Arts Water Hammer Manual

ARTS
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
SOFTWARE
from
AQUAVARRA RESEARCH LIMITED
USER MANUAL
May-01
Copyright  1998-2001 Aquavarra Research Limited; all rights reserved. No part of
this User Manual and the associated software may be copied, transmitted,
transcribed, stored in any retrieval system, or translated into any language
or computer language, in any form or by any means, without written
permission from Aquavarra Research Limited.
Disclaimer Aquavarra Research Limited has extensively tested its ARTS software
with the objective of producing an error-free high quality product.
However, Aquavarra Research Limited makes no representations or
warranties in respect of the ARTS software or User Manual contents and
specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness
for any particular purpose.
Trade Marks Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation
Customer Aquavarra Research provides a technical support service to registered

support users of its ARTS software suite.
Address Aquavarra Research Limited,

Cannonbridge House,
22A Brookfield Avenue,
Blackrock, Co. Dublin,
Ireland.
Tel. +353 1 2783107

Fax +353 1 2783108
Email info@aquavarra.ie
Web www.aquavarra.ie
Table of Contents
1. GETTING STARTED 1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.2 SCOPE OF ARTS 1-1
1.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 1-2
1.4 INSTALLATION 1-3
1.5 STARTING ARTS 1-5
1.6 UNIT SYSTEM 1-5
1.7 GETTING HELP 1-6
1.8 QUITTING ARTS 1-6
2. THE ARTS USER INTERFACE 2-1

2.2 QUICK START 2-1
2.3 THE MAIN DESIGN SCREEN 2-1
2.4 THE DESIGN SHEET 2-2
2.5 THE TOOL PALETTE 2-3
2.6 THE SPREADSHEET VIEW 2-4
3. SKETCHING THE SYSTEM LAYOUT 3-1

3.2 QUICK START 3-1
3.3 PLACING OBJECTS ON THE DESIGN SHEET 3-1
3.4 SELECTING OBJECTS 3-2
3.5 RE-SIZING OBJECTS 3-3
3.6 MOVING OBJECTS 3-3
3.7 DELETING OBJECTS 3-3
3.8 COPYING AND PASTING OBJECTS 3-4
3.9 DRAWING HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS 3-5
3.10 CONTINUITY CHECK 3-8
3.11 DRAWING TIPS 3-9
4. HYDRAULIC OBJECTS AND OTHER TOOLS 4-1
4.2 QUICK START 4-1
4.3 ACCESSING PROPERTY PAGES 4-1
4.4 PIPES 4-2
4.5 CHANNELS 4-4
4.6 RESERVOIRS 4-5
4.7 PUMPS 4-5
4.8 ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTORS 4-7
4.9 AIR VESSEL 4-9
4.10 BIOFILTER 4-10
4.11 FLOW DIVIDER 4-11
4.12 FLUMES 4-12
4.13 FLOW 4-15
4.14 MANIFOLD 4-15
4.15 SEDIMENTATION TANK 4-16
4.16 STORM-OVERFLOW WEIRS 4-17
4.17 SCREEN 4-19
4.18 DETRITOR 4-20
4.19 JUNCTIONS 4-21
4.20 THE PROPERTIES TOOL 4-22
4.21 THE WEIR TOOL 4-22
4.22 THE TEXT TOOL 4-22
4.23 THE RECTANGLE TOOL 4-22
4.24 THE LINE TOOL 4-22
5. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS/DESIGN : GENERAL APPLICATIONS 5-1

5.2 PIPE FLOW 5-1
5.2.1 The Pipe Property Pages 5-1
5.2.2 The Pipe Calculator Tool 5-3
5.2.3 Pipe systems 5-5
5.2.4 Pump/rising main systems 5-7
5.3 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 5-13
5.3.1 Uniform flow computations 5-13
5.3.2 The Channel Property Pages 5-13
5.3.3 The Channel Calculator Tool 5-15
5.3.4 Gradually varied flow 5-15
5.3.5 Channels in series 5-18
5.4 FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES 5-19
5.4.1 Flumes 5-19
5.4.2 Weirs 5-22
6. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULIC DESIGN 6-1
6.2 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PROCESS UNITS 6-2
6.2.1 Sedimentation tank 6-2
6.2.2 Biofilter 6-3
6.2.3 Activated sludge reactor (ASR) 6-5
6.2.4 Flow divider 6-6
6.2.5 Mechanical screens 6-6
6.2.6 Detritors 6-7
6.3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 6-7
6.3.1 Drawing the system 6-7
6.3.2 Specifying the flow range for the system 6-9
6.3.3 Preparing for Auto Design 6-9
6.3.4 Implementing the Auto Design procedure 6-9
6.3.5 Refining the initial design 6-10
6.3.6 Examining the system at maximum flow 6-11
6.3.7 Examining the system at minimum flow 6-11
6.3.8 Examining the system at current/average flow 6-12
6.4 SCREEN DISPLAY OF RESULTS 6-12
6.5 EXAMPLES 6-13
7. WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS AND CONTROL 7-1

7.2 DATA INPUT 7-1
7.3 ANALYSIS 7-3
7.3.1 Pump trip-out, without air-vessel protection. 7-3
7.3.2 Pump trip-out, with air vessel protection 7-4
7.4 EXAMPLES 7-5
8. FILE MANAGEMENT, PRINTING, DATA EXPORT 8-1

8.2 CREATING A NEW SHEET 8-1
8.3 OPENING/CLOSING FILES 8-1
8.4 SAVING FILES 8-2
8.5 PRINTING 8.2
8.6 EXPORT TO OTHER APPLICATIONS 8.3
Getting Started
1. Getting Started
1.1 Introduction
Welcome to ARTS, which is an hydraulic analysis/design software package, developed with the needs
of water and wastewater engineers in mind. In scope, it spans the spectrum of hydraulic problems
encountered in water and wastewater engineering as well as incorporating specific features related to
the hydraulic design of wastewater treatment systems. It is operated through a user-friendly graphical
interface, which enables the user to sketch an outline representation of the hydraulic system under
consideration. This sketch is then interpreted by the software in order to return a solution to the
problem at hand.
The operational features of the user interface are explained in detail in the following chapters of this
manual.
A summary of the applied hydraulics, which underpins the ARTS computer coding, is presented in the
Appendix.
1.2 Scope of ARTS

ARTS caters for the following range of hydraulic analysis/design tasks:
PIPES:
(flow of air, water and sludges in closed conduits)
• simple pipes
• pipe links containing fittings such as bends and valves
• pipe manifolds
• pipe networks, including booster pumps
CHANNELS:
(flow of water in open conduits)
• various cross sections
• gradually varied flow
• rapidly varied flow
• decanting channels with distributed lateral inflow
• storm overflow with distributed lateral outflow
FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES:
(for measurement of flow in open channels)
• broad-crested weir
• various critical depth flumes
• Parshall flume
• various thin-plate weirs
1-1
Getting Started
PUMPING INSTALLATIONS:
• rotodynamic pump characteristics
• duty point computation for single or multiple pump systems at rated or other
speeds
WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS:
(analysis and control of waterhammer pressures associated with pump trip-out)
• plot of maximum and minimum pressure envelopes
• plot of transient pressure fluctuation at any point along rising main.
• selection/design of appropriate waterhammer protection devices, including air
vessel and air valves.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULIC DESIGN:

• Hydraulic design of individual process units
• Setting relative levels of process units for gravity flow
• Auto design feature to give initial design
• Linear or distributed systems
• Report of maximum/minimum total heads for entire system
• Computation of hydraulic profile for linear systems
1.3 System requirements

ARTS has been designed to run in Windows 95 or later versions and Windows NT 3.51 or later
versions and hence you must have the appropriate Windows software installed on your PC before you
can install and use ARTS.
The ARTS hardware requirements are the same as required for the Windows interface. The
recommended minimum processor hardware specification is:
• CPU 486 or compatible with 16 Mb RAM

• a hard disk with at least 10 Mb of free disk space
• Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 or higher or Microsoft Windows 95 or higher
• a two-button mouse or other pointing device
• a printer supported by Windows if you wish to get hardcopy output of your
analysis
1-2
Getting Started
1.4 Installation
ARTS can only be used when it has been installed on your computer’s hard disk. The following
procedure describes how to install ARTS directly to your computer’s hard disk from the supplied CD
ROM. As with any software, before you install the ARTS software on your PC, you should carry out
steps 1 to 3.
To install ARTS on your computer,
1. If you have a back up system, make a back up of your PC.
2. If you are using a virus-detection utility, disable it before running Setup. If you do not disable the
utility, Setup may conflict with it and not run.
3. Make sure that you close all open applications. This includes applications that run automatically
when you start Windows, possibly Microsoft Office or a virus-detection utility.
4. Insert the ARTS CD ROM into your PC.
5. The install procedure should start automatically after a few seconds. If it does not, click on the
START button, and choose Run. A dialog box appears as in Figure 1.1.
6. In the Open: box, type the letter of the drive that contains the CD ROM, followed by :\ and the
word setup. For example, type d:\setup
7. Choose the OK button, and then follow the instructions on

the screen. Setup asks you to close any open applications.
If applications are open, and you need more information
about how to close them, choose the Help button. To close
Help, choose Exit from the File menu in Help.
Figure 1.1 The Run Dialog box
ARTS is supplied with an installation procedure which creates a working directory on your hard disk,
into which all the ARTS files are transferred.
1-3
Getting Started
Figure 1.2 ARTS setup welcome

screen
Click the Next button to continue installation. You will be prompted for some user information and
details on how you wish to configure the software installation, however, all the options can be left at
their default values.
On completion of file transfer, the installation procedure adds ARTS to the Start menu. When ARTS is
installed onto a computer, it is installed as an inactive copy. This copy cannot be used fully until it is
activated by means of an activation code as described in the next section.
Activation Procedure:
1. Once the setup procedure has finished (and the computer has been restarted if necessary), run
ARTS by double clicking on the ARTS icon on the desktop.
2. To activate the copy, select Activate from the File menu.
3. ARTS will display several codes.
4. Carefully, make a note of these and send them to your supplier by fax or email.
5. On receipt of the codes, your supplier will issue you with an activation code by fax or email.
6. This activation code should be entered into ARTS by following step 2 and entering the activation
code when prompted.
7. You must now shut down ARTS and restart it for the copy to be fully active.
If you wish to install another copy of ARTS on another machine, you simply follow the steps again and
contact your supplier for another activation code. However, each activation requires the purchase of an
additional license. For more information, see the ARTS help file, available from the main menu.
1-4
Getting Started
1.5 Starting ARTS

From the Windows Desktop, you can start ARTS by:
• Selecting the ARTS icon on the Desktop

or
• by choosing ARTS from the START menu.
To start ARTS using the desktop icon:

• Click the ARTS icon.
• Press the ENTER button on your keyboard.
To start ARTS from the START menu:

• Click the Start button.
• Move the cursor to Programs
• Move the cursor to ARTS
• Release the cursor when over ARTS hydraulics.
1.6 Unit system

When ARTS is run for the first time, the default unit system is the Systeme International (SI) system.
The default unit system can be changed to US units by clicking on the Tools > Options menu and
selecting the required unit system as displayed in Figure 1.3. The default unit system determines
which units are displayed on the ARTS dialog boxes and windows.
The units used for data input on a dialog window can also be changed to alternative units by clicking
on the unit label, and selecting the desired unit from the menu that appears as displayed in Figure 1.4.
However, all data output will be in standard SI or US units as used in ARTS.
Figure 1.3 Default unit selection Figure 1.4 Changing individual units
dialog
1-5
Getting Started
1.7 Getting help

To gain access to Online Help select Help from the menu bar at the top of the screen. The online help
contains detailed information regarding problem solving, technical support and user interface.
1.8 Quitting ARTS

• From the File menu, Choose Exit, or
• Press Alt+F4, or
• Double-click the Control-menu button at the top-left corner of the ARTS window, or
• from the Control menu, choose Close
1-6
The ARTS User Interface
2. The ARTS User Interface

2.1 Introduction
If you already use Windows applications, you will be familiar with the concepts and interface
architecture presented in this chapter. For those who are not familiar with Windows, a careful study of
the introductory subject matter in this chapter is recommended before attempting the tutorials in the
following chapters.
2.2 Quick Start

The ARTS user interface is similar to most vector-based drawing packages. The primary difference is
that objects are drawn using two clicks (one at start, one at end) which is a feature usually found in
CAD packages rather than drawing packages.
2.3 The main design screen

To start-up ARTS,
• Select ARTS hydraulics from the Desktop.
The main design screen is displayed, with the main components identified on Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1 The main ARTS window

2-1
The menu bar: contains a list of menus. You open menus and
then choose commands from them to instruct ARTS to perform
actions. Each menu contains a set of related commands. The File
Menu, for example, contains commands that affect files; the Edit Menu has commands for editing text
and graphics, and so on.
To give a command to the software, you must select the command from a menu. To select a
command, place the mouse cursor on the name of a menu, press and hold the mouse button down,
move the mouse to the desired command, and release the mouse button. You can abort a command
by moving the cursor off the open menu before releasing the mouse button. If a menu or a command is
grey, it is not available in the current circumstances. Some menu bar commands can also be
accessed using the icons in the Main Window Tool Bar, immediately beneath the menu bar.
Maximise, minimise and close buttons: these buttons are located at the right-hand end of
the title bar on main and sub-windows. You can reduce a window to the taskbar by clicking on its
minimise button (left button); reducing a window does not close the application, which remains open
and available. Clicking on the taskbar icon restores the window size. You can maximise a window by
clicking on its maximise button (middle button). Clicking on the right button, which has an x on it, will
close the associated window.
Control-menu icon: the control-menu box is located at the top left-hand

end of the title bar on main and sub-windows. A single click on the icon will display
a command list, a double-click on the icon selects its Close command i.e. closes
the application.
2.4 The design sheet

The Design Sheet sub-window is the ARTS workspace on which you construct a schematic
representation of your hydraulic system, using the objects contained on the tool palette.
You can change the window size to suit your drawing space requirements. To do so, position the
cursor on a border of the window (the cursor will change to a double-headed sizing arrow); drag
inwards to reduce the window area or outwards to increase its area. By placing the cursor on the
south-east corner of the window border you can increase/decrease its height and width dimensions
simultaneously.
To move the design sheet to a new position the screen, position the mouse cursor on its title bar,
click and drag.
You can have multiple design sheets open at the same time. You open them the same way as you
open a single file. You can arrange their simultaneous display on screen, using the commands on the
Window menu.
2-2
2.5 The tool palette

The tool palette contains a collection of buttons, which either select a tool for drawing hydraulic
objects or execute commands that carry out specific tasks. To pick up (or select) a drawing tool,
place the mouse cursor on the button for the object and click. The currently selected tool is
highlighted. Only one tool can be selected at a time. When you click on a new tool, the currently
selected tool is de-selected.
The tool palette is described as "floating" i.e. it can be moved to any position on the main screen. To
move the tool palette to a new position the screen, position the mouse cursor on its title bar, click and
drag.
The following page displays a brief description of the contents of the ARTS tool palette. You can also
use the Quick Help feature to identify a tool by positioning the cursor over its button. After a short time
a small yellow box will appear with a short description of the button you are over.
Figure 2.2 The toolbar
2-3
Selection tool Properties Command Icon GVF Command Icon

For selecting and manipulating Displays the properties of the Displays the gradually varied
objects currently selected object. flow plotter, applied to the
currently selected channel
Graph Command Icon Zoom Tool Calculator Command Icon
Displays a graph. Used with Equivalent to selecting Zoom Displays the calculator
channels, pipes and flumes Area from the View menu
Flow Tool Pipe Tool Channel Tool
Used to create an inflow or For creating pipes of constant For creating channels of
outflow from a system diameter constant shape and slope
Reservoir Tool Pump Tool Air Vessel Tool
For creating reservoirs of fixed For creating rotodynamic For creating pressure vessels
water level pumps with air cushions for use in
waterhammer control
Screen Tool Flume Tool Weir Tool
For creating a water/wastewater For creating a flow For creating a flow
screening device measurement device measurement device
Sedimentation Tool Activated Sludge Tool Biofilter Tool
For creating a primary or For creating an open tank type For creating a biofilter
secondary sedimentation unit unit wastewater treatment unit
Detritor Divider Tool
For creating grit removal For creating a flow-dividing
objects chamber
Manifold Tool Storm Overflow
For creating flow distribution For creating a storm overflow
unit channel with side-weirs
Rectangle Tool Text Tool Line Tool
For creating a rectangle For creating text (graphic only) For creating lines (graphic only)
(Graphic only)
2.6 Spreadsheet View

The spreadsheet view provides a quick means of viewing all of the data on the screen in a spreadsheet
format. It also allows you to sort data by rows and change data by columns. It is particularly useful
when dealing with Networks. You can also use it to highlight objects, by clicking in the Ref Code
Column. This will display an arrow at the location of the object on the screen. When the spreadsheet
view is visible, you cannot manipulate any other of the ARTS windows. To hide the spreadsheet view,
click on the Windows close control button (top right hand side of window) or choose Close from the
View menu.
NB When you change a property such as pipe diameter on the spreadsheet view, the flow distribution
in the system may change. If the flow distribution does change, the values in the spreadsheet view
which are dependent on the flow are no longer valid. You must re-run an analysis and then re display
the spreadsheet view in order to see the new flow distribution.
2-4
Menus
View Menu
The view menu displays the object types which are available. The currently displayed object type is
checked. Selecting another of the menu items will fill the spreadsheet view with the corresponding
objects. The spreadsheet view can currently display the following objects:
Nodes
Pipes
Pumps
Flows
Reservoirs
Edit Menu
The Copy command copies the entire spreadsheet in tab delimited format to the Windows Clipboard
for pasting into a spreadsheet program.
Sort Menu
The spreadsheet view can sort rows in order of an increasing or decreasing parameter. To sort data,
you must select the cells in the column by which you want the sorting done. For example, to view a
list of pipes in order of increasing velocity, select some cells in the Velocity column and the click on
the Sort > Ascending command. Only the rows containing selected cells are sorted. You can select
all the cells in a column by clicking on the column heading.
Change Menu
This displays an input box, which allows you to change the value of all the selected cells
simultaneously. The cells you select must be in the same column, and all the selected cells will be
changed to the same value.
Figure 2.3 The spreadsheet view
2-5
2-6
Sketching the system layout
3. Sketching the system layout

3.1 Introduction
In the same way that you might sketch a problem on a piece of paper, when solving problems with
ARTS, you sketch the system you are analysing on the computer screen. ARTS provides you with a
set of hydraulic objects, which are the building blocks for creating hydraulic systems on the screen.
These objects can be placed on the design sheet using the mouse, in a similar fashion to any
Windows drawing package. Once you have constructed your hydraulic system, you can run the
appropriate Analysis command to carry out the required hydraulic analysis.
The first step is to draw a sketch of the system on the design sheet. This applies whether the
hydraulic system is a single pipe or channel or a complex series of process units linked by pipes. In
all cases, the system components and configuration are communicated to ARTS by drawing a sketch
diagram on the design sheet.
3.2 Quick Start

Draw the system you are trying to analyse as you would on a piece of paper. Draw your pipes and
channels so that they start and end in the objects they are connecting.
Reminder
• Click means press and release the left-hand mouse button quickly;
• Double-click means press and release the left-hand mouse button twice in quick succession;
• Drag means move the mouse while holding down the left-hand mouse button;
3.3 Placing objects on the design sheet

To draw an object on the design sheet:
1. Select the desired object type by clicking on its tool button. The selected tool button is depressed
and remains so until another tool button is pressed
2. Move the cursor to one of the intended corner positions for the object on the design sheet. The
cursor shape should be in the shape of a cross-hair.
3. Click and then move the cursor to draw an outline of the object to the required size - the cursor
movement traces a dotted outline of the object on the design sheet.
4. When the dotted outline is of the required size, click again to place the object on the design sheet.
If the drawn object is a linear element such as a pipe or channel, its terminal points are identified by a
pair of small black squares, known as selection handles; if it is a process unit such as a tank or
pump, its drawn outline space is identified by a set of 4 selection handles.
3-1
Exercise
Draw the objects shown on Figure 3.1. These will be used again in the next exercise to create Figure
3.2.
R2
R1 R3
P1
PU 1
P4
P2
P3
Figure 3.1 Reservoirs, pipes and a pump - drawing exercise
3.4 Selecting objects

