Trng HSP K Thut Hng Yn

Khoa in-in T

n mn hc

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT HNG YN

KHOA IN-IN T

N MN HC
TN TI : DNG IU KHIN T XA IU KHIN NG C IN
MT CHIU 12V
GIO VIN HNG DN
SINH VIN THC HIN

LP

: on Vn Tun
: 1: Nguyn Vn Ngha
2: V Xun Nghim
3: Nguyn Tin Ngc
:

-TK6_2

Hng Yn , thng 02 nm 2010

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N MN HC
Kha hc: 2008-2012.
Lp: _TK6_2.
TN TI: DNG IU KHIN T XA IU KHIN NG C IN
MT CHIU 12V.
I. D kin cho trc:
- Cc linh kin in t c bn trn th trng.
- ng c in mt chiu 12V.
- Ti liu tham kho: in t cng sut,in t cn bn,linh kin in t...
II. Ni dung cn hon thnh:
Phn I. C s l thuyt.
1.1. Gii thiu v thu pht hng ngoi.
1.2. Gii thiu v ng c in mt chiu.
Phn II . Phng n thit k.
2.1. S khi .
2.2. Thit k s nguyn l (mch pht , mch thu hng ngoi, mch iu
khin v ng lc).
Yu cu:
- Sn phm hot ng tt, m bo k thut, m thut.
- Thuyt minh ti (Phn tch yu cu, trnh by cc gii php thc hin,
c s l thuyt, qu trnh thc hin n, kh nng ng dng ca n).
- Np thuyt minh v hon thnh sn phm ng thi gian quy nh.

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MC LC
Nhn xt ca gio vin.
Li ni u.
K hoch tin tng tun thc hin ti.
CHNG I - GII THIU V NG C IN MT CHIU.
1.1. Tm quan trng ca ng c in mt chiu.
1.2. Cu to v hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu.
1.2.1. Cu to.
1.2.2. Hot ng.
CHNG II - GII THIU V THU PHT HNG NGOI.
2.1. Khi nim v thu pht hng ngoi.
2.2. Linh kin thu sng hng ngoi.
2.3. Mch in IC pht hng ngoi PT2248.
2.4. Mch in IC thu hng ngoi PT2249.
CHNG III - PHNG N THIT K.
3.1. S khi.
3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca tng khi.
CHNG IV - GII THIU V MT S LINH KIN IN T S
DNG TRONG MCH.
4.1. in tr - T in.
4.2. it Led.
4.3. IC 78xx Transistor H1061.
4.4. IC pht hng ngoi PT2248.
4.4. IC thu hng ngoi PT2249.
4.5. IC 4017.
4.6. Mt nhn hng ngoi KSM-603LM.

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CHNG V - S V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH.

5.1. Mch pht
5.1.1. S nguyn l.
5.1.2. S board.
5.1.3. Nguyn l hot ng.
5.2. Mch thu.
5.2.1. S nguyn l.
5.2.2. S board.
5.2.3. Nguyn l hot ng.
5.3. Mch ng lc v iu khin ng c.
5.3.1. S nguyn l.
5.3.2. S board.
5.3.3. Nguyn l hot ng.
Ti liu tham kho.

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN.

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Hng Yn, ngy ......thng .....nm 2010

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LI NI U
iu khin t xa l vic iu khin mt m hnh mt khong cch no
m con ngi khng nht thit trc tip n ni t h thng. Khong cch ty
thuc vo tng h thng c mc phc tp khc nhau, chng hn nh iu khin
t xa mt phi thuyn ta cn phi c h thng pht v thu mnh, ngc li, iu
khin mt tr chi in t t xa ta ch cn mt h thng pht v thu yu hn.
Th gii ngy cng pht trin th lnh vc iu khin cn phi c m rng
hn. Vic ng dng iu khin t xa vo thng tin lin lc mang li nhiu thun
li cho x hi loi ngi, thng tin c cp nht hn nh s chnh xc v nhanh
chng ca qu trnh iu khin t xa.
Trong sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi nh nhng tr chi gii tr (robot,
xe iu khin t xa ) cho n nhng ng dng gn gi vi con ngi cng c
ci tin cho ph hp vi vic s dng v t mc tin li nht. iu khin t xa
thm nhp vo vn ny do cho ra nhng loi iu khin t xa, u video,
VCD, CD,u c iu khin t xa. Xut pht t nhng tng cng vi
s hng dn ca Thy on Vn Tun ging vin trng H SPKT Hng
Yn, chng em chn ti:Dng iu khin t xa iu khin ng c in
mt chiu 12V.
Nhng do trnh k thut cn c nhiu hn ch nn n khng th trnh
khi nhng sai st, chng em mong c s thng cm v ch bo thm ca thy
c v cc bn !
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca Thy on
Vn Tun cng s gip ca cc bn.
Xin chn thnh cm n !

