SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

Instructed By :-

Name :- A.H.M.N.Chamara
Index No :- 08038U
Course :- B.Sc. ENG. Mechanical
Module :- EE 2850
Practical No :-
Date of conduct :- / /2010
Date of submission :- / /2010
Introduction

Single Phase Induction Motor

In a single phase induction motor, it is necessary to provide a starting circuit to start rotation of the
rotor. If this is not done, rotation may be commenced by manually giving a slight turn to the rotor.
The single phase induction motor may rotate in either direction and it is only the starting circuit
which determines rotational direction.

For small motors of a few watts, the start rotation is done by means of one or two single turn(s) of
heavy copper wire around one corner of the pole. The current induced in the single turn is out of
phase with the supply current and so causes an out-of-phase component in the magnetic field,
which imparts to the field sufficient rotational character to start the motor. Starting torque is very
low and efficiency is also reduced. Such shaded-pole motors are typically used in low-power
applications with low or zero starting torque requirements, such as desk fans and record players.

Larger motors are provided with a second stator winding which is fed with an out-of-phase current
to create a rotating magnetic field. The out-of-phase current may be derived by feeding the
winding through a capacitor or it may derive from the winding having different values of
inductance and resistance from the main winding.

In some designs, the second winding is disconnected once the motor is up to speed, usually either
by means of a switch operated by centrifugal force acting on weights on the motor shaft or by a
positive temperature coefficient thermistor which, after a few seconds of operation, heats up and
increases its resistance to a high value thereby reducing the current through the second winding to
an insignificant level. Other designs keep the second winding continuously energised during
running, which improves torque.

Permanent-split capacitor motor

One way to solve the single phase problem is to build a 2-phase motor, deriving 2-phase power
from single phase. This requires a motor with two windings spaced apart 90 o electrical, fed with
two phases of current displaced 90o in time. This is called a permanent-split capacitor motor in
Figure below.

Permanent-split capacitor induction motor.

This type of motor suffers increased current magnitude and backward time shift as the motor
comes up to speed, with torque pulsations at full speed. The solution is to keep the capacitor
(impedance) small to minimize losses. The losses are less than for a shaded pole motor. This
motor configuration works well up to 1/4 horsepower (200watt), though, usually applied to
smaller motors. The direction of the motor is easily reversed by switching the capacitor in series
with the other winding. This type of motor can be adapted for use as a servo motor, described
elsewhere is this chapter.
Single phase induction motor with embedded stator coils.

Single phase induction motors may have coils embedded into the stator as shown in Figure above
for larger size motors. Though, the smaller sizes use less complex to build concentrated windings
with salient poles.

Capacitor-start induction motor

In Figure below a larger capacitor may be used to start a single phase induction motor via the
auxiliary winding if it is switched out by a centrifugal switch once the motor is up to speed.
Moreover, the auxiliary winding may be many more turns of heavier wire than used in a resistance
split-phase motor to mitigate excessive temperature rise. The result is that more starting torque is
available for heavy loads like air conditioning compressors. This motor configuration works so
well that it is available in multi-horsepower (multi-kilowatt) sizes.

Capacitor-start induction motor.

Capacitor-run motor induction motor

A variation of the capacitor-start motor (Figure below) is to start the motor with a relatively large
capacitor for high starting torque, but leave a smaller value capacitor in place after starting to
improve running characteristics while not drawing excessive current. The additional complexity
of the capacitor-run motor is justified for larger size motors.
Capacitor-run motor induction motor.

A motor starting capacitor may be a double-anode non-polar electrolytic capacitor which could be
two + to + (or - to -) series connected polarized electrolytic capacitors. Such AC rated electrolytic
capacitors have such high losses that they can only be used for intermittent duty (1 second on, 60
seconds off) like motor starting. A capacitor for motor running must not be of electrolytic
construction, but a lower loss polymer type.

Uses

Common uses include: compressors, pumps, machine tools, air conditioners, conveyors, blowers,
fans and other hard to start applications.

Resistance split-phase motor induction motor

If an auxiliary winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at 90 o electrical to the main
winding, it can start a single phase induction motor. (Figure below) With lower inductance and
higher resistance, the current will experience less phase shift than the main winding. About 30o of
phase difference may be obtained. This coil produces a moderate starting torque, which is
disconnected by a centrifugal switch at 3/4 of synchronous speed. This simple (no capacitor)
arrangement serves well for motors up to 1/3 horsepower (250 watts) driving easily started loads.

Resistance split-phase motor induction motor.

This motor has more starting torque than a shaded pole motor (next section), but not as much as a
two phase motor built from the same parts. The current density in the auxiliary winding is so high
during starting that the consequent rapid temperature rise precludes frequent restarting or slow
starting loads.
Uses

This motor is used where stops and starts are somewhat frequent. Common applications of split
phase motors include: fans, blowers, office machines and tools such as small saws or drill presses
where the load is applied after the motor has obtained its operating speed.
 Calculations

Running winding Starting winding

DC AC DC AC
V I V I V I V I
3 0.01 15.4 0.02 4 0.1 15.8 0.02
5 0.02 32.77 0.04 9 0.2 33.6 0.04
8 0.03 50.4 0.06 12 0.3 34.3 0.06
10 0.04 66.0 0.08 16 0.4 69.0 0.08
12 0.05 81.0 0.10 20 0.5 88.0 0.10
14 0.06 99.0 0.12 24 0.6 108.0 0.12
17 0.07 118.0 0.14 29 0.7 126.0 0.14

DC v vs I of Runing winding
0.08
0.07
f(x) = 0.01 x − 0
0.06
0.05 I
Linear (I)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
3 5 8 10 12 14 17

Resistance of running winding = 1/m= 100 Ω

AC v vs I of Runing winding
0.16
0.14
f(x) = 0.02 x − 0
0.12
0.1 I
Linear (I)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
15.4 32.77 50.4 66 81 99 118

Impedance of running winding = 1/m= 50

 DC v vs I of Starting winding
0.8
0.7
f(x) = 0.1 x
0.6
0.5 I
Linear (I)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4 9 12 16 20 24 29

Resistance of running winding = 1/m= 100 Ω

AC v vs I of Starting winding
0.16
0.14
f(x) = 0.02 x − 0
0.12
0.1 I
Linear (I)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
15.8 33.6 34.3 69 88 108 126

Impedance of running winding = 1/m= 50 Ω

Discussion

ERRORS IN THE PRACTICAL

 The voltmeters and ammeters used are not ideal.

 Resistance of the wires and the other connecting clips is not considered.
 Errors in taking readings.
 Supply voltage is not constant in the performing period.
 Speed meter is not accurate in all times.