To select one object:
• If the selection tool is not already selected, click on the selection tool
• Click on the object you wish to select
• Small black squares appear at the extremities of the selected object to indicate that it is
selected
Not selected Selected
3-2
To select several objects:
• If the selection tool is not already selected, click on the selection tool
• Drag across the objects you wish to select, enclosing them in the dotted selection
rectangle which appears. The starting point of a selection rectangle must not be at the
same place as one of the objects on the sheet
• Small black squares appear at the extremities of each of the selected objects to indicate
that they are selected
3.5 Re-sizing objects

To re-size an object:
• Select the object you wish to resize
• Place the cursor over one of the selection handles, the cursor changes shape to a double-
headed arrow
• Drag to re-size
3.6 Moving objects

To move an object:
• Select the object or objects that you wish to move
• Place the cursor over the object, a small 4-headed arrow appears to the bottom right of
the cursor arrow
• Drag to move to a new location.
3.7 Deleting objects

To delete an object:
• Select the object or objects that you wish to delete
• Press the Delete key on the keyboard or
• Choose Delete from the Edit menu
3-3
Exercise
Move and resize the objects from the previous exercise to a layout similar to Figure 3.2
R3
P1
R1 PU 1
P3
P2
R2
P4
Figure 3.2 Reservoirs, pipes and a pump - moving exercise
3.8 Copying and Pasting objects

To copy an object:
• Select the object or objects that you wish to copy
• Choose Copy from the Edit menu
• A copy of the object is placed onto the internal ARTS clipboard
To paste a previously copied object:
• Choose Paste from the Edit menu
• An object will be pasted onto the worksheet adjacent to object which was originally
copied.
3-4
3.9 Drawing hydraulic systems

Pipes and channels:
Both pipes and channel convey fluid from one point to another and can both be regarded as links. An
individual link is defined by the locations of its end points. Any link that starts or terminates at the end
point of another link is considered to be connected to that link. Pipes and channels should start and
end either in another object or at the end of another link. If you try connecting links to the very edge of
other objects, ARTS may not register the connection.
J1
J7 R1
J3 R1 J4
P1 P3 J5 J6 P4
J2
P2
Figure 3.3 Connected pipes Figure 3.4 Unconnected pipes
Other hydraulic objects:
Treatment process units

These objects should not be placed in other objects. Links are deemed to be connected to a process
unit such as a reservoir or biofilter, if one of the link’s end points is located within the screen area
enclosed by the screen outline of the process unit. In Hydraulic profile analysis each unit can only
have two connections (one in and one out). In Steady pipe flow and Unsteady pipe flow analysis,
reservoirs can have multiple connections.
J4
J5 J6
P3
J7
P4
S1
Figure 3.5 One inflow and one outflow pipe
3-5
Pumps
ARTS uses the standard graphical representation of a rotodynamic pump, which distinguishes its
suction/inflow and delivery/outflow points (the central line represents inflow, the tangential line
represents outflow). Basically, think of a pump as having 2 small pipes coming out from it (one on
each side) onto which you connect your links.
PU 1
Figure 3.6 Pump with one inflow and one outflow pipe
Supply/demand:
The flow object is used to represent either an inflow/supply or an outflow/demand.
To indicate an inflow/supply at a pipe or channel junction:
• Draw the flow object on the sheet with the arrow pointing towards the junction (start the
drawing process at a point away from the junction).
To indicate an outflow/demand at a pipe or channel junction:
• Draw the flow object on the sheet with the arrow pointing towards the junction (first mouse
click at the junction).
Note: The flow object can only be used at junctions i.e. it cannot be connected directly to a process
unit. All flow objects which are not connected to junctions will be ignored.
Figure 3.7 Inflow Figure 3.8 Outflow
3-6
Exercise
Modify the previously drawn object to create a system similar to Figure 3.9. Then select New from the
File menu and draw the linked hydraulic system shown on Figure 3.10.
R2
R1 P 11
PU
P4
P9
P1
P7
PU 2 P5
P2
P 10
P8
PU 3 P6
P3
Figure 3.9 Pumping system - system creation exercise
O1
SCR 2
P 10
S1 B1
P 11 P1
P2
P3
S2
P4
Figure 3.10 WWTP - system creation exercise
3-7
3.10 Continuity check

When you have completed your layout sketch of the hydraulic system, you can check that the
connectivity of its elements has been correctly interpreted by the software by running the Compile
command from the Analysis menu. On completion of the compilation process, ARTS places a solid
circle over each registered junction according to the following colour coding:
1. pipe-to-pipe junctions are represented by a red circle

2. a green circle is placed at each junction which has registered an inflow or outflow
3. a blue solid circle is placed at all other junctions (channel-to-channel, pipe-to-process unit, pipe-
to-channel) that have been registered by the compilation process.
A correctly registered system should comply with the foregoing colour coding and each compiled node
should be represented by a single solid coloured circular dot. Check that your systems match those
displayed in Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12.
Deviation from the foregoing requirements at any node indicates that its junction connectivity has not
been correctly registered by ARTS i.e. the terminal points of the elements that meet at the junctions
are not sufficiently close for ARTS to conclude that they are connected.
Connectivity faults can be corrected by repositioning the objects on the design sheet.
green
O 1 SCR 2 red
P 10
S1 B1
J 13 P 11 J 15
J 12 P1
J 14 P2
J 16 J 17
J 18 J 19
P3
S2
J 20 J 21 P4
J 22
Figure 3.11 WWTP - compile exercise (all nodes blue, except marked)
3-8
R2
J 14
R1 P 11
PU 1
J7 P4 J8
P9 J 13
P1 J2
P7
J1
PU 2 J 10
P5
J3 P2 J4
J9 P 10
P8
red
J5
PU 3 P6 J 12
P3
J6
J 11
Figure 3.12 Pumping system - Compile exercise (all nodes blue, except
marked)
3.11 Drawing tips

1. Make full use of the screen space available for the design sheet by expanding the design window
area to its limiting size.
2. Draw your system to the largest practical scale to allow adequate space for ARTS to print flow and
pressure values on the diagram
3. There is no computational advantage in attempting to make sketch diagrams to approximate scale;
best use of the available drawing area can usually be made by allocating each element in your
system approximately the same screen space. Try to create a schematic of the system under
consideration.
4. Note that each object you draw on the design sheet has a label associated with it. When you move
an object, its label also moves. You can, however, move the label independently of the object by
the selecting the label itself.
5. If you right click on an object, a popup menu will appear allowing you to manipulate the object, e.g.
copy it.
6. When clicking on the design sheet to select an object, the order of preference for selecting is:
labels, nodes, pipes, other objects.
7. Always use the Compile command to check the connectivity of your system before you proceed to
analysis or design
3-9
3-10
Hydraulic Objects
4. Hydraulic Objects and other tools

4.1 Introduction
Every hydraulic object that you place on the design sheet has properties associated with it. These
properties are accessible via dialog boxes known as Property Pages. For example, a pipe object has
a length property, a diameter property, a surface roughness property etc. When you place an object
on the design sheet you are essentially creating a virtual version of a real world object. For example,
when you place a pipe on the screen and then display its Property Pages, you will find that the pipe
has a value for length, diameter as well as its other properties. You will probably have to change these
values in order represent the element of the real world system you are trying to model. Objects that
have not had their initial properties changed are drawn in grey on the design sheet. All objects can be
used individually to design an individual object without using the analysis functions. Not all the objects
can be used with all the analysis functions. For example, Air Vessels can only be used in Unsteady
pipe flow analysis and will be ignored by the other analysis functions.
4.2 Quick Start

Right click on an object to get at its properties. Once you have set all the relevant properties of all
objects, choose the analysis function you want to carry out, from the main menu bar.
4.3 Accessing Property Pages

To access the properties of any object,
• select the object and then,

• press the properties tool button on the tool
palette.
Alternatively, click on the object with the RIGHT mouse

button. A menu should appear over the object. Select
Properties from this menu.
The Property Pages for every object have a similar layout. Figure 4-1 Pipe property pages
The Property pages for pipe objects are displayed in Figure 4-
1.
4-1
Hydraulic Objects
Property pages consist of a window with various grouped controls which are accessed via tabs along
the top of the widow. In Figure 4-1 the tabs are Main, Unsteady flow, Extras and Status. Clicking on
a tab displays the properties relevant to the tab caption. For pipe objects, diameter, shape/type,
length and roughness are displayed under the Main tab as these properties are generally of most
significance. Drawings with dimensions that are coloured red can be edited.
Important: when finished editing the value in a text box, or a dimension value, you should press the
Enter key on the keyboard to register the new value that you have inserted.
4.4 Pipes
Pipes are conduits flowing full at all times. Pipes are drawn as thin blue lines and can be used with all
the analysis functions.
Main
Diameter (mm / in): the internal diameter of the pipe
Type: the shape of the pipe, rectangular, square or circular
Length (m / ft): the total length of the pipe
Roughness (mm / in): the roughness of the internal wall
surface
Width (mm / in): The internal width of the pipe (square and
rectangular pipes only)
Height (mm / in): The internal height of the pipe (rectangular
pipes only)
Figure 4-2 Main tab
Unsteady flow
The properties grouped on this tab are used by the unsteady
pipe flow analysis functions only. If you are performing an
unsteady pipe flow analysis, you should set all these values
first. If you are not performing an unsteady pipe flow analysis,
you may leave these values at their default settings.
Wall thickness (mm / in): the average wall thickness of the
pipe
Young’s Modulus (Nm-2 / psi): Young’s modulus for the pipe
material
Material: Selecting a material here will modify the value in the
Figure 4-3 Unsteady Tab
Young’s modulus edit box, which you can also modify
directly.
4-2
Hydraulic Objects
Extras
The extras page contains a list of the fittings currently in the
pipe. The fittings that are in the pipe can be displayed in
textual list form or as a graphical plot of elevation versus
chainage, by clicking on the option buttons on the bottom
left.
Chainage (m / ft): distance along the pipe to the location of

the fitting
Elevation (mOD / ftAD): the vertical distance from some
datum to the centre of the fitting
Total K value: The sum of the K values of all fittings Figure 4-4 Extras tab
contained in the pipe. You can add to this value, but you
cannot make it less than the sum of the included fittings.
Fitting K value: The K value of the currently selected fitting.
Fitting: Use these two drop down lists to specify fittings to add to the pipe.
New fittings can be selected from the dropdown lists on the top right-hand side. The first list contains
general fitting types, and the second contains fitting sub-types. Once you have selected the desired
fitting type, you can add them to the pipe by clicking on the Add button. Fittings that are already in
the pipe can be removed by clicking on the fitting to remove and then clicking the Remove button. As
an alternative to adding individual fittings, a total K-value can be specified for the pipe.
Note: Each fitting inserted using the Add button, must have a unique chainage, and must not be
located at the beginning or end of the pipe - use the connected nodes to define properties of these two
points.
The addition of fittings depends on the analysis required:

Steady pipe flow and hydraulic profile analyses:
Edit the Total K value if you know the total K for all the fittings in the pipe.
Or
Add fittings at various chainages along the pipe, selecting individual fittings. (ignore elevational
data)
Unsteady flow - Rising main:

Add chainage and elevational data at various points along the pipe to define the profile of the
rising main, and include fittings if desired. This is particularly important with air valves, see
Chapter 7
4-3
Hydraulic Objects
Status
Shows the steady state values of the key hydraulic
parameters for the pipe object, based on the currently
specified value in the flow edit box and the current pipe
properties. Entering a new value in the flow edit box will cause
the associated hydraulic parameters to be re-calculated.
Figure 4-5 Status tab

4.5 Channels
Channels are conduits which have a free surface at all times. Channels are drawn as purple lines and
are slightly thicker than the lines for pipes. Channels can only be used in the hydraulic profile analysis
functions.
Main
Type: The shape of the channel, Rectangular, trapezoidal,
circular, U shaped, V shaped and parabolic
Side angle (degrees): The angle that the face makes with
the horizontal
Bottom width (mm / in): The width of the bottom of the
channel
Gradient: The slope of the bottom of the channel
Height (mm / in): the height of the vertical side face of the
channel
Length (m / ft): The total length of the channel
Roughness (mm / in): The surface roughness of the internal Figure 4-6 Main tab
face of the channel
Status
Shows computed steady uniform flow channel parameter
values for the flow value indicated in the flow edit box. If you
enter a new value in the flow edit box, the associated uniform
flow hydraulic parameters are re-calculated.
4-4
Hydraulic Objects
4.6 Reservoirs
Reservoirs are tanks with a free surface which is at a fixed
level. Can be used with all analysis procedures.
Main
Surface Level (mOD / ftAD): the vertical distance above
some datum
Figure 4-8 Main tab

Status
Reference Code: The name used by ARTS to refer to the
object.
Figure 4-9 Status Tab

4.7 Pumps
The pump object models rotodynamic pumps. Pumps can be incorporated into systems analysed by
the Steady Pipe Flow, Network and Unsteady Pipe Flow analysis procedures.
Main
Suction diameter (mm / in): The internal diameter of the
pipe connecting to the central line of the pump
Delivery diameter (mm / in): The internal diameter of the
pipe connecting to the tangential line on the pump
Moment of inertia (kg.m2 / lb.ft2): For use with
waterhammer calculations only. The sum of the pump and
motor moments of inertia.
Elevation (mOD / ftAD): The vertical distance to the centre of
the pump from some datum. Used in waterhammer
calculations.
Current speed (rpm): The speed at which the pump is Figure 4-10 Main tab
currently running.
Rated speed (rpm): The speed to which the characteristic curves apply (see later re characteristic
curves)
4-5
Hydraulic Objects
H-Q
The characteristic curve for the pump is entered by inputting 3
points from which a fitted curve is calculated and plotted. The
software uses the fitted curve in subsequent calculations.
The 3 control points are marked as 1,2,3. You can select a

point by clicking on the point. Once a point is selected, you
can alter its data using the two text boxes to the right of the
graph. Once you have input the data for all 3 points, press the
Recalculate Curve button. Point 2 must be above a straight
line between points 1 and 3, to ensure a correct curve shape.
You can input the flow data in a variety of units - click on the Figure 4-11 H-Q tab
edit boxes unit labels and select the desired unit.
Note: Only press the Recalculate Curve after you have entered all 3 control points, otherwise the
software will attempt to fit a curve to invalid data
The 3 control points used to input a pump characteristic curve should be roughly equally spaced along
the curve and should preferably include the start and end points of the curve (i.e. values at zero Q and
Qmax., respectively).
P-Q
The characteristic curve for power is used in pumping
efficiency and waterhammer calculations. The information is
entered in the same way as the H-Q curve.
Figure 4-12 P-Q tab
4-6
Hydraulic Objects
NPSH
The characteristic curve for NPSH is used to check for
cavitation problems. The information is entered in the same
way as the H-Q curve.
Figure 4-13 The Pump NPSH-Q tab
Status
Shows computed pump parameter values at the current pump
speed for the flow value in the edit box. If you enter a new
value in the edit box, the pump parameter values are re-
calculated.
Figure 4-14 The Pump Status tab
4.8 Activated sludge reactors

Activated sludge objects are used in hydraulic profile analysis functions only.
Main
Type: determines whether the tank is circular or rectangular
Max ww inflow (m3/s / ft3/s): the maximum inflow of
wastewater that the unit is designed to deal with. Flows in
excess of this design flow will cause an error to occur when
using the hydraulic profile analysis. Changing this value will
redesign the reactor, therefore you should set this prior to
any other values.
AS Recycle (m3/s / ft3/s): the return activated sludge flow
from a sedimentation unit.
Figure 4-15 Main tab
4-7
Hydraulic Objects
Radius (mm / in): The internal radius of circular reactors.

Width (mm / in): The internal width of rectangular reactors.
Length (mm / in): The internal length of rectangular reactors.
Collector Channel Outlet: Determines whether the flow out of the collector channel is at one end, or
in the centre of the channel (rectangular tanks only).
Plan Area (m2 / ft2): The surface area of the tank (not editable)
Outlet
Specifies the distributed outlet system from the activated
sludge tank. Limits are given for the dimensional data by the
quick help.
Type: specifies the shape of the weirs or submerged ports
from the drop down list which includes v-notch weirs,
rectangular weirs, plain weir, circular orifices or rectangular
orifices.
Outlet length (mm / in): specifies the length available for the
distributed outflow system
No: The calculated required number of the selected opening
along the Outlet Length.
Figure 4-16 Outlet tab
Collector
Specifies details of the collector channel into which the flow
from the outlet system discharges.
Slope (1:m): the bed slope of the collector channel
k value (mm / in): the Darcy-Weisbach surface roughness
factor (k)
Inlet drop (mm / in): the drop from the bottom of the outlet
system to the water surface at the upstream end of the
collector channel
Outlet depth (mm / in): the desired outlet depth at maximum
flow. This depth must be greater than or equal to critical depth
for the flow/channel conditions as indicated by the quick help. Figure 4-17 Collector tab
Outlet drop (mm / in): the drop from the outlet depth to the
water surface in the sump
Width (mm / in): the width of the collector channel
Length (mm / in): the length of the collector channel is determined by the length of the outlet system
(not editable).
4-8
Hydraulic Objects
Upstream water depth (mm / in): the calculated depth of water at the dead end of the collector
channel (not editable)
Height (mm / in): the height of the collector channel (sum of the upstream water depth and the inlet
drop)
Status
Shows computed maximum headloss for unit.
object.
4.9 Air vessel

Air vessel objects are used in the Unsteady Pipe Flow analysis function only.
Main
Total volume (m3 / ft3): air vessel gross volume. This is the
primary property and therefore should be set first.
Dimensions (mm / in): air vessels are modelled as
cylinders, (the ends are ignored). Changing one dimension
will modify other dimensions based on the value set for the
Total Volume.
Initial air volume (m3 / ft3): air volume at steady flow
pumping pressure. This value is linked to the Initial Water
Level.
Initial water height (mm / in): sets the water level at
steady flow pumping pressure. This value is linked to the Figure 4-19 Main tab
Initial Air Volume.
Status
Shows computed maximum headloss for unit.
Reference Code: The name used by ARTS to refer to the object.
4-9
Hydraulic Objects
4.10 Biofilter
Biofilter objects are used in hydraulic profile analysis functions only.
Main
Max flow (m3/s / ft3/s): the maximum flow for which the unit
is designed. Changing this value causes the unit diameter,
the manifold system and the collector channel to be
redesigned.
Diameter (mm / in): biofilters are circular only

Inlet drop (mm / in): the drop from the manifold orifices to
the surface of the media
Media height (mm / in): the vertical height of the media
Outlet drop (mm / in): the drop at the centre of the biofilter
from the bottom of the media to the apex of the conical floor Figure 4-20 Main tab
below.
Floor slope (1:m): the bed slope of the collecting surface.
Inlet
The inlet system to the biofilter consists of a manifold
distribution system.
No of orifices: the number of orifices per radial arm
Orifice diameter (mm / in): the diameter of each individual
orifice
Manifold k (mm / in): the surface roughness of the internal
face of the manifold pipework
No of radial arms: the biofilter can have from 1 to 4 radial
arms
Diameter (mm / in): arm diameter
Orifice spacing (mm / in): distance between individual Figure 4-21 Inlet tab
orifices
End spacing (mm / in): distance between the last orifice and the end of the pipe.
Some calculated values are displayed for inlet-related hydraulic parameters, including the manifold
inlet velocity, min./max. orifice discharge ratio, the manifold head loss.
4-10
Hydraulic Objects
Collector
See the collector for the activated sludge object (see 4.8)
Figure 4-22 Collector tab