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K HOCH TIN THC HIN TNG TUN

STT Tun

Tun 1

Tun2+3

Tun 4+5

Tun 6

Cng vic thc hin

- Sp xp cng vic cho tng
tun (phn chia cng vic cho tng
thnh vin).
Tm hiu ti.
- Tm kim ti liu lin quan: Linh kin
in t, in t cn bn, in t cng
sut
- Tm hiu nguyn l cc mch c lin
quan n ti. Chng hn nh cc
mch thu pht hng ngoi, mch ng
lc iu khin ng c v cc linh kin
lin quan n mch.
- Tham kho kin ca nhng ngi
c chuyn mn.
- Sau khi tm hiu ti s a ra c
s l thuyt chung ca ti.
- T xy dng c s khi.
- a ra nguyn tc hot ng ca cc
khi v cc linh kin s s dng
thit k mch ph hp vi yu cu tng
khi.
- Thit k s nguyn l ton mch.
- Tnh ton thng s ri tin hnh chy
m phng.
- Rp mch v kho st trn bo mch
(nu gp li chnh sa li).

Ngi thc hin

C nhm.

Vn Ngha

C nhm

Xun Nghim
C nhm.

C nhm.

Vn Ngha
Tin Ngc

- o c kim tra xem trn board chy Vn Ngha

c t yu cu hay khng?
Tin Ngc
- Tin hnh lm sn phm (cu dy).
Vn Ngha
Tin Ngc

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- Lp rp hon tt sn phm.

Tun 7
5

n mn hc

C Nhm

- Chun ha ni dung, lm cun thuyt C nhm

minh.
- Chun b cc dng c bo v ti Xun Nghim
(fim chiu, bn v).
- Hon tt sn phm, kim tra li ton C nhm
b
ni dung.

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CHNG I: GII THIU V NG C IN MT CHIU

1.1. Tm quan trng ca ng c DC.
Trong nn sn xut hin i, ng c mt chiu vn c coi l mt loi
my quan trng mc d ngy nay c rt nhiu loi my mc hin i s dng
ngun in xoay chiu thng dng.
Do ng c in mt chiu c nhiu u im nhiu kh nng iu chnh tc
rt tt ,kh nng m my ln v c bit l kh nng qu ti. Chnh v vy m
ng c mt chiu c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip c yu cu cao
v iu chnh tc nhng cn thp, hm m, giao thng vn tim iu quan
trng l cc ngnh cng nghip hay i hi dng ngun in mt chiu.
Bn cnh , ng c in mt chiu cng c nhng nhc im nht nh
ca n nhng so vi my in xoay chiu th gi thnh t hn(d pht sinh tia la
in)nhng do nhng u im ca n nn ng c in mt chiu vn cn c
mt tm quan trng nht nh trong sn xut.
Cng sut ln nht ca ng c in mt chiu hin nay vo khong
10000KW , in p vo khong vi trm cho n 1000V. Hng pht trin hin
nay l ci tin tnh nng ca vt liu, nng cao ch tiu kinh t ca ng c v ch
to nhng ng c c cng sut ln
1. 2. Cu to v hot ng ca ng c in DC.
1.2.1. Cu to.
ng c in mt chiu c th phn thnh hai phn chnh: phn tnh v phn
ng.
1.2.1.1. Phn tnh hay stato.
y l phn ng yn ca my, bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:
a. Cc t chnh: l b phn sinh ra t trng gm c li st cc t v dy
qun kch t lng ngoi li st cc t. Li st cc t lm bng nhng l thp k
thut in hay thp cacbon dy 0,5 n 1mm p li v tn cht. Trong ng c in
nh c th dng thp khi . Cc t c gn cht vo v my nh cc bu lng.
Dy qun kch t c qun bng dy ng bc cch in v mi cun dy u
c bc cch in k thnh mt khi tm sn cch in trc khi t trn cc cc
t. Cc cun dy kch t c t trn cc cc t ny c ni tip vi nhau.
b. Cc t ph: Cc t ph c t trn cc cc t chnh v dng ci
thin i chiu. Li thp ca cc t ph thng lm bng thp khi v trn thn

