Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop

e8-159
e8/PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop
November 2010
Programme
e8/PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop Program

DAY COUNT Day 08:00 08:15 09:00 09:30 Time Course Opening Ceremony What is e8? Program Resposibility
PPA / KANSAI e8
<1. Overview of Grid Connected Solar, Solar Panels>

Overview of Grid Connected Solar Applications Morning tea Site surveys Solar panels, specifications, rating and general characteristics Lunch Time Practical works with solar panels Afternoon tea General Inverter characteristics - types, history and general concepts
ALL ALL Dr. Wade
Interaction with the grid. Stability, penetration, islanding, net-metering
Day 1
10:00 (Mon) 10:15 10:30 12:00 13:00 15:00 15:30 08:00
16:0016:30 Quiz
<2. Inverters and BOS for Grid Connected Solar>

08:30 10:00 10:15 10:45 (Wed) 11:15 12:00 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 08:00 08:30 09:30 10:00 10:15 11:00 12:00 13:00 15:00 15:15 08:00 08:30 10:00 10:15 12:00 13:00 14:00 14:30 08:00 09:00 10:00 10:30 11:30
Review of Previous Day
Matching string characteristics to the Inverter Morning Tea

BOS components and their characteristics Utility Responsibilities - standards and inspections Steps for installing a typical residential grid-connected PV system Lunch Time Larger installations. Paralleling Strings for increased power output Data acquisition, collection and analysis Economics of Grid Connected Solar Practical works - system design (afternoon tea as desired)
ALL ALL Dr. Wade
Day 2
16:0016:30 Quiz
<Feature of various system - SHS, mini grid and normal grid >
SHS, mini grid (PV mini grid) Morning tea Normal Grid(Examples of grid connected system)
KANSAI
Mini grid (PV hybrid systems within minig-grid)
Day3
(Wed) <Technical requirements for grid connection > Lunch Time
Technical requirements for grid interconncetion
Technical requirements for grid interconncetion (continuation) Afternoon tea Exercise - technical requirements for grid interconnection
ALL ALL
16:0016:30 Quiz
<Technical requirements for grid connection (continuation) >

Morning tea
Technical requirements for grid interconncetion (continuation)
Day4
(Thu)
<Construction & Maintenance, etc >

Lunch Time
Guidline of Construction & maintenance PV Hybrid system (Various type of power source) Quiz Site visit Review of Previous Day
KANSAI
ALL
<5. Review and Closing ceremony>
Day 5
(Fri)
Course review and evaluation Closing Ceremony & Provision of Certification
Morning tea Farewell Lunch
ALL
CV's
- Photo -
Luis Calzado Project Advisor Delegate from: e8 General Secretariat 505 de Maisonneuve Blvd. Lobby Montreal H3A 3C2 Canada
Tel.: +1 (514) 392-8908 Fax: +1 (514) 392-8900 e-mail: calzado.luis@hydro.qc.ca
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Since 2005 e8 General Secretariat - Project Committee Member - Policy Committee Member - Project Advisor, e8 Tuvalu solar power project - Project Advisor, e8 Nicaragua Hydro CDM Project - Project Advisor, e8 Maghreb Water and Electricity - Project Advisor, e8 Education for Sustainable Energy Development project - Project Advisor, e8 Rural Electrification Project Sub-Saharan Africa - Project Advisor, e8 Rural Electrification Project Western Africa - Project Advisor, e8 Photovoltaic System Workshop, Pacific Islands - Project Advisor, e8 Demand Side Management Workshop, Pacific Islands - e8 member ESED Committee Member Abotel and Hostotel . - Information Technology consultant - Database creation and administration
1993-1995
EDUCATION 2007- 2009 McGill University (Montreal, Canada) Post -Graduate Degree International Business Queen's University (Kingston, Canada) Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Alliance Franaise (Paris, France) Diplme de Langue Franaise
2001-2005
1999-2001
LANGUAGES English Spanish French Italian Fluent Fluent Fluent Conversational
ASSOCIATIONS Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Ordre des Ingenieurs du Quebec (OIQ)
Takaya FUYUKI
Delegate from: The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc 3-6-16 Nakanoshima Kita-Ku Osaka 530-8270 Japan
Tel.: +81-(6)-6441-8821 Fax: +81-(6)-6441-4277 e-mail: fuyuki.takaya@d3.kepco.co.jp
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Aug. 2008 KANSAI) The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc (KANSAI) - Head Office System Planning Group power system planner
-Oct. 2010 Apr. 2004
-Aug. 2008
KANSAI) The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc (KANSAI) - Kyoto Branch Office
planner
substation maintenance engineer, substation designer, power system
EDUCATION 2002-2004 1998-2002 Graduate school of OSAKA University OSAKA University (Japan)
Department of Engineering Science, Electrical Engineering Department of Engineering Science, Electrical Engineering
LANGUAGES Japanese Mother tongue
English
Very good (speaking, reading, writing)
Taiichi Kaizuka Project Manager

