Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Introduction
Site Investigation
Scope à Information on Hydrology,
Meteorology, Environment,
Natural Resources, Activities &
Topography
Ground Investigation
à Information on Ground &
Groundwater conditions
Monitoring
à Time dependent changes in
ground movements,
groundwater fluctuation &
movements
2
Introduction
Purpose
3
Introduction
4
5
Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical
Engineer? What Risk &
Consequence
Why doing GI?
It is regard as necessary, but not a
rewarding expense. (Uncertainty,
sufficiently accurate design options
for Cost & Benefit study)
6
7
Rock Mechanics
Geology deformation Soil Mechanics
composition failure deformation
Hydrology genesis Fracture
seepage failure
Surface fluid flowprocesses Mechanics
seepage
hydrology blasting
Structural
quarry
Mechanics Public Policy
deformation Fluid Control
Systems codes
failure standard
member design Structural e.g. dams Underground
Continuum Support Geo- laws & compliance
Mechanics Systems structures Contract Law
elasticity e.g. foundations e.g. tunnel specification
plasticity
Numericalidealisation
Analysis Geotechnical Risk Management
observation method
boundary element
finite difference Engineering
Surface Geo-structures Ground
risk assessment
instrumentation
discrete element e.g. embankments, Improvement Mechanical
finite element landfills e.g. densification, Engineering
Geochemistry remediation drilling
waste instrument
Materials Site Exploration Ground Construction
leachates excavation
types reconnaissance Movements practice
durability earthquake experience
properties drilling
geosynthetics in-situ testing liquefaction
laboratory testing sinkhole
geophysics
Geotechnical
Triangle
Morgenstern (2000) Ground Site investigation
Profile Ground description
Precedent,
Empiricism,
Experience,
Risk-management
Ground Appropriate
Behaviour Model
Captain, no worry!
We are still far from
it.
Consequence
Perceive
d Cost
Actual
Cost 14
How GI shall be done ?
15
Codes & Standards
16
Process Diagram of Ground
Investigation
17
Process Diagram of Ground
Investigation
18
Stage 1 of GI
Desk Study
Scope of GI
Field Supervision
Sampling, In-situ
Testing, Geophysical
Survey
Monitoring
Laboratory Testing
Work Certification
Interpretation
Report Preparation
Proje
Pipeline
ct Site
s
Jurong Project
Formation Site
1986 1999
23
GI Planning
24
Depth of Investigation
Foundation Design
Stability Analysis
25
Common Problems
26
GI Planning
27
GI Planning
28
Specification
30
Boring/Drilling
Recov
- Subsurface stratification/profile
er
- Material classification & variability
Sampl
- Laboratory tests
e
31
Direct Method – Boring, Sampling,
In-situ & Laboratory Testing
Medical Applications
- Biopsy sampling
Geotechnical Applications
- Boring, Trial Pitting & Sampling
• Thin-walled, Piston Sampler
• Mazier Sampler
• Block Sample
-In-situ Testing
• SPT, MP, CPTu, VST, PMT, DMT,
PLT,
• Permeability Test
• Field Density Test
-Laboratory Testing
• Classification Test
• Compressibility Test
(Oedometer/Swell)
• Strength Test (UU/UCT/CIU/DS)
• Permeability Test
• Compaction Test
• Chemical Test (pH, Cl, SO4, Redox,
Organic Content) 32
• Petrography & XRD
Indirect Method – Geophysical
Survey
Medical Applications
- X-ray, Computer Tomography & MRI
- Ultra-sound
-Geotechnical Applications
Geophysical Survey
- Electromagnetic Waves
(Permeability, Conductivity &
Permittivity)
- Mechanical Wave
(Attenuation, S-waves & P-waves)
• Resistivity Method
• Microgravity Method
