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Data Loading/Importing 7
Overview 7
Section objectives 7
Starting a new Project 8
Define the project units 8
Exercise 1 Unit set selector 8
Define the stratigraphy 8
Exercise 2 Horizons administration 9
Exercise 3 Data types definition – Add/remove data types 10
Load the data 11
Exercise 4 Load Horizons data 11
Exercise 5 Load well data 11
Exercise 6 Load Depth well points 13
Exercise 7 Load the isochore surfaces 14
Define the project boundary 16
Exercise 8 Import the Project boundary polygon 16
Exercise 9 Import License boundaries 16
Quality Control of Horizon data 16
Exercise 10 Horizons QC - Sort Horizons 17
Exercise 11 Horizons mapping17
Exercise 12 Data reduction – Check the AOI vs the mapped horizons 19
Exercise 13 Check Horizons depth surfaces vs well markers – Adjust Horizons to wells
20
Exercise 14 Horizons consistency 21
Exercise 15 Creating Fluid Contact Surfaces 22
Exercise 16 Create a dip map OPTIONAL 23
Exercise 17 Calculating surface statistics 23
Quality Control of Well data 24
Exercise 18 Visualize well logs25
Exercise 19 Visualise log properties OPTIONAL 29
Exercise 20 Well log editor/calculator OPTIONAL 29
Structural Modelling 30
Overview 30
Section objectives 30
The fault modelling workflow in RMS 31
Prepare and load the Fault input data 32
Exercise 21 Create the number of faults necessary in the model 32
Exercise 22 Add/Remove Fault Input data types 32
Exercise 23 Load the fault input data 33
Exercise 24 Digitize fault input data in 3D 33
Create the Fault Network 34
Exercise 25 Generate the fault network automatically 34
Exercise 26 Checking and editing of the fault network 35
Exercise 27 Defining the faults as normal, reverse or strike-slip (Fault Grouping) 36
Exercise 28 Defining FW/HW side of faults on the Network. 37
Creation of Fault surfaces and Fault Lines 37
Exercise 29 Fault surfaces and fault lines modelling 37
Exercise 30 Adjusting the horizons to the faults 39
Stratigraphic Modelling 41
Exercise 31 Stratigraphic modelling 42
Facies Modelling 57
Overview 57
Section objectives 58
Basic object based facies modelling 58
Exercise 44 Initial Data Analysis 58
Exercise 45 Facies modelling in the upper reservoir: shallow marine carbonate
environment (FaciesComposite algorithm) 59
Exercise 46 Facies modelling in the upper reservoir, using trends 63
Basic pixel based facies modelling 65
Exercise 47 Facies modelling in the lower reservoir 65
Merging facies parameters 69
Exercise 48 Merging two facies parameters 69
Volumetrics Calculations 85
Overview 85
Section objectives 85
Volumetrics 85
Exercise 53 Define the export units for the volumetrics results 85
Exercise 54 Volumetrics calculations 86
Geometric connectivity 91
Exercise 55 Geometric connectivity calculations OPTIONAL 91
The Workflow Manager 93
Overview 93
Section objectives 93
Model updates 93
Exercise 56 Model updating with a new well (Well H) 94
Multiple realisations 100
Exercise 57 Create multiple realisations101
INDEX 105
Introduction to 3D Geological
Modelling with RMS
Overview
The general presentation of RMS has already been detailed in the first part of the course
(RMS Orientation course). As explained before, RMS is a tool designed to support all aspects
of reservoir management, allowing combining all available data in a consistent 3D reservoir
model.
This introduction course to 3D Geological Modelling will cover the first parts of a classic
reservoir modelling workflow : data loading, structural modelling, facies and petrophysical
modelling.
The other parts of the modelling workflow are covered and detailed by other training courses.
Structural framework
Facies
modelling
Well
design RMS
Petrophysical
modelling
Black Oil
Flow Simulation
Ranking &
model analysis
Simulation grid
design & upscaling
Course Objective
The objective of this course is to teach new users the basics of 3D geological modelling in
RMS. This will be done through a series of practical exercises resulting in a complete
geological model.
Each subsequent chapter of this introduction course represents the next stage in the RMS
modelling workflow. A complete geological model will be built up throughout the course by
progressing through the exercises at the end of each chapter.
At the beginning of each chapter there is a ‘cover page’ which gives an overview of the
chapter, outlining the main objectives. This is followed by a series of exercises covering the
workflow.
The emphasis will not only be on learning how to use the software toolbox but also on the
workflows and methods required to build a successful 3D model.
There are different workflows which the user can choose to follow in RMS, depending on the
scope of the project (time constraints and the level of heterogeneity that the user wants to
capture).
It is often good practise to build a quick-look model first in order to obtain approximate figures
for volumes before further refinement using more advanced techniques.
The manual is designed so that it can also be used as a reference guide once the student
has finished the course and is working on a real project.
