Survey Department Questions

1a. what are the rules for Boundary Demarcation in a resurvey?

The first step in a Theodolite or Traverse Survey is Boundary Demarcatio
n. In order to prepare the Village Map, under the legal requirements of a survey
, and to plot the individual fields within the village boundaries, a theodolite
framework is necessary. For this purpose the village boundary has to be laid out
and demarcated with theodolite stations and then this village boundary is to be
split up into convenient sub-circuits called Khandams.
A perambulation of the village should first be made with the: aid of the village
plan of the previous survey. This will give us knowledge of the locality and wi
ll help us to form our Khandams of the prescribed size of 100 - 200 acres or 40
- 80 hectares in wet land and 200-300 acres or 80- 120 hectares in dry following
the natural boundaries.
In demarcating the village boundary we start from the village tri-junction at th
e N.W corner and proceed right around the village. Convenient points should be s
elected on bends along the true village boundary. The stations should be as far
apart as possible but should be clearly visible one from the other.
In many cases the clearance of lines is necessary, but this should be kept down
to the minimum by a judicious selection of the points. If the boundaries are hea
vily obstructed, "Interpolated" stations are selected. An interpolated station i
s fixed at a point clearly visible from the extremities of the obstructed line,
which would form the apex of a triangle with the obstructed line as the base. By
measuring the two lines from the apex of the triangle and observing the include
d angle, we can easily solve the triangle and obtain the length of the obstructe
d base line and the two angles. These interpolated stations should be few and sh
ould be carefully selected so that the triangle formed will not be ill-condition
ed, and so that the lines will be clearly visible. Such stations should be fixed
on bunds and the old survey numbers and sub-divisions noted in the A sketch to fa
cilitate the identification of the stations by the Theodolite Surveyor.
While selecting our Traverse stations along the village boundary, we should see
that they are on the true boundary, and that the bends along the village boundar
y between the theodolite stations, which have to be offsetted, are not more than
10 chains away from the Traverse line.
Having completed the demarcation of - the "village boundary, we should split up
the village circuit into sub-circuits or Khandams of the prescribed extent of 10
0 - 200 acres or 40 - 80hectares in wet land and 200-300 acres or 80-120 hectare
s in dry. This we would be able to do easily with the aid- of the village map of
the previous survey and our knowledge of the locality obtained in our perambula
tion.
Now we select the Khandam stations in the very same manner as the village bounda
ry stations. The Khandams should be numbered, beginning from the North West. .
We now draw our Demarcation or 'A' sketch and plant stones at the points selecte
d. The A sketch should show all important topographical details to enable the Theo
dolite Surveyor to identify the stations.
Large theodolite stations of the dimensions 3' X 9" X 9 or 90 cm X 25 cm X 25 cm.
are planted at the village tri-junctions and their pointers and an ordinary fiel
d stone 2' X 6 X 6 or 60 cm. X 15 cm. X15 cm. at all the other points. A plummet h
ole should be drilled neatly in every theodolite station and parallel marks cut
on the stations along the village boundary and a triangle on the village tri-jun
ctions.
b. What are the different kinds of stones planted in a-Town Survey? Mention the
dimensions and state where each kind of stone is planted.
THEODOLITE STATIONS
(1) Stones of dimensions 3' x 9" x 9" (90 cm x 22.5 cm x 22.5 cm) with a plummet
hole and a broad - arrow on top are planted along the boundaries of Municipalit
ies and Open Blocks.
(2) Stones of dimensions 18" x 8" x 8" (45 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm) with a plumme
t hole and the broad arrow cut on the top are planted at places where three or m
ore streets or roads meet and at important bends on the Block Boundaries.
(3) Chain Survey stones.
Stones of dimensions 1'x 6"x 6" (30 cm x 15 cm x 15cm) with a St. George's cross
on the top and an arrow mark on one side are planted at points on the straight
lines between two theodolite stations.
(4) Field stones measuring 2" X 6" X 6" (60 cm x 45 cm x 15 cm) are planted at t
he bends and tri-junctions on the boundaries of all survey fields, poramboke sub
-divisions belonging to or vested in local bodies. But field stones will not be
required where permanent masonry structures define the boundaries, as the broad
arrow is painted with tar at the points of demarcation.
3. What are the temporary adjustments that are necessary when a theodolite is se
t up for use? Explain briefly how the adjustments are done.
The temporary adjustments are (1) Centering ; (2) Horizontal levelling; (3) Vert
ical levelling; (4) obtaining distinct vision of the wires and eliminating paral
lax, or focussing.
Centering :-This means bringing the plumb-bob exactly over the plummet hole in t
he theodolite station. Obviously, if the plumb-bob comes to rest to one side of
the plummet hole, the observed angle will never be correct. Therefore, this adju
stment is the most important and should be done with great care.
The legs of the tripod stand should first be moved till the plumb-bob is somewha
t near the plummet hole, and then the final adjustment should be made with the s
elf-centering base. But care should be taken throughout the operation to see tha
t the theodolite is roughly level. If the horizontal plate is sloping too much,
it will be impossible to level the instrument without putting the centering out,
with the result that much time would be wasted.
Horizontal levelling:- Place the horizontal level parallel to-any two foot-screw
s, and bring the bubble to the centre of its run by moving them both either inwa
rds or outwards, as required. Then turn the instrument 90° in azimuth or a quarter
round and bring the bubble to the centre by moving the third foot-screw inward
or outward.