Delegate from: The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc 3-6-16 Nakanoshima Kita-Ku Osaka 530-8270 Japan
Tel.: +81-(6)-6441-8821 Fax: +81-(6)-6441-4277 e-mail: kaizuka.taiichi@e4.kepco.co.jp
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Since 2010 KANSAI Manager, International cooperation group Work for e8 and international relationship
2008-2010
KANSAI Manager, Network Wheeling Center Power Wheeling for Power Produce and Supplier The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan Deputy general Manager, Power System Planning and Operation Engaged in deregulation of Japanese Power Utilities KANSAI Manager, Power system planning Planning of 500kV power system, Forecast of system peak demand KANSAI Manager, Electric Power Engineering Electric power engineering of Power Quality KANSAI Assistant manager, Office of operation and maintenance office Operation and maintenance of substation Japan Electric Power Information Center Researcher, planning section Research Energy situation of foreign countries
2005-2008
2001-2005
1999-2001
1997-1999
1996-1997
1990-1996
KANSAI Electrical Engineer Planning of power system, Design of 77kV substations
EDUCATION
1984-1988 1988-1990
Osaka University (Osaka, Japan) Bachelor of Electronic Engineering Osaka University (Osaka, Japan) Master of Electronic Engineering
ASSOCIATIONS
The institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ)
LANGUAGES Japanese English Mother tongue Very Good (speaking, reading, writing)
Tomohiro KANNO Project Leader Delegate from: The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc 3-6-16 Nakanoshima Kita-Ku Osaka 530-8270 Japan
Tel.: +81-(6)-6441-8821 Fax: +81-(6)-6441-4277 e-mail: kanno.tomohiro@b4.kepco.co.jp
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND Since Jun.2009 KANSAI) The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc (KANSAI) - Project leader of e8/PPA DSM workshop - Project leader of e8/PPA Grid-Connected PV system workshop
- Assistant of e8 ESED project Apr.2007
- Accounting Management of Paris Office
KANSAI) The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc (KANSAI)
- Kyoto Branch Office business strategic planner
EDUCATION 2003-2007 WASWDA University (Tokyo, Japan)
Department of Politics and Economics
LANGUAGES Japanese English Chinese Mother tongue Very Good (speaking, reading, writing) Good (speaking, reading, writing)
Herbert WADE Delegate from: 90/40 Bangkapi Condo S Soi 121 Lad Phrao Bangkok 10240 THAILAND
Tel.: +662-733-7061 Fax: +662-733-7061 e-mail:herbwade@compuserve.com
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND 1993-Present 1989-1993 1984-1993 1982-1984 5ndependent Consultant - Renewable energy, rural electrification, development policy South Pacific Institute for Renewable Energy (Tahiti) - International Programme Manager UN Pacific Energy Development Programme (Fiji) - Senior Energy Planner/Deputy Project Manager Fiji Department of Energy - Director
EDUCATION 1961 1967 United States Naval Academy, (Annapolis, Maryland, USA) BSc (Engineering) University of Rhode Island (Kingston, R.I., USA) MBA (Management)
PUBLICATIONS 2002 2003 Herb Wade, Solar Project Development, NESCO, Paris Herb Wade, Solar Photovoltaic Technical Training Manual, UNESCO, Paris
1994 1985 1983
Liebenthal, Mathur, Wade, World Bank Technical Paper 244, Solar Energy: esons from the Pacific Experience Gowan, Wade, A Manual for Rnewable Energy Assessment, An Energy Planners Guide, East West Center, Hawaii, USA Herb Wade, Building Underground, Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, USA
LANGUAGES English Thai French Russian Native Limited Conversational Limited Conversational/Technical reading Limited reading
ASSOCIATIONS International Solar Energy Society American Solar Energy Association International Association for Solar Energy Education Arizona Solar Energy Association Midwest Solar Energy Association
Day 1
Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