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cc t ph c t dy qun m cu to ging nh dy qun cc t chnh. Cc t

ph c gn vi v my nh nhng bulong.
c. Gng t : Gng t dng lm mch ni lin cc cc t, ng thi lm v
my .Trong ng c nh v va thng thng dng thp dy un v hn li. Trong
my in ln thng dng thp c. C khi trong ng c in nh dng gang lm
v my.
d. Cc b phn khc:
+ Np my: bo v my khi nhng vt ngoi ri vo lm hng dy
qun v an ton cho ngi chm vo in. Trong my in nh v va lp my cn
c tc dng lm gi bi. Trong trng hp ny np my thng lm bng gang.
+ C cu chi than: a dng in t phn quay ra ngoi. C cu chi
than bao gm c chi than t trong hp chi than nh mt l xo t chy ln c
gp. Hp chi than c c nh trn gi chi than v cch in vi gi. Gi chi
than c th quay c iu chnh v tr chi than cho ng ch. Sau khi iu
chnh xong th dng vt c nh li.
1.2.1.2. Phn quay hay roto.
a. Li st phn ng: Dng dn t. Thng dng nhng tm thp k thut
in dy 0,5mm ph cch in mng hai mt ri p cht li gim tn hao do
dng in xoy gy nn. Trn l thp c dp hnh dng rnh sau khi p li th
t dy qun vo.
Trong nhng ng c trung bnh tr ln ngi ta cn dp nhng l thng
gi khi p li thnh li st c th to c nhng l thng gi dc trc.
Trong nhng ng c in ln hn th li st thng chia thnh nhng
on nh, gia on y c mt khe h gi l khe h thng gi. Khi my lm
vic gi thi qua cc khe h lm ngui dy qun v li st.
Trong ng c in mt chiu nh, li st phn ng c p trc tip vo
trc.Trong ng c in ln, gia trc v li st c t gi roto. Dng gi roto c
th tit kim thp k thut in v gim nh trng lng roto.
b. Dy qun phn ng
Dy qun phn ng l phn sinh ra sut in ng v c dng in chy
qua. Dy qun phn ng thng lm bng dy ng c bc cch in. Trong my
in nh c cng sut ti vi KW thng dng dy c tit din trn. Trong my
in va v ln thng dng dy tit din ch nht, dy qun c cch in cn
thn vi rnh ca li thp.

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trnh khi quay b vng ra do lc li tm, ming rnh c dng nm

cht hoc ai cht dy qun. Nm lm bng tre g hay bakelit.
c. C gp: Dng chiu dng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu . C gp
gm nhiu phin ng c c m cch in vi nhau bng l mica di t 0,4 n
1,2mm v hp thnh mt hnh tr trn. Hai u tr trn dng hai hnh p hnh ch
V p cht li. Gia vnh p tr trn cng cch in bng mica. ui vnh gp c
cao ln mt t hn cc u dy ca cc phn t dy qun v cc phin gp c
d dng.
d. Cc b phn khc:
+ Cnh qut: dng qut gi lm ngui my. My in mt chiu thng
ch to theo kiu bo v, hai u np my c l thng gi. Cnh qut np trn
trc my khi ng c quay cnh qut ht gi t ngoi vo ng c, gi i qua vnh
gp, cc t li st v dy qun ri qua qut gi ra ngoi lm ngui my.
+ Trc my: Trn t li st phn ng, c gp, cnh qut v bi. Trc
my thng lm bng thp cacbon tt.
1.2.2. Hot ng.
Trn hnh khi cho in p mt chiu U vo hai chi in A v B, trong dy
cun phn ng c dng in. Cc thanh dn ab v cd mang dng in nm trong t
trng s chu tc dng tng h ln nhau to nn mmen tc dng ln rto, lm
rto quay. Chiu lc tc dng c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri (hnh a)

Hnh 2: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c in mt chiu

Khi phn ng quay c na vng, v tr thanh dn ab, cd i ch cho nhau
(hnh2 b) nh c phin gp i chiu dng in, nn dng in mt chiu bin i
thnh dng in xoay chiu a vo dy cun phn ng, gi cho chiu lc tc

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dng khng i, do lc tc dng ln roto cng theo mt chiu xc nh, m

bo ng c c chiu quay khng i.

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CHNG II:GII THIU V THU PHT HNG NGOI.