1. Seismic input: The geophysicist has interpreted the seismic data and has provided us
with 2 interpreted horizons (TopC and BaseA), 3 isochores (IsoA, IsoB, IsoC) and fault
information in the form of fault sticks and fault lines.
2. Well data – log curves and trajectories for 7 wells (Wells A-G). An eighth well (Well H) is
being drilled and we are awaiting the data.
3. Geological input: The geologist has already studied the regional geology, well cores and
wireline log data. He has interpreted the geology of the reservoir as follows:
2. A clastic system (Subgrid 2) consisting of background, clean sand and shaley sand. No
specific depositional direction is observed.
Data can be imported/loaded into an RMS project at any stage in the modelling workflow and
can even be loaded directly from another project.
RMS has a very open import functionality (RMS accepts most data types in almost all formats
from all major applicable databases/applications)
Section objectives
2. Perform some basic data quality checks on the loaded data and do simple
operations and edits.
Once the data is loaded/imported it should be visualised and checked for quality prior to
building a reservoir model. Manual edits can be carried out on parts of the data when it is
visualised in the Multiviewer. Alternatively, operations (edit of whole of a particular data set)
can be performed on the data icon in the project panel.
Starting a new Project
Check unit set for project data is set to Metric (the default)
Check unit set for export/import is set to Metric (the default)
Press Show/edit details to view the units within the Metric unit set.
Click OK.
The stratigraphy of the model we are about to build is as shown in the figure below:
Empty containers need to be created to represent this stratigraphy in order to load the data.
RMS needs to be informed of the different horizons types : interpreted or calculated. This is
all defined in the Horizons administration functionality.
1) Horizons administration
Open the horizons admin panel:
Horizons ¨ MB3 ¨ Horizon administration…
Press Apply
Now switch the “Main type” to Calculated horizons and select the
Fault polygons to be removed a we will not use them in the project.
Press OK
Press Execute.
Press OK.
Copy the point data from the points folder to the empty Depth well
points folder to identify them as well points rather than empty points.
Points iconÎMB2 drag into Well Depth Points icon.
Repeat this for all horizons and visualize the well depth points.
1) Horizons mapping
In this project, we loaded horizons contours, so we need to map the
horizons to get depth surfaces.
HorizonsÎMB3ÎMappingÎHorizon mapping
In the Horizons tab, select Depth Mode, and TopC and BaseA
In the Input/output tab, select TopC and BaseA, select the input
“Contours” from the Horizons folder, and Depth Surface as output in
the Horizons folder as well.
In the Layout tab, check the gridding Xincrement and Yincrement
are set to 50 meters. Leave the rest as default. Open the “Detailed
Range Settings” panel, and drag and drop the TopC contours to get
the xy range from it. So the 2 depth surfaces will be mapped over
this area.
In the Mapping tab, select the horizons TopC and BaseA, check the
recommended algorithms for Contours input (click on Contours
icon).
Select the algorithm called Local B spline as it is a recommended
one.
Leave the rest as default.
Press Execute to create the TopC and BaseA depth surface
according to the specified settings.
In the Adjust to wells tab select TopC and BaseA and Well points
and check the status of the current horizons input (click on the
Status icon). You should get the following message :
Press Execute, and then check the Status again. This time the error
should be approximately 0 for all wells at TopC and BaseA.
1) Horizons consistency
In order to check that horizons are consistent (base not intersecting
the top), we will perform another Horizons operation.
HorizonsÎMB3ÎHorizon operation
Create a new job : Job iconÎMB3ÎNew, and name it
“Consistency”.
This time, only select the Consistency option at the top of the panel.
In the General tab, select Depth Mode, input and output to be
DepthSurface and select TopC and BaseA.
Then press Execute. Once the job is executed, check the status
again. This time, as horizons have been made consistent, you
should have the following message :
Drag and drop any of your Depth surface (either TopC or BaseA) in
this newly created Fluid contact folder.
Visualize the created fluid contacts with your TopC and BaseA horizons.
There are different tools in RMS to help you perform the Well QC. Combined with 2D and 3D
visualisation, tables for well trajectories and logs can also be investigated. Some of those
tools will be presented in this manual.
1) Visualize well logs
Define the log template :
WellsÎMB3ÎLog templates…
Change the colour code for the different facies as indicated in the
snapshot : select the Rainbow colour table for the FACIES log
curve, then click on the colour button for each facies and pick a
colour.
Press Apply
Then select Linear track (see snapshot), and move the Poro and
Perm curves from the available curves list to the visible curves list
using the arrow button.
Change the colour of the Perm curve to make it different than the
Poro curve.
Then in the Fill settings tab, for both Poro and Perm, use No Fill
In the Cylinder settings tab, set the log curve and the colour log to
use the Poro curve. Press OK.
In the Multiviewer window, visualize the wells in 3D and turn on the
Cylinder log.
Turn on the fence mode for the wells and investigate the wells in
this format.
Observe the wells,.
Save the project.