The e8: Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide
e8 Member Companies

10 major electricity companies from the global electricity sector At the recent Tokyo Summit, the e8 opened its membership to the major companies of the emerging countries New member (2010): Eletrobras (Brazil) New partner (2010): Comisin Federal de Electricidad (Mexico) as partner
HQ AEP Duke Energy
EDF
RWE ENEL
RusHydro TEPCO KANSAI
Eletrobras
e8 Strategic Objectives
Develop joint policy frameworks and implement related initiatives; Take joint positions on global electricity-related issues; Provide human capacity building assistance on the efficient generation and use of electricity; Demonstrate replicable small-scale renewable energy projects.
The e8 Fields of Expertise

Project Management Strengthening
Power Plant Efficiency
Environmental Impact Assessment Rural Electrification
Clean Coal Technology
e8 Activities
Demand Side Management
Institutional Strengthening
Renewable Energy
e8 Projects and Activities Worldwide

Tajikistan Georgia Bulgaria
Mexico Nicaragua Ecuador Bolivia Paraguay

Projects
Syria Tunisia Maghreb Lebanon Egypt Jordan Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger Cameroon Zimbabwe South Africa Madagascar Chile India Kenya Malaysia
E7-81 E7-107 E7-82 Bhutan
Mongolia China Laos Philippines
Thailand Indonesia Bangladesh
Tuvalu
Capacity Building Completed
e8 Capital Projects
Jordan: AIJ project on thermal power plant efficiency improvements
[Completed, 2000]
Indonesia: AIJ project on renewable energy supply systems in Indonesia (solar, wind, hybrid, micro-hydro) [Completed, 2000] Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger (W Park): Solar power systems for rural electrification and water supply. [Completed, 2003] Bhutan: CDM-registered project supplying hydro-electricity to a remote village in Bhutan. [Completed, 2005] Ecuador (Galapagos): Re-powering using renewable energy systems such as wind. [Completed, October 2007] Tuvalu (Pacific Islands): Grid-connected solar power installations in Tuvalu. [Completed, February 2008] Ifugao (Philippines): mini hydro project (200 kW) for the preservation of Ifugao's ancient rice terraces [Completed , December 2009] Maghreb: Wind for desalination project. [On-going]
6
e8 CDM Projects
The Bhutan Mini Hydro Power Project (70 kW) was the first e8 project to be officially registered as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol. It was also the first project to be registered in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. The San Cristobal, Galapagos, Wind Project (2.4 MW): The project was registered as a CDM project with UNFCCC in May 2008.
e8 Human Capacity Building Activities

Seminar on Electricity Interconnection (Ethiopia) [Completed, 2009] Solar PV, Design, O&M (Pacific Islands) [Completed, 2008-2009] Monitoring Hybrid System & Sustainability (Indonesia)
[In implementation]
Financing Sustainable Electrification Dialogues Workshops 2009-2013 [2 workshops Completed 2009-2010; 6 workshops over the next 3 years] DSM workshop (Pacific Islands)
[In development 2010] [Completed, 2009-2010]
Grid Connected Solar PV, Design, O&M (Pacific Islands) Industrial Energy Efficiency for emerging economies
[In development 2010-2011]
Education for Sustainable Energy Development - ESED

The ESED was created to support outstanding students in pursuing advanced studies in sustainable energy development and to encourage meaningful contributions to the collective body of knowledge about the subject. The Programme targets students from developing countries and economies in transition who plan to undertake post graduate studies in areas directly related to sustainable energy development. 9 Post-doctoral scholarships and 55 Masters scholarships awarded since 2001.
9
Galapagos Wind Project

(Completed 2007)
10
Tuvalu Solar Power Project

(Completed 2008)
Ifugao-Ambangal Mini-Hydro Power Project (Completed 2009)
12
11
www.e8.org
13
Overview of Grid-Connected Solar PV

Dr. Herbert A. Wade
Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop Republic of Palau November 1-5,2010
Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1
What is Grid-Connected Solar Grid Solar panels convert sunlight to DC electricity An electronic inverter, converts the DC from the solar panels to AC and synchronizes with the grid Very simple physically with only two major components Solar panels Inverter
e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
Misconception about Grid Connected PV