Do yu cu ca ti l iu khin ng c in mt chiu t xa, trong qu
trnh nghin cu chng em quyt nh dng cp IC thu pht IC PT2248 v IC
PT2249 thit k mch.
1.Khi nim v hng ngoi.
nh sng hng ngoi (tia hng ngoi) l nh sng khng th nhn thy c
bng mt thng, c bc sng khong 0,8 m n 0,9 m, tia hng ngoi c vn
tc truyn bng vn tc nh sng.
Tia hng ngoi d b hp th, kh nng xuyn thu km. Trong iu khin t
xa chm tia hng ngoi pht i hp, c hng do khi thu phi ng hng.
2. Linh kin thu sng hng ngoi.
Ta c th dng quang in tr, phototransistor, photodiode thu sng
hng ngoi gn. thu sng hng ngoi trung bnh v xa pht ra t c th con
ngi, vt nng thc hin trong mch chng ta dng diode quang.
3. Mch in IC pht PT2248
Mch IC PT2248 s dng cng ngh CMOS qui m ln ch to l mt
loi linh kin pht xa m ha tia hng ngoi rt thng dng, phm vi in p ngun
l 2,2V~5,5V. V s dng cng ngh CMOS ch to nn cng sut tiu hao cc
thp, dng trng thi tnh ch 10 A, n c th s dng nhiu t hp bn phm, linh
kin bn ngoi rt t, m s ca n thch hp vi nhiu qui m khc, ch cn ni
ngoi linh kin LC hoc b dao ng gm l c th gy ra dao ng.

* Chc nng ca cc chn dn:

IC PT2248 s dng 16 chn v nha kiu cm thng hng.
- Chn 1: chn mass c ni vi cc m ca ngun in.

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- Chn 2 v 3: l hai u ni vi thch anh bn ngoi cho b to dao ng

bn trong IC.
- Chn 4 9 (K1 - K6) : l u ca tn hiu bn phm kiu ma trn, cc chn t
K1 n K6 kt hp vi cc chn 10 n 12 ( T1 T3) to thnh ma trn 18
phm.
- Chn 13 ( CODE ): l chn m s dng kt hp vi cc chn T1 T2 to
ra t hp m h thng gia phn pht v phn thu.
- Chn 14 (TEST): l chn dng kim tra m ca phn pht, bnh thng khi
khng s dng c th b trng.
- Chn 15 ( TXout): l u ra ca tn hiu c iu ch FM.
- Chn 16 ( Vcc): l chn cp ngun dng.
S khi:

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Bn trong IC PT2248 do b phn dao ng, b phn tn, b gii m, mch

in u vo ca bn phm, b phn pht m s to thnh.
Tham s cc hn ca PT2248:

Nguyn l hot ng:

Trong IC PT2248 c cha b o pha CMOS l in tr nh thin cng
ni b dao ng bng thch anh hoc mch dao ng cng hng. Khi tn s ca
b phn dao ng thit k xc nh l 455kHz, th tn s pht x sng mang l
38kHz. Ch khi c thao tc nhn phm mi c th to ra dao ng, v th m bo
cng sut ca n tiu hao thp. N c th thng qua cc chn K1 n K6 v u ra
th t thi gian chn T1 n T3 to ra bn phm 6x3 theo liu ma trn. Ti T1, 6
phm c sp xp c th ty chn to thnh 6x3 trng thi tn hiu lin tc
c trnh by hnh di y:

Hai hng phm T2 v T3 ch c th s dng phm n, hn na, mi khi n

vo phm mt ln ch c th pht x mt nhm mch xung iu khin xa. Nu nh
cc phm cng hng ng thi n xung th th t u tin l
K1>K2>K3>K4>K4>K5>K6. Khng c nhiu phm chc nng trn cng mt
ng K, nu nh ng thi nhn phm th th t u tin ca n l T1>T2>T3.
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Lnh pht ra ca n do m 12 bit to thnh, trong C1- C3 (code) l m s

ngi dng, c th dng xc nh cc m thc khc nhau, t hp C2, C3 phi
hp vi mch IC thu PT2249. Mi loi t hp c 3 trng thi l 01, 10, 11 m
khng dng trng thi 00.
Lnh pht ra 12 bit nh sau:

Cc bit C1, C2, C3 c thc hin bng vic ni hay khng ni cc chn
T1, T2, T3 vi chn code bng cc diode. Nu ni qua diot th cc C tng ng tr
thnh 1 v 0 khi khng c ni.
4. Mch IC thu PT2249.
IC ny cng c ch to bng cng ngh CMOS, n i cp vi IC pht
PT2248 to thnh b IC thu - pht trong iu khin xa bng tia hng ngoi.
* S chn:

* Chc nng cc chn:

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- Chn 1 (Vss): l chn mass c ni vi cc m ca ngun in.