1 Visualise log properties OPTIONAL
From any well : WellsÎWell_xÎDrilled trajectoryÎMB3ÎLogs…
Investigate the panel content, the existing logs and their values.
Close the panel.
Structural modelling is the process of mapping the faults and the stratigraphy of the reservoir
in 3D. Structural modelling is done to ensure correct juxtaposition between the various parts
of the reservoir on either side of each fault and to ensure accurate volumes in faulted areas.
Faults can compartmentalise the reservoir as the fault plane/zone can act as a barrier to flow.
This compartmentalisation will not come into effect in a static model but is extremely
important when the model is run through a reservoir simulator.
1. Fault modelling - the process of mapping faults in 3D within the reservoir. Fault modelling
is optional and can either be done by identifying the faults directly from the fault trace on a
depth horizon or from fault information which may already have been provided by the
geophysicist e.g. fault sticks or depth midlines. RMS can model various kinds of faults :
normal, reverse, strike slip, listric, Y faults, crossing (or X) faults and K faults.
The structural model produced can then be used as input when building a 3D modelling grid.
Section objectives
1. Produce an appropriate fault model from the input data.
Create new (empty) fault containers
Load the input data to the appropriate faults.
Generate and edit the fault network
Generate fault surfaces and fault lines
Quality control the fault model
Once the ‘empty’ fault containers have been created, the input data can be loaded and
assigned to the fault(s) if necessary.
Press OK
For each empty Depth Fault stick icon, load the appropriate input
data from the folder ImportFaults:
Depth fault sticksÎempty F1 iconÎimportÎAscii Irap
ClassicÎselect F1.xyz
Repeat the operation for each empty icon F2, F3, F5, F6, F7
Visualise the imported depth fault sticks, and QC they refer to the
appropriate faults.
Save your project.
Then in the 3D view, digitize the depth mid line on the TopC depth
surface where appropriate (MB1 to add a point, MB2 to finish the
digitizing)
Open the FaultModel container, note that a Network icon has been
created automatically, but nothing appears yet when you display
this object, as it is not generated yet. Generate now the fault
network :
FaultModel iconÎMB3Îautogenerate network
In the panel, select all faults and all input data, choose to project the
Network on the TopC horizon. Leave the rest as default. And press
OK
Visualise the results in the 3D view together with the TopC depth
surface (semi-transparent).
You should get the network geometry as shown below:
Edit the Network and view the results in the 3D View; it should be
similar to the figure below:
Press Apply and drag and drop this job at the end of your workflow
Job iconÎMB2Îdrag and drop in the workflow
Press Execute, visualise and check the results in the 3D view.
Save the project.
Fault Model QC
In the General tab, select Depth surface for Input and output.
Select TopC and BaseA horizons.
In the Adjust to faults tab (see snapshot), select again TopC and
BaseA horizons, select the fault model to which you want to adjust,
leave the influence distance at 200m and select all faults except F7
(see snapshot)
In the Consistency tab, select TopC and BaseA horizons again and
make horizons consistant.
Press Execute
Visualize the TopC and BaseA depth surfaces once they have been
adjusted to the faults. Compare with the original surfaces you have
copied in the Clipboard.
Drag and drop this job at the end of your workflow.
At least one Interpreted horizon must be present to perform the stratigraphic modelling. The
stratigraphic modelling process will be based on isochore and/or well points data. Different
input can be specified in the job for the thickness data (Isochore surfaces, constant thickness,
well point data), and different isochore corrections can be used.
RMS can incorporate the results of the Fault model to build the intermediate calculated
horizons and fault lines. And well points/markers can be used to ensure that the new
calculated horizons tie to the wells.
RMS will use all these constraints to create calculated (intermediate) horizons and their
associated fault lines, as a structurally consistent internal reservoir layering.
Once a Fault Model has been created based on the interpreted horizons, it is possible to
create the intermediate calculated horizons and fault lines using RMS stratigraphic modelling
functionality.
Stratigraphic modelling combines the interpreted horizons, isochore surfaces, well markers
and the fault model to build a full stratigraphic framework.
A typical workflow for a stratigraphic modelling job consists of the following steps:
1. Ensure that all the required data is available, and that the stratigraphic framework
has been set up correctly in the Horizons list. This framework consists of interpreted
horizons, calculated horizons and isochores in stratigraphic order.
2. Select the seismic interval to model.
3. Select the type of horizon building.
4) Set isochore correction (optional).
5. Set well correction (optional).
6. Include faults (if modelled).
1) Stratigraphic modelling
Open the stratigraphic modelling panel:
HorizonsÎMB3ÎStratigraphic modelling…
Rename the job: Job iconÎMB3ÎRenameÎtype in “StratModel”
ÎOK
Check visually that the four depth surfaces do not intersect each
other by visualising them simultaneously.
You can view the faults and depth surfaces in a vertical cross
section.