Grid connected solar does NOT feed its power to the building first then the surplus goes to the grid. All the solar power goes into the grid and all the building power comes from the grid. The electricity the building uses from the grid is offset by a credit for the energy fed into the grid from the solar This typically is through the use of two meters, one for the energy coming into the building from the grid and one metering the energy going into the grid from the solar
Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
Overall System for Grid-Connected PV Grid-
Graphic copyright by Global Sustainable Energy Solutions, Ltd. (GSES)
Concept of Net Metering

Net metering is intended to allow solar PV to send energy into the grid at one time and for the user to take out the equivalent energy at another time Important for residences since daytime use when the sun is brightest is lowest. Most residential usage is in the evening Not so important for buildings with high A/C loads since then the maximum load occurs when the solar is strongest
Net Metering Concept in the Pacific

Usually net metering relies on two meters but one meter can be used if it can run backward when power is going into the grid. Also special electronic meters that read energy flows both ways can be obtained Net metering needs to be arranged to send forward credit for surplus energy delivered to the grid with an annual accounting. Solar tends to be seasonal so some months there may be a surplus sent into the grid from solar and some months there will be more used from the grid than sent by the solar
Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
Net Metering Payment for Surplus

At some time once a year the total energy delivered to the grid from the solar is subtracted from the total energy delivered to the building from the grid. If there is a surplus of energy sent to the grid by the solar over the year, a payment may be made
Payment for Surplus Energy from PV

May be legally required or may be up to the utility May range from zero up to more than the per kWh retail charge. If zero encourages users to keep the scale of PV small enough so there is never an annual surplus If greater than retail power rates, encourages large installations to make money Real cost saving to the utility is in fuel as adjusted for the cost of maintaining spinning reserves and for grid maintenance Major cost savings for PIC utilities since the great majority of per kWh cost is fuel
Effect on Utility Rates

If many residential customers were to add solar to their buildings, as much as 20% of the load could be lost. This can affect the cost of electricity delivery since investment and maintenance is not reduced though fuel requirements are lower PIC per kWh energy delivery costs are a combination of fuel cost and the cost of operations and maintenance Typically 60%-80% of per kWh costs are fuel for PIC utilities Fuel cost would be reduced while the cost of operations would stay the same but spread over 20% fewer kWh sold Cost per kWh delivered could rise around 5%-10% according to what percentage of kWh cost is fuel
Components Solar Panels Solar Panels (modules)

Crystalline (single crystal and polycrystal cells)
Smallest physical size per Wp of capacity Proven useful life of 20+ years in the Pacific
Thin film
Cheapest type of panel (currently ~US$2/Wp When new, may be a better performer than crystalline panels in the tropics for grid connected systems Not proven for long life in the tropics
Panel Connections for Grid-Connected Solar

Panel interconnections Panels connected in series strings to provide proper voltage for inverter input Connections may be through the use of quick connect push-in connectors or screw-type junction boxes Due to prior bad experiences there are concerns about the long term quality of quickconnect (MC-4) cable connections in the highly corrosive and high temperature island environment
Connector Pair (- & +)
Individual connectors
Melting of connector in service in Fiji caused by resistance heating due to salt corrosion
Panel connections using standard junction box
Panel Mounting Roof mount

Lowest cost No land needed Fastest installation Maintenance more difficult May have orientation problems Replacing or repairing the roof means removing and reinstalling the panels
Ground mount
Expensive Need significant land area Very flexible for array arrangement and orientation Easy to access for testing and maintenance Panels remain cooler than on roof mount
e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1
Mounting on Flat Roof (Chuuk) (Chuuk) Niue School ~20 kWp (top roof mount) and Hospital ~31 kWp (bottom ground mount)
Panel orientation
In most places, for the most kWh per year, tilt at about the latitude angle toward the equator.
Provides output that peaks fairly sharply between 11 and 12 noon. ~US$0.45 per kWh Some places (such as Palau) have seasonal solar energy patterns that make the optimum tilt not equal to the latitude angle
Wiring
Wire must be large enough to pass peak currents without significant voltage drop Maximum energy loss of 2% is ok Insulation must be able to withstand high temperatures, high levels of weather exposure and high levels of sunlight (UV) exposure as well as the voltage of the string. Typically double insulated cable with the external insulation highly resistant to UV and high temperatures
Inverter
Converts DC from panels to grid quality AC Automatically disconnects if grid fails Typically senses and disconnects due to Frequency variations Voltage variations Excessive rate of frequency variation Excessive rate of voltage variation Other parameters such as over temperature, over current, etc. Reconnects automatically after sensing at least five minutes of normal grid operation and there are normal conditions in the inverter itself
Inverter Characteristics
Allowable input DC voltage varies with some models allowing less than 200V and others to over 1000V Output voltage and frequency programmable Most inverters can be easily paralleled or used in multi-phase configurations Often installed with many paralleled inverter units in a rack or on a wall for larger systems May include an isolation transformer or be direct connected
Large Scale Inverter (over ~50 kW)
Rack of paralleled inverters for larger scale PV Grid Connection
Small Inverters
Inside one residential sized inverter (1.7 kW). Note the emergency DC disconnect handle at the bottom left and AC connection bottom right
Fronius commercial inverter unit
Bank of 100 kW inverters
Photo by SMA
3 Phase Multiple Inverter Installation
Wall of 1.7 kW inverters (6 in parallel for each phase) during wiring at the Niue hospital.
Inverters for the Pacific Islands