4.11 Flow divider
Flow divider objects are used in hydraulic profile analysis functions only.
Plan
A dimensioned plan view of the flow divider, with a single
inflow chamber and multiple outflow chambers.
Max flow (m3/s / ft3/s): the maximum flow that the divider is
designed to cater for. Changing this value will redesign the
divider.
No of divisions: the inflow to the chamber on the left is
divided into this number of independent outflows.
Equal division: if this is checked then the outflow
percentage for each outflow chamber will be equal. If it is not
checked, you can edit the individual percentages. Note:
make sure that these add up to 100%, as indicated by the Figure 4-23 Plan tab
Total display.
Side
The Side tab shows the computed weir head at maximum
flow.
Drop (mm / in): the drop from the weir crest to the water
surface level in the outflow chamber.
Figure 4-24 Side tab
4-11
Hydraulic Objects
Status
Shows the computed head loss at maximum flow.
object.
4.12 Flumes
The flume object can be used for stand alone flume design or can be incorporated in treatment
systems amenable to analysis using the hydraulic profile analysis procedure.
Main
Flume type: specifies the type of the flume
Max. flow (m3/s / ft3/s): specifies the maximum flow which
the flume can measure accurately
Min. flow (m3/s / ft3/s): specifies the minimum flow which the
flume can measure accurately
Channels
The upstream and downstream channels must have the same
dimensions, but can have different slope and different
roughness
The drop down list determines whether the properties

displayed relate to the upstream or downstream channel.
For other properties see 4.5 Channels.
The upstream and downstream channels have a minimum

length specification of 2.5 times the flume head at maximum Figure 4-27 Channels tab
flow
4-12
Hydraulic Objects
Throat
Quick help provides limit values for all dimensional data.
These limits should be adhered to.
Width (mm / in): the width of the lowest part of the throat
Side angle (deg): applies to trapezoidal flumes only
Step height (mm / in): optional
Roughness (mm / in): the surface roughness of the internal
face of the flume
Setup: pressing this will create an initial design which is

compliant with design norms (see Appendix). This design is Figure 4-28 Throat tab
based on the specified upstream channel dimensions and the
maximum and minimum flow values.
Plan
Length (mm / in): the length of the throat
Expansion slope (1:m): the downstream expansion slope
Figure 4-29 Plan tab
Side
Displays a longitudinal water surface profile for the flume and
its attached channels. Various parameters for either
maximum flow or minimum flow are displayed using the
option buttons.
Figure 4-30 Side tab
4-13
Hydraulic Objects
Calibration
A plotted graph of flume head as a function of flow is
displayed as well as a fitted H/Q equation for the flume. This
graph may be copied to the Windows clipboard for insertion
into other applications by clicking on the graph with the right
mouse button and selecting Copy.
Figure 4-31 Calibration tab
Status
Displays the modular ratio, upstream Froude number at both
max. and min. flow values; it also prints recommended
design limit values for modular ratio and upstream Froude
number and head loss across the flume at maximum flow.
If the recommended limit values are satisfied, the word
“VALID” is printed on the Status page; if not, the word
“INVALID” is printed.
4-14
Hydraulic Objects
4.13 Flow
The flow object/tool is drawn on the design sheet as an arrow and is used to represent either an
inflow/supply or an outflow/demand. The flow object must be used in conjunction with a junction/node.
An arrow pointing towards a junction (with the point end in the junction) represents an inflow/supply,
and an arrow that points away from a junction (with the tail end in the junction) represents an
outflow/demand. Used in Steady Pipe Flow, Network and Hydraulic Profile analysis functions.
Main
Current flow (m3/s / ft3/s): this is used in all calculations
Minimum flow (m3/s / ft3/s): this is only used with the
hydraulic profile calculations.
Maximum flow (m3/s / ft3/s): this is only used with the
hydraulic profile calculations.
Fluid type: specifies whether the fluid is water, air or one of
several types of sludge (latter relates to pipe flow only).
Fluid temperature (oC / oF): only available if you have
selected Water/Wastewater or air as the fluid type
Solids concentration (kg/m3 / lb/ft3): only available if you
have selected a sludge as the fluid type Figure 4-33 Main tab
4.14 Manifold
The manifold object models a submerged manifold in which the manifold liquid has the same
properties as the liquid into which it is discharged.
Main
Specifies the manifold trunk pipe details
Length (mm / in): the total length of the trunk pipe
Diameter (mm / in): internal diameter of the trunk pipe
Slope (1:m): Input optional
k (mm / in): the Darcy-Weisbach surface roughness
parameter (k)
No: the total number of laterals (total of both sides)
Figure 4-34 Manifold tab
4-15
Hydraulic Objects
Laterals
Specifies the lateral pipe properties. All laterals are taken as
identical
Length (mm / in): the length of an individual lateral
Diameter (mm / in): the internal diameter of each lateral
pipe
Orifice spacing (mm / in): the distance between orifices
from centre to centre
First pos (mm / in): Distance from dead end to centre of first
orifice
k (mm / in): the internal wall roughness of each lateral
Orifice No: Number of orifices per lateral
Orifice diameter (mm / in): the diameter of each orifice on Figure 4-35 Laterals tab
the laterals
Status
This tab can be used to display various calculated
parameters for the manifold for the flow which is entered in
the flow edit box.

4.15 Sedimentation tank
The sedimentation object can be used as a stand alone or in hydraulic profile analysis procedures
Main
Type: determines whether the tank is circular or rectangular
Max inflow (m3/s / ft3/s): the maximum inflow that the unit is
designed to deal with. Flows in excess of the design flow will
cause an error to occur when using the hydraulic profile
analysis. Changing this value will cause the tank to be
redesigned, and therefore this value should be changed prior
to any other values
Underflow (m3/s / ft3/s) : the settled sludge removal rate
Collector Channel Outlet: Determines whether the flow out
of the collector channel is at one end, or in the centre of the
channel (rectangular tanks only).
Plan Area (m2 / ft2): The surface area of the tank (not Figure 4-37 Main tab
editable)
4-16
Hydraulic Objects
Outlet
Specifies the distributed outlet system from the
sedimentation tank. Limits are given for the dimensional data
by the quick help.
Type: specifies the shape of the weirs or submerged ports
The length, over which there is outflow, is taken as the full

width of rectangular tanks and the full perimeter length with
circular tanks.
Figure 4-38 Outlet tab
Collector
See the collector for the activated sludge object (see 4.8)
Figure 4-39
4.16 Storm-overflow weirs
The storm overflow object can only be used as a stand alone, it cannot be used in a system with any
of the analysis functions..
Main
Displays a dimensioned outline plan of the side-weir storm
overflow.
Length (mm / in): the length of the channel and weir

Channel type: specifies the shape of the channel
Max storm inflow (m3/s / ft3/s): The maximum flow that will
enter the upstream end of the storm overflow
Max forward flow (m3/s / ft3/s): The maximum flow that the
designer wants to proceed to treatment
Double Sided Outflow: Determines whether there is a weir
on one or both sides of the channel
4-17
Hydraulic Objects
Side
Displays the height of the weir crest above the channel
bottom at the downstream end. Since the weir is horizontal,
the height of the weir above the channel bottom at the
upstream end will be less than the specified value.
Control depth (mm / in): The downstream depth as

produced by a flume or a weir.
The designer specifies the downstream depth and then

presses the Calculate Weir Height button. The calculated
value will then be displayed. Figure 4-41 Side tab
Section
Specifies the channel dimensions. See 4.5 Channels, for
more information.
Figure 4-42 Section tab
Status
Displays the calculated values for the lateral storm-overflow
and also the inflow to the unit (forward flow = inflow - storm-
overflow)
4-18
Hydraulic Objects
4.17 Screen
The screen object models a mechanical screening device for wastewater. It can be used for stand
alone hydraulic computation or can be incorporated in a treatment system amenable to analysis by
the hydraulic analysis procedure.
Main
Displays the equation used to calculate the head loss through
the object
k: the resistance coefficient

B (m / ft): Blockage allowance
Status
Displays the head loss through the unit corresponding to the
flow in the edit box
4-19
Hydraulic Objects
4.18 Detritor
The detritor object models a wastewater sedimentation unit for the removal of grit particles. It can be
used for stand alone hydraulic design or can be incorporated in a treatment system amenable to
analysis by the hydraulic profile analysis procedure.
Main
Displays the equation used to calculate the head loss
through the object
k: the resistance coefficient
Status
Displays the head loss through the unit corresponding to the
flow in the edit box
4-20
Hydraulic Objects
4.19 Junctions
Junction/nodes/connections are placed at the end of every link (i.e. pipe or channel) by the Compile
command. Junctions have different properties depending on what type of analysis you are doing and
where the junction is located. By default, junctions have an elevation property only.
The behaviour of nodes is determined by the analysis that is performed.
When using Steady Pipe Flow, Network Flow and Unsteady Pipe Flow analysis commands, junctions
only have the elevation property
Elevation (mOD / ftAD): the vertical distance above some datum
When using Hydraulic Profile analysis commands, the junctions have different properties depending on
what object they are connecting
• Pipe to pipe
Elevation (mOD / ftAD): as before
Fitting: allows you to specify the fitting at the connection. If the pipes are of different
diameters you should choose a Union (reducer or taper), otherwise you can select one of a
variety of fittings.
• Pipe to free surface

Elevation (mOD / ftAD): as before
Submerged or Free discharge: you can select whether you want the pipe to discharge
below surface or above the surface.
Minimum invert submergence (mm / in): only available for submerged pipes. the minimum
allowable submergence of the pipe below the free surface. This is usually with respect to the
water levels at minimum flow.
Minimum drop (mm / in): only available for free discharge pipes. This is usually with respect
to the water levels at maximum flow.
4-21
Hydraulic Objects
There are several other types of junctions available when performing hydraulic profile analyses. In all
cases the options available are displayed on the property pages once the Assign flows command has
been executed from the Analysis menu. For more information, see the ARTS help file, which is
available from the main menu.
4.20 The Properties tool

The Properties tool is used to display the properties of the objects drawn on the screen. It can be
used to display the property pages for a selected object on the design sheet, as outlined in section
4.3. Alternatively, it can be used to select the parameter values that are displayed on the design
sheet. This latter function is activated by pressing the Properties tool button, without selecting any
object from the system drawn on the design sheet. This action displays the design sheet Properties
dialog. Select an Object and Label from the respective drop-down lists on the dialog; press the Update
display button, followed by the OK button; the targeted screen object should now display the selected
label value.
4.21 The Weir tool

The weir tool is operates in the same manner as the flume tool (4.12). It provides for the design of V-
notch, rectangular notch, Sutro and broad crested weirs.
4.22 The Text tool

The Text tool is used to add text to the design sheet. Select the Text tool and draw a text object on
the design sheet at the intended location of the text. Select the Properties tool to display the text
entry dialog; enter the text and press the OK button to display the text at the selected location on the
design sheet.
4.23 The Rectangle tool

The Rectangle tool is used to draw rectangular boxes on the design sheet. Select the Rectangle tool;
click at the required corner location on the design sheet and draw the rectangular box to the required
size.
4.24 The Line tool

The Line tool is used to draw lines on the design sheet. Select the Line tool; click on the design sheet
at the required line starting point and draw the line in the direction and to the length required.
4-22
Hydraulic Analysis/Design : General Applications
5. Hydraulic Analysis/Design : General

Applications
5.1 Introduction
While ARTS has special capabilities in relation to the hydraulic design of wastewater treatment
systems, it has been developed to cater also for the broader general needs of water/wastewater
conveyance engineering. Examples of its application to a general range of steady flow hydraulic
problems are presented in this chapter. These examples are outlined in a step-by-step procedure that
will enable you to execute sample problems in parallel with your reading of the chapter.
5.2 Pipe flow

The designation “pipe flow”, as used in this manual, refers to conduits that are flowing full throughout
their length (if a pipe is flowing partly filled, it is designated as a channel in conventional hydraulics
terminology). The conveyed fluid may be air, water/wastewater, sewage sludge.
ARTS has several ways of dealing with steady pipe flow problems:
1. the Status page (Fig 4.5, Chapter 4) for a pipe element - this output property page
displays the values of velocity, Reynolds number, friction factor and total head loss, for the
specified flow, based on the properties defined on the Main and Extra property pages for
the pipe element.
2. the Pipe Calculator tool, which provides an instant correlation of friction head and flow.
3. the Steady Pipe Flow command on the Analysis menu - this command analyses the
flow and pressure head distribution in multi-pipe systems, including pumps and reservoirs
(points of fixed head).
4. The Graph tool will display a plot of Head vs. Flow for the currently selected pipe
5.2.1 The Pipe Property pages

For steady flow problems, the properties of interest are contained on the Main and Extras pages
(Chapter 4). The computed total head loss shown on the Status property page takes into account the
local losses associated with the total k-value printed at the bottom of the Extras property page. If you
want entry and exit losses to be included, when analysing a single pipe element, the total k-value
must be inclusive of their contribution. (Note that the Hydraulic Profile commands on the Analysis
menu automatically take entry and exit losses into account and hence, where this command is used
to analyse multi-component hydraulic systems, it is not necessary to allow for entry and exit losses in
the assigned total k-values on the Extras property pages).
5-1
To use the pipe element Status page as a computational tool:
• either select an existing pipe or place a new one on the design sheet
• click on the Properties tool to display the pipe’s properties
• change the properties on the Main tab and on the Extras tab as required
• click on the Status tab
• enter a flow value by editing the Flow edit box value. A new set of computed values for velocity,
Reynolds number, friction factor and total head loss will appear once the flow has been entered.
Example
Calculate the headloss in a pipe, having an ID of 605mm and a surface roughness of 0.06mm, at a
flow of 0.3m³/s. The pipe length is 3,459m and it includes four 90º short-radius bends.
Step 1 Step 2
Draw a pipe on the design sheet (the Edit the Main property page:
pipe will be grey until you set some of
it’s properties)
Step 3 Step 4
Edit the Extras property page: Click on the Status page
Solution: The headloss through this pipe is 4.6m at 0.3m³/s.
5-2
5.2.2 The Pipe Calculator Tool
This provides a fast and convenient interactive means of examining the inter-relationship of the pipe
flow parameters:
length, diameter, surface roughness, flow and head loss
To use the Pipe Calculator tool:
• either select an existing pipe on the design sheet or place a new one on the design sheet
• click on the calculator tool; the calculator dialog box appears, as on Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1 The Pipe Calculator
The dialog box displays a set of editable hydraulic parameter values and a corresponding set of
calculator buttons. When you click on a calculate button, ARTS calculates its parameter value as a
function of the current values of the remaining parameters.
Note: If you use the Pipe Calculator to calculate a pipe parameter, this new value is assigned to the
pipe object.
5-3
Example
An old rising main is 6580m long and has an internal diameter of 345mm. Under normal steady state
operational conditions, the flow has been measured at 100 l/s and the corresponding headloss has
been measured at 19.5m. Compute the effective pipe wall roughness.
Step 1 Step 2
Draw a pipe on the design sheet Edit the Main property page:
(the pipe will be grey until you set
some of it’s properties)
Step 3 Step 4
Click on the pipe calculator tool Set the parameters on the pipe calculator
dialog and press “k value”
Solution: The effective k value is 0.1414mm.
5-4
5.2.3 Pipe systems

A pipe system is any collection of pipes that is linked together to create a continuous
flow path. ARTS will handle any pipe system configuration, provided:
1. it is correctly drawn on the design sheet

2. it constitutes a feasible conveyance system
3. its boundary conditions are sufficient to define the flow distribution.
Figure 5.2 shows a trunk and branch pipe system, as it would appear on the design sheet after
compilation; it includes five pipe elements, 3 demands, an upstream reservoir plus an additional
supply.
Figure 5.3 shows the flow and head distribution for the system depicted on Figure 5.2 - this is the
screen output that is generated by execution of the Steady Pipe Flow command on the Analysis
menu (each pipe length was set to 100m, each pipe roughness to 0.01mm, each demand to 0.01
m3/s, the independent supply to 0.01 m3/s and the reservoir TWL to 100m AD).
J5
O3
R1 P4
J4
J1 J2
P1 P3
P5
O4
P2
J6
J3
O2
O1
Figure 5.2 Network system

81.855m
0.01000m³/s
100.000mOD
83.353m
0.0300m³/s 0.01000m³/s
94.654m
100.000m 0.0200m³/s 0.01000m³/s
0.01000m³/s 81.855m
96.152m
0.01000m³/s
0.01000m³/s
0.01000m³/s
Figure 5.3 Solved Network system

5-5
Figure 5.4 shows a looped pipe system, as it would appear on the design sheet after compilation; it
includes six pipe elements, 2 supply reservoirs and 4 demands.
O3 O4
R1
J4
J2
J9 P3
P1
P2 P4
R2
J 10 P5
P6
J3 J5
O2
O1
Figure 5.4 Looped Network System
Figure 5.5 shows the flow and head distribution for the system depicted on Figure 5.4 - this is the
screen output that is generated by execution of the Steady Pipe Flow command on the Analysis
menu (each pipe length was set to 100m, each pipe roughness to 0.01mm, each demand to 0.01
m3/s, reservoir 1 to a TWL of 100m AD, reservoir 2 to a TWL of 106 mAD).
0.01000m³/s 0.01000m³/s
106.000mOD
97.527m 95.823m
106.000m 0.0107m³/s
0.0257m³/s
0.00493m³/s 0.000740m³/s
100.000mOD
100.000m 0.0143m³/s
0.00926m³/s
97.110m 95.808m
0.01000m³/s
0.01000m³/s
Figure 5.5 Solved Looped Network System
5-6
Exercise 5.1
• Construct a pipe system similar to that shown on Figure 5.2 on your design sheet
• click on the Compile command in the Analysis menu; the pipe system nodes are now highlighted
by coloured circles (pipe-to-pipe junctions are red, inflow/outflow nodes are green, all other nodes
are blue). Note that each pipe junction should be represented by a single coloured circle. If there
are two coloured circles at a pipe junction, or the colour coding is not correct, the junction is not
correctly registered by ARTS and a correction must be made (Chapter 3).
• select each pipe element in turn (first click the selection tool and then click the drawn pipe
element) and edit its values for diameter, length and surface roughness, using the property pages
so that each pipe is 100m long, with a surface roughness of 0.01mm and a diameter of 100mm.
• select each supply and demand in turn and edit its value; edit the current flow value to 0.01m3/s.
• Click on the Steady Pipe Flow command on the Analysis menu to compute flow and pressure
distribution. The computed flow and head values are printed on the design sheet, as are the flow
directions, as shown in Figure 5.3.
Exercise 5.2
• construct a pipe system similar to that shown on Figure 5.4 on your design sheet
• click on the Compile command in the Analysis menu; the pipe system nodes are now highlighted
by coloured circles (pipe-to-pipe junctions are red, inflow/outflow nodes are green, all other nodes
are blue). Note that each pipe junction should be represented by a single coloured circle. If there
are two coloured circles at a pipe junction, or the colour coding is not correct, the junction is not
correctly registered by ARTS and a correction must be made. (Chapter 3).
• select each pipe element in turn (first click the selection tool and then click the drawn pipe
element) and edit the values for length and surface roughness, using the property pages so that
each pipe is 100m long, with a surface roughness of 0.01mm and a diameter of 100mm.
• select each demand in turn and edit the current flow value to 0.01m3/s.
• select one of the reservoir elements and alter its water surface elevation to 106.00m.
• select the other drawn reservoir element and alter its water surface elevation to 100.00m.
• Click on the Steady Pipe Flow command on the Analysis menu to compute flow distribution and
head loss. The computed flow values are printed on the design sheet as are the flow directions, as
shown in Figure 5.5.
5.2.4 Pump/rising main systems

The performance characteristics of rotodynamic pumps are normally supplied by pump manufacturers
in a graphical format as plots of head versus flow (H/Q), power versus flow (P/Q), required net positive
suction head versus flow (NPSH/Q). The procedure by which these plotted characteristics are
transferred to ARTS via the pump property box pages are outlined in Chapter 4.
ARTS uses the pump and pipe system input data, together with the specified static lift, to compute
the steady pump discharge rate. It can cope with single or multiple pumps in parallel and with single
or complex rising main systems.
5-7
Pump installations typically draw water/wastewater from a low-level reservoir or sump and discharge
the pumped flow through a rising main to a high-level reservoir, as illustrated on the ARTS design
sheet in Figure 5.6, which shows a simple single pump/rising main installation.
R2
J5
P3
R1
J3 J4
P2
J1 P1 J2
PU 1
Figure 5.6 Pump system
You will note that the system pipework, as drawn, has 3 pipe elements - a suction pipe (P1), a
delivery pipe (P2) and a rising main (P3). The suction and delivery pipes are the pipes connected to
the suction and delivery sides of the pump, respectively (commonly designated as the pumphouse
pipework); they normally carry fittings such as valves, bends and tapers, resulting in a significant local
head loss. Where there are multiple pumps, the suction and delivery pipework is typically replicated
for each pump.
Figure 5.7 shows the flow and head distribution for the pump/rising main system depicted on Figure
5.6 - this is the screen output that is generated by execution of the Steady Pipe Flow command on
the Analysis menu
5-8
200.000mOD
200.000m
0.0569m³/s
100.000mOD
0.0569m³/s
215.439m
0.0569m³/s
100.000m
206.204m
94.289m
PU 1
Figure 5.7 Solved pump system
Reminder: the basic property requirements for an ARTS pipe element are that its diameter and
surface roughness should be constant throughout its length.
Exercise 5.3
• Draw the system shown on Figure 5.6 on your design sheet
• compile your system (Compile command on the Analysis menu) and make any corrections
necessary (refer Chapter 4).
• make the following changes to the system values:
reservoirs: change the downstream reservoir level to 200.00m (check that the upstream
sump level is 100.00 m)
suction pipe: use the Extras page of its property box to add a 90o elbow bend.
delivery pipe: use the Extras page of its property box to add a non-return valve, a gate valve
and a 90o elbow bend.
rising main: set its length as 500m and internal diameter to 200mm.
• use the Steady Pipe Flow command on the Analysis menu to compute the pump duty point
• check the duty point head, efficiency and required NPSH by entering the duty flow in the flow text
box on the Status property page for the pump.
5-9
Exercise 5.4
Fig 5.8 shows a 3-pump installation with two parallel rising mains, inter-connected.
R2
J 13
R1
J 14
P9
J7 J8
P4
J2 P1 J1
P8
P 10
PU 1 J9 P5 J 10
J4 P2 J3
P7
PU 2 J 11 P6 J 12
J6 P3 J5
PU 3
Figure 5.8 Multi pump system
• Draw the system shown on Fig 5.8 on your design sheet