- Chn 2 (Rxin): l u vo tn hiu thu.
- Cc chn 3 7 (HP1 - HP5): l u ra tn hiu lin tc. Ch cn thu c tn
hiu tng ng vi u ra no th u ra s lun duy tr mc logic 1.
- Cc chn 8 12 (SP5 SP1): l u ra tn hiu khng lin tc. Ch cn thu
c tn hiu tng ng vi u ra no th u ra s duy tr mc logic 1
trong khong thi gian l 107ms.
- Chn 14 v 13 (CODE 2 v CODE 3): to ra cc t hp m h thng gia
phn pht v phn thu. M s ca 2 chn ny phi ging t hp m h thng ca
phn pht th mi thu c tn hiu.
- Chn 15 (OSC): dng ni vi t in v in tr bn ngoi to ra dao ng
cho mch.
- Chn 16 (Vcc): l chn c ni vi cc dng ca ngun cung cp.
* S khi bn trong:

Do trong tn hiu pht ra ca IC pht c C1, C2v C3 cung cp tn hiu m

s cho ngi dng, v vy u tip nhn cn phi c tn hiu m s tng ng.
IC PT2248 phi hp vi m ngi dng ca IC PT2249 l:

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u C (code) ni vi t in cho n t l 1, trc tip ni t l 0.

CHNG III:

PHNG N THIT K.

3.1. S khi .
* S khi c 3 khi chnh:
.
- Khi ngun.
- Khi pht hng ngoi.
- Khi thu hng ngoi.
- Khi mch ng lc v iu khin ng c.

Khi
ngun

Khi mch
Khi mch
ng lc v
ng lc v
iu
khin
iu khin

Khi
thu

ng
c DC

ng c

Khi
pht
S khi.

3.2 . Nguyn l hot ng tng khi.

- Khi ngun:

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C my bin p lm nhim v cung cp ngun cho 3 khi: khi thu v khi

mch ng lc v iu khin ng c v ng c DC 12V. My bin p ly u
vo (input) l ngun in AC220 V cho u ra mc in p ph hp (5V hoc
12V) cp cho 2 khi cn li.
- Khi pht hng ngoi.
Lm nhim v pht ra tn hiu hng ngoi gip mch thu hot ng.
- Khi thu hng ngoi.
C chc nng nhn tn hiu t mch pht v cung cp tn hiu u vo (cung
cp tn hiu vo chn 14 ca IC 4017) dng iu chnh ng c thng qua mch
cu H1061.
- Khi mch ng lc v iu khin ng c.
C chc nng iu chnh ng c (o chiu v dng ng c).

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CHNG IV : GII THIU V MT S LINH KIN IN

T S DNG TRONG MCH
4.1. in tr,t in.
4.1.1. in tr.
a) Khi nim.
- in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu c mt vt dn in
tt th in tr nh v ngc li vt cch in c in tr cc ln.
- in tr ca dy dn l s ph thuc vo cht liu v tit din ca dy dn
c tnh theo cng thc:
R= .
Trong :

R l in tr. n v l
l in tr sut.
L l chiu di dy dn.
S l tit din ca dy dn.

b) in tr trong thc t v trong cc mch in t.

* Hnh dng v k hiu: Trong thc t in tr l mt loi linh kin in t
khng phn cc, n l mt linh kin quan trng trong cc mch in t, chng
c lm t hp cht ca cacbon v kim loi v c pha theo t l m to ra cc
con in tr c in dung khc nhau.

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n v o bng , K, M.
1M = 1000 K = 1000000
* Cch c tr s in tr trong thc t.
c theo mu sc theo quy c quc t:
Mu
Bc
Vng
en
Nu

Cam
Vng
Xanh
Lc
Tm
Xm
Trng

Tr s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Sai s
10%
5%
1%
2%
0.5%
0.25%
0.1%

* Ch : in tr l linh kin khng phn cc nn khi mc vo mch in

ta khng cn n u m dng lm g (u no cng nh u no).
4.1.2. T in.
T in l mt linh kin th ng v c s dng rng ri trong cc mch
in t, c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu mch truyn tn hiu,
mch dao ng
a) Khi nim.
T in l linh kin dung cn tr v phng np khi cn thit v c c
trng bi dung khng ph thuc vo tn s in p.

K hiu ca t in trong s nguyn l l:

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T khng phn cc l t c hai cc nh nhau v gi tr thng nh (pF).

T phn cc l t c hai cc tnh m v dng khng th dng ln ln nhau
c. C gi tr ln hn so vi t khng phn cc.

b) Cu to.
Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc song song, gia c mt lp cch
in gi l in mi nh t ha, t gm, t giy
Hnh dng t trong thc t.

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T ha.
T gm.

4.2. it,LED.
4.2.1. it.
c cu to t hai lp bn dn tip xc nhau. Diode c hai cc l
Anot (A) v Katot (K). N ch cho dng mt chiu t A sang K v n c coi nh
van mt chiu trong mch in v c ng dng rng ri trong cc my thu thanh
thu hnh, cc mch chnh lu, n nh in p.