Inverters should be sealed with no active components exposed to the air, only heat exchangers and the transformer.
Absolutely avoid inverters with a cooling fan that blows ambient air onto the circuit board if it is to be installed where corrosion is a problem most Pacific Islands.
DC Disconnects, Lightning, and Earthing
Electrical codes for Australia, New Zealand and the US all require each string to have its own DC disconnect switch Lighting protection is optional but often installed
Lighting surge suppressors do wear out so must be monitored Single earthing point for all components is required
System Circuit
Lightning surge suppressors and DC disconnect switches for each string
Typical circuit for one inverter module Multiple strings per inverter Note two meters, one for the solar and one for the use by the client More inverter strings equals more power
Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
Niue Hospital System
18 inverters (3 phase system) 36 strings of five 170 Wp panels each (total 1.7kW per inverter, 30.6kWp of panels) Ground mounting designed to resist category 5 cyclone 200V nominal DC feed voltage 3 phase feed-in at Hospital transformer
Maintenance
Panels require very low maintenance and have a long life (20+ years). Most problems are with the packaging. Clean when necessary (usually only if some object blows onto the panels, dirt and dust usually is not a problem) Should be cleaned at commissioning because manufacturing residue may remain on glass String voltage and current should be checked for consistency between strings at least weekly through the data link to the inverter if one string is consistently low relative to the others, probably a connection or wiring problem exists
Corrosion due to water entry
Discoloration of material used for cell encapsulation

Delamination of cells from the glass cover
Inverter Failures
Inverter failures follow the bathtub curve: Most failures occur early (within 2 years) then maybe 10 years pass with very low failure rates then the failure rate starts to rise rapidly. Prepare for 15% failures during the first couple of years by having spares in stock. Monitor inverter outputs for consistency among inverters at least weekly and preferably every afternoon Most inverter problems can only be fixed by replacement of the inverter with a spare. Local repair of most problems is impossible.
Operational Maintenance
The key to operational maintenance is the use of the data presentation capability of the inverters and associated data loggers for use with a computer (e.g. SMAs Webbox). Every inverter and every string is constantly monitored and data made available to a laptop or networked computer for checks of operation and for initial troubleshooting. The output of any string or inverter that is seen to be significantly different from the others is a sign of a problem to be checked.
Other Maintenance
Check the status of lightning arresters monthly (indicator color) Clean heat exchanger surfaces and check fan operation on inverters at least monthly
Examine panels at least annually for corrosion, delamination or discoloration and problems with mountings
Warranties
Panels (read the fine print!!!) Physical problems 5 to 10 year warranty with panel replacement Output warranty 20-25 years. Obligation is only to provide replacement of lost capacity Generally useless, mainly for PR purposes Inverter Typically 5 years with 10 years or more usually available at extra cost Usually does not pay for shipping which can be expensive
Dr. Herbert A. Wade
Panels for Grid-Connected Solar PV
Solar Panels
Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
Photovoltaics
The term photovoltaics (PV) refers to the conversion of light energy (in this case light from the sun) to DC electricity. The technology used today dates from the 1950s and became commercial in the 60s when power for space craft was provided by solar photovoltaics Today PV generation is by combinations of solar panels with size rated by the maximum Watts of electricity they can produce under a set of standard conditions
Solar Panel Power Rating

Panels are rated in Watts Peak (Wp). This is the maximum number of Watts power that the panel should produce if: it is exposed to 1000 W/m2 of sunlight The sunlight is coming straight onto the panel The panel is clean There is a cell temperature of 25C The sunlight passes through an air mass of 1.5 (about a 45 angle above the horizon) Power from the panel is delivered to the load at the maximum power point of the panel (the optimum loading)
Actual Panel Output