• compile your system (Compile command on the Analysis menu) and make any corrections
necessary (refer Chapter 4).
• make the following changes to the system default values:
reservoirs: set the upstream sump level to 100.00m and the downstream reservoir level to
200.00 m
suction pipes: use the Extras page of its property box to add a 90o elbow bend.
delivery pipes: use the Extras page of its property box to add a non-return valve, a gate valve
and a 90o elbow bend.
rising mains: set lengths as 500m. Enter diameters of 250mm and 200mm, respectively for
the two mains.
• use the Steady Flow command on the Analysis menu to compute the pump duty point
• check the pump duty point head, efficiency and required NPSH for each pump by examining the
Status property page for each pump.
5-10
Figure 5.9 Pump Status page
Comment: the copy/paste facility is useful for inputting data for multiple pumps (see 3.8)
200.000mOD
100.000mOD 200.000m
200.000m
0.0917m³/s
213.997m 205.017m
100.000m 94.383m 0.0504m³/s
0.0504m³/s 0.0413m³/s
0.0560m³/s
PU 1 214.401m
206.043m
100.000m 94.764m
0.0486m³/s
0.00732m³/s
0.0486m³/s
214.384m
PU 2
100.000m 94.748m 206.001m
0.0487m³/s
0.0487m³/s
PU 3
Figure 5.10 Solved multi pump system
5-11
5.2.5 Air Systems
The flow object in ARTS can be used to represent air as well as water/wastewater and sludges. To
analyse the flow of compressed air in a pipe system, the user must select Air as the fluid in the flow
object. The gauge pressure at the discharge end of the pipe system is defined by the submergence at
the outlet node which must be placed in a reservoir object. The difference between the reservoir TWL
and the outlet node elevation determines the submergence. The required input into the flow object is
normal m3/s (Nm3/s) or normal ft3/s (Nft3/s) and air temperature.
For systems with multiple discharges, ARTS will only analyse systems with discharges at equal
submergence. Upon running a Steady Flow Analysis, the gauge pressure at each node is displayed in
millibar (mb / psi), and the compressed air flow is displayed in each pipe. The Status Page of the pipe
property pages indicates the Adiabatic Temperature Rise (ATR) of the air. The analysis assumes that
the difference in the density of the air from the inlet end to the outlet end is negligible.
Example
The system displayed in Figure 5.11 shows the result of an analysis on a system comprising of two
50m lengths of 50mm pipe, an end submergence of 5m, and an inflow of 0.1 Nm3/s at 20oC.
100.000mOD
964.61mb
0.1000Nm³/s
0.0809m³/s
0.0809m³/s
490.50mb
727.17mb
Figure 5.11 Analysed Air System
5-12
5.3 Open channel flow

The defining characteristic for open channel flow is the existence of a “free” liquid surface, i.e. a
water/wastewater surface in contact with air at atmospheric pressure. In conventional hydraulics
terminology, steady flow in open channels is described as belonging in one of the following three
categories:
1. Uniform flow
2. Gradually varied flow
3. Rapidly varied flow
Uniform flow infers a constant velocity/depth over the channel length;
Gradually varied flow (GVF) infers a gradual variation in velocity/depth over the channel length
Rapidly varied flow infers a localised change in velocity/depth, as, for example, at an hydraulic
jump.
Uniform flow is also further characterised by the channel bottom slope, as follows:
mild slope ⇒ sub-critical or tranquil flow (Fr < 1)

critical slope ⇒ critical flow (Fr = 1)
steep slope ⇒ super-critical flow (Fr >1)
where Fr is the Froude number (refer to the Appendix for definition and further discussion)
5.3.1 Uniform flow computations

As in all ARTS projects, the first step is to place a channel object on the design sheet using the
channel tool. You can then make the required computations by one of two methods:
(a) using the channel element property pages (refer Fig 4.9, Chapter 4)
(b) by use of the Channel Calculator tool
5.3.2 The channel property pages

To use the channel object Status page as a computational tool:
• Either select an existing channel on the design sheet or place a new one on the sheet
• Click on the Properties tool to display the channel’s properties.
• Edit the channel properties as required
• Click on the Status tab.
5-13
• Enter a flow value in the Flow edit box; computed values for normal depth, mean velocity and
Froude number will be displayed. The computed critical depth, critical slope and channel capacity
(flowing full value at normal depth) are also displayed.
Example
Calculate the normal depth in a concrete U-shaped channel, which has a base width of 1200mm, a
gradient of 1 to 1500 and is used to convey sewage at a flow rate of flow 1.65m³/s
Step 1 Step 2
Draw a channel on the design sheet (the Edit the Main property page:
channel will be grey until you set some of
it’s properties)
Step 3
Click on the Status page.
Solution: The normal depth is 1085mm at 1.65m³/s.
5-14
5.3.3 The Channel Calculator tool
The channel-calculator tool provides a fast and convenient

interactive means of examining the inter-relationship of the
channel parameters under uniform flow conditions:
length, k-value, flow, flow depth and head loss
• click on the channel tool and draw a channel element on the

design page
• click on the calculator and the channel calculator dialog box
appears, as on Figure 5.12. Figure 5.12 Channel calculator
The dialog box displays a set of hydraulic parameter values and a corresponding set of calculator
buttons. When you click on a parameter calculator button, ARTS calculates its parameter value as a
function of the current values of the remaining parameters.
When the dialog box first appears, its text boxes contain editable default values. Note that ARTS
provides the option of using velocity instead of flow.
5.3.4 Gradually varied flow

ARTS provides a versatile capability for the analysis of gradually varied flow (GVF) by use of the GVF
tool on the tool palette, with the aid of which you can analyse and plot GVF profiles for a wide range of
channel GVF flow conditions:
Figure 5.13 GVF Plotter
5-15
• Either select an existing channel on the design sheet or place a new one on the sheet
• Click on the Properties tool to display the channel’s properties.
• Edit the channel properties as required, then click OK
• Click on the GVF tool
the dialog box shown on Figure 5.13 appears on the screen; it shows
1. a channel outline with water depth values at its ends
2. check boxes for the specification of upstream and/or downstream control water
depths.
3. edit boxes for the specification of the end inflow and lateral inflow rates;
4. option buttons for the selection of output format - plot or tabulation
5. command buttons for Plot and Done actions.
• clear the check boxes for upstream and downstream controls
• specify end and lateral inflow values by editing the edit box values
• select the Plot option and click the Plot command button;
the normal and critical depth lines are plotted on the channel profile (note the relative positions
of the normal and critical depth lines - if the normal depth line is above the critical depth line,
the flow is sub-critical, whereas if it is below the critical depth line the flow is super-critical).
To enter a downstream control depth:

• Click the Downstream control checkbox
• Enter the downstream control depth by editing its current value
To enter an upstream control depth:

• click the Upstream control checkbox; enter the upstream control depth by editing its current value
You may specify an upstream control or a downstream control or both or neither.
• click on the Plot command button to plot the GVF profile.
Feasible control depth specifications are summarised in Table 5.1
Table 5.1
GVF control depth specification
(parameters ycont = control depth; yN = normal depth yC = critical depth)
Channel slope
Mild Steep
Upstream control y cont < yC y cont < yC
Downstream control y cont > yC y cont > yC
Upstream + downstream control* upstream: ycont < yC upstream: ycont < yN
downstream: ycont > yC downstream: ycont > yC
* infers the existence of an hydraulic jump, which may not occur within channel reach, in which case
ARTS takes the upstream control as the determinant of the flow profile.
5-16
Exercise 5.5
Determine the water surface profile in a parabolic channel with the following properties:
length (m) 25
width (mm) 2000
height (mm) 1500
k-value (mm) 1
bottom slope 1:1200
end inflow (m3/s) 1.5
lateral inflow (m3/s) 0.1
outlet end control depth (mm) 850
Figure 5.14 Plot from exercise 5.5
5-17
5.3.5 Channels in series

ARTS has the capability of dealing with flow in a set of channels in series, as shown on Figure 5.15,
starting from a control depth at outlet end (if the outlet end channel has a steep slope, the specified
outlet end control depth will exert an influence on the flow depth only if it is equal to or greater than the
sequent depth of an hydraulic jump in the channel at the specified flow rate).
1.0000m³/s
101.092m
C1
100.961m
C2
100.804m
C3
100.468m
Figure 5.15 Channels in series (at max flow)
0.1000m³/s
100.456m
C1
100.356m
C2
100.255m
C3
100.101m
Figure 5.16 Channels in series (at min flow)

The procedure by which this is done (using the Hydraulic Profile commands) is the same as outlined
for the hydraulic analysis/design of wastewater treatment systems, as outlined in Chapter 6 of this
Manual (a set of channels in series is a gravity flow system, similar in hydraulic behaviour to a
wastewater treatment system).
Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16 illustrate the output results as printed on the screen graphic.
You can display the resulting water surface profile in an individual channel of the set by using the GVF
tool. To use the GVF tool, first select the individual channel and then select the GVF tool. The water
surface dialog box (Fig 5.13) appears; press the Plot Profile button to display the water surface profile
over the channel length.
You can plot a hydraulic profile for the set of channels by using the Hydraulic Profile commands, as
outlined in Chapter 6.
5-18
5.4 Flow measurement structures

ARTS caters for a comprehensive range of open channel flow measurement structures, including:
Flumes:
long-throated flumes of rectangular, trapezoidal and U cross-section
short-throated flumes of rectangular cross-section
Parshall flumes
Weirs:
broad-crested weirs
thin-plate weirs, including V-notch, rectangular notch and Sutro types.
Normally, flow measurement structures are designed to measure flows within a specified flow range.
To ensure an acceptable level of accuracy over the design flow range, the structure dimensions must
satisfy established design constraints (refer Appendix for details). ARTS guides the user through the
design process, using quick help to indicate the limits for key dimensions of the structure being
designed.
5.4.1 Flumes
To initiate the design of a flow measurement flume, place a flume object on the design sheet using the
Flume tool. Click on the Properties tool to display the flume’s properties - you will note from the button
bar at the top of the property page that the flume object has 7 tabs. They comprise four data entry
pages, entitled Main, Channels, Throat and Plan, and three output pages entitled Side,
Calibration and Status.
Data is entered on the property pages in the above button order, starting with the Main page.
On the Main page select the flume type (i.e. throat sectional shape), choosing from the drop-down list,
which includes rectangular/trapezoidal long-throated flumes, U-shaped flumes, rectangular short-
throated flumes, and Parshall flumes. Enter the min and max flow values - these values define the
design flow range for the flume.
The Channels page contains a dimensioned channel section, the shape of which is dependent on the
type of flume already selected on the main page - rectangular/trapezoidal flumes can be used in
rectangular/trapezoidal channels; U-shape flumes can only be used in U-shape channels; short-
throated and Parshall flumes are restricted to rectangular channels). First, input the data for the
upstream channel by editing the dimensions and the slope, length and surface roughness values.
Select the downstream channel and enter its slope, length and surface roughness values (note that
the downstream section dimensions are not now editable as ARTS assumes the upstream and
downstream channels have the same section.
Next, select the Throat property page; Press Setup to provide a set of compliant throat dimensions.
You may then alter the throat dimensions by editing the displayed default values. When you place the
5-19
cursor over a dimension value, the tool tip feature shows the current design limit values for that
dimension. You should note that when you change one dimension, the limit values for other
dimensions also change. It is best therefore to first set the most critical dimension, which, in the case
of flumes, is usually the throat width (the throat width determines the upstream head). Then, edit the
remaining dimensions, using the quick help guide.
On the Plan property page, enter the throat length and downstream expansion, complying with the
Quick Help range limit.
The Side output page shows the water surface profile for the current flume; use the max or min option
button to display the corresponding profile and associated water depth values.
The Calibration output page shows a graph of head as a function of flow over the design flow range
and also prints a fitted equation for the structure.
The Status page prints the modular ratio and upstream Froude number for the structure at max and
min flow and indicates whether its design complies with the design criteria outlined in the Appendix. If
all the design criteria are satisfied, the word VALID is printed on the Status page; if not, the word
INVALID is printed. You can also use the Status page to calculate the head at any flow by entering
the flow value in the flow text box - the associated head is automatically displayed.
5-20
Example
Design a rectangular flume to measure flow in the range 3 - 5 m³/s. The flume is to fit into a 3m wide
by 2m deep channel which has a slope of 1:800
Step 1 Step 2
Draw a flume on the design sheet (the Edit the Main property page:
flume will be grey until you set some of
it’s properties)
Step 3 Step 4
Click on the Channels page and edit Click on the Throat page and press
the properties of both channels. Setup.
Step 5 Step 6
Edit the Throat parameters to suitable Edit the Plan parameters to suitable
values. values.
Solution: A flume of 1750mm x 2250mm and 100mm step.
5-21
5.4.2 Weirs
To initiate the design of a flow measurement weir, place a weir object on the design sheet using the
Weir tool. Then, follow the same procedure as outlined in section 5.4.1 for flume design.
Example
Design a rectangular weir to measure flow in the range 10 - 50 l/s. The weir is to fit into a 1m wide by
1m deep channel which has a slope of 1:1000
Step 1 Step 2
Draw a weir on the design sheet (the Edit the Main property page:
weir will be grey until you set some of
it’s properties)
Step 3 Step 4
Click on the Channels page and edit Click on the Section page and press
the properties of both channels. Setup and edit the width.
Step 5 Step 6
Click on the Side page. Click on the Status page
5-22
Wastewater Treatment System Hydraulic Design
6. Wastewater Treatment System Hydraulic Design

6.1 Introduction
ARTS incorporates a number of features that have been specifically developed for the hydraulic
analysis/design of wastewater treatment systems. These features enable the user to:
• carry out a detailed hydraulic analysis/design of the components of a wastewater treatment

system, including the process units and the inter-connecting pipes.
• set the relative elevations of the treatment process units that comprise the treatment system,
to permit gravity flow through the system, at all flows within a specified design flow range
• compute the hydraulic profile for flow through the system at any flow rate between the
specified maximum and minimum flow rates.
The head loss across each unit is a function of the flow rate and the internal geometric configuration of
the unit. ARTS provides a facility for the internal hydraulic analysis/design of individual treatment units,
allowing the user to specify the internal dimensions that govern head loss. This is done by editing the
properties of the treatment units, as outlined in Chapter 4; the Status property page for the unit
displays the head loss across the unit at the design(max) flow.
Provision is made for the sub-division of flow into parallel streams, using the Flow-divider tool, and
also for the re-combination of flows into a single stream. “Drops” may be incorporated into the
treatment system layout to cater for varying site topography.
The treatment system may incorporate any of the following hydraulic objects on the tool palette; the
pipe links convey the inter-process flow.
• activated sludge reactor

• biofilter
• detritor
• flow divider
• flume
• pipe
• reservoir
• screen
• sedimentation tank
• weir
6-1
6.2 Hydraulic design of process units
6.2.1 Sedimentation tank

Sedimentation tanks are used for primary (raw wastewater) and secondary (post-biological or
physicochemical treatment) clarification in wastewater treatment systems. They may be of circular or
rectangular tank configuration.
ARTS registers the inflow to a sedimentation tank at an inflow node which is the terminal point of an
inflow pipe. Normally, the inflow is submerged, in which case the inflow node head represents the
water surface level in the sedimentation tank. If the inflow cascades into the sedimentation tank, then
the inflow node elevation represents the invert level of the inflow pipe. The clarified wastewater flows
over an outlet weir into a collector channel, which discharges to an outlet or overflow chamber.
ARTS registers the outflow from a sedimentation tank at an outflow node, which is the entry point to
the effluent pipe. The latter is always submerged, hence the outflow node head represents the water
surface level in the overflow chamber of the sedimentation tank
The ARTS property pages for sedimentation tanks are shown in Chapter 4.
The Main property page specifies the tank type (circular and rectangular options), the Max inflow and
the underflow (sludge flow).
The hydraulic design parameters for a circular sedimentation tank are illustrated on Figure 6.1.
Inflow is at the tank centre with radial flow outwards over peripheral weir (1) into collector channel (2).
Flow in the latter bifurcates at the summit point A, flowing in opposing directions to the overflow
chamber at B.
1 2
overflow
A B
underflow
inflow
Figure 6.1 Plan outline of circular sedimentation tank
6-2
The ARTS Outlet property page specifies the type of outlet, offering a choice of V-notch weir,
rectangular notch weir, plain weir, circular orifice and square orifice . Having selected the type of
outlet, the user can then edit its default dimensions as required for the application in hand. Note that
all figured dimensions printed in red are editable.
The ARTS Collector property page facilitates the hydraulic design of the peripheral collector channel
through specification of its width, slope, outlet control depth and surface roughness. Provision is made
for the inclusion of a water surface drop at the outlet end of the channel. This can be used to build in a
safety margin to the hydraulic design or to cater for site topography where the site gradient is greater
than the minimum required for gravity flow through the system.
The hydraulic design parameters for a rectangular sedimentation tank are illustrated on Figure 6.2.
ARTS caters for the design of the outlet system (1) and the collector channel (2), by editing their
respective property pages in the manner already outlined for circular tanks. Note that the overflow
discharge may be from the midpoint of the collector channel (A) or from one of its ends (B) - the
location is specified by the option buttons on the Main property page.
2
1
inflow overflow
A
B
underflow
Figure 6.2 Plan outline of rectangular sedimentation tank
6.2.2 Biofilter
The biofilter configuration to which the ARTS hydraulic design procedure relates, is illustrated on
Figure 6.3.
The inflow wastewater is irrigated on to the surface of the biofilter medium by the multi-arm manifold
distributor (1); it trickles down through the medium on to a sloping floor which directs the flow radially
outwards to the peripheral collector channel (2). Flow in the peripheral channel bifurcates at the high
point A, flowing both clockwise and anticlockwise to the outlet at B.
6-3
1
B outflow
A
medium
Figure 6.3 Plan outline of biofilter
ARTS registers the inflow to a biofilter at an inflow node which is the terminal point of the inflow pipe
supplying the distribution manifold. The inflow node head represents the pressure head at the terminal
point of the inflow pipe.
ARTS registers the outflow from a biofilter tank at an outflow node, which is the entry point to the
effluent pipe. The latter is always submerged, hence the outflow node head represents the water
surface level in the outflow chamber of the biofilter.
The Main property page specifies the flow rate and the biofilter dimensions; note that there are 4
vertical dimension components:
1. distance between the distributor invert and the top surface of the medium
2. height of the medium
3. distance between underside of medium and highest point of floor (at centre)
4. floor gradient (from centre to inner boundary of peripheral channel).
First, enter the design (max) flow rate. On registering a new flow value, ARTS automatically re-designs
the biofilter by setting the dimensions to normal values. Enter the new biofilter dimensions by editing
these values.
The Inlet property page specifies the details of the multi-arm rotating manifold distributor, including:
• the number of radial arms

• the radial arm length, diameter and surface roughness
• the diameter and spacing of orifices
6-4
It also presents the following computed values:

• the radial arm inlet end velocity
• ratio of min/max orifice discharge
• the manifold pipe (radial arm) head loss
Edit the Inlet page data in the following order:

1. enter the number of radial arms
2. edit the dimensions displayed on the radial arm
3. enter the orifice diameter, number of orifices and pipe surface roughness.
The Collector property page facilitates the hydraulic design of the peripheral collector channel through
specification of its width, slope, outlet control depth and surface roughness. Provision is made for the
inclusion of a water surface drop at the outlet end of the channel. This can be used to build in a safety
margin into the hydraulic design or to cater for site topography where the site gradient is greater than
the minimum required for gravity flow through the system.
6.2.3 Activated sludge reactor (ASR)