Hnh dng diode trong thc t.

K hiu diode trong cc mch nguyn l.

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Nguyn tc hot ng ca diode: ch cho dng mt chiu t A n K ch

khng cho dng chy ngc li.
4.2.2. LED.
LED l vit tt ca Light Emitting Diode, c ngha l it pht quang) l
cc diode c kh nng pht ra nh sng hay tia hng ngoi , t ngoi. Cng ging
nh it, LED c cu to t mt khi bn dn loi P ghp vi mt khi bn dn
loi N
* Tnh cht.
Ty theo mc nng lng gii phng cao hay thp m bc sng nh sng
pht ra khc nhau (tc mu sc ca LED s khc nhau). Mc nng lng (v mu
sc ca LED) hon ton ph thuc vo cu trc nng lng ca cc nguyn t cht
bn dn.
LED thng c in th phn cc thun cao hn it thng thng, trong
khong 1,5V n 3V. Nhng in th phn cc nghch LED th khng cao. Do
, LED rt d b h hng do in th ngc gy ra.

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Loi LED

Vng
Xanh l
cy

in th phn cc
thun
1,4 - 1,8V
2 - 2,5V
2 - 2,8V

4.3. IC 78xx , Transistor H1061

4.3.1. IC 78xx
L loi IC n p kh thng dng, cho u ra (chn3) ca IC mc in p
n nh l 5V.
Vi nhng mch in khng i hi n nh ca in p qu cao, s dng
IC n p thng c ngi thit k s dng v mch in kh n gin. Cc loi
n p thng c s dng l IC 78xx, vi xx l in p cn n p. V d 7805 n
p 5V, 7812 n p 12V. Vic dng cc loi IC n p 78xx tng t nhau, di y
l minh ha cho IC n p 7805.

S pha di IC 7805 c 3 chn:

- Chn s 1 l chn INPUT .
- Chn s 2 l chn GND.
- Chn s 3 l chn OUTPUT.
Ng ra OUT lun n nh 5V d in p t ngun cung cp thay i.
4.3.2. Transistor H1061
L loi transistor thun.
- i vi transistor thun th in p ni vo cc chn ngc li vi
Transistor nghch. Ht ti di chuyn trong Transistor NPN l electron xut pht t
cc E trong khi i vi transistor PNP th ht ti di chuyn l l trng xut pht t
E.

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- Trng hp ny l trng trong vng bn dn P ca cc E v C, do tc dng

ca lc tch in, s b di chuyn theo hng t cc E v cc C. Do cc B h
nn l trng t vng bn dn P ca cc E s khng th vng bn dn N ca cc B
nn khng c hin tng ti hp gia l trng v electron v do khng c dng
in qua transistor.
- Trng hp 2: Ni cc B vo in p m sao cho :
VB < VE v V B > VC
- Trong trng hp ny vng bn P v N ca cc E v B ging nh
Diod(gi l diod BE) c phn cc thun nn dn in, l trng t vng bn dn
P ca cc E s sang vng bn dn N ca cc B ti hp vi electron. Khi vng
bn dn N ca cc B c thm l trng nn c in tch dng. Cc B ni vo in
p m ca ngun nn s ht mt s l trng trong vng bn dn N xung to thnh
dng in IB. Cc C ni vo in p m cao hn nn ht hu ht l trng trong
vng bn dn N sang vng bn dn P ca cc C to thnh dng in I C . Cc E ni
vo ngun in p dng nn khi vng bn dn P b mt l trng s ht l trng t
ngun dng ln th ch to thnh dng in IE.
N

IE

IC

IB

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4.4. IC pht PT2248

IC PT2248 s dng cng ngh CMOS qui m ln ch to l mt loi linh
kin pht xa m ha tia hng ngoi rt thng dng, phm vi in p ngun l
2,2V~5,5V. V s dng cng ngh CMOS ch to nn cng sut tiu hao cc
thp, dng trng thi tnh ch 10 A, n c th s dng nhiu t hp bn phm,
linh kin bn ngoi rt t, m s ca n thch hp vi nhiu qui m khc, ch cn
ni ngoi linh kin LC hoc b dao ng gm gy l c th gy ra dao ng.