Section objectives
1 Designing and building an appropriate geological 3D grid : research the geology
within your wells to design your grid cell size, define the lateral resolution of the grid
according to the conceptual geological model
2 3D grid visualization and quality checking
3 Creating simple 3D parameters from the grid
Terminology
Before building the geological modelling grid it is first necessary to define the following terms:
Zone: Volume between at least two horizons. The zone is used to define the stratigraphic
volume in which the 3D grid is to be built. Zone can be loosely thought of as reservoir volume.
If a Zone is created between more than 2 horizons, the grid created from this zone will have
several subgrids.
Subgrid: The volume between two horizons within a zone (when a Zone is created including
more than 2 horizons).
Pillar: a column of cells between the top and bottom surface of a 3D grid. A pillar may be
vertical or dipping.
Parameter: A property (e.g. porosity, fault block number) defined in each cell of a 3D grid.
Can be continuous or discrete
Simulation grid: A coarse version of the geological grid which is used in fluid flow simulators
to calculate flow paths and flow rates.
Zonelog: A discrete log which illustrates the depth at which a well passes through each new
horizon.
Steps for building a geological grid
1. Create a Zone to specify the volume which you are interested in modelling. The top and
bottom (as well as any internal structure) of your Zone is defined by horizons. The lateral
extent of the Zone will exactly match the lateral extent of those horizons.
2. Design and build the grid to define the horizontal and vertical resolution, which fault
model is used (if there is any). A variety of options are available when building a new 3D grid.
The choices made will depend on the purpose of the model and the nature of the data. In this
course, we will create a modelling grid. The create/edit simulation grid option is detailed in the
“introduction to 3D reservoir engineering” course.
XY Uniform XY Non-Uniform
flow grid flow grid
Y-length
Local X- length
Y- direction Rotation
angle
Local
X- direction
Y- increment
X- increment
MinY
MinX
3. Quality control the grid visually (using the frame player to play through layers, rows and
columns) check the internal structure, and using the Grid Quality Control panel to
automatically check for various problematic cells.
1) Data Analysis of Facies Thickness per subgrid interval
In this project, it is decided to create a 3D model only for the
intervals between TopC, TopB and TopA horizons. The volume
between TopA and BaseA is not of interest for the modelling (it
could be non reservoir unit for example).
Select reference horizons TopC, TopB and TopA and toggle ON DepthSurface option
And press OK.
A new zone will now be created in the Zones folder in the Project data list.
Rename this zone “Geomodel” : ZonesÎZone 1ÎMB3Î InformationÎ Rename it
Geomodel instead of Zone 1 Î OK
Note that an empty grid icon has been created automatically in this zone.
Then investigate the number of columns and rows you will create.
For an increment of 100m*100m horizontally, the number of rows
and columns would be 69 and 100.
However, this Geomodel will need to be upscaled in a Simulation
model later, during the field study. Hence, those numbers are not
suitable for an upscaling purpose. In order to have a good
compromise between the need of uniform size cells horizontally for
property modelling, but also keeping the design simple for the
reservoir simulation later on, we will use 64 columns and 96 rows
(the created cells will be ~104m*108m, which is still acceptable for
property modelling).
Investigate as well the number of layers you will need for each
subgrid. From the values reported in the table in Exercise 32, cells
should be ~ 2m thick for subgrid 1 (interval TopC-TopB) and ~ 1.5m
thick for subgrid 2 (interval (TopB-TopA). From the average
isochores thickness, that means that you will need 20 layers in each
subgrid to reach this vertical resolution.
We will use a proportional layering in both subgrids.
The settings panel allows for various options regarding the inclusion of the fault model.
Select the option “Regularize faulted grid” and “intermediate fault lines”.
A regularized faulted grid will help reducing the sampling errors during the upscaling process
to the simulation grid.
Execute the job and display the results (using the frame player).
Save the project.
QC the grid visually in a 3D view, looking for geometrical problems, check the orthogonality of
the cells, especially at the faults (the more orthogonal the cells, the better).
In case of geometrical problems, generally the fault model needs to be checked carefully.
This will create a parameter called ‘Layer’ from the system variable
@K.
Display the parameter in the 3D View. In edit mode, click on any
cell, the value (i.e. the layer number in which the cell sits) will be
displayed in the toolbar under the word Parameter:
Press Apply and visualise the filtered parameter – notice that only
Fault segment 3 is now displayed.
Remove the filter.
Save the project.
Blocked Wells and Data
Analysis
Overview
All the wells in the project pass down through the geological grid and therefore intersect a
number of geological grid cells. Each geological grid cell has a vertical thickness which is
likely to be in the order of metres – 10’s metres. However, the typical well log sampling
interval is 6’ (15 cm), meaning that for each geological grid cell the well passes through, there
will be multiple values for each property log.
Before well data can be used for modelling (since each geological grid cell can only have one
value for each property) the raw well data must be scaled up (“blocked”) to the resolution of
the 3D geological grid to produce one averaged value for each cell. This process is known as
‘blocking’ of the raw well values.