As illustrated on the property pages for ASRs, ARTS caters for reactors of circular and rectangular
configuration. From an hydraulic design viewpoint, the ASR is simply a liquid-holding tank with a
regulated outflow.
ARTS registers the inflow to an ASR at an inflow node which is the terminal point of an inflow pipe.
Normally, the inflow is submerged, in which case the inflow node head represents the water surface
level in the ASR tank. If the inflow cascades into the ASR tank, then the inflow node elevation
represents the invert level of the inflow pipe. The outflow mixed liquor flows over an outlet weir into a
collector channel, which discharges to an outlet or overflow chamber.
ARTS registers the outflow from an ASR tank at an outflow node, which is the entry point to the
effluent pipe. The latter is always submerged, hence the outflow node head represents the water
surface level in the outflow chamber of the ASR tank
The ASR Main property page specifies the tank type (circular and rectangular options), the
wastewater inflow rate and the sludge recycle rate.
The ASR Outlet property page specifies the type and length of outlet, offering a choice of V-notch
weir, rectangular notch weir, plain weir, circular orifice and square orifice (refer Fig 4.16). Having
selected the type of outlet, the user can then edit its dimensions as required for the application in
hand. Note that all figured dimensions printed in red are editable.
The ASR Collector property page facilitates the hydraulic design of the peripheral collector channel
through specification of its width, slope, outlet control depth and surface roughness. Provision is made
for the inclusion of a water surface drop at the outlet end of the channel. This can be used to build in a
6-5
safety margin to the hydraulic design or to cater for site topography where the site gradient is greater
than the minimum required for gravity flow through the system.
6.2.4 Flow divider

The ARTS flow divider configuration is illustrated on Figure 6.4. It consists of a
rectangular inlet chamber, separated by a weir wall from a multi-compartment
outlet chamber.
ARTS registers the inflow to a flow divider at an inflow node which is the
terminal point of an inflow pipe. Normally, the inflow is submerged, in which SECTION
case the inflow node head represents the water surface level in the inflow
chamber of the flow divider. If the inflow cascades into the flow divider, then the
inflow node elevation represents the invert level of the inflow pipe. The
wastewater flows over a control weir into a number of outflow chambers.
ARTS registers the flow divider outflows at outflow nodes, which are the entry
points of the effluent channels or pipes. The latter are always submerged,
hence the outflow node heads represent the water surface levels in the outflow
chambers of the flow divider.
The Plan property page specifies the plan dimensions of the flow divider and PLAN
the number outlet streams into which the flow is to be split. First, specify the Figure 6.4
max flow rate and then select the number of streams. Use the check box to
indicate equal flows or otherwise. Edit the plan dimensions of the divider.
The Side property page displays the drop from the weir cill to the water surface in the outlet
compartments and also displays the computed head on the dividing weir wall. Edit the drop height.
6.2.5 Mechanical screens

ARTS treats mechanical screens as devices which generate a head loss, which is represented as the
head difference between its inflow and outflow nodes. These nodes also define the terminal points of
the pipes which convey flow to and from the screen chamber.
A wide variety of mechanical screen types is used in wastewater treatment systems. ARTS computes
the head loss across a screen as follows:
h = kQ 2 + Ba
where h (m / ft) is the head loss at flow Q (m3/s / ft3/s), k is the screen head loss coefficient and Ba (m
/ ft) is a fixed screen blockage allowance.
6-6
6.2.6 Detritors
Detritors are high rate sedimentation tanks, designed to remove grit and inorganic particulate matter.
The ARTS Detritor tool relates to tank detritors (as distinct from channel-type detritors). Tank detritors
may have a variety of configurations.
ARTS treats detritors as devices which generate a head loss, which is registered as the head
difference between inflow and outflow nodes. These nodes also define the terminal points of the
channels which convey flow to and from the detritor.
ARTS computes the head loss for detritors according to the following relationship:
h = kQ 2
where h (m / ft) is the head loss at flow Q (m3/s / ft3/s) and k is the detritor head loss coefficient.
The ARTS detritor property pages (Main and Status) are illustrated on Figures 4.46 and 4.47,
respectively, Chapter 4.
6.3 Hydraulic System Specification
6.3.1 Drawing the system

Drawing an outline schematic of the system on the design sheet; the system elements and
connectivity must comply with the following constraints:
6.3.1.1 Primary Inflow

The system must include one primary inflow stream (i.e. larger than all other inflows). The inflow must
be directed to an inflow link node at the head of the system (system head node), as indicated in
Figure 6.5.
PRIMARY INFLOW
Secondary Outflow Secondary Inflow
J6 J5 PRIMARY OUTFLOW NODE
J2
O1
J4 J1
Figure 6.5 System flows
6-7
6.3.1.2 Secondary Inflows and outflows

Secondary inflows/outflows cannot be connected directly to treatment plant objects, but may be
connected to intermediate link pipe nodes, that are external to treatment plant objects.
6.3.1.3 Primary Outflow

The system, as drawn on the design sheet, must have a single tail node, which ARTS identifies as the
primary outflow point (as Figure 6.5), and at which the outlet TWL must be specified. The outlet level
at this point may be specified on the design sheet graphic by either (a) setting the invert elevation of
the outlet node of a freely discharging outlet pipe or (b) placing the end
point of the outlet pipe in a reservoir and specifying the reservoir TWL (this O1
simulates a receiving water TWL).
6.3.1.4 Multi stream systems

Where it is required to split the flow into two or more parallel streams, this Figure 6.6 Dividing
must be done by incorporating a flow-divider in the system (Figure 6.6). streams
Flow dividers may be set to equal flow division or to flow-splitting in user-
specified proportions. Flow division cannot be done using a simple pipe
junction. Converging streams can, however, be combined into a single
stream using a simple pipe junction (Figure 6.7).
When designing multi-stream processes, various operating scenarios have

to be examined, including options such as taking out one stream for
maintenance purposes. This can be readily modelled in ARTS by setting Figure 6.7 Combining streams
one of the outflows from the flow divider to zero.
O4
6.3.1.5 Connections
J 11 J 12 P6
P5
With the exception of the flow-divider, treatment plant objects can
have only one inflow pipe and one outflow pipe (Figure 6.8) e.g. if a
treatment system has three parallel streams, discharging from a set
of three primary sedimentation units to a single-tank activated sludge Figure 6.8 Unit Connections
process, they must be recombined into a single stream at a junction
from which the combined flow is conveyed in a single pipe to the O4
activated sludge unit (Figure 6.9). Flow dividers can have unlimited
inflows, and one outflow per division.
Figure 6.9 Multi stream to unit
6-8
6.3.1.6 Available objects

The following tool palette objects cannot be incorporated into hydraulic systems that are to be
analysed by the Hydraulic Profile commands: pump, air vessel, pipe manifold, storm overflow
weir, Parshall flumes.
6.3.2 Specifying the design flow range for the system
6.3.2.1 System Inflow

Select the primary Inflow object and display its Main property page; set the maximum, minimum and
current inflow values. The user should think of these parameters as the Maximum Storm flow, the
minimum anticipated flow and the average flow respectively.
6.3.2.2 Activated sludge Recycle Flows

If the treatment system includes an activated sludge process, set the sludge recycle rate for the
activated sludge unit and also the related underflow rate(s) for the downstream secondary
sedimentation unit(s). Note that if the discharge from a single activated sludge unit, having a recycle
rate Qr, is split between n downstream sedimentation tanks, the recycle rate to be set for each
sedimentation unit is Qr/n. It is particularly important that the user ensures that these values are
correct, otherwise the system will not have balanced flows.
6.3.3 Preparing for Auto Design
6.3.3.1 Set known properties

Execution of the Auto Design command creates an initial hydraulically compliant design by re-sizing
the objects on the design sheet so that they have the hydraulic capacity to transmit the maximum
design flow. However, auto design takes certain object properties as fixed such as pipe length or
sedimentation tank shape, and will not alter them. The benefit gained from the auto design procedure
can be enhanced by setting the values of those parameters, not altered by auto design, to their known
values, prior to execution of the auto design command. These parameter values will then be used in
the auto design computation process.
6.3.4 Implementing the Auto Design procedure
6.3.4.1 Select Analysis > Hydraulic Profile > Auto Design

Execution of the Auto Design command modifies some properties of all objects on the screen
(including objects not connected as part of a system), replacing them with values based on the ARTS
design template norms. In effect, Auto Design presents the user with an initial design, in which all the
component elements have a sufficient hydraulic capacity to pass the maximum flow. For example, the
diameter of pipe links are modified so that the velocity in the pipe is between 0.8 and 2.0 m/s; the weir
overflow and peripheral collector channels of sedimentation units are sized to pass the maximum flow
without surcharge.
6-9
The Auto Design procedure may also be applied to individual units by right clicking on the object and
selecting auto design from the popup menu which appears.
6.3.5 Refining the initial design
6.3.5.1 Links and Units

It is probable that the user will generally want to refine the auto-designed system. This is done by
selecting each object on the screen graphic, in turn, and editing its properties, as outlined in Chapter
4. In general, the property values for the individual components of a treatment plant unit are inter-
dependent, hence a new value assigned to one parameter alters the permissible limits for related
parameters. The automatic tool-tip dynamically updates parameter limit values, displaying the current
limit range for the pointer-selected parameter. It will be noted that the design flow, which has been set
equal to the maximum inflow by the previously executed Auto Design command, is printed in grey text
and is not editable.
6.3.5.2 Nodes/Junctions
Necessary editing of node properties should also be carried out at O1
O2
J5 J1
this point if required. This is done by selecting each node in turn and P1 J2 J3
editing its property pages, where required. The Main property page
defines the boundary conditions for the node. The default connection
setting for pipe nodes within treatment plant objects is fully Figure 6.10 Two interconnected
submerged. In the case of outflow nodes, such as J2 on Figure 6.10, tanks in ARTS
this setting can be altered to a free discharge condition by the user.
In the case of entry nodes, such as J1 on Figure 6.10, the submerged entry condition cannot be
changed by the user. However, the user can select from a range of pipe entry geometry (entries are
set to sharp-edged initially). At this point, the user is reminded that the ARTS Hydraulic Profile
commands automatically take into account entry and exit head losses in pipe links between
treatment units, as in Figure 6.10. The entry head loss depends on the entry boundary condition, as
specified on the node property page; the exit head loss is always taken as v2/2g. You can examine
the magnitude of head losses at nodes/junctions by using the sheet properties to display head losses
for all junctions.
As with entries to pipes, if you do not specify a transition connection where there is a change in
diameter in a pipe link connecting two treatment units, ARTS will insert a taper transition fitting at the
junction and automatically take the associated transition head loss into account. Refer to the
Appendix (page a-5) for data on fittings head loss characteristics.
The only junction type, at which ARTS does not automatically account for the local head loss, is a
multi-pipe junction (two or more converging pipe links). Hence, to account for the local head loss at a
multi-pipe junction, the user must enter appropriate k-values in the Extras property pages for the
junction pipes. In situations where there are only 3 pipes, the information presented in the Appendix
can be used (pages a-7,a-8).
6-10
6.3.6 Examining the system at maximum flow
6.3.6.1 Select Analysis > Hydraulic Profile > @ max flow

Execution of this command primarily carries out two key tasks (a) it computes the TWLs for the
system objects, under maximum flow conditions, and displays their values on the design sheet, and
(b) based on the computed TWLs, it sets the required design elevations of the treatment plant units
relative to the system datum. These elevation settings are not changed by any subsequent hydraulic
profile computations for flows less than the maximum flow.
6.3.6.2 Interpretation of reported TWLs

Each unit has two TWL values (refer Figure 6.11), an inflow or O1
O2
upstream value (J 5, J 2) and a sump (J 1, J 3) or downstream J5 J1
P1 J2 J3
value. The difference between the upstream and downstream
values represents the head loss across the unit at maximum
flow.
Figure 6.11 Two interconnected tanks
Weir
J5 Crest
J1 J2
Weir
Crest
J3
Figure 6.12 Reported values
6.3.7 Examining the system at minimum flow
6.3.7.1 Select Analysis > Hydraulic Profile > @ min flow

Execution of this command primarily carries out two key tasks: (a) it computes the TWLs for the
system objects, under minimum flow conditions, based on the object elevations set by the previously
executed @ max flow command (b) it checks the elevations of the pipe inverts to ensure
submergence at minimum flow and adjusts them if necessary. The computed TWLs are displayed on
the design sheet. It should be noted that, at minimum flow, the downstream or sump TWL for any unit
is determined by the upstream TWL of the following unit, taking into account the head loss in the
connecting pipe link at
O1 O1
101.460m
minimum flow. 101.432m
O2 O2
100.902m
101.245m P1
P1 100.888m 100.860m
100.674m 100.358m
Figure 6.14 after max flow analysis Figure 6.13 after min flow analysis
6-11
6.3.8 Examining the system at the current/average flow
6.3.8.1 Select Analysis > Hydraulic Profile > @ current flow

Execution of this command computes the TWLs for the system objects, at the current flow rate,
based on the object elevations set by the previously executed @ max flow command. The computed
TWLs are displayed on the screen graphic. It should be noted that, for flows less than the maximum
flow, the downstream or sump TWL for any unit is determined by the upstream TWL of the following
unit, taking into account the head loss in the connecting pipe link at the prevailing flow.
6.4 Screen display of results

Potential Heads
On completion of each of the Hydraulic Profile @ commands, the potential head values at the node
points of the system are printed, for the current flow, relative to the system datum (datum to which the
specified outflow level relates). Thus, you can generate an hydraulic profile for any flow within the min.
to max. flow range.
(Note: for process units with a free water surface, such as channels or sedimentation tanks, the inflow
node head corresponds to the unit’s TWL)
When you execute the Hydraulic Profile command on the Analysis menu, having set up your
system using the sequence of steps outlined above, ARTS prints the potential head values (TWLs) at
the key level-control points on the system, as shown in Figure 6.15
You can also plot an hydraulic profile for linear (no flow division) treatment systems using the
Hydraulic Profile, Plot Linear Profile command as in Figure 6.16.
Thirdly, you can print a textual summary of the computed hydraulic profile data by selecting
View>Text output, which produces an output similar to that shown on Figure 6.17.
0.2200m³/s
101.940m
101.767m 101.549m 101.340m
101.120m 100.911m
P1 P2
P3 100.693m
S1 O2 100.485m
P4
S2
Figure 6.15 Hydraulic profile defined by TWLs
6-12
Figure 6.16 Hydraulic profile graph
Figure 6.17 Textual data summary
6.5 Examples
For examples of wastewater treatment plant analysis and design, see the ARTS help file (refer section
1.7 for information on accessing the help file).
6-13
6-14
Waterhammer Analysis and Control
7. Waterhammer Analysis and Control

7.1 Introduction
As outlined in section 5.2.4 and illustrated on Figure 7.3, the ARTS model of a pump /rising main
system consists of a suction pipe, a delivery pipe and a rising main. The suction and delivery pipes
represent the pumphouse pipework and typically include fittings such as bends, valves etc. Their
lengths are normally short relative to the length of the rising main. The Unsteady Pipe Flow
command in the Analysis menu analyses transient waterhammer conditions arising from sudden
pump trip out on pump/rising main systems, subject to the following:
1. The lengths of the suction and delivery pipes (pumphouse pipework) are short relative to
the length of the rising main.
2. The pump set is located in or close to the pump sump or wet well (transient pressure
fluctuations in the suction main are not taken into account)
3. The system has a single rising main
4. If the installation has multiple pumps in parallel, they must be identical and their delivery
pipes must connect at a common point to the rising main as illustrated in Figure 7.4.
ARTS caters for the inclusion of the following pressure control devices:
• air vessel (single vessel located at the upstream end of the rising main connected to the
rising main by a throttle pipe), as illustrated in Figure 7.8.
• air valves (air valves may be located at any point on the rising main)
The results output includes max. and min. pressure envelopes for the rising main and also a plot of the
temporal pressure fluctuation at a user-selected point on the rising main.
7.2 Data input

You start by drawing the pump/rising main system on the design page, and then specifying the
properties of its component elements, as outlined in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively. In this context, it
is important to note that, unlike steady flow analysis, waterhammer analysis uses the full range of
pump and pipe properties, listed on the property pages, and hence you must enter the full range of
values for your system (otherwise incorrect values may be used in the analysis). The vertical profile of
the rising main also has an important bearing on the gauge pressures caused by pump trip-out; you
can input the elevation data for the rising main on its Extras property page.
7-1
Figure 7.1 Pipe Extras Tab as a list Figure 7.2 Pipe Extras Tab as a plot
The end node elevations for the rising main are entered by editing the respective node property pages
(N1 and N2 in Figure 7.3). The ARTS waterhammer analysis coding places some restrictions on the
structure of pump rising main system, as explained in the next paragraph.
Typical ARTS design page examples of pump/rising main systems, structured for waterhammer
analysis, are shown on Figure 7.3 (single pump) and Figure 7.4 (multiple pumps). Note that each
pump can have an associated suction and delivery main. A single pump system may have multiple
suction pipes and delivery pipes once they are in series and are short relative to the rising main (in
total). The same applies in multiple pump systems except that all the delivery mains must be
connected to the rising main at the same point, and that the pumps, suction and delivery mains must
all be identical.
DELI VERY
N2
S UM P
N1
PUM P
Figure 7.3 Pump rising main system
7-2
DELIVERY
SUMP
PUMP
PUMP 2
Figure 7.4 Pump rising main system with multiple pumps
Note: Unsteady Pipe Flow Analysis expects the rising main to be longer than the suction and
delivery pipes, hence the analysis will not run if all pipes are at their default length of 10m
7.3 Analysis
7.3.1 Pump trip-out, without air-vessel protection.
Having completed the system data input, you can initiate an analysis of waterhammer pressure
fluctuation caused by sudden pump trip-out:
• Select the Unsteady Flow command on the Analysis menu

the Dynamic Analysis Setup dialog box appears, as shown on Figure 7.5;
• Edit the unsteady flow computational parameters
• click the Start command button to initiate the computation
Number of computational divisions:

This is the number of divisions into which the rising main is
divided for calculation purposes, and should be a multiple of
10; it is recommended that you use the default value of 100
as lower values may cause computational instability (a lower
value may be used for systems protected by an air vessel).
Figure 7.5 Dynamic Analysis Dialog

7-3
Number of wave cycles:

should be at least the number required for rising main flow reversal and the generation of a pressure
upsurge at the pump node (you cannot accurately predict this number, hence it is suggested that you
initially use a trial value of 10 cycles; if this proves too low, you can repeat the computation with a
higher number).
Plot node
This is the rising main node number at which you require a pressure head/time plot (the pump end of
the rising main is node 1, the discharge end is node n+1, where n is the number of divisions, specified
above).
Once you click on Start, a progress dialog box appears showing the estimated computation time and
progress bar.
The computed results are presented in 4 output windows, as illustrated on Figure 7.6, showing:
1. The pump/system head curve, indicating the duty point under steady flow conditions
2. A graph of the temporal pressure fluctuation at the user-selected point on the rising main
3. Graphs of the following:
rising main profile
steady flow hydraulic grade line
max. and min. transient pressure envelope lines
vapour pressure limit line
4. A textual summary of the input data and the computed results. A typical results page is
illustrated on Figure 7.7.
3
Note: the pressure envelopes are plotted as
potential head relative to the same datum as
the rising main; hence, the vertical distance
between the rising main and a pressure
envelope line, at any point, represents the 2
gauge pressure at that point.
4 1
Figure 7.6 Unsteady Pipe Flow Analysis Results
7-4
7.3.2 Pump trip-out, with air vessel protection

As explained in the Appendix, air vessels are used on rising
mains to control the pressure fluctuation resulting from pump
trip-out. The air vessel is connected to the rising main at its
upstream end node, i.e. at the junction of the delivery and rising
mains (node N1), as shown on Figure 7.8.
To analyse the transient pressure fluctuation on the air vessel-

protected system, caused by sudden pump trip-out, select the
Unsteady Flow command on the Analysis menu. This initiates
the analysis and the output of results follows, as described
above for the analysis of the unprotected system. Figure 7.7 Textual out of
Unsteady Flow analysis
R 2
AV 1
R 1
PUM P
N1
Figure 7.8 Pump/rising main system with air vessel
Typical results output sheets for a pump trip-out waterhammer analysis run on an air vessel-protected
rising main system are shown in Figure 7.9.
7.4 Examples
For examples on waterhammer analysis, see the ARTS Help file which is accessible from the main
menu.
7-5
Figure 7.9 Unsteady Pipe Flow Analysis Results for

protected system
7.5 Analytical Assumptions

Pumps
ARTS uses the following assumptions for pump operation outside the positive H/Q quadrant:
1) Where the pump run-down computation indicated negative pump rotation, ARTS assumes a zero
rotational speed.
2) Where the pump run-down computation indicates operation in the negative H, positive Q zone,
ARTS uses the H/Q equation developed for the positive H/Q quadrant (based on the user pump data
input). It should be noted that this may underestimate the negative H value.
Air valves
ARTS uses the following simplified assumptions for air valve operation:
1) The head loss associated with air inflow or outflow is negligible
2) The influence of the admitted air mass on pressure transients is assumed to be negligible.
The locations of air valves are specified on the Extras property page for the rising main. Air valves are
mapped from their actual physical location in the rising main to the nearest computational node as
determined by the "Number of Divisions" setting. The exception to this is air valves which are at the
pump end of the rising main, which are mapped to the second computational node along the rising
main.
7-6
File management, printing
8. File management, printing, data export

8.1 Introduction
ARTS uses conventional Windows procedures for file management and printing.
File manipulation and printing are both executed through the File menu commands,
which appear as a drop-down listing when you click on the File menu.
8.2 Creating a new sheet

To create a new sheet
• Click on the File menu
• Select New
8.3 Opening/closing files

ARTS allows you to open and work on multiple documents simultaneously.
To open a file
• Select the Open command.
• Select the desired file from the dialog box
• Click on the Open button
The Open dialog box, as shown on Figure 8.1, is displayed.