Solar energy is almost never is great enough to provide 1000 W/m2 of solar radiation. Typically 800-900 W/m2 is the highest seen on clear days at noon. In the tropics, solar cells are 50C to over 60C. Higher cell temperatures result in lowered output of 10% to 15% over rated values Panels rarely face directly toward the sun, surface reflections increase and output decreases as a result There is often a mismatch between the load and the panel resulting in a few percent reduction from the rated value.
Panel Types
Single Crystal construction. Each cell is a single crystal of silicon. This is the oldest design and provides the highest light to electricity conversion efficiency. Round cells are made initially but they may be cut square. Panel made up of many cells connected in series. Very reliable. Polycrystalline construction. Each cell includes several large crystals of silicon. Cells can be any shape. Almost as high efficiency as single cells. Panel made up of many cells connected in series. Excellent reliability. Thin film construction. Silicon or other PV material is put in a very thin layer onto metal or plastic. Mass production is relatively easy and theoretically can be cheaper than crystal based panels. Efficiency low to medium. Reliability varies from poor to good. Sometimes called amorphous panels.
Panel appearances
Single crystal cell
Polycrystalline Cells Thin Film panel
Panel construction
Top layer is glass or in some cheap panels, clear plastic. The middle layer is the active PV material. In the case of crystalline cells, many individual cells are connected in series to make a panel (sometimes called a module). Each cell produces about 0.5 to 0.6 volts. The area of the cell determines the Amperes it can produce with modern cells providing 5-8A under full sun conditions. Backing for panels is typically a special plastic called Tedlar though sometimes glass. Thin film panels may have a backing that is ceramic or metal as well as possibly glass or plastic. Cells are embedded in a clear plastic material between the top layer and the bottom layer. This is called the encapsulant and serves to help waterproof the panel and to reduce internal reflections that would lower panel efficiency.
Terminology
Typical solar PV panel construction cross section
Panel construction
Recommended Specifications
Panels Must be able to be connected to provide an output appropriate to meet the input requirements of the inverter Screw type wire terminals with lock washers or polarized MC-4 plugs and cables
Monocrystalline or polycrystalline construction with glass cover and aluminum or stainless steel frame Meet international standards for construction and are certified by testing at an international test center
Key Characteristics
Number of cells determines the output voltage Voc = the open circuit voltage which is the voltage across the terminals with no load attached Varies little with the amount of sun but falls as cell temperature goes up 0.5V to 0.6V per cell Isc = Short circuit current which is the Amperes measured directly across the terminals with no load attached Varies directly with the amount of sun Impp= Current delivered at the maximum power conditions under standard test conditions (STC) Vmpp= Voltage delivered at the maximum power conditions under standard test conditions Note that Impp x Vmpp = Wp
Voltage-Ampere Relationship
Solar Level Affects Mainly Amperes
Drawing copyright GSES Drawing copyright GSES
Effect of changes in insolation on panel current and voltage
Connecting Panels
Connecting panels in series (+ terminal of one panel connected to terminal of the next) results in adding the voltage of the series connected panels Easy with plug and cable type connections. The positive connector and the negative connector mate Connecting panels in parallel (+ terminal of one panel connected to + terminal of the other and terminal of one panel connected to terminal of the other) results in adding the amperes produced by each panel. Requires a junction box since cable plugs/sockets do not mate
Increasing Array Voltage
Drawing copyright GSES
Panels can be connected in series to increase output voltage. A series connection will work well only if the panels have the same ampere rating.
Ampere Rating of Panels

Ampere rating depends on the type and size of the cells. Monocrystalline cells have slightly higher ampere output for the same size cell than polycrystalline cells The surface area of the cell determines the amperes for any given type of cell To match panels for Amperes if the Isc rating is not known, choose panels with the same size and type of cells.
Increasing Array Current
To increase the amperes available, connect panels in parallel. As long as the two panels have the same voltage (the same number of cells) it will work ok
Voltage Rating of Panels