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* Chc nng ca cc chn dn:

IC PT2248 s dng 16 chn v nha kiu cm thng hng.
- Chn 1: chn mass c ni vi cc m ca ngun in.
- Chn 2 v 3: l hai u ni vi thch anh bn ngoi cho b to dao ng
bn trong IC.
- Chn 4 9 (K1 - K6) : l u ca tn hiu bn phm kiu ma trn, cc chn t
K1 n K6 kt hp vi cc chn 10 n 12 ( T1 T3) to thnh ma trn 18
phm.
- Chn 13 ( CODE ): l chn m s dng kt hp vi cc chn T1 T2 to
ra t hp m h thng gia phn pht v phn thu.
- Chn 14 (TEST): l chn dng kim tra m ca phn pht, bnh thng khi
khng s dng c th b trng.
- Chn 15 ( TXout): l u ra ca tn hiu c iu ch FM.
- Chn 16 ( Vcc): l chn cp ngun dng.
S khi:

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Bn trong IC PT2248 do b phn dao ng, b phn tn, b gii m, mch

in u vo ca bn phm, b phn pht m s to thnh.
Tham s cc hn ca PT 2248:

* Nguyn l hot ng:

Trong IC PT2248 c cha b o pha CMOS l in tr nh thin cng
ni b dao ng bng thch anh hoc mch dao ng cng hng. Khi tn s ca
b phn dao ng thit k xc nh l 455kHz, th tn s pht x sng mang l
38kHz. Ch khi c thao tc nhn phm mi c th to ra dao ng, v th m bo
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cng sut ca n tiu hao thp. N c th thng qua cc chn K1 n K6 v u ra

th t thi gian chn T1 n T6 to ra bn phm 6x3 theo kiu ma trn. Ti T1
su phm c sp xp c th ty chn to thnh 6x3 trng thi tn hiu lin tc
c trnh by hnh di:

Hai hng phm T2 v T3 ch c th s dng phm n, hn na, mi khi n

vo phm mt ln ch c th pht x mt nhm mch xung iu khin xa. Nu nh
cc phm cng hng ng thi c n xung th th t u tin l
K1>K2>K3>K4>K5>K6. Khng c nhiu phm chc nng trn cng mt ng
K, nu nh ng thi nhn phm th th t u tin ca n l T1>T2>T3.
Lnh pht ra ca n do m 12 bit to thnh, trong C1-C3 (code) l m s
ngi dng, c th dng xc nh cc m thc khc nhau, t hp C2, C3 phi
hp vi mch IC thu PT2249. Mi loi t hp c 3 trng thi l 01, 10, 11 m
khng dng trng thi 00.
Lnh pht ra 12 bit nh sau:

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Cc bit C1, C2, C3 c thc hin bng vic ni hay khng ni cc chn T1,
T2, T3 vi chn code bng cc diode. Nu ni qua diode th cc C tng ng tr
thnh 1 v 0 khi khng c ni.

4.5. IC thu hng ngoi PT 2249

IC ny cng c ch to bng cng ngh CMOS, n i cp vi IC pht
PT2248 to thnh b IC thu - pht trong iu khin xa bng tia hng ngoi.
* S chn:

* Chc nng cc chn:

- Chn 1 (Vss): l chn mass c ni vi cc m ca ngun in.
- Chn 2 (Rxin): l u vo tn hiu thu.
- Cc chn 3 7 (HP1 - HP5): l u ra tn hiu lin tc. Ch cn thu c tn
hiu tng ng vi u ra no th u ra s lun duy tr mc logic 1.
- Cc chn 8 12 (SP5 SP1): l u ra tn hiu khng lin tc. Ch cn thu
c tn hiu tng ng vi u ra no th u ra s duy tr mc logic 1
trong khong thi gian l 107ms.
- Chn 14 v 13 (CODE 2 v CODE 3): to ra cc t hp m h thng gia
phn pht v phn thu. M s ca hai chn ny phi ging t hp m h thng ca
phn pht th mi thu c tn hiu.
- Chn 15 (OSC): dng ni vi t in v in tr bn ngoi to ra dao ng
cho mch.
- Chn 16 (Vcc): l chn c ni vi cc dng ca ngun cung cp.
* S khi bn trong:

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Do trong tn hiu pht ra ca IC pht c C1, C2 v C3 cung cp tn hiu m

s cho ngi dng, v vy u tip nhn cn phi c tn hiu m s tng ng.
IC PT2248 phi hp vi m ngi dng ca IC PT2249 l:

u C (code) ni vi t in cho n t l 1, trc tip ni t l 0.

4.6 . IC 4017
IC 4017 la IC m c 10 u ra nc cao.
* S chn ca IC 4017 c biu din nh hnh v di y:

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Nhn hnh v trn th:

- Chn 16 ca IC c ni vi ngun dng vi mc in p t +3 15V DC.
- Chn 8 c ni Mass.
- Chn 14 l chn u vo ca xung clock.
- Chn 15 l chn Reset.
- Chn 13 l chn Enable.
- Cc chn cn li l cc u ra ca IC.
IC 4017 c10 ng ra mc cao lin tc nhau nh hnh di y:

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Ch c 1 ng ra c kch mc cao ti 1 thi im.