This dialog box provides access to all stored ARTS files, each
file address being identified by its Drive, Directory and File
Name.
The dialog box initially lists files in the directory or folder in

which you last saved or opened a sheet. If the file you want is
not listed, click on another drive or directory, or volume or
folder.
To close a file Figure 8.1

Click on the Close command on the File menu to close the
currently active file. If you have made changes to the file, a dialog box will appear asking if you wish to
permanently save all changes made.
8-1
8.4 Saving files

The File menu has two commands which are used to save files, Save and Save As.
The Save command is used to save changes to an existing file. The Save As command is used to
create a new file i.e. it is used when first saving a new sheet or when you want to save an existing file
under a new name.
To save a sheet to an existing file

• Select Save
To save a sheet to a new file

• Select Save As
• The Save As dialog box, as shown on Figure 8.2,
appears.
• Select the Drive and Directory destinations for your
file and type the file name in the File Name text box,
which already contains the text *.avs. All ARTS files
have the extension .avs.
Figure 8.2
8.5 Printing
There are three commands on the File menu that relate to printing: Print Setup, Print and Print
Preview. The Print Preview shows a template of the printed page(s) on the screen.
There are three printing choices

• Sheet graphics only
Prints out a page containing a graphical representation of the sheet as seen on the screen
• Textual report only

Prints out a textual report of all items on the graphics sheet and their properties
• Full report
Prints out a combination of the previous two options
To change the print setup

• Select the Print Setup command
• Select the desired option from the Print Setup dialog box,
shown on Figure 8.3.
• Click OK
Figure 8.3
8-2
To print a sheet

• Select the Print command
• Click OK on the print dialog box, as shown on Figure 8.4.
Figure 8.4
8.6 Export to other applications
ARTS includes several methods of exporting data for use in other applications.
Sheets:
• Graphical output
Sheet graphics can be copied to the Windows clipboard in Windows Metafile format. Once
this is done you can paste the graphic into any application which supports the metafile
format, including most word processing and spreadsheet packages. Metafiles are scaleable,
and therefore you can resize them without loss of quality in the destination package.
• Textual output
By selecting View - Text output, a textual listing of all objects on the sheet will appear. The
properties for all the objects will also be listed. This information can also be copied to the
Windows clipboard as Rich Text Format data. This type of data allows the formatting of the
text to be copied also (such as Bold, Italic etc). Once in the Windows clipboard, this data can
be pasted into applications as plain text or RTF format text. You can also save this data to file
using the File - Save command on the Text window. This file can then be opened by word
processing packages or other packages which are capable of opening RTF format files.
Graphs
• Graphical output
By selecting Edit - Copy - Picture from the graph menu, graphs can be copied to the
Windows clipboard as a graphic Windows Metafile. This allows you to paste a scaleable
graph directly into a destination package. However, you cannot access the data used to
create the graph when you do this and therefore cannot modify the graph, other than changing
the shape.
• Textual output
By selecting Edit - Copy - Data from the graph menu, you can copy the data used to create
the graph to the Window clipboard in Tab delimited format. This format will paste directly into
rows and columns of spreadsheet packages. The textual format is useful for pasting into
applications that have graphing capabilities in order to customise the appearance of the graph.
8-3
8-4
APPENDIX
Table of Contents
A PIPE FLOW A-1
INTRODUCTION A-1
HEAD LOSS IN PIPE FLOW A-1
FLOW IN PIPE MANIFOLDS A-2
HEAD LOSS IN PIPE FITTINGS AND FLOW CONTROL DEVICES A-4
FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS A-9
FLOW OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN PIPES A-11
B OPEN CHANNEL FLOW B-1

INTRODUCTION B-1
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW B-1
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW B-2
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW B-4
C OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES C-1

INTRODUCTION C-1
BROAD-CRESTED WEIR C-1
THIN-PLATE WEIRS C-3
CRITICAL DEPTH FLUMES C-7
D PUMPING INSTALLATIONS D-1

INTRODUCTION D-1
ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS D-1
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS FOR ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS D-2
E WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS AND CONTROL E-1

INTRODUCTION E-1
BASIC EQUATIONS E-1
BOUNDARY CONDITION EQUATIONS E-3
Appendix PIPE FLOW
a PIPE FLOW
INTRODUCTION
Pipes are the most frequently used conduits for the conveyance of fluids, both gases and liquids. They
are produced in a variety of materials, including steel, cast iron, ductile iron, concrete, asbestos
cement, plastics, glass, and non-ferrous metals. In their new condition, the internal wall surfaces of
these materials vary considerably from the very smooth glass or plastic surface to the relatively rough
concrete surface. The pipe wall roughness is likely to vary with time in use due to corrosion (ferrous
metals) or scale deposition.
HEAD LOSS IN PIPE FLOW

The basic hydraulic parameters of steady pipe flow are the mean velocity v and the hydraulic gradient
or friction slope Sf (ie. head loss per unit length). ARTS pipe flow computations are based on the
following correlation between these parameters:
 ν k 
v = − 1.25 gDS f ln  + 
 . . . a-1
 0.56 D gDSf 3.7 D 
where D is the pipe diameter, k is the pipe wall roughness and ν is the kinematic viscosity.
The correlation of mean velocity v and friction slope Sf may also be expressed in terms of the Darcy-
Weisbach equation:
f v2
Sf = . . . a-2
2g D
where the friction factor f is a function of relative roughness k/D and Reynolds number Re:
vd
Re = . . . a-3
ν
1  k 2.5 
in turbulent flow = −0.88 ln +  . . . a-4
f  3.7 D R e f 
a-1
Appendix PIPE FLOW
64
in laminar flow f= . . . a-5
Re
Flow is categorised in laminar/turbulent terms according to its Re value as follows:
laminar flow: Re ≤ 2300

transitional flow: 2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000
turbulent flow: Re ≥ 4000
FLOW IN PIPE MANIFOLDS

As used here, the term pipe manifold refers to a pipe with multiple discharge points along its length.
Manifolds are important components of several water and wastewater treatment processes, including
biofilters, sand filters, and fluidised bed clarifiers.
Orifice-type pipe manifold

A definition diagram for an orifice-type pipe manifold is illustrated in Figure a.1.
EGL
E
HGL
vm
q n-1 qn
Os
Figure a.1 Orifice-type pipe manifold
The discharge through such orifices may be expressed as follows:
q o = C DA o 2g E . . . a-6
a-2
Appendix PIPE FLOW
where CD is an empirical discharge coefficient, Ao is the orifice cross-sectional area, E is the total
differential head across the orifice i.e the sum of the differential pressure head across the orifice and
the velocity head in the manifold at the orifice location, vm2/2g. The discharge coefficient varies with
flow conditions and has been found to be a function of the ratio of the manifold velocity head and the
total differential head, that is, (vm2/2g)/E. ARTS computes CD according to the following correlations:
0.375
 v 2 / 2g 
bellmouth (rounded) orifices C D = 0.975 1 − m  . . . a-7
 E 
v2 / 2g
sharp-edged orifices (water) C D = 0.66 − 0.75 m . . . a-8
E
Computation of orifice discharge starts at the “dead” end of the manifold and proceeds towards the
delivery end, considering each orifice in turn, taking into account the head loss along the manifold and
the manifold slope.
Pipe manifold with laterals

The analysis of flow distribution into the individual laterals of a manifold pipe/pipe lateral system is
carried out by an iterative procedure similar to that described for the orifice manifold system. The
discharge qL into an individual lateral pipe may be written as follows:
q L = C L E m − he . . . a-9
where CL is the lateral discharge coefficient, EM is the total differential head at the manifold/lateral
junction, and he is the lateral entry head loss. The coefficient CL correlates flow into the lateral to the
total head in the lateral on the downstream side of its junction with the manifold. Typically, the lateral
may be a submanifold pipe with orifices, in which case the discharge coefficient CL is calculated in the
manner described above for an orifice-type pipe manifold. The lateral entry head loss he is computed
as follows:
v2   v  
2
long laterals: h e = L  0.9 m  + 0.4 . . . a-10
2g   v L  

v2  
2
v 
short laterals (length< 3 lateral diams.) h e = L  1.67 m  + 0.7 . . . a-11
2g   vL  

a-3
Appendix PIPE FLOW
As in the case of an orifice manifold, computation starts at the dead end and proceeds, lateral by
lateral, towards the supply end of the manifold, taking into account the head loss along the manifold
and the manifold slope.
HEAD LOSS IN PIPE FITTINGS AND FLOW CONTROL DEVICES

Pipe fittings include inlets, bends, tees and tapers; control devices include sluice or gate valves,
butterfly valves, non-return valves, pressure-reducing valves.
The head loss in pipe fittings, hfit, is expressed as a function of the velocity head v2/2g as follows:
v2
h fit = K . . . a-12
2g
where hfit is the head loss across the fitting and K is an empirical numerical coefficient.
The fittings K-values used in the ARTS coding are presented in Table a.1-Table a.6, inclusive.
Table a.1
Pipe entry K-factors
K-value K-value
sharp or square 0.5 inward projecting 0.8

edge sharp edge
slightly rounded 0.25 inward projecting

0.2
bellmouth
bellmouth 0.1
a-4
Appendix PIPE FLOW
Table a.2
K-factors for pipe tapers
Taper: flow to small end Taper: flow to large end
d v d D
D v
d/D 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 d/D 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
K 0.2 0.17 0.1 0.05 0 K 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.10 0
Sudden enlargement Sudden contraction
d v v d
D D
d/D 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 d/D 0.20 0.35 0.50 0.65 0.80
K 0.5 0.45 0.35 0.2 K 1.00 0.30 0.60 0.35 0.15
Table a.3
K-factors for valves
% open Butterfly Gate Float

100 0.3 0.1 4.2
90 0.5 0.2 4.8
80 0.9 0.4 5.5
70 2.5 0.8 6.6
60 6.3 1.7 8.5
50 14.5 3.3 11.8
40 32.6 5.8 19.0
30 80.0 10.0 41.0
20 220.0 23.0 171.0
10 1000.0 80.0 2500.0
0 (valves closed, zero flow)
The set of default K-values used in ARTS for butterfly, gate and float valves is presented in
Table a.3, where the head loss through the valve, hvalve, is represented as:
a-5
Appendix PIPE FLOW
v2
h valve = K . . . a-13
2g
where v is the computed velocity through a fully open valve.
Table a.4
K-factors for bends, mitred bends and elbows
Bends and elbows Diameter K Mitre bends* α K

range
Cast iron:
90o D/F bends 50-1200 0.4 Type 1 90o 1.20
45o D/F bends 50-1200 0.2 80o 1.00
70o 0.80
Steel welding bends: 60o 0.60
90o short radius 50-400 0.40 50o 0.40
45o short radius 50-400 0.20 40o 0.30
90o long radius 50-400 0.35 30o 0.15
45o long radius 50-400 0.17 20o 0.10
10o 0.05
PVC/ABS:
90o elbows 0.5″-8″ 1.25
45o elbows 0.5″-8″ 0.50 Type 2 60o 0.30
90o long radius bends 0.25″-4″ 0.45 45o 0.25
90o long radius bends 150-600 0.30 30o 0.20
45o long radius bends 0.5″-4″ 0.25
45o long radius bends 150-600 0.15
22.5o long radius bends 150-600 0.10 Type 3 90o 0.30
11.25o long radius 150-600 0.05 75o 0.25
bends
60o 0.20
Screwed steel:
90o elbows 0.5″-6″ 1.25
45o elbows 0.5″-6″ 0.50
* mitre bend types
Mitre type 1 Mitre type 2 Mitre type 3
α α
α
a-6
Appendix PIPE FLOW
Table a.5
K-factors for square-edged tees
combining flow dividing flow

q
branch branch
q
v v
Q Q
main main
Diameter ratio Diameter ratio

Flow ratio (branch/main) Flow ratio (branch/main)
q/Q 0.5 0.75 1.0 q/Q 0.5 0.75 1.0
head loss in line head loss in line
0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.25 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.25 0 0 0
0.50 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.50 0 0 0
0.75 1.0 0.8 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2
headloss: headloss:
branch to main main to branch
0.25 0.7 0 -0.2 0.25 2.2 1.0 0.9
0.50 3.5 0.9 0.5 0.50 6.5 1.3 0.9
0.75 7.0 2.0 0.9 0.75 11.0 1.7 1.1
1.00 11.0 3.0 1.2 1.00 14.0 2.3 1.3
Combining equal flows Dividing flow equally
Diameter ratio =1 K=0.7 Diameter ratio = 1 K = 1.2
v v
branch branch
main main
a-7
Appendix PIPE FLOW
Table a.6
K-factors for radiused tees
combining flow dividing flow

q
branch branch
q
v v
Q Q
main main
Diameter ratio Diameter ratio

Flow ratio (branch/main) Flow ratio (branch/main)
q/Q 0.5 0.75 1.0 q/Q 0.5 0.75 1.0
head loss in line head loss in line
0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.25 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.25 0 0 0
0.50 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.50 0 0 0
0.75 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.2
headloss: headloss:
branch to main main to branch
0.25 0.7 0 -0.2 0.25 1.5 0.8 0.4
0.50 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.50 2.8 0.8 0.6
0.75 3.5 0.7 0.4 0.75 3.9 0.8 0.6
1.00 8.3 2.0 0.7 1.00 4.9 1.0 0.7
Combining equal flows Dividing flow equally
Diameter ratio =1 K=0.4 Diameter ratio = 1 K = 0.8
v v
branch branch
main main
a-8
Appendix PIPE FLOW
FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS

A pipe network can be described as a system of interconnected pipes, forming one or more closed
loops. A loop may be defined as a connected set of pipes and their end nodes, every node of which is
an end node of exactly two pipes of the set. The term node is applied to any point at which water
enters or leaves the network or to any pipe junction within the network. Thus each pipe is defined by a
pair of end nodes.
The distribution of flow within such a pipe system is determined by the following factors:
1. the head-discharge relationship for each pipe

2. the governing network flow equations
3. the boundary conditions of the system
Head-discharge relationship for pipes

Equations (a2), (aA4) and (a5) above define the relation between pipe friction slope and mean flow
velocity. Hence, head loss may be correlated with flow as follows:
h = rQ 2 . . . a-14
where Q is the flow rate and r is the pipe resistance coefficient:
8f L
r= Q2 . . . a-15
π 2g D 5
where L is the pipe length and D is the pipe diameter.
Network equations
In any pipe network the number of unknown flows corresponds to the number of pipes in the network
and their evaluation involves the solution of an equal number of simultaneous equations. These
equations are of two types, described as continuity equations and loop equations.
Consider a pipe network having P pipes and N nodes. The continuity or node equations take the
general form:
∑ Qij + E i = 0 . . . a-16
a-9
Appendix PIPE FLOW
where Qij infers flow from node i to node j, the subscript j representing nodes connected to node i. Ei is
the external supply or demand at node i. The application of the continuity equation requires the
adoption of a sign convention that differentiates between flow towards a node and flow away from a
node. ARTS uses the convention that flow away from a node is positive (i.e. demands are positive) and
flow towards a node is negative (i.e. supplies are negative). The maximum number of independent
node equations is N-1.
The loop equations are of the general form:
∑ hij = 0 . . . a-17
2
where hij = rijQij is the head loss in the pipe connecting nodes i and j and the summation covers all
pipes which comprise the loop. The sign convention adopted in ARTS is that the head loss associated
with clockwise flow is considered positive and head loss associated with anticlockwise flow is
considered negative. The maximum number of independent loop equations is P- (N-1). Thus the total
number of independent equations, derived from the continuity and loop conditions, equals P, the
number of pipes in the network.
Network boundary conditions

The boundary conditions must be sufficient to define flow distribution. Boundary conditions for pipe
networks include: supplies (inflows to the system) and demands (outflows from the system); nodes
having constant head, for example reservoirs. Typical examples of sets of boundary conditions
sufficient to define flow and pressure distribution in pipe networks are:
1. the magnitudes of supplies and demands are known; one nodal pressure is known.
2. magnitudes of pressures at supply nodes and magnitudes of demands are known.
Flow regulation devices

ARTS makes provision for the inclusion of the following flow control devices:
• non-return valves (NRVs)

• pressure-reducing valves (PRVs)
• pumps
An NRV permits forward flow only; a PRV effects a head drop hd according to the relationship:
hd = C Q2 . . . a-18
The head rise hp across a pump is defined by the quadratic pump equation:
hp = A0 + A1Q + A 2 Q2 . . . a-19
a-10
Appendix PIPE FLOW
Analysis of flow distribution

The ARTS coding establishes a set of independent loops from the input pipe data and solves the
resulting set of network, boundary condition and control device equations, using an iterative loop flow
correction procedure (Casey, 1992).
FLOW OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN PIPES

The extent to which the head loss associated with sludge flow in pipes exceeds that for water flow is
dependent on both the concentration and nature of the component suspended solids. The linear
correlation of shear stress and shear rate, characteristic of Newtonian fluids, does not apply to
sewage sludges at suspended solids above certain threshold levels. The relation of shear stress and
shear rate is non-linear and may be represented as follows:
n
 dv 
τ = τ y + K  . . . a-20
 dy 
where τy is the yield stress, K is a consistency coefficient and n is a non-dimensional consistency

index. Recommended guideline values for these parameters for various types of sewage sludge, based
on data reported by Frost (1983) are given in Table a7.
Table a7
Guideline values for rheological parameters K, n and τ y
C is the sludge solids concentration (kg/m3)
Sludge type K n τy
-5 2.82 -0.17
Primary 5 x 10 C 0.79C 1.3 x 10-4C2.72
Activated 9 x 10-5C3.00 1.70C-0.45 1.3 x 10-4C3.00
Anaerobically 6 x 10-6C3.50 0.90C-0.24 1.4 x 10-5C3.37
digested
Humus 2 x 10-5C3.00 1.90C-0.45 1.6 x 10-5C3.00
Sludge flow in pipes may be categorised in laminar, transitional and turbulent flow categories using a
modified form of the flow Reynolds number as follows:
ρvD
Re = . . . a-21
{
K ( 3n + 1) / 4n } (8v / D) n−1
n
where ρ is the water density, v is the mean velocity and D is the pipe diameter.
a-11
Appendix PIPE FLOW
The flow is categorised by Re as follows:
1. laminar flow: Re < 2300

2. transitional flow: 2300 < Re <4000
3. turbulent flow: Re > 4000
Under laminar flow conditions the discharge is given by the expression:
1/n
πD 3  n   τ w − τ y   τ y / τ w  2n  τ y   n τ y  
Q=    1 − 1 +  1 +   . . . a-22
8  3n + 1  K  2n + 1  n + 1  τw  τ w  
 
where τw is the wall shear stress:
τ w = ρg R h Sf . . . a-23
where Rh is the hydraulic radius = D/4.
Under turbulent sludge flow conditions, it has been found that head loss can be reliably related to the
corresponding head loss for clean water (equations a1-a4) at the same velocity and temperature. The
relation is expressed (Frost, 1982) in the form of head loss ratio (HLR) factors as follows:
1. primary sludge: HLR = 1.5

2. activated sludge: HLR = 0.88 + 0.024C for C > 5 kg/m3
3. anaerobically digested sludge: HLR = 0.80 + 0.016C for C > 15 kg/m3
4. humus sludge: HLR = 0.84 + 0.020C for C > 10 kg/m3
where C is the sludge solids concentration.
The ARTS coding uses the foregoing equations for hydraulic computations related to flow of sludges in
pipes.
References
Casey, T J (1992) Water and Wastewater Engineering Hydraulics, Oxford University Press,
Oxford OX2 6DP.
Frost, R C (1982) Prediction of friction losses for the flow of sewage sludge in straight pipes,
TR175, Water Research centre, Stevenage.
a-12
Appendix OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
b OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