Output voltage is determined by the number of cells connected in series on the panel and cell temperature. To match voltages for panels, the two panels should have the same number of cells. It does not matter whether they are monocrystalline or polycrystalline, both have the same voltage of about 0.5V-0.6V per cell Also rated according to the maximum voltage allowed between the cells and the frame Typically 600V though some panels can handle over 1000 V
Suns movements over the year Sun
Drawing adapted from copyrighted drawing by GSES
Proper Orientation
Facing toward the Equator (South in the North Pacific) - At low latitudes the direction of the tilt is not so critical Tilted about the same number of degrees as the latitude of the site unless there are seasonal clouds then a steeper tilt may be needed for maximum output if maximum sun is during the time when the sun is furthest from the equator Never tilt less than 5 because fast water runoff is necessary for cleaning. 10 to 15 of tilt is best
Shading
Output from panels in the shade is a small fraction of the output from a panel in the sun Even shading a few cells on the panel will greatly reduce the output from the panel No shade should be on the panel from 0900 to 1500
Shading on Small Panel Area

Shading on even one cell greatly reduces panel output
The shaded cell acts as a resistor and absorbs power from the string
Seasonal Changes and Shade
Solar panels may be free of shade during part of the year and fully in the shade another time of the year
Heat effects
Every two or three degrees C (3.6 5.4 F) of temperature rise in a PV cell can lower the output of a PV panel by up to 1% due to lower voltage output. Cell output is standardized at 25C (77F). Under full sun in the tropics the cell temperature may be 40C (104F) higher than ambient so panel output can fall as much as 20% over the Wp rating just due to temperature Monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels lose much more power with increased temperature than thin film panels Keep panels as cool as possible to prevent power loss due to overheating NEVER mount solar panels flush on any surface, if at all possible provide 150 mm (6 inches) or more of ventilation space underneath panels, especially on metal roofs and never less than 60 mm (2.5 inches)
Temperature Effects Crystalline Cells
Spacing Under Panels for Ventilation
Panels mounted on rails to provide space for ventilation
Crystalline panel voltage and current changes with temperature
Panel Mounting for Best Output
Face the equator and tilt to latitude or optimum clear sky sun inputs but tilt no less than 10 degrees May need to take into consideration seasonal and diurnal solar energy patterns Must have ventilating air passing underneath the panel No shade any time of the year between 0900 and 1500
Mounting - continued
Mounting must use marine grade stainless steel fasteners that isolate aluminum panel frames from the roof. No aluminum can be allowed to touch a steel roof Mounting arrangement must be strong enough to survive storms yet simple enough to allow access to panel connections without major dismantling of the array
Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1 e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop Fiji Islands November 2-6, 2009 -5, 2010 Republic 1Republ ic of Palau - November 1
Inverter Voltage and Ampere Inputs

Panels are arranged in series connected strings to reach a voltage appropriate to meet the input requirements of the inverter Dont forget the MPP voltage is what you must use when calculating string voltages for normal operation Dont forget to reduce the MPP voltage due to the cell temperature being higher than 25C (77F) Strings can be paralleled to increase the current available to meet the power capacity of the inverter Each string must have a separate disconnect
Typical Panels Used in the PICs

Type = Monocrystalline Wp = 170 Watts Voc = 43.3V Isc = 5.0 A Vmpp = 36.1V Impp = 4.7 A Voc temperature coefficient = -165mV/C (- 91.7mV/F)
Day 2
Grid-Connected Solar PV Inverters and Strings

Dr. Herbert A. Wade
Inverter Characteristics and Specifications
Anti-Islanding Anti Islanding refers to the idea of a PV system generating power for input to the grid when the main grid supply is off The creation of an island of power Serious safety hazard if a PV system islands Multiple redundant circuits prevent islanding Voltage excursions beyond the acceptable range Frequency excursions beyond the acceptable range Rate of voltage change Rate of frequency change Effective loading
Millions of grid connected inverters are in service and islanding has not been a problem Inverters must be certified for anti-islanding by an international certification body Never allow the use of uncertified inverters Where there are few installations in service, utilities that are not familiar with the exemplary safety record for certified inverters may choose to manually disconnect PV systems from the grid when the grid is going to be serviced.
General Types of Inverter Installations