• Transient Electro-Magnetic
Method
• Ground Penetration Radar
• Seismic Method
33
Santamarina, J. C. (2008) - http://www.elitepco.com.tw/ISC3/images/Keynote-03-Santamarina.pdf
Geophysical Survey
• Merits
• Lateral variability (probing location)
• Profiling (sampling & testing)
• Sectioning (void detection)
• Material classification
• Engineering parameters (G0 &
Gdynamic)
• Problems
•Over sale/expectation
•Misunderstanding between
engineers, engineering
geologists & geophysicists
•Lack of communication
•Wrong geophysical technique
used
•Interference/noice
34
Sampler
Split Spoon
Thin-Walled
Piston Sampler
Mazier Sampler
Core Barrel
Wire-line
35
Sampler
Split Spoon
Thin-Walled
Piston Sampler
Mazier Sampler
Core Barrel
Wire-line
36
Sampler
Split Spoon
Thin-Walled
Piston Sampler
Mazier Sampler
Core Barrel
Wire-line
37
Sampler
Split Spoon
Thin-Walled
Piston Sampler
Mazier Sampler
Core Barrel
Wire-line
38
Sampler
Split Spoon
Thin-Walled
Piston Sampler
Mazier Sampler
Core Barrel
Wire-line
39
Sampler
Split Spoon
Thin-Walled
Piston Sampler
Mazier Sampler
Core Barrel
Wire-line
40
Sample Storage, Handling,
Transportation
41
Sample Preparation
42
Sampling
• Sample Sizes
• Representative mass Before During After
(particle sizes, fabric, Stress relief Stress relief Stress relief
fissures, joints) Swelling Remoulding Moisture
• Adequate quantity for migration
43
Sample Disturbance
Poor recovery
à Longer rest period for sample
swelling
à Slight over-sampling
à Use of sample retainer
Sample contamination
44
Sample Quality Classification
Soil Properties
Sample
Quality Classificatio Moisture
Density Strength Deformation
Consolidatio
n Content n
Class 1 9 9 9 9 9 9
Class 2 9 9 9 2 2 2
Class 3 9 9 2 2 2 2
Class 4 9 2 2 2 2 2
Class 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 45
In-situ Tests
Piezocone (CPTu)
46
In-Situ Tests
• BS1377 : Part 9
• Suitable for materials with difficulty in sampling
• Very soft & sensitive clay
• Sandy & Gravelly soils
• Weak & Fissured soils
• Fractured rocks
• Interpretation
• Empirical
• Semi-empirical
• Analytical
47
Applicability of In-situ Tests
Test K0 φ’ Cu σc E’/G Eu Gmax k
SPT G C R G C G
CPT/CPTu G C G
DMT G, C G
PMT C G, R C
PLT C G, R C
VST C
Seismic G, C,
SBPMT G, C G C G, C R
Falling/ G
Rising Head Test
Constant Head C
TestTest
Packer R
49
In-situ Tests
Pressuremeter (PMT)
50
In-situ Tests
Dilatometer (DMT)
51
Instrumentation Monitoring
• Inclinometer
• Extensometer Toward River
52
Laboratory Tests
53
Source : Life Style Magazine - EDGE 54
Ground Characterisation
Focus of Geological Model
Historical
Stratificatio Geological Weathering Hydrogeology
n Processes
Geological Geo-
Structures morpholog
y
55
Geological Mapping
Mapping of :
- Geological features (Structural - Geomorphology
settings) - Lithology
- Weathering profile - Stratification
- Outcrop exposure
- Seepage conditions
56
Ground Characterisation
Focus of Geotechnical Model
Subsurfa
Strength Stiffness Permeability
ce Profile
Chemical
Material
Characteristi
Type
cs
57
58
59
General Dilemma of GI Industry
• Lack of pride & Financial survival
appreciation from problem due to
consultant/client in GI competitive rates in
industry. uncontrolled environment
(Cutting corner)
• Actions done is
considered work done! No appropriate time
Poor professionalism. frame for proper work
procedures (shoddy
works)
61
Poor Site Implementation
Lack of level & coordinates of probing
location
64
Over-confidence in Geophysics
- We detect everything, but indentify almost nothing
(Rich but Complex).