Once blocked wells have been generated, it is necessary to check that the statistics of the
raw well values have been preserved by the blocking process.
Section objectives
1 To create blocked well data for all the wells within the project
2 Visualise and QC the blocked well data, compare them to the original well data.
3 Calculate summary statistics for the blocked well data.
4 Carry out simple data analysis for the blocked wells versus the raw well data.
0 Porosity 0.25
0.10
0.13
0.20
0.15
0.09
0.15
0.18
Then each cell in this new blocked well is assigned values based on
the log data that has been selected to average, according to the
chosen averaging method. Different averaging methods are available
in RMS.
Multiple blocked well objects can be created for a zone to try out different options.
1 Create Blocked Wells
Scale-up the well data to the grid geometry of the zone 3DGeoGrid:
ZonesÎGeomodelÎGridÎMB3ÎBlock wells…
The blocked wells panel will pop-up, rename the current job to “with
facies bias” : job iconÎMB3ÎRename...
In the Data selection tab:
Toggle on All wells.
Select ZONELOG from the available logs list, and move it into the
zone log area by pressing the upper right arrow.
Select all the other logs (FACIES ASSOC, FACIES, BODY, Poro,
Perm and Sw, except FACIES_oldinterp) and move them across to
the ‘Scale up logs’ list.
Drag and drop this job at the end of your workflow and save the
project.
Press the ‘Show values in cell…’ button and click on cells in the leftmost well column.
Compare the blocked value with the original values from the raw log.
Notice that values from facies in minority in that cell were not considered for the averaging, as
the log average was biased with the facies log.
1 BW QC using histograms to analyse distributions
Create 2 histograms of the porosity distributions – one from the
original well data, another of the blocked wells.
Data analysis containerÎMB3ÎCreate Univariate…
B Drag and drop the Wells object into the drop site with MB2.
B Select ‘Poro’ from the ‘Select log’ list.
B Toggle ON ‘Zone log’ and select the ZONELOG from the log list.
B Toggle ON ‘Facies log’ and select ‘FACIES’ from the log list and
B Press Apply
B Now drag and drop the BW object into the drop site with MB2.
B Select ‘Poro’ from the ‘Select log’ list
B Toggle on ‘Enable Subgrid index’
B Toggle on ‘Facies log/data’ and select FACIES from the list.
B Investigate scaled up data (for blocked wells)
B Press OK
Compare the Wells data and the BW data on the same interval:
Analysis objectÎempty filter iconÎMB3ÎCreate…
Use the Zone filter for the Wells and BW appropriately: TopC-TopB
corresponds to subgrid1, and TopB-TopA to subgrid2.
In RMS Facies modelling can be done using either object- or grid-based techniques:
(a) Object-based facies modelling techniques – objects with the same shape and size
range as those interpreted from the cores are inserted into the grid using an iterative method
until a specified volume fraction is reached.
Well data, spatial relationships and size ranges of the various facies are honoured.
Proportion trends can be used as additional input to drive the placement of objects into the
grid.
(b) Grid-based facies modelling techniques – in this method geological objects do not
have pre-defined shapes and size ranges, but are built up when neighbouring cells are
allocated the same facies code after user specified variograms are used to assign grid cells
facies values.
Depending on the scope of the project, there are different reasons on why it may be
necessary to perform facies modelling:
Input to drive petrophysical modelling. The distribution of different facies types is the
driver for the large-scale distribution of petrophysical rock properties. In order to generate a
realistic model of the petrophysical properties, the large scale heterogeneity of the reservoir
should first be captured by the facies model and then the petrophysics conditioned to it.
Uncertainty analysis. Since facies modelling is done using stochastic techniques, a number
of equiprobable facies distributions can be generated. If a petrophysical model is then
generated for a number of facies distributions and the results ranked according to a specific
criteria (e.g. volume), the uncertainty in that criteria caused by facies distribution can be
quantified.
Sensitivity studies. If small changes are made to the input to facies modelling (e.g. changing
the body shapes) the effect of these changes can be seen when comparing the resulting
facies parameters (and indeed the petrophysical parameters and volumes based on them)
Section objectives
1. Use an object based facies modelling technique in the upper part of the reservoir
2. Use a pixel based facies modelling technique in the lower part of the reservoir.
3. Combine the results to create a unique facies parameter
ZonesÎGeomodelÎBWÎMB3ÎStatistics
Examine the Blocked data statistics for Facies in all wells, in sg1
and sg2 in turn.
r
e
ef background
clean_sand
_sand
Shaly_sand Facies modelling in
· the upper reservoir: shallow marine carbonate e
· n
· vironment (FaciesComposite algorithm)Open the Fa
c
ie
s
:Composite panel :GeomodelÎGridÎMB3ÎFacies modellingÎFac
patch reef facies in Subgrid 1:
Find the proportion of main reef and patch reef at each well by
looking at the statistics for the blocked well data.