INTRODUCTION
The flow of water in open channels is characterised by the existence of a “free” surface, that is, an
upper boundary in contact with air at atmospheric pressure. Gravity is the motive force. ARTS caters
for the analysis of open channel flow and the design of open channels encompassing uniform,
gradually varied and rapidly varied steady flow. The categorisation of flow as “steady” implies that the
velocity vector at a particular location does not change with time.
The following range of channel geometry is included:
Rectangular Trapezoidal V-shape Circular U-shape Parabolic
STEADY UNIFORM FLOW

The relation between the slope of the energy grade line or friction slope Sf and the mean velocity v
under steady open channel flow conditions is given by the expression:
 k 0.625ν 
v = − 7.8 R hS f ln  +  . . . b-1
 14.8R h R h 8gR h S f 
where Rh is the hydraulic radius i.e. the ratio of the water cross-sectional area to the wetted perimeter
length, k is the channel wall surface roughness and ν is the water kinematic viscosity. The relation
between v and Sf can also be expressed through the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
f v2
Sf = . . . b-2
8 g Rh
where f is the friction factor, which is dependent on the channel relative roughness k/Rh and the flow
Reynolds number according to the relationship:
1  k 0.625 
= −0.88 ln  +  . . . b-3
f  14.8 R h R e f 
b-1
where the Reynolds number Re = vRh/ν. When the flow Reynolds number exceeds about 1100, as is
invariably the case in open channels, the flow is turbulent.
While v and Rh are the primary computational variables in the above equations, they are frequently
replaced in practical hydraulic computations by the discharge Q (Q = vA, where A is the water cross-
sectional area), and the flow depth y, respectively.
The ARTS software uses the foregoing set of equations for the computation of flow parameters in
uniform and gradually varied open channel flow problems.
GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

In gradually varied steady open channel flow, velocity and depth vary along the channel length but are
invariant with time at any particular location. Such flow occurs in the vicinity of control sections, in
channel transitions where there is a change of channel slope or cross-section, in collector channels,
as used in sedimentation tanks and sand filters, and in channels with side overflow weirs.
The water surface slope in an open channel under gradually varied conditions is given by the following
equation:
α Q 2 dQ
So − Sf −
dy g A 2 dx
= . . . b-4
dx W Q2
1−α
g A3
where dy/dx is the water surface slope, So is the channel bottom slope, dQ/dx is the spatial variation
in discharge along the channel length (positive where there a lateral inflow and negative where there is
a lateral outflow), α is the kinetic energy factor (generally taken to have unit value in practical flow
computation).
ARTS uses the Runge-Kutta computational scheme to integrate equation (b4) to compute the variation
in flow depth y over a channel reach, starting at either an upstream or a downstream control section at
which the depth is defined. The range of gradually varied flow regimes within the software scope
includes the following:
(a) Channels of mild slope
• downstream control: specified downstream depth ≥ critical depth

sets start depth = downstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in the
upstream direction.
b-2
upstream control: specified upstream depth ≤ critical depth

(a) set all depths equal to normal depth
(b) sets start depth = specified upstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-
wise in the downstream direction until sequent depth of HJ = normal depth
upstream and downstream controls: specified upstream depth ≤ critical depth,

specified downstream depth ≥ critical depth
(a) sets start depth = downstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in
the upstream direction.
(b) sets start depth = upstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in
the downstream direction until sequent depth of HJ = depth calculated at (a).
(b) Channels of steep slope
• upstream control: specified upstream depth ≤ critical depth

sets start depth = upstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in the
downstream direction.
• upstream control: specified upstream depth > critical depth
sets upstream depth = critical depth
sets start depth = upstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in the
downstream direction.
• downstream control: downstream depth ≥ critical depth

(a) sets all depths equal to normal depth
(b) sets start depth = specified downstream depth; calculates GVF profile working
step-wise in the upstream direction until incident depth of HJ = normal depth
• upstream and downstream controls: specified upstream depth ≤ critical depth and
specified downstream depth ≥ critical depth.
(a) sets start depth = upstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in
the downstream direction.
(b) sets start depth = downstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in
the upstream direction until incident depth of HJ = depth calculated at (a).
• upstream and downstream controls: specified upstream depth > critical depth and
specified downstream depth ≥ critical depth; sets upstream depth = critical depth
(a) sets start depth = upstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in
the downstream direction.
(b) sets start depth = downstream depth; calculates GVF profile working step-wise in
the upstream direction until incident depth of HJ = depth calculated at (a).
b-3
(c) Some GVF water profile examples
Case 1: Channel of mild slope with

downstream weir control
Case 2 Intersection of channel of mild slope

with channel of steep slope;
Critical depth control
Case 3 Channel of mild slope with lateral inflow

and free overflow at outlet end
Case 4 Channel of steep slope with

weir control at outlet end
Case 5 Channel of mild slope with lateral outflow

and control structure at outlet end
RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

In rapidly varied flow the flow depth changes between sub-critical and super-critical over a short length
of channel. When the change is from super-critical to sub-critical, an hydraulic jump occurs, as
illustrated in Case 4 above. When the change is from sub-critical to super-critical, an hydraulic drop
occurs, as illustrated in Case 2 above. While the latter exhibits a smooth surface profile, that can be
determined by the application of equation (b4) above, the hydraulic jump (an unconfined deceleration),
on the other hand, occurs more abruptly with significant loss of energy. ARTS uses the following
equation to compute either the incident depth y1 or the sequent depth y2 at an hydraulic jump:
Q2  1 1 
A 1y 1 − A 2 y 2 −  −  =0 . . . b-5
g  A 2 A1 
where A1 and A2 are the upstream downstream flow cross-sectional areas, respectively; y1 and y 2
are the corresponding centroidal depths.
b-4
Appendix OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES
c OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION
Open channel flow measurement structures are so designed that the flow can be reliably determined
from measurement of the upstream head relative to a reference level in the ‘control section’ of the
structure. The control section may incorporate a weir, orifice plate or critical depth flume.
To insure that there is a unique relationship between the upstream head and flow rate it is essential
that the upstream head is not influenced by variations in the downstream or ‘tailwater’ level. When flow
is not influenced by the tailwater level, conditions are said to be ‘modular’. and the upstream head is
entirely determined by the control section of the measuring structure.
ARTS caters for the following flow measurement structures:
• The broad-crested weir

• thin-plate weirs; v-notch, rectangular notch, proportional flow.
• critical depth flumes; long-throated flumes, short-throated flumes, Parshall flume
BROAD-CRESTED WEIR
v12
2g Energy grade line
H1 H2
h1
y1 rounded nose
r y2
p1 L
p2
cill block
Figure c.1 Longitudinal profile of broad-crested weir
The broad-crested weir, as illustrated on Fig c1, has a raised horizontal cill of sufficient length in the
flow direction to effect a horizontal surface and hydrostatic pressure distribution for at least a short
distance. The ARTS program uses the following head/discharge relationship for broad-crested weirs:
2 2
Q = Cd C v b g h 1.5
1 . . . c-1
3 3
c-1
where
Cd is an empirically determined discharge coefficient
Cv is the velocity coefficient
b is the weir width
h1 is the upstream gauged head
The discharge coefficient is taken to have the following value:
 2x( L − r )   x( L − r ) 
1.5
C d = 1 −  1 −  . . . c-2
 b  h1 
where x is a boundary layer displacement factor, taken as 0.003 for smooth plastic or metallic
surfaces and 0.005 for well-finished concrete surfaces; L is the horizontal crest length in the flow
direction; b is the weir width.
The velocity coefficient has the following value:
1.5
H 
Cv =  1 . . . c-3
 h1 
Modular limit
Within the normal design range the modular limit H2/H1 upper bound is calculated as follows:
H2 H 
≤ 0.85 + 0.06 ln 1  . . . c-4
H1  p2 
where H1 is the total upstream head and p2 is the downstream step height.
The following design limits are applied:
1. weir length L ≥ 1.75 H1(max)

2. h1(min) ≥ 0.06 m or ≥ 0.05L, whichever is greater
3. radius of the cill nose = 0.2 H1(max)
4. upstream weir step height ≥0.15m or ≥0.67H1, whichever is greater
5. upstream Froude number ≤ 0.5
c-2
THIN-PLATE WEIRS
Thin-plate or sharp-crested weirs are widely used for the measurement of small to medium discharges.
ARTS caters for the design of V-notch, rectangular and proportional-flow (Sutro) thin-plate weirs.
V-NOTCH WEIR
B
θ
h1
p
1
0.05m
p2
Figure c.2 V-notch Weir
ARTS uses the following head-discharge equation for V-notch weirs:
8
2g tan(θ / 2 ) h e
2.5
Q = Ce . . . c-5
15
where Ce, the discharge coefficient, is a function of the notch angle θ, as given in Table c.1. The
effective head he = h1 + Kh, where Kh is an empirical head correction factor, also a function of the notch
angle θ, as given in Table c.1.
Table c.1
V-notch sharp-crested weir coefficients
(Kindsvater and Carter, 1957)
Notch angle θ (deg) 20 40 60 80 100
Ce 0.595 0.581 0.577 0.577 0.580
Kh (mm) 2.8 1.8 1.2 0.85 0.80
c-3
ARTS applies the following design limits in V-notch weir computations:
• h1/p1 ≤ 1.2
• h1/B ≤ 0.4; B ≥ 0.60 m
• 0.60 ≥ h1 ≥ 0.05 m
• p1 ≥ 0.10 m
• 100o ≥ θ ≥ 25o
• tailwater level ≥ 0.05 m below vertex of V-notch
RECTANGULAR SHARP-EDGED WEIR
B
b
h1
p1
0.05m
p2
Figure c.3 Rectangular notch weir
ARTS uses the following head-discharge equation for rectangular sharp-crested weirs:
2
Q = Ce 2g b e h 1.5
e . . . c-6
3
where the coefficient Ce = K1 + K2(h1/p1); the effective weir width be = b + Kb; and the effective weir
head he = h1 + 0.001m. The numerical values used by ARTS for these coefficients are given in Table
c2.
c-4
Table c.2
Coefficient values for sharp-edged rectangular weirs
(Kindsvater and Carter 1957)
b/B K1 K2 Kb
1.0 0.602 0.075 -0.0009
0.9 0.599 0.064 0.0037
0.8 0.597 0.045 0.0043
0.7 0.595 0.030 0.0041
0.6 0.593 0.018 0.0037
0.5 0.592 0.011 0.0030
0.4 0.591 0.0058 0.0027
0.3 0.590 0.0020 0.0025
0.2 0.589 -0.0018 0.0024
0.1 0.588 -0.0021 0.0024
0 0.587 -0.0023 0.0024
ARTS applies the following design limits in rectangular sharp-crested weir computations:
• h1 ≥ 0.03 m
• h1/p1 ≤ 2; p1 ≥ 0.10 m
• b ≥ 0.15 m
PROPORTIONAL-FLOW WEIR
h1 z1
a
b
p1 p2
0.05 m
Weir opening profile
Figure c.4 Sutro weir profile
The width x of the Sutro weir opening varies with vertical distance z1 as follows:
c-5
= 1 − tan −1 1
x 2 z
. . . c-7
b π a
ARTS uses the following head-discharge equation for proportional flow weirs:
 1 
Q = C d b 2ga  h1 − a . . . c-8
 3 
The discharge coefficient Cd is a function of the a and b dimensions. ARTS uses the Cd values given in
Table c.3.
Table c.3
Discharge coefficient Cd for Sutro weir
a b (m)
(m) 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.46
0.006 0.608 0.613 0.617 0.618 0.619
0.015 0.606 0.611 0.615 0.617 0.617
0.030 0.603 0.608 0.612 0.613 0.614
0.046 0.601 0.606 0.610 0.612 0.612
0.061 0.599 0.604 0.608 0.610 0.610
0.076 0.598 0.603 0.607 0.608 0.609
0.091 0.597 0.602 0.606 0.608 0.608
ARTS applies the following design limits in rectangular sharp-crested weir computations:
• h1 ≥ 2a or ≥ 0.03 m, whichever is greater

• a ≥ 0.005 m
• b ≥ 0.15 m
• b/p1 ≥ 1
• B/b ≥ 3
• tailwater level ≥ 0.05 m below the weir crest
c-6
CRITICAL DEPTH FLUMES
LONG-THROATED FLUMES
2
v1
2g
y1 h1 H1 v1 yc
H2 h2 y2
L
step throat length
height
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
(trapezoidal flume in trapezoidal channel)
Trapezoidal Rectangular U-shape
THROAT CROSS-SECTIONS
(channel cross-sections shown as dotted lines)
Figure c.5 Long-throated flume
Long-throated flumes are critical flow measuring devices, having a restricted cross-sectional area or
throat, across which the flow undergoes a transition from subcritical on the upstream side, through
critical flow to supercritical flow on the downstream side. ARTS caters for the design of flumes of
ARTS caters for the design of rectangular, trapezoidal and U-shaped long-throated flumes.
Head/discharge relationships are computed as follows:
( )0.5
Under critical flow conditions: Q = gA 3c / Wc . . . c-9
Ac
He = yc + . . . c-10
2Wc
c-7
where
Q is the flume discharge (m3/s)
Ac is the critical flow cross-sectional area in the flume throat (m2).
W c is the water surface width at the critical section (m)
He is the effective total upstream head (m)
y c is the critical depth (m)
The actual total upstream head H1 is found by adding a boundary layer -related head correction to the
effective total upstream head He as follows:
P δ
H1 = H e + c L . . . c-11
Wc L
where
Pc is the section perimeter length at the critical section
δ is the boundary layer displacement thickness
L is the throat length
δ/L is a function of the throat wall roughness and the throat Reynolds number, the latter being defined
as v c L / ν , where vc is the critical velocity in the throat and ν is the kinematic viscosity. For smooth
plastic or metallic surfaces δ/L may be is taken equal to 0.003 and for well-finished concrete surfaces
as 0.005.
The measured upstream head h1 is related to the total upstream head H1 as follows:
v2
h1 = H 1 − 1 . . . c-12
2g
where v1 is the mean velocity in the approach channel at the head-gauging point.
The modular limit requirement for the flume is satisfied if the available head difference between the
upstream and downstream water levels can accommodate the head losses through the structure. A
major component of this head loss is due to the flow expansion from the throat cross-section to the
downstream channel section. The program applies the following modular limit values:
Downstream Modular
expansion limit (H2/H1)
1:20 0.91
1:10 0.83
1:6 0.80
1:3 0.74
c-8
On the inflow side, a convergence rate not exceeding 1:3 is recommended for the transition from the
upstream channel section to the throat section.
To ensure accurate flow measurement, the program checks that the flume dimensions are compliant
with the following recommended design limit values:
1. h1 ≥ 0.05m or ≥ 0.05L, whichever is the greater
2. Froude number Fr = v1 / (g A1 / W 1)0.5 in approach channel to ≤ 0.5
3. 0.67 ≥ h1 / L
4. b ≥ 0.1m
5. h ≤ 2m
SHORT-THROATED FLUMES
upstream downstream
transition transition
y1 = h1 H
y2
CriticalDepth
b
B
THROAT
CROSS-SECTION
md
1
b B
rs = 4p
PLAN
Figure c.6 Short-throated flume
The short-throated flume (also described as throatless flume) is similar to the long-throated flume
except that it effectively has a zero throat length and hence does not offer as high a level of accuracy
of flow measurement over the design flow range. ARTS caters for the design of short-throated flumes of
rectangular throat section and having the geometrical configuration shown in the above diagram.
c-9
The head-discharge equation for a critical depth flume of rectangular throat section may be written in
the form:
0.5
2 2 
Q = Cd Cv g b h 13/2 . . . c-13
3  3 
where Cd is the coefficient of discharge and Cv is the approach velocity coefficient; the latter has a
value somewhat greater than unity, taking into account the fact that h1 is used in the discharge
equation in place of H1 (refer eqn. c12). ARTS applies the following geometric constraints that enable
the discharge coefficient Cd to be taken as unity for design purposes (Bos, 1976) :
• the radius of the upstream side walls rs lies between 1.6 H1 max and 2.0 H1 max.
• the angle of divergence of the side walls lies in the range 1:6 to 1:10.
For reliable flow measurement the following design limits are also applied:
• the modular limit is defined by the correlation

• the recommended lower limit for h1 is 0.06m
• the upstream Froude number should not exceed 0.5
• the throat width b should not be less than 0.20m or less than H1 max.
PARSHALL FLUME
E
h1
1:4
N K
head measurement
location
a
P D b C
M B L G
PLAN
Figure c.7 Parshall flume
Parshall flumes are calibrated open channel flow measurement structures. They were developed in the
United States by R. Parshall (1922). The Parshall flume has a rectangular cross-section with a side
c-10
wall geometry as illustrated on the above plan view. The upstream end has a transition reach of length
M, with an upward sloping floor at a gradient of 1:4 as shown on the above longitudinal section. This is
followed by a converging section of length B, having an horizontal floor and leading to a throat section
of length L with a downward sloping floor; the throat section discharges to a diverging section of length
G with an upward sloping floor.
Parshall flumes have a defined head measurement location on the flume structure itself as shown on
the above plan view. Calibration equations have been developed for a standard range of Parshall
flumes, based on head measurement at this point and subject to operation within specified modular
limit values.
Dimensional data for the standard range of Parshall flume sizes are given in Table c.4. Flow
measurement ranges, discharge equations and modular limit values are given in Table c.5.
Table c.4
Parshall flume dimensions (mm)
b a B C D E L G K M N P
1" 25.4 242 356 93 167 229 76 203 19 - 29 -
2" 50.8 276 406 135 214 254 114 254 22 - 43 -
3" 76.2 311 457 178 259 457 152 305 25 - 57 -
6" 152.4 414 610 394 397 610 305 610 76 305 114 902
9" 228.6 587 864 381 575 762 305 457 76 305 114 1080
1' 304.8 914 1343 610 845 914 610 914 76 381 229 1492
l'6" 457.2 965 1419 762 1026 914 610 914 76 381 229 1676
2' 609.6 1016 1495 914 1206 914 610 914 76 381 229 1854
3' 914.4 1118 1645 1219 1572 914 610 914 76 381 229 2222
4' 1219.2 1219 1794 1524 1937 914 610 914 76 457 229 2711
5' 1524.0 1321 1943 1829 2302 914 610 914 76 457 229 3080
6' 1828.8 1422 2092 2134 2667 914 610 914 76 457 229 3442
7' 2133.6 1524 2242 2438 3032 914 610 914 76 457 229 3810
8' 2438.4 1626 2391 2743 3397 914 610 914 76 457 229 4172
10' 3048.0 1829 4267 3658 4756 1219 914 1829 152 - 343 -
12' 3658.0 2032 4877 4470 5607 1524 914 2438 152 - 343 -
15' 4572.0 2337 7620 5588 7620 1829 1219 3048 229 - 457 -
20' 6096.0 2845 7620 7315 9144 2134 1829 3658 305 - 686 -
25' 7620.0 3353 7620 8941 10668 2134 1829 3962 305 - 686 -
30' 9144.0 3861 7925 10566 12313 2134 1829 4267 305 - 686 -
40' 12192.0 4877 8230 13818 15481 2134 1829 4877 305 - 686 -
50' 15240.0 5893 8230 17272 18529 2134 1829 6096 305 - 686 -
c-11
Table c.5
Parshall flume discharge characteristics
Throat Discharge range Equation Head range Modular
width b m3/s x 103 in metres
in ins or ft Q = K han limit
min max min max
1′′ 0.09 5.4 0.0604 h1.55
a 0.015 0.21 0.50
2′′ 0.18 13.2 0.1207 h1.55
a 0.015 0.24 0.50
3′′ 0.77 32.1 0.1771 h1.55
a 0.03 0.33 0.50
6′′ 1.50 111 0.3812 h1.58
a 0.03 0.45 0.60
9′′ 2.50 251 0.5354 h1.53
a 0.03 0.61 0.60
12′′ 3.32 457 0.6909 h1.522
a 0.03 0.76 0.70
18′′ 4.80 695 1.056 h 1.538
a 0.03 0.76 0.70
2′ 12.1 937 1.428 h1.550
a 0.046 0.76 0.70
3′ 17.6 1427 2.184 h 1.566
a 0.046 0.76 0.70
4′ 35.8 1923 2.953 h1.578
a 0.06 0.76 0.70
5′ 44.1 2424 3.732 h 1.587
a 0.06 0.76 0.70
6′ 74.1 2929 4.519 h1.595
a 0.076 0.76 0.70
7′ 85.8 3438 5.312 h1.601
a 0.076 0.76 0.70
8′ 97.2 3949 6.112 h1.607
a 0.076 0.76 0.70
10′ 160 8280 7.463 h1.60
a 0.09 1.07 0.80
12′ 190 14680 8.859 h1.60
a 0.09 1.37 0.80
15′ 230 25040 10.96 h 1.60
a 0.09 1.67 0.80
20′ 310 37970 14.45 h 1.60
a 0.09 1.83 0.80
25′ 380 47140 17.94 h1.60
a 0.09 1.83 0.80
30′ 460 56330 21.44 h 1.60
a 0.09 1.83 0.80
40′ 600 74700 28.43 h 1.60
a 0.09 1.83 0.80
50′ 750 93040 35.41 h 1.60
a 0.09 1.83 0.80
Selected list of references