- Geophysical data is rich in content, but very complex in
nature.
- Not a unique solution in tomographic reconstruction
(Indirect method)
- Poor remuneration to land geophysicist as compared to O&G
- Poor investigation specification
- Lack of good interpretative skill (human capital)
- High capital costs in equipment & software investment
65
Communication Problem
66
Difficulties in Identification of
Complex Geological Settings
67
Difficulties in Identification of
Complex Geological Settings
68
Weathering Profile
Deviation of material classification between
borehole and excavation
(Claim issue –
Soil or Rock ?)
69
Complexity of Rock Mass
Properties
Complicated rock mass strength in slope & excavation
design
Requiring judgement (involving subjectivity)
Information normally only available during construction a
⎡ ⎛σ 3' ⎞ ⎤
σ 1 ' = σ 3 ' + σ u ⎢mb ⎜ ⎟ + s⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ σ u ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
70
Unexpected Blowout of Underground
Gas
Gas pockets at 32m
bgl
Flushing out of sand
71
Supervision
http://www.ags.org.uk/site/datatransfer/intro.cfm 73
Conclusions
74
References
Anon (1999). “Definition of Geotechnical Engineering”. Ground Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 39.
BSI (1981). “Code of Practice for Site Investigation, BS 5930”. British Standards Institution, London.
BSI (1981). “Code of Practice for Earthworks, BS 6031”. British Standards Institution, London.
BSI (1986). “Code Practice for Foundation, BS8004”. British Standards Institution, London.
BSI (1990). “British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, BS 1377”. British
Standards Institution, London.
Clayton, C. R. I., Matthews, M. C. & Simons, N. E. (1995). “Site Investigation”, Blackwell Science, 2nd
edition.
Gue, S. S. & Tan, Y. C. (2005), “Planning of Subsurface Investigation and Interpretation of Test Results
for Geotechnical Design”, Sabah Branch, IEM.
Liew, S. S. (2005). “Common Problems of Site Investigation Works in a Linear Infrastructure Project”,
IEM-MSIA Seminar on Site Investigation Practice, 9 August 2005, Armada Hotel, Kuala Lumpur.
European Group Subcommittee (1968). “Recommended method of Static and Dynamic Penetration Tests
1965”. Geotechnique, Vol. 1, No. 1.
75
References
FHWA (2002), “Subsurface Investigations — Geotechnical Site Characterization”. NHI Course No.
132031. Publication No. FHWA NHI-01-031
GCO (1984). “Geotechnical Manual for Slopes”. Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong
GCO (1980). “Geoguide 2 : Guide to Site Investigation, Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong
Gue, S. S. (1985). “Geotechnical Assessment for Hillside Development”. Proceedings of the Symposium
on Hillside Development; Engineering Practice and Local By-Laws, The Institution of Engineers,
Malaysia.
Head, K. H. (1984). “Manual of Soil Laboratory testing”.
Morgenstern, N. R. (2000). “Common Ground”. GeoEng2000, Vol. 1, pp. 1-20.
Neoh, C. A. (1995). “Guidelines for Planning Scope of Site Investigation for Road Projects”. Public Works
Department, Malaysia
Ooi, T.A. & Ting, W.H. (1975). “The Use of a Light Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Malaysia”. Proceeding
of 4th Southeast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 3-62, 3-79
Ting, W.H. (1972). “Subsurface Exploration and Foundation Problems in the Kuala Lumpur Area”. Journal
of Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, Vol. 13, pp. 19-25
Santamarina, J. C. (2008). “The Geophysical Properties of Soils”, 3rd Int. Conf. on Site Characterisation,
Keynote Lecture No. 3, Taiwan.
Site Investigation Steering Group, “Without Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard”, Part 1, Site 76
Investigation in Construction Thomas Telford Ltd
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