4.7. Mt nhn hng ngoi KSM-603LM.
i vi modul mt thu trn th trng c 2 loi module mt thu tn hiu hng
ngoi. Mt loi v st v 1 loi v bng nha. Dng loi module ny chng c
nhiu bn ngoi v thu c tn hiu xung quanh n. Cc xc nh chn rt n
gin l:
- Chn 1 l chn tn hiu out.
- Chn 2 l chn GND.
- Chn 3 l chn VCC.
- mch ny em dng mt thu tn hiu hng ngoi c tn l KSM-603LM.

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CHNG V: S V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH

5.1. Mch pht
5.1.1. S nguyn l:

5.1.2.S board:

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5.1.3. Nguyn l hot ng:

T nguyn l ca IC PT2248 c th bit mi ln mch pht ra 2 nhm s liu,
mi nhm s liu ca tn hiu pht ra l 12 bit, trong c 3 bit m ngi dng, 6
bit m phm vo v 3 m lin tc hay khng lin tc. Khi ta nhn phm 1 th ti
phm ln mc cao 1. Chng hn, nh nhn phm s 1 th chn 4 (K 1) ln mc
cao v lc ny mch in bn phm np vo l 100000 hay m s ca s liu pht ra
D1-D5 l 100000 tng ng nh kt ni s nguyn l cc phm kt ni vi T 1
cng ln mc cao, cc phm cn li vn mc thp.Tn hiu mc cao ny i qua
chn 15 ca IC PT2248 kch m chn B ca BJT A1266 ng thi ngun 3V cp
vo chn E ca BJT lm cho BJT ny dn tc ng vo Led pht ra tn hiu hng
ngoi.

5.2. Mch thu

5.2.1. S nguyn l:

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5.2.2. S board.

5.2.3. Nguyn l hot ng:

Khi nhn phm 1 c ni vi chn 4 ca IC PT2248 b phn pht tng
ng LED pht s c nhim v bin dng in thnh quang pht x ra mi trng,
LED thu nhn tn hiu bin i t quang thnh in, sau a qua b khuch
i, tch sng loi b sng mang, ri a ti u vo ca IC PT2249. u tin IC
tin hnh chnh hnh i vi tn hiu u vo, sau x l cc b phn dao ng,
b m s cng, b nh dch hng u vo, b nh dch hng kim tra s liu ghi,
mch xung u vo, kim tra m, o kim tra sai st cui cng l mch hm xung
u vo m ng ra lin tc .
i vi mch iu khin ng c: khi ta nhn 1 phm bt k mch
pht th tn hiu lin tc tng ng mch thu cng a n cc ng ra lin tc.

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Khi nhn c tn hiu sau khi x l, ng ra s ln mc cao trong mt khong thi

gian ngn, cc ng ny c ni n mch iu khin ng ngt ng c iu
khin ng c hot ng theo mun.

5.3. Mch ng lc v iu khin ng c.

5.3.1. S nguyn l:

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5.3.2. S board:

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5.3.3. Nguyn l hot ng:

Tn hiu t chn 3 ca IC PT2249 c cp vo chn 14 (chn clock) ca
IC 4017.Do IC 4017 l IC m dch bt u ra mc cao. Khi ta nhn nt nhn S1
mch pht ln th nht th u ra s l chn 2 ca IC 4017 qua Transistor C828
khuch i kch m cho BJT H1061 (T1) dn ng thi BJT H1061 (T2) dn lm
cho ng c quay theo chiu thun. Khi ta nhn nt nhn S1 ln th 2 th u ra s
l chn 4 cua IC 4017 qua Transistor C828 khuch i kch m cho BJT H1061
(T2) dn ng thi BJT H1061 (T4) dn lm cho ng c quay theo chiu nghch.
Khi ta nhn nt nhn S1 ln th 3 thi u ra s l chn 7 ca IC 4017 nhng do
chn 7 ca IC 4017 c ni vi chn 15 (chn reset) lm cho ng c dng li.

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TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. Nguyn Bnh, in t cng sut, Nh xut bn KHKT H Ni (2000).

2. Trn Vn Thnh, Tnh ton v thit k thit b in t cng sut,
Nh xut bn GD (2005).
3. V Gia Hanh Trn Khnh H Phan T Th - Nguyn Vn Su,
My in, Nh xut bn KHKT H Ni ( 2003).
4. Nguyn Tn Phc, Linh kin in t, Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti.
V mt s ti liu khc.

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Phn GV hng dn phn bin.

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