GeomodelÎGridÎBWÎMB3ÎStatistics
Select FACIES, Subgrid1 and each well in turn.
Note the percentage of main reef and patch reef in this Well and
mark on the map below. Repeat for all Wells.
Import the two pre-prepared intensity maps into the Trends
container
Trends containerÎSurfacesÎMB3ÎImportÎASCII Irap Classic
formatÎMain_reef.s – import as ‘main_reef_trend’
Then repeat the same procedure for Patch Reef with import as
‘patch_reef_trend’
Visualise the two trend surfaces, show the contours and examine
the relative intensity as shown by the colour scale. Check that the
intensity corresponds with what you found in your investigation.
Drag and drop this sg1_trend job at the end of your workflow and
save the project.
In the Trends tab (see snapshot), define the volume fraction for
each facies in turn (taken from the BW statistics) :
Background : 0.147
Clean_sand : 0.722
Shaly_sand : 0.131
Check the report consistency to make sure the sum of the volume
fractions equals to 1.
In the Variograms tab, estimate the variance for each facies in turn
(click on the estimate button). Leave the other settings as default.
Execute the job and drag and drop it at the end of your workflow.
Visualise the results using the grid frame player.
Press Execute.
Visualise the Facies parameter using the frame player. Check that
both subgrids contain facies.
Drag and drop the job ‘Merge’ into the end of your workflow
Here we will use the simple (interpolation) method to generate a porosity parameter.
Section objectives
Perform 3D interpolation of porosity conditioned to wells only, then to wells and a facies
parameter.
3D Interpolation
3D interpolation is used to assign cells not penetrated by well data with a property value. The
interpolation is performed using an algorithm called the Interpolator (or interpolation function).
Drag and drop the job at the end of your workflow and save the
project.
X Y Z Orientation
(anticlockwise from East)
background 4000 4000 20 0
clean_sand 4000 4000 20 0
shaly_sand 4000 4000 20 0
main_reef 4000 2200 20 90
patch_reef 4000 2200 20 90
Execute and visualize the results in 3D, compare them with the
results of the simple interpolation.
Drag and drop this job at the end of your workflow and save your
project.
Stochastic Petrophysical
modelling
Overview
Stochastic petrophysical modelling is an advanced method which uses statistics to reproduce
the value distribution and aerial distribution of values seen in the wells to the result
parameter.
Result captures extremes in the data and how quickly values change over space. Realistic
distribution leads to a realistic simulation run and therefore shows more valid history match.
This modelling method can condition to more data types e.g. wells, facies, seismic, spatial
trends, and can simulate porosity and permeability at the same time to preserve any
correlation between them.
Stochastic simulation can produce a variety of equiprobable results per scenario and so,
allows better understanding of the spectrum of uncertainty.
Section objectives
Produce a simulated porosity parameter and a simulated permeability parameter which show
a correlation between them as seen in the blocked wells.
2) Petrophysical parameters also have a spatial correlation (in common with other
spatial data). The similarity between two observations depends on the distance
between them: that is, the variance increases with increasing separation distance
between two observations.
Statistically, the distribution of your actual data observations (blocked well logs) can be
considered to consist of two components:
RMS offers 3 different user modes for the stochastic petrophysical modelling : First Pass,
Standard and Advanced. The modelling procedure gradually allows more options with the
different user modes, see the table below.
In the Distribution tab (see snapshot), keep the user mode as First
Pass.
Select the Compactional Trend for both main_reef and patch_reef
facies in subgrid 1 for the Poro parameter only.
Indeed, it can be observed from the BW data that the porosity
shows a compactional trend for main_reef and patch_reef facies.
But no trends are observed for the other facies.
OPTIONAL
To investigate the existence of trends at the wells, create
scatterplots in the BW Poro Data Analysis object :
Data AnalysisÎBW PoroÎCreate scatterplot
In the Data Analysis view, switch on the Select mode. A new set of
icons should appear in the upper part of the Multiviewer window.
Toggle on the black arrow icon and the Regression Line icon, as
shown :
When the Regression Line icon is on, it appears with its equation in
the Data analysis view.
In the Correlation tab, select each facies in turn, and estimate the
correlations between Poro and Perm by pressing the estimate
button
In the Variogram tab, the following settings will be used for each
facies, for both porosity and permeability :
and Perm b
ween Poro pressing the esti mate bu
Variogram
 In the tab, the f oll owing sett ing
or each fac
l be used f ies, for b ot h por osity an
Subgrid
meability : Facies Va
ri ogram mode l A
to azimuth
h Parallel az imuth Vert ica
Normal to
The interactive variogram plot/previewer can be used to get an idea
of how the variogram settings will affect the parameter distribution.
Execute the job and view the results. Compare the results with the
facies distribution in both subgrids. Check the results distribution
and values.
Drag and drop the job in the workflow and save the project.
Modelling of Water Saturation
Overview
Water saturation can be modelled in a variety of ways in RMS. In this chapter we will create a
Sw parameter simply from a ‘height_above_owc’ parameter and a function.
