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378 NEW LIGHT ON SOME MEDIEVAL SIAPS.
A T-O 1bIAP.
i\rO.01.)
(Sallust type, Leijpzig,Elerexth Centuf, City Libxary,
serlse,but in a
clearly used, not in the ordinaryand morerestricted be understood
" is to
sciont;ficmanner. The "land of our antipodes
on the other side
as the continentalmass exactly oppositeto Europe, to be inter-
of the globe; and the Paradise-Islandis also (probably)
southern continent of ourhemi-
pretedas precisely antipodeanto the in Lambert's
sphere. It is possiblethat the expressionof this theory
MartianusCapella;
mapwas derivedimmediatelyfrom Macrobiusor
time, and its
in any case it was widely difused in the later imperial
NEW LIGHT ON SOME MEDIEV'AL MAPS.
381
occurrencehere is anotherproofof the C103e dependenceof med;seval
geograwphy uponclassicalantecedent#.
The e2ractlanguageof ourpresente2ramples mustbe noticed. First,
in the TerrestrialParadise,we have the customar;>r sourcesof the four
sacredrivers,the Tigris, Euphrates,Gihon,and Pison. Like Rosmas,
" the Indiantraveller,"Lambertevidentlyintends these rivers to have
a subterraneancourse between Paradiseand our Worldi but there is
no indicationin Eosmasof the fourfoldseheme,or even of the Southern
continent, partially reproducedby Lambert. Secondly, as to " our
antipodes,"markedby the little circle to the west of Europe,Lalnbert
expressly declares this land to be inhabited by living, though not
necessarilyhuman,beings; and assuresus that these beings have their
day and night in an oppositerelation to ours. Thirdly, as to the
Southern,Australian,or trans-equatorialland of ourhemisphere,belomr
Africa, Lambertdefinesit as c4A region of the soutb, temperate{in
climate but unknown to the Sons of Adam,Eaving nothing which
belongsto ourrace." The equatorialseat which here dividedthe land
lnasses was not visible, he adds,to human eisre,since it was always
heatedby the full strength of the sun, which preventedany approach
of mankind,and allowed not of any passae across to this southern
sone. But herein, proceedsLambert,44as some philosophersbdieve,
thereis a raceof antipodswho are quite differentbeingsfromourselves
through the differenceof regions and cliinates. For when we are
scorchedwith heat, they are chilled with cold; and, whereaswe are
allowedto discerll the northernstars,this is entirelydenied to them.
Days andnights they have of one length; but the haste of the sun in
the endingof the winter solstice causes them to suEerwinter twice
over."
To the southof this temperateAustralia,Lambertadds,with a true
understandingof the climatic gradationsof our Wc)rld,was a zone of
extremecold,uninhabitableby living creatures.
The crookedline, runnitlg over the Equator,and markedby three
star pictures,probablyindicatesthe ecliptic or apparentpath of the
sun, whoseobliquityis clearlysuggested, just as the traditiorlalT-O
formof 4'OurWorld,"th0 Northernor RomanOikoumene,is plainly
indicated.
From all this it will be expected,as a leatter of course,tbat the
content and detail of Larnbert'smap, like his general conception,
will be markedlisrantique in character,and this expectationdoes not
misleadus. l'hough elsewhererealizedto a greateror less extent,the
relationshipbetween the latter classicalcartographyand that of the
middle ages is seldoa to be found in such completee2:pressionas in
the case of Lambert. Of the one hundredand eighty legendsin this
small and sometimesdoubtful points. Even with the Bible there are
not many links; amongthe chief of these is the mention of Enoch
and Elias in Paradise, a feature found nowhere else in mediseval
maps.
The fact thus remains,that the detail, as well as the ground-plan,of
Lambert'smappemonde is not to be foundin earlierworksof nlediseval
character,and must be referredfor the mostpart to a lost designof the
ancientworld. The chief additionsto this pre-mediseval workaremade
NEW LIGHTON SOMEMEDIEVALMAPS. 383
sniddle of the
esecationof these, (;reece was placed by some in the what-
Oikoumend, and Delphi,or Delos,in the middle of Greece. But
always meant as
ererthe differencesof detail,the T or T- O mapswere known
picturesof the grouping of the great land masses of the
simple
conceptionof a
world;and were usually associatedwith the allied horizon.
centrefor the "cir¢uit of the earth,"the infinitely extended
of a globular earth; but
Thusthey did not necessarilydeny the theory a surface,
with its aspect as
theywereconcerned,and only concerned,
observer. The
ilator elightly curved, as apparent to the ordinarsr
no means uniform; some making
esecutionof the T plan was by
someAsia,the largestof the continents,* though no one gave
Europe,
to Africa,then usually belieared to end in its south-
thespredominance
warddirectionon this side of the equator.
