
+ 8 2+
V+ o<
$ & 3 1
)
3 3 3
3 3 H&@ @I )
3
1 * 3 3
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
+ 8 + 3
9 3 ; 8
9 ; .
3
3 3 3
" U 33 &&
3 ( p 3 (
33 ! 33
3 ( 3
' 3 3
Wi ,
+ 4+ , ]
Wi < 4<
4 ED +
@AJ
G' * * 3* * " ) *
+ 3 3 3
P )
3
+ 3 3 U
2
− 2
8 2C − 8 2+
DC = D 8C =
C + C C
2 2
9B B :@;
+ C 8 + C
) & 3 3
+
# ( 33 )
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
(
3
= +
3 3 3
H) :AA:I ! 3
3 ( (
) 3
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Q " 3 3
( ( )
( 3 +
3 3
) & 1 1
3
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
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49 ;
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49 ; Q
4
3
4 EG +
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
3 $
+
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.
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3 3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
3
9
3 ; '
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BBE@ )
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3
4 E? ) +
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A@ AG 3 FA O-P
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M
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6 B B&@ )
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93 ( B : J; @' 33
&
6 3
( #
9W X; 3 #
33
3 FA
# Bk
*
3 9 3 A Fk;
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
0,5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-0,5
valeur %
-1
-1,5
-2
erreur relative P
-2,5 erreur relative Q
-3
angle thêta
4 FA ! 33 .
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
! 33 ( 3 ( (
( P . (
(
3
( ( 3
20
15
Erreur relative P
Valeur relative (%)
Erreur relative Q
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-5
-10
-15
4 F@ ) @'
) @'
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
BBE: )
[ 3 B B @? (
( #
$ 3
@: (
AG A@ 3 FA O-P
3
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
#
33
4 F: 3
@@:
G' * * 3* * " ) *
4 FB + 3
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
6 B B&: ) !
.#+,(& = @ ( &=* K* $. @
@Fk
@ Bk ) @Fk
33 1 ( ( ! 3
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( 1 !
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G' * * 3* * " ) *
% *
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+ (
(
3
B ( ) P
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
3 ) (
3 ! f
3 3
+ )
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( (
( ( 3
! 3
3 )
+
(
3 $ (
@@E
G' * * 3* * " ) *
01 #%:( . (
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 FE
' (
3 $
#
3 9
; )
(
3
@@F
G' * * 3* * " ) *
* *
% 3 FE
3 Z [ $
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#
3
)
( ( 9:' & C;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
4 FF )
# 3 9 ; +
(
' ( 9
.Z ; 3
3 1 3
) M
3 ! 33 ( P 3 3 (
3
@@J
G' * * 3* * " ) *
∂9
! # 9 = 0;
∂
3 ( FC
)
3 3
# #
33
+93; <93; ) 3
3 3 M
#
9 3 FF;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
∆9 91 − 90
H0 = = 9B B ::;
= E 9ν S + Eν Y ;ωH02 9B B :B;
! 9B B :B; 3 3 1
3
U
1
µ S + Eµ Y =
ν S + Eν Y
1
νS= 89 + ; 9B B :E;
ωH02 3
−1
ν Y= 2 9+;
ωH0 3
@@D
G' * * 3* * " ) *
* /
(
A@
3 FJ #
3
@' ! 3 $
3
3 (
Mu complex variation
1,00E+00
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
8,00E-01
Real part
Imaginary part
6,00E-01 U#$ (
"$ "*
4,00E-01
Value
2,00E-01
0,00E+00
1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 1,E+06 1,E+07 1,E+08
-2,00E-01
-4,00E-01
Fréquence
4 FJ \
3 3 @AA O-P ! 3
( 3
O ( $ 3
@@G
G' * * 3* * " ) *
B *
BEB@ ! :'
3
@AAAA
@. $ 3 FA W
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f )
3 3 ( 3
) ( 3
( 3 1 3 1
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
: F
33
A@ AE $
A@
M 3
3 FA O-P @ -P
! 3
+ )
4 FD 6 3 :'
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:?A W JJ W
+ 3 (
33 3
3 6
3 3
* 3 FG
17,27
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
15,00
modèle 1D analytique
erreur relative (%)
5,93
5,43
5,00
2,80
2,12
0,50 0,43
0,00
-0,16
5,E+04 1,E+05 2,E+05 5,E+05 1,E+06
fréquence
-5,00
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
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-A
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
) *< (
3 -A # 3
(
( U
∂&
∆& = σµ
∂ 9. @;
∆& = α &
2
α = Eωµσ
2
) S
#
U
@B?