Now bring the instrument to its first position and, if the bubble does not remai
n in the centre, the same process must be repeated. After repeating the process
a few times the bubble will remain in the middle throughout a whole revolution,
provided it requires no permanent adjustment.
Vertical levelling: - After.the horizontal levelling is over, the vertical level
ling can be completed by bringing the bubble of the vertical level approximately
into the centre of its run, and then proceeding as explained above. If the bubb
le does not remain in position in any direction, it indicates that the vertical
level requires permanent adjustment.
Eliminating Parallax and obtaining a distinct vision of the wires: this adjustme
nt consists in bringing the rays of light from the object glass and eye piece to
meet at a common focal point on the diaphragm. For this adjustment, turn the mi
ll-headed screw of the eye piece until the cross-wires are distinct against the
sky. Now point the telescope at some well-defined object and bring it to the pro
per focus by the mill-headed screw near the object-glass.
4. What are the different steps in the survey of a village?
. The various processes are commonly denoted by letters of the alaphabet,
and the survey of a village accordingly comprises items A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H.
"A" stands for Boundary Demarcation. This refers to the laying down of the villa
ge and Khandam boundaries which form the theodolite framework into which the ind
ividual fields are to be fitted.
After demarcating the village and Khandam boundaries and planting a theodolite s
tation at every point selected, the theodolite work or Traverse Survey, known as
process B is taken up.
Every step in the field has its connected proving process in the office. The vil
lage and Khandam traverses by the Theodolite Surveyor are accordingly set up on
Gale's Traverse System and the accuracy of the work proved. This Traverse comput
ation is called process C. With the aid of one bearing and the subse¬quent angles,
all the bearings in the particular circuit are worked out, and these bearings w
ith the connected measurements are, in turn, reduced to rectangular co-ordinates
. If the Northings are equal to the Southings, and the Eastings are equal to the
West measurements (within the margin of allowance) the framework is proved and
the plotting of the circuits is taken up.
The plotting of these traverses is process D . This process, too, is taken up on Ga
le's system. The plotting is done on paper which has been carefully squared to s
cale. The position of the first station on the squared paper is gauged and each
succeeding station is plotted in terms of rectangular co-ordinates calculated fr
om this first station or station of origin.
Processes E & F refer to the demarcation and measurement of survey fields with their
sub-divisions and 'G.H.' to the plotting of the fields and 'finishing' the vill
age map.
6. Explain in detail how a Maintenance Surveyor would measure a sub-division for
Land Acquisition purposes. What are the notifications and notices to be publish
ed and served? How are the changes incorporated in the records? What certificate
s are to be appended to the records?
The portion of land taken over from each registered holder must be sub-divided s
eparately so that the, Land Acquisition Officer will be in a position to pass th
e award correctly. These sub-divisions will only be temporary and after having s
erved their purpose, they will be clubbed and treated as a single sub-division i
n the records to be maintained in future. If it is a case of an existing sub-div
ision being widened, the acquired portion consisting of the temporary sub-divisi
on will eventually be merged with the existing sub-division. Thus, the records s
hould show (1) the temporary sub-divisions and (2) the permanent position after
the award is passed and the temporary sub-divisions are merged with the porambok
e. Accordingly, two sets of sub-division records are prepared by the Maintenance
Surveyor - temporary and permanent.
The following points should be borne in mind for 'the field work:
All Land Acquisition work is done under the legal provisions of the S. and B. Ac
t and before the commencement of the field work the Notification under Sectidn 6
(1) should be published in the village.
Sub-divisions to be acquired in each individual registered holding should be mea
sured separately for the purpose, of-the award. If enjoyment of some of the sub-
divisions has passed into the hands of one person, they should be clubbed later-
only after the award has been passed. As the sub-divisions are temporary, they s
hould not be durably demarcated. The stones in the interior of the poramboke sub
-division will not be necessary in the set up of the new framework and should be
removed and utilised to demarcate the new points along the outer boundary. No f
resh measurements should be taken on G lines running from stones within the acquir
ed portion, as obviously these stones will be removed.
The following records should be prepared:
Sketches and sub-division statements should be prepared in duplicate for all the
temporary sub-divisions, and sketches and statements in triplicate for the perm
anent sub-divisions that will remain after the temporary sub-divisions are clubb
ed subsequent to the passing of the award. New sub-divisions should be plotted i
n the tracings of the old field maps.
A certificate of demarcation should be furnished in each sketch. In order to fac
ilitate the service of 9 (2) notices, the names of the registered holders adjoin
ing the boundaries of the land to be acquired should be clearly noted in the ske
tches.
Unlike other sub-divisions that are incorporated in the connected village accoun
ts immediately after the field work, these sub-divisions should be taken to the
village accounts only after the technical scrutiny by the District Inspector and
after the award is passed by the Land Acquisition Officer.
On completion of the field work and the plotting of the sketches and preparation
of the sub-division statements, the records should be submitted to the District
Inspector together with the certificate of the village officers as proof of the
publi¬cation of the 6 (1) notification.
Changes in the village records should be carried out only after the preliminary
scrutiny by the District Inspector and after the award is passed.
After incorporating the changes in the village accounts soon after the award is
passed, the prescribed certificates should be made in the sketches, and notices
under Section 9 (2) of the Act should be prepared and served on the holders of t
he adjoining lands noted in the sketches. A draft notification under Section 13
of the Act should be prepared and enclosed with the sub-division file.
Changes in the Taluk copy of the, F.M. Book and other records should be carried
out on the specific orders of the Tahsildar after the final scrutiny and appro
val by the District Inspector.