A more advanced approach would be to also take into account relative permeabilities for
each facies/porosity class/rock type and the height above OWC (a ‘J’ function).
Section objectives
1. Model water saturation using a function in the Parameter Calculator
2. To give the student experience in using the Parameter Calculator
height_owc = 1705 - @Z
(a new parameter called height_owc will be created. For every cell
in the new parameter, the value will be 1705 minus the depth value
at the centre of that cell)
Press Apply.
Notice all cells whose centre point lies above the OWC will have a
value, and those below will be equal to zero. This is particularily
obvious if you have a look at the columns or rows in the
frameplayer (without grid lines).
Then create an Sw parameter from the height_owc parameter and
the function (relationship) between the two :
Any type of volume can be calculated, as long as the user specifies enough constraints.
Volumes can be calculated either in report or in parameter format.
Section objectives
In this chapter, static volumes will be calculated from our geological model. The objective is to
generate volume parameters and reports from the geological model based on simple
constraints such as subgrids or fault blocks.
Drainable volume may be calculated as well (optional).
Volumetrics
Various constraints can be set to generate volumes based on zone, fault block, facies- or
license- boundary (polygons).
Formation properties and fluid properties can be set as average values or more commonly as
a 3D parameter.
1 Volumetrics calculations
Open the Volumetrics Modelling Panel :
GeomodelÎGridÎMB3ÎVolumetrics
Rename the job to “Volumes_1stpass” : job iconÎMB3ÎRename...
General tab : select all subgrids, select Faultblocks for the region
index parameter, and select all license boundaries. Leave the rest
as default.
Calculations tab : enter the following settings:
Toggle on the Oil/condensate option as main type.
Toggle on : Bulk, Net, Pore, HCPV, and for each of them, create
parameter and create map.
Toggle on the option to create a discrete fluid parameter, and
specify the map output to be located in the clipboard.
Variables tab : specify the various variables in turn :
1. highlight the oil variables first, highlight the oil/water contact, and
type in the values of the OWC depth 1705m in the text box.
2. Select the water saturation, toggle ON the option to use a
parameter, then drag and drop with MB2 the Sw parameter
previously created in the Geomodel grid.
Report file tab : toggle ON the option Report file (see snapshot
below).
Select the report layout to be tabular, and the file type to be
Microsoft Excel.
Specify a path where you want to store this report file.
Then, for the report output choose the order you want for the
classification of the results : use the arrow icon to move the different
limits in the right window. The order can be :
1. Realisations
2) License boundaries
3. Region index (which is defined as the Faultblocks)
4. subgrid
Toggle on the option to create a report table, and name the report
table “Volumetrics_1stpass”.
Execute the job and drag and drop it at the end of your workflow.
UNITS:
Input unit (XY): meter
Input unit (Z): meter
Output unit, reservoirmillion barrel
Output unit, surface omillion st. barrel
You have already been introduced to the concept of workflows and the Workflow Manager
(WFM), as well as continually documenting your work by dragging and dropping your jobs
into the WFM.
In this chapter we will use the WFM to illustrate the benefit of model updating. This could be
necessary with improved seismic data, after an interpretation change or, in this case, with
new well data.
This section will also illustrate another main benefit of the WFM: running multiple
realisations from a single scenario. By doing this, we can get an understanding of the
uncertainty involved in a reservoir model.
Section objectives
8 Perform a model update using new well data
Model updates
As mentioned previously, an important benefit of using the Workflow manager is to facilitate
model updating. The example illustrated here will show how a new well affects the modelling
results, and especially the volumetrics calculations.
For this purpose, the new well data will be imported, parts of the same workflow will be re-
run, this time with the additional well included. Then the updated Volumetric results will be
checked and compared to the original ones.
1 Model updating with a new well (Well H)
Check that the workflow you have been building consists of the
following jobs:
Import your new well (Well H) into the project as you previously
imported the other wells (see the Data loading chapter. Press
“back” in the import wizard to specify the new wellname).
Check the Blocked Wells job now includes Well_H
Within the workflow, double-click on the blocked wells job to display
the job.
Note: Since you toggled on ‘All’ wells when you first created the job
and have just imported another well, this new well is now
automatically included in the list.
From the new BW statistics, the volume fraction of each facies for
subgrid 2 should be now :
background 0.24
clean_sand 0.64
shaly_sand 0.12
Click on the report consistency button to check the sum of the new
volume fractions is equal to 1.
In the variograms tab, estimate the variance again for each facies in
turn
Press OK then to save the new settings and close the job.
Change the output name for the Volumetrics job, so it is
possible to compare the results :
Open up the Volumetrics job. In the General tab, type the prefix of
output parameters and maps : “updated”
In the Report file tab, add the suffix _updated at the end of the
output names:
Then press OK to save the new settings of this job and close it.
Multiple realisations
You can run as many realisations as you like (depending on time constraints) from as many
different scenarios to quantify the uncertainty involved in the model.