early
The "threefold division" (trifaria orbisdivis20)of certain
is probablyexpressedin somesof the Sallust maps better
geographers
rigidly symme-
thanin the T-O plansof thesusual type, and was less we have a
Here
tricaland morereconcilablewith scientificviews. of
equal continents
threefolddivision of the Oikoumeneinto fairlsr though
has a certain
Europe,Asia, and Africa; but in this type Asia
slight preponderance, the T has lost its rigidity, the idea of a central
rather to rest
pointis not expressed,and the generalconceptionseems tripartite
masses, than upon any e2ract
uponthe great faet of threeland perhaps
of the T-O familJr, we may also
divasionof the same. In some which
see traces of the threecornered world pictures, or descriptions,
others, were in favour in ancient schools, and
aecordingto Orosiusand based
were used along with fourfold or quadripartitepresentations, to
chief winds,
uponthe four greatquartersof the heavensandthe four
descriptionof a
aonveyrough ideasof geographyto learners. A clear
have seen, and
T mapis given by St. Augustine,who must certainliywhen scholars,
probablyused,a workof this kind; and that at a time of a
politicians,and men of affairswere providedwith representations in ribbon
wholly diferent character,resemblingthe type of road-map
formwhich has eomedownto us ln the PeutingerTable. survived
The moreimportantof the T and T-O mapswhich have ninth
of St. Isidore; one of the
are the following: Two in the works
of the sameage;
contury(now at Madrid);the similarStrassburgmap one in the
theSt.Omerdesignofaboutl010; the plans in Lambert;
chronicleof the Sis Ages of the World,by lIermannus
eleventh-century
OxfordExample
Contractus;and, mostelaborateof all, the Byzantine
eleven of vFhichoccur
of lllO.t Besidesthese,there are manyothers,
Asia nineteen, and
* Thus Pliny, out of sisty parts, gives Europe twenty-eight, exactly equal to
which made Europe
Africa thirteen. Orosius refers to a reekoning
other two continents, while he also notes the views o£ others, which made Asia equal
the
,to Europe and Africa together.
t St. John's College Library, Cod. membr,
fol. :svii., fol. 6.
NEW LIGHTON SOMEMEDIEVALMAPS. 387
MOORE'SEXPEDITIONTO TANGANYIKA.
THEfollowing communicationhas been received from Mr. Malcolm
Fergusson,the surveyorto the expedition,datedNovember10, 1899:-
"I beg to sendyou a statementof ourmovementsandworkup to date.
" We arrivedat BlantyreonJune28, andproceededthence to Zomba,
Fort Johnston,and LakeNyasa,arrivingthere on July 11. We stopped
aboutthe lake till August 1S, whenwe left for Tanganyika. Dr. Gill,
the AstronomerRoyal of Capetown,very kindly wired up the time
to me at Blantyre, making all arrangementsfor this with the Cape
Government. I was also enabledto find the error of my watches at
Nkatabay, on Nyasa, and Kituta,on Tanganyika,from bearingstaken
by the BoundaryCommission. We arrived at Tanganyika on Sep-
tember20, and proceededup the lakeon September28, calling at certain
places,whosebearingsI took by astronomicalobservations,and which
I appendlater. I enclosea tracingof an existinglnapwhich I managed
to obtain here, fromwhich you will be able to see the approximate
positionsof places on the shorewhere I took my observations. I arn
unable to send you a new map, owing to the lack of materialsfor
drawing, etc., but the coast-line seems fairly correct,and only the
positionsof placesrequirealteration. The exact positionof my places
of observationare markedby a dot within a red circle.
" We arrivedat Usamburaon Octoberal, and landed solne of the
loads,whencewe returnedimmediatelyto Kituta to pick up Messrs.
Berridgeand Mathows,who had remainedat Sumbu,and we are now
on our way up again, expecting to arrive at Usamburato-morrow.
We visited the mouth of the Lukuga outlet of Tanganyika. The
mountains,which are very high all along the western shore of the
lake, slopedowngraduallyfromTembwion the south,and fromXtowa
on the north, towardsthe Lukuga valley, which near the shore is a
sandy delta with low sandhills, and through which the river flows
sluggishly in severalsmall streamlets,uniting abouta mile inland. It
then flowsbetween soft red sandstonecliffs,being froln 50 to 100 feet
wide. The nativessay that it increasesconsiderablyin size in the rains.
NO.IV. APRIL, 1900.] 2D