9
1
&= 9 9. B;
µ
! 9. @;
2 2
9 1 9 1 9
+ + 2 =α 29 9. E;
2
ϕ 2
. u I vWX5
uIA
* : U
99 ϕ ; = 9 ; 9ϕ ; 9. F;
G
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1
+ 1
+ 1
=α2 9. J;
1
2
1
2
1 ϕ 2
.
( 1
+ U
2
1 1
=− 2
9. D;
1 ϕ2
U
1 9ϕ ; = 1 9 ϕ;+ 2 9 ϕ; 9. G;
.
)
# U
1 9ϕ ; = 1 9 ϕ; 9. ?;
. 9. D; 9. J; 3 U
@EA
9
2 2
1
2
1
+ 1
−9 2
+α 2 ; 1 =0 9. @A;
1 9 ;= 2 ? 9α ; + 3 ] 9α ; 9. @@;
? ^ ] ^
3 / 3 @ : [ I 5
( 1 3 [ 9^ ; 3
P + 1
# 3 U
9A 9 ϕ ; = 1 ? 9α ; 9 ϕ; 9. @:;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
( & 5.
U
1 ∂9A ∂9A
& ϕ =9 − ϕ ; 9. @B;
∂ϕ ∂
# ( U
1
& = 1 ? 9α ; 9 ϕ;
9. @E;
&ϕ = − α ? +1 9α ; + ? 9α ; 9 ϕ;
α
1
+ W 3
U
∆ AA = 0 9. @F;
. 1 (
3 U
9A 9 ϕ ; = 2 9 ; 9 ϕ; 9. @J;
9. @F; 3 U
@E@
9
2 2
1
2
2
+ 2
−9 2
; 2 =0 9. @D;
−
2 = 2 + 3 9. @G;
# 3 U
9A 9 ϕ ; = [ 2
−
+ 3 ] 9 ϕ; 9. @?;
( U
1 ∂9A
& = = −9 +1;
9 ϕ;+ −1
9 ϕ;
∂ϕ
2 3
9. :A;
∂9A
&ϕ = − =− [− −9 +1;
+ −1
] 9 ϕ;
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
∂
2 3
< S 3 (
3 # U
9 & ; = &0 ϕ= 9 3
−1
9 ϕ ;; 9. :@;
→∞ →∞
& = &0 ϕ+ 2
−9 +1 ;
9 ϕ;
9. ::;
&ϕ = −& 0 ϕ+ 2
−9 +1 ;
9 ϕ;
+ 33 (
3 1 3 )
( 3 U
µ1& 9 = 0; = µ2& 9 = 0;
9. :B;
&ϕ 9 = 0; = &ϕ 9 = 0;
) U
@E:
9
1 −9 +1;
µ1 1 ? 9α 0 ; 9 ϕ ; = µ2 & 0 ϕ+ 2 0 9 ϕ;
0
−9 +1;
− α ? +1 9α 0 ; + ? 9α 0 ; 9 ϕ ; = −& 0 ϕ+ 9 ϕ;
α0
1 2 0
9. :E;
. S 3
? −19 ; − ? +19 ;
? 9 ;=
2
9. :F;
? S 90 ; = ? +1 90 ; + ? 90 ; 0
0
+ w @ )O Z A
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
+ I U
4µ 2 & 0
=
α [? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ;]
11
9. :J;
2 ? 0 9 µ1 − µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 + µ 2 ;
21 = & 0 0
? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ;
# 3
U
4µ 2 & 0
9A 9 ϕ ; = ?19α ; 9ϕ ; 9. :D;
α [? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ;]
U
? 0 9 µ1 − µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; 1
9A 9 ϕ ; = & 0 9 2
+ ; 9ϕ ; 9. :G;
? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ;
0
% & ( + (
U
@EB
9
? 0 9 µ1 − µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; 2
& = &0 ϕ 91 + 0
;
? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ; 2
9. :?;
? 9 µ − µ ; − ? 2 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; 2
&ϕ = −& 0 ϕ 91 − 0 1 2 0
;
? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ; 2
+ ( U
4µ 2 & 0 ? 1 9α ;
& = ϕ
α [? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ;]
9. BA;
4µ 2 & 0 1
&ϕ = − ? 2 9α ; + ? 1 9α ; ϕ
[? 0 9 µ1 + µ 2 ; − ? 2 9 µ1 − µ 2 ;] α
tel-00161082, version 1 - 9 Jul 2007
@EE