Ackers, P, White, W R, Perkins, J A and Harrison, A J M (1979) Weirs and Flumes for Flow Measurement, John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd., Chichester, UK.
British Standards Institution, BS 3680 (1981): Methods of measurement of liquid flow in open channels, Part 4C, Flumes.
Bos, M G (1976) Discharge Measurement Structures, Report No. 4, Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Casey, T J (1992) Water and Wastewater Engineering Hydraulics, Oxford University Press, Oxford OX2 6DP.
Kindsvater, C E and Carter, R W C (1957) Discharge characteristics of rectangular thin-plate weirs, J. Hyd. Div. ASCE,
HY 6, 83.
Parshall, R L (1950) Measuring water in irrigation channels with Parshall flumes and small weirs; Soil Conservation
Circular No. 843, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Parshall, R L (1953) Parshall flumes of large size, Bull. 426-A, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Singer, J and Lewis, D C G (1966) Proportional-flow weirs for automatic sampling or dosing, Water and Water
Engineering, 70, 105-111.
c-12
Appendix PUMPING INSTALLATIONS
d PUMPING INSTALLATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Pumps transfer energy to the fluid being pumped by effecting a step-increase in head or pressure.
ARTS caters for the analysis and design of pump/rising main systems, incorporating rotodynamic
pumps with fixed or variable speed.
ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS
The active element in a rotodynamic pump is the rotating impeller or propeller, which imparts a
momentum to the fluid, that, on deceleration, is converted to a pressure rise. Rotodynamic pumps are
categorised (Casey,1992) according to their specific speed Ns, which is defined as follows:
NQ 0.5
Ns = . . . d-1
H 0.75
where N is the pump speed (rpm), H is the pump manometric head (m) and Q is the pump discharge
(m3/s). The manometric head H is defined as the step change in total head across the pump:
p v2   p v2 
H =  d + d  −  s + s  . . . d-2
 ρg 2g   ρg 2g 
where the subscripts s and d relate to the pump suction and delivery sides, respectively.
Pump efficiency η is defined as the ratio of the hydraulic power transferred to the fluid, to the shaft
power, P:
ρ gHQ
η= . . . d-3
P
The specific speed ranges for the three main categories of rotodynamic pump type are:
Pump type Specific speed (Ns)

Centrifugal ≤ 80
Mixed flow 80 - 150
Axial flow 150 - 300
d-1
where the parameter units are: N (rpm), Q (m3/s), and H (m).
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS FOR ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS

Rotodynamic pumps are conventionally characterised by the parameters H, P, η, NPSH and Q, where
H, P Q and η are as already defined, and NPSH is the ‘net positive suction head’. NPSH is defined as
follows:
p p 
NPSH =  s − v  . . . d-4
 ρ g ρg 
where ps is the absolute pressure at the suction flange and pv is the prevailing vapour pressure. The
NPSH for a pump sets the practical limit of suction lift, which ensures that the risk of cavitation within
the pump impeller is avoided.
Pump characteristics are normally supplied by pump manufacturers in the form of graphical
representations of H, P, NPSH and efficiency η, as functions of pump discharge Q. Pump power and
pump torque are related as follows:
30P
T= . . . d-5
πN
where T (Nm/s) is the torque and N is the pump speed (rpm).
A typical sample set of characteristic curves is presented in Fig d1. Ideally, the operating point for a
rotodynamic pump should be close to its point of maximum pumping efficiency (ηmax), as identified in
Fig 1.
H
H P
H
P η max
η η max
P η max
P η
η
η
Q Q Q
Figure d.1 Rotodynamic pump characteristics
H is the manometric head; P is the power; η is the efficiency
d-2
The H/Q relationship for a rotodynamic pump, driven at its rated speed NR, may be expressed in
quadratic equations of the form :
HR = A0 + A1 Q + A 2 Q2 . . . d-6
where A0 is the manometric head at zero flow, and A1 and A2 are constants.
The P/Q relationship for a rotodynamic pump, driven at its rated speed NR, may be similarly
expressed :
PR = B0 + B1Q + B2 Q 2 . . . d-7
where B0 is the pump power draw at zero flow, and B1 and B2 are constants.
The H/Q equation for any other speed N, may be derived from the rated speed by scaling according to
the homologous pump relationships:
2
HN  N  QN N
=  and =
H R  NR  QR NR
Thus, the P/Q equation for any speed N may be written as follows:
2
 N   N  2
HN = A 0  + A1  Q N + A2QN . . . d-8
 NR   NR
The P/Q equation for any other speed N, may be derived from the rated speed by scaling according to
the homologous pump relationships:
3
PN  N  QN N
=  and =
PR  N R  QR NR
Thus, the P/Q equation for any speed N may be written as follows:
3 2
 N   N   N  2
PN = B0   + B1   Q N + B2  Q N . . . d-9
 NR   NR   NR 
d-3
ARTS sets up the pump characteristic equations in the foregoing quadratic form, using the co-
ordinates of 3 points from each characteristic curve, input by the user.
Pump operation in the energy-dissipating mode

The graphical representation of pump characteristics shown in Fig d1 relates to rotodynamic pumps
operating in their normal mode, i.e. the flow is from the suction side to the delivery side, while the
pressure head at the delivery flange exceeds the pressure head at the suction flange; in this normal
mode of operation both H and Q are conventionally defined as being positive. Under certain pump trip-
out conditions, however, the delivery flange pressure may temporarily drop below the suction flange
pressure (negative H), while maintaining forward flow (positive Q). Under such conditions, the pump is
said to be operating in an energy-dissipating mode. The H/Q characteristics for operation in this mode
are required in some waterhammer analysis problems, but are not generally available from pump
manufacturers. In the absence of specific manufacturer data for this mode of operation, ARTS uses
the following default relationship, which have been derived from the normal mode correlations for H/Q
and T/Q:
H/Q HD = 2 A0 + 2 A1 Q + 2 A2 Q2 . . . d-10
T/Q TD = 2 B0 + 2 B1 Q + 2 B2 Q2 . . . d-11
where HD represents the head drop (negative head rise) across the pump when operating in the
energy-dissipating mode and TD is the corresponding reactive torque.
References
Casey, T J (1992) Water and Wastewater Engineering Hydraulics, Oxford University Press
d-4
Appendix WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS AND CONTROL
e WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS AND CONTROL

INTRODUCTION
Waterhammer is the effect created in pressure pipe systems by the rapid acceleration or deceleration
of flow, such as may arise due the operation of flow regulating devices such as pumps or valves. The
resulting transient pressure changes are transmitted as elastic waves along the pipe and may give rise
to unacceptable pressure fluctuation. The lower limit to which the pressure can drop is the water
vapour pressure at the prevailing temperature. If a vapour pocket is created during the pressure
downsurge of the pressure fluctuation, it is liable to collapse in the following pressure upsurge,
emitting a hammer-like sound and causing pipe vibration.
BASIC EQUATIONS
The basic continuity and momentum equations, which are used to characterise unsteady pipe flow,
are written as follows:
∂H ∂H α2 ∂ v
continuity equation +v − v sinθ + = 0 …... . . e-1
∂t ∂x g ∂x
∂H ∂ v ∂ v fv| v|
momentum equation g +v + + =0 . . . e-2
∂x ∂x ∂t 2D
where
H is the pressure head; t denotes time
x is distance along the pipe; v denotes velocity
θ is pipe gradient angle α is the wavespeed
D is the pipe diameter
The wavespeed α is given by:
1
α= . . . e-3
ρ/ K + ρ C D / T E
where K is the bulk modulus for water, T is the pipe wall thickness, E is the Young’s modulus for the
pipe material, C is an anchorage coefficient. The ARTS analysis suite assumes a unit value for C,
which is appropriate for pipes with expansion joints.
e-1
The ARTS coding solves equations (E1) and (E2), plus the boundary condition equations for the pipe
system, using the method of characteristics (Casey,1992). The finite difference form of the
characteristic equations are set out with reference to the x-t finite difference grid illustrated in Fig E1.
t
∆x ∆x
2 ∆t
P
∆t
+
C
C
-
0 A B
x
1 2 i-1 i i+1 N N+1
x-axis grid number
Figure e.1 The x-t finite difference grid
∆x
∆t = . . . e-4
α
C+ equation: ( )
H p = H A − B Q p − Q A − RQ A |Q A | . . . e-5
C- equation: ( )
H p = H B + B Q p − Q B + RQ B |Q B | . . . e-6
α f ∆x
where B= and R= . . . e-7
gA 2gDA 2
where the head parameters HA, HB and Hp are potential head values relative to a defined datum level.
Equations (e5) and (e6) can be written in grid reference format as follows:
C+ equation: ( )
H pi = H i −1 − B Q pi − Q i − 1 − RQ i −1 |Q i −1 | . . . e-8
e-2
C- equation: ( )
H pi = H i +1 + B Q pi − Q i + 1 + RQ i + 1|Q i +1 | . . . e-9
Solving for Hpi and Qpi:
CP + CM
H pi = . . . e-10
2
CP − CM
Q pi = . . . e-11
2B
where CP = H i −1 + BQ i − 1 − RQ i −1 |Q i −1 | and CM = H i +1 − BQ i +1 + RQ i + 1 |Q i + 1|
Thus an computation procedure uses the current values of H and Q at points i-1 and i+1 to compute
their values at point I at one time interval ∆t later. Usually the starting values are known from an initial
steady flow situation.
BOUNDARY CONDITION EQUATIONS

The ARTS software analyses the waterhammer conditions arising from sudden pump trip-out and can
handle the following boundary conditions:
1. pump, connected to a sump, at the upstream end of the rising main

2. non-return valve (NRV) at the upstream end of a rising main
3. air valve at any point on rising main
4. air vessel at the upstream end of the rising main
5. reservoir or free discharge at downstream end of rising main
Pump trip-out
ARTS deals only with rotodynamic pumps. The head and torque (or power) characteristics of
rotodynamic pumps, at the normal or rated speed NR, can be expressed as function of the rated
discharge QR as follows:
head h R = A 0 + A 1 Q R + A 2 Q 2R . . . e-12
torque TR = B0 + B1 Q R + B2 Q 2R . . . e-13
e-3
where A0, A1 and A2 are coefficients which define the hR/QR relationship; B0, B1 and B2 are a
corresponding set of coefficients which define the TR/QR relationship.
The following homologous relationships are assumed to apply when such pumps are operating at
speeds other than their rated speeds:
QN N hN N2 TN N2
= ; = ; = . . . e-14
QR NR h R N 2R TR N 2R
where N is the operating speed. Application of these homologous relationships to equations (11) and
(12) results in the following expressions for pump head and pump torque at any speed N:
2
 N   N  2
hN = A 0  + A1 Q + A2 Q . . . e-15
 NR   NR 
2
 N   N  2
TN = B 0   + B1   Q + B 2Q . . . e-16
 NR   NR 
When a pump motor trips out, the inertia of the rotating parts maintains a decreasing pump output in
accordance with the deceleration relationship:
dω
T = −I . . . e-17
dt
where T is the reactive torque of the fluid, I is the moment of inertia of the rotating elements of the
pump set, and -dω/dt is the angular deceleration. Hence
T 60 TN
dω = − dt or dN = − dt . . . e-18
I 2π I
where dN is the change in rotational speed in r.p.m. in time dt. The pump characteristics at the
reduced speed can be determined from the rated values using equations (e15) and (e16).
Thus, for a pump at the upstream end of a rising main, as illustrated in Fig e2, the following set of
equations define unsteady flow following pump trip-out:
e-4
C- characteristic H p1 = CM + BQp1
pump discharge Hp1 − H s = hN
where hN is the pump manometric head at pump speed N, as expressed by equation (e15). Solution of
this pair of simultaneous equations yields the instantaneous values of H and Q at the pump delivery at
the time t+∆t.
t + ∆t
C
-
t
1 2
Hs pump
Figure e.2 Pump at upstream boundary
Non-return valve
An NRV at any node i imposes the condition: Qpi ≥ 0. The ARTS coding assumes the inclusion of an
NRV on the delivery side of all pumps.
Air valve
Air valves are installed at high points on rising mains to allow escape of air. They also admit air when
the gauge pressure drops below atmospheric pressure and hence can be used to limit the pressure
downsurge under waterhammer conditions.
Qav
t + ∆t
C+
C
-
t
i-1 i i+1 i+1
Figure e.3 Air valve boundary condition (under negative pressure conditions)
e-5
The ARTS coding applies the following air valve boundary condition equations, when the pressure at
the air valve location drops below atmospheric pressure:
Hpi = Hid . . . e-19

Qi + Qav = Qi+1 . . . e-20
where i is the air valve location node, Hid is the rising main elevation at node I, Qav is the air inflow rate.
Air vessel
Air vessels are frequently used on pump rising mains for the control of transient pressures. They are
typically located close to the pump, on the downstream side of the NRV. ARTS allows for the location
of an air vessel at the upstream end of the rising main. Fig e3 illustrates an air vessel on a rising main
located at node i.
air cushion
Z
t + ∆t
+
C
C
-
Hid
t
i-1 i i+1 i+1
Figure e.4 Air vessel boundary
The governing equations for an air vessel boundary are:
C+ characteristic H pi = CP − BQpi
C- characteristic H p(i+1) = CM + BQp(i+1)
air volume/head correlation h a Vaγ = constant
throttle pipe head loss h L = C Q 2a
ha/Hpi correlation ha = Hpi − Hid + H atm + h L − Z
e-6
Continuity Q pi + Qa = Q p(i+1)
where ha is the absolute pressure head; Hatm is the atmospheric pressure head; C is the head loss
coefficient for flow between the air vessel and the rising main; Qa is the air vessel flow; Va is the air
cushion volume; the air expansion exponent γ is taken to have a value of 1.35.
Reservoir
ARTS treats a rising main node connected to a reservoir as a point of fixed head:
H i = H res . . . e-21
where the reservoir is located at node i and Hres is the reservoir water surface elevation.
Free discharge
ARTS treats a free discharge at the outlet end of a rising main as a point of fixed head:
H N+1 = H (N +1)d . . . e-22
where H(N+1)d is the rising main elevation at the outlet end.
Reference
Casey, T J (1992) Water and Wastewater Engineering Hydraulics, Oxford University Press, Oxford
OX2 6DP
e-7
e-8
Index
A G
Activated sludge 4-7, 6-5 Gradually varied flow 5-13
Add button 4-3 GVF, control depth 5-16
Air valves 4-3, 7-6,e-5 GVF tool 5-15
Air vessel 4-9, 7-5, e-6
Analysis menu
Hydraulic profile command 5-18, 6-11, 6-12 H
Steady pipe flow command 5-1, 5-5 - 5-8 Help 1-6
Unsteady pipe flow command 7-3 Hydraulic profile 6-11
Auto design 6-9 Hydraulic objects 4-1
B I
Biofilter 4-10 Installation 1-3
Broad-crested weir 4-22, c-1
J
C Junctions 4-21
Channels 4-4
Channel calculator 5-15 K
Channels in series 5-18
K value 4-2, 4-15, 4-19, 4-20 , 5-2
Colour code, junctions 3-8
Compile command 3-8
Continuity check 3-8 L
Control depth 5-16 Laterals 4-16
Line tool 4-22
D
Darcy Weisbach equation a-1 M
Design Manifold 4-15
Screen 2-1 Menu bar 2-2
Placing objects on 3-1
Sheet 2-2 N
Detritior 4-20, 6-6
Network 5-5
Drawing
New sheet 8-1
Hydraulic systems 3-5
Nodes
Tips 3-9
Colour-coding 3-8
E O
Export to other applications 8-3
Objects
Extras 4-3
Copying 3-4
Deleting 3-3
F Moving 3-3
File management 8-1 Pasting 3-4
Flow Re-sizing 3-3
Divider 4-11, 6-6 Selecting 3-2
Measurement structures 5-19 Open channel
Object 4-15 Flow 5-13
Sludge in pipes 4-15 Flow measurement structures 5-19
Air in pipes 4-15, 5-12 Open command 8-1
Flumes 4-12, 5-19
Froude number 0-10
P T
Pipe Text tool 4-22
Calculator 5-3 Tool palette 2-4
Fittings 4-3, a-4
Flow 5-1 U
Manifold 4-15, a-2
Unsteady pipe flow 7-1
Network 5-5
User interface 2-1
Objects4-2
Systems 5-5
Property pages V
Accessing 4-1 Valves
Tool 2-4 Air 4-3, 7-6,e-5
Pump K values a-5
Object 4-5 Vapour pressure limit 7-4
H-Q 4-6, d-3
NPSH –Q 4-7, d-2 W
P-Q 4-6, d-3
Waterhammer analysis 7-1
Printing 8-2
Wastewater treatment systems 6-1
Pump/rising main systems 5-7
Weirs
Plot option 8-2
Broad crested 4-22, c-1
V notch 4-22, c-3
R Rectangular sharp edged 4-22, c-4
Rapidly varied flow 5-13 Proportional flow 4-22, c-6
Rectangle tool 4-22
Remove button 4-3 Y
Reservoirs 4-5
Young’s modulus 4-2, e-1
Reynolds number a-1
S
Screen 4-19
Sedimentation tank 4-16
Selecting objects 3-2
Sludge 4-15
Start
Arts 1-5
Menu 1-5
Status property page 4-2
Steady pipe flow 5-1, 5-2, 5-5 – 5-8, a-1
Storm overflow weir 4-17
Supply/demand object 4-15
Surface roughness 4-2, 4-15, 5-2

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ARTS

AQUAVARRA RESEARCH LIMITED

Trade Marks Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation

Customer Aquavarra Research provides a technical support service to registered

Address Aquavarra Research Limited,

Tel. +353 1 2783107

2. THE ARTS USER INTERFACE 2-1

3. SKETCHING THE SYSTEM LAYOUT 3-1

5. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS/DESIGN : GENERAL APPLICATIONS 5-1

7. WATERHAMMER ANALYSIS AND CONTROL 7-1

8. FILE MANAGEMENT, PRINTING, DATA EXPORT 8-1

1.2 Scope of ARTS

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM HYDRAULIC DESIGN:

1.3 System requirements

• CPU 486 or compatible with 16 Mb RAM

To install ARTS on your computer,

1. If you have a back up system, make a back up of your PC.

4. Insert the ARTS CD ROM into your PC.

7. Choose the OK button, and then follow the instructions on

Figure 1.2 ARTS setup welcome

2. To activate the copy, select Activate from the File menu.

3. ARTS will display several codes.

1.5 Starting ARTS

• Selecting the ARTS icon on the Desktop

To start ARTS using the desktop icon:

To start ARTS from the START menu:

1.6 Unit system

1.7 Getting help

1.8 Quitting ARTS

2. The ARTS User Interface

2.2 Quick Start

2.3 The main design screen

• Select ARTS hydraulics from the Desktop.

Figure 2.1 The main ARTS window

Control-menu icon: the control-menu box is located at the top left-hand

2.4 The design sheet

2.5 The tool palette

Figure 2.2 The toolbar

Selection tool Properties Command Icon GVF Command Icon

2.6 Spreadsheet View

Figure 2.3 The spreadsheet view

3. Sketching the system layout

3.2 Quick Start

3.3 Placing objects on the design sheet

Figure 3.1 Reservoirs, pipes and a pump - drawing exercise

3.4 Selecting objects

• Click on the object you wish to select

Not selected Selected

To select several objects:

3.5 Re-sizing objects

3.6 Moving objects

• Drag to move to a new location.

3.7 Deleting objects

• Press the Delete key on the keyboard or

• Choose Delete from the Edit menu

Figure 3.2 Reservoirs, pipes and a pump - moving exercise

3.8 Copying and Pasting objects

• Select the object or objects that you wish to copy

• Choose Copy from the Edit menu

• A copy of the object is placed onto the internal ARTS clipboard

To paste a previously copied object:

• Choose Paste from the Edit menu

3.9 Drawing hydraulic systems