You could have very different reasons in a project to perform multiple realisations. Common
reasons are :
1 Different conceptual models for the same field
2 Uncertainty in the facies proportions
3 Uncertainty in the distribution of petrophysical properties
4 Uncertainty in the structure
In this section, we will perform multiple realisations of parts of the workflow to access model
uncertainties inherent in the spatial petrophysical distribution only.
Press OK
Notice that in the parameters list under your Geomodel, the shared,
and non shared parameters are now differentiated.
Set the project realisations loop to 2-11. This means that this
workflow will run ten times and will populate realisations 2 through
11 with a data object for petrophysics and the volumetrics
parameters
The Workflow will take a few minutes to run. Whilst the workflow is
running you can see the realisation number that the WFM is looping
through at that time and the job which is currently being performed.
Toggle up through the realisations
Once the workflow has finished executing, toggle through
realisations 2-11. Check that they have been populated with a data
object for the stochastic porosity and for the various volumetrics
parameters. Compare the realisations. All of them are conditioned
to the well data (you can check that by visualising the parameters
simultaneously with the BW).
In the Statistics tab, observe the results, check which are the
closest realisations to P10, P50, P90…
The Raw Data tab shows all results in a table that can be exported
in Excel or a text editor (just by clicking with MB3 on the upper left
corner of the table)
INDEX
A
add more fault nodes 35
Add/remove data types 10
Add/Remove Fault Input data types 32
Adjust horizons to faults 39
Adjust Horizons to wells 20
Adjust the horizons to the faults 30
AOI 16, 19
area of interest 16, 19, 35
B
background colour 13
blocked wells 52
Blocked Wells Statistics 58
Bulk 87
BW Statistics 55
C
calculated horizons 8
compactional trend 78
Corner point grid 47
correlations 76
Create histogram 46
create the appropriate number of faults 32
Creating Blocked Wells 52
D
Data reduction 19, 20
Define FW/HW 37
delete nodes 36
Design and build the grid 45
Digitize fault input data in 3D 33
dip map 23
E
Enable Hw/Fw 37
extrapolation surfaces 38
F
Facies modelling 57
Facies Thickness 46
Facies:Indicators 65
FaciesComposite 59
fault block parameter 49
Fault Grouping 36
Fault lines 33, 37, 38
Fault Model QC 39
Fault modelling 30, 31
Fault Modelling 37
fault network 30, 31, 34, 35
Fault surfaces 31, 37
Fault surfaces and fault lines modelling 37
Faults statististics 40
Fluid Contact 22
G
Gaussian distribution 75
Generate fault surfaces and fault lines 30
Geometric connectivity 91
grid design 44
Grid filter 51
Grid quality control 48
Grid-based facies modelling techniques 57
H
HCPV 87
Horizons administration 8, 9
Horizons consistency 21
Horizons mapping 17
I
Increase the size of the network nodes 35
Insert isochores 9
internal reservoir layering 41
interpolation 70, 71
Interpolation conditioned to facies 73
Interpreted horizons 8
isochore 8, 14, 15, 30, 41, 46
iTask 17
L
License boundaries 16, 88
Load Horizons data 11
Load well data 11
logs 11
M
Make horizons consistent 21
Merging facies parameters 69
model updating 93
multiple realisations 93
Multiple realisations 100
N
Net 87
non-shared parameters 102
normal distribution 76
number of columns and rows 47
number of layers 48
O
object based facies modelling 58
Object-based facies modelling techniques 57
P
P10, P50, P90 104
Parameter 44
parameter calculator 49
Parameter Calculator 83
Petrophysical modelling 70
Pillar 44
pixel based facies modelling 65
Pore 87
project boundary 16
project realisations loop 102
Q
Quality Control of Blocked Wells 54
Quality Control of Horizon data 16
Quality Control of Well data 24
Quality control the grid 45
R
Region Index Parameters 49
Reservoir communication 57
rotation angle 47
S
Scalar operations 23
Sensitivity studies 57
shared parameters 102
Shift and scale logs to match subgrids 53
Simulation grid 44
Stochastic petrophysical modelling 75
Stratigraphic modelling 30, 41, 42
Structural modelling 30
Subgrid 6, 44, 46, 50, 69
subgrid index parameter 50
surface statistics 23
Swap Hw/Fw side’ 37
T
transformation sequence 76
transparency 22
trends 63
truncate fault 35
U
Uncertainty analysis 57
Unit set selector 8
units 8
user modes stochastic petrophysical modelling 77
V
variance 76
variogram 76
Variogram 80
variogram model 76
variogram plot/previewer 81
Variograms 67
visual settings 22
Visualize well logs 25
Volumetrics 85
volumetrics report table 90
Volumetrics table results 103
W
Water saturation 83
Well log editor/calculator 29, 55
Workflow Manager 93
workflows 6, 93
Z
Zone 44, 45, 46, 47
Zonelog 44