Single large inverter for the entire installation May be single phase or three phase Often custom made and not locally maintainable Common in Japan and the USA Multiple smaller inverters connected in parallel Rapidly becoming the international standard Common in Europe One inverter fails and only a part of the output is lost Spare parts are not expensive and are easily stocked for quick replacement Maintenance does not require special skills or training for the specific type of inverter being used Slightly higher overall cost than a single large inverter but the life cycle cost is lower for the Pacific Islands due to the cost of repair and shipping for single large inverters
Inverters Chosen for NDBP in Palau SMA Sunny Boy 3000US
Utilities that follow USA power standards must be sure to buy inverters that follow US power standards and US solar standards. Most non US made inverters can be programmed to fit US standards but May have peculiarities that make the grid connection difficult for residences.
Primary Specifications
DC input voltage range Rarely below 100V and may go as high as 1000V The number of panels in a string must be sufficient for the MPP string output voltage to never go below the minimum for the inverter after voltage reduction due to temperature is considered. The number of panels in a string must not exceed the number needed to reach the maximum MPP allowable voltage for the inverter before voltage reduction due to temperature is considered.
Power Rating
Output Power Maximum output and input Watts Allowable DC input Wp of panels is typically somewhat higher than the maximum AC output power rating
Wp ratings of panels are always substantially higher than what is actually observed in practice
Efficiency
Efficiency in percent equals: (Watts out/Watts In) X 100
Over the useful output range of modern inverters efficiency may range from about 85% to 98%
Transformer type inverter
Grid isolation using an inverter with a transformer Transformer included Fully isolates DC from AC
Safest and least likely for seeing an unwanted mix DC and AC power Adds some cost, slightly lowers efficiency, heavy Does not have to be grounded but can be if the circuitry requires it
Transformerless Inverters
Semiconductor based isolation of the grid and the solar array No transformer and no electrical isolation between DC and AC sides Possible for AC grid power to feed back to the DC side under rare modes of failure Possible for DC power to feed to the grid under some circumstances Cheaper, higher conversion efficiency, light in weight Must be grounded
Inputs from the PV Array

Number of string inputs Each string input has its own MPPT device and DC inputs are not mixed DC disconnects that can isolate the inverter from the solar strings may be in the inverter or separate Must use DC switches or circuit breakers rated for 1.25 times the string maximum voltage (number of panels times Voc of one panel)
Arcing
Small arcs are seen when switching an AC circuit with the arc bigger with higher voltages and amperes AC arcs are generally self-extinguishing because with AC the voltage reverses polarity twice for every cycle (120 times per second for 60Hz power, 100 times per second for 50 Hz power) DC arcs flow only in one direction and are not selfextinguishing. They also become bigger as the voltage and amperes increase. When a DC spark occurs due to switching a DC load or power supply on and off, the resulting spark heats the air and ionizes it making a low resistance path through the air. This makes the arc even bigger and can extend much farther than an AC arc
Connecting and Disconnecting the PV

The power from the PV array is DC at voltages high enough to sustain a long, very hot arc Fires can be started and switch or contacts melted or ruined due to the arc that forms when the contact is broken To avoid arcing, special DC switches, circuit breakers and other load disconnecting devices must be used. NEVER use an AC circuit breaker as an array string disconnect
Arcing at the NDBP inverter (slow motion)
Do not try this at home
AC Disconnect
AC disconnects may in the inverter or separate May be a standard circuit breaker at least 25% higher in capacity than the maximum Amperes that the inverter can deliver to the grid Should be lockable (switch or the box cover) for safety purpose Should be located near the inverter for safety and convenience of maintenance (the utility may require a second disconnect at the meter)
Inverter Data Access

Data delivery mechanism Usually data is through a LAN type cable with a standard computer interface May be included in the inverter or may require an additional plug in card to be inserted in the inverter Unless there is a data logger attached (e.g. the SMA Webbox) or there is a computer dedicated to collecting inverter data connected to the data line, only recent data will be available
Data Available from the Inverter

Most quality inverters make available at least Date and time of data packet Amperes coming from each PV string Voltage at each string AC Watts or VA from the Inverter kWh delivered to the grid since installation Status of the inverter (standby, off line, delivering power to the grid, etc.) Any error conditions that currently exist Other data that may be available may include Heatsink temperature Fan operation Time and date of last restart
Harmonic Distortion
The presence of frequencies that are a multiple of the utility frequency present in the AC output Less than 5% is reasonable for modern inverters Most utility grids already have more than 5% harmonic distortion in their power delivered to customers
String Design Procedures

Determine the maximum cell temperature Usually occurs at the time of maximum solar input combined with high air temperature so it is usually the middle of the day and early afternoon If actual measurements are not available, assume 65C (150F) which is 40C (104F) above the standard 25C (77F) temperature Can use an infra-red thermometer for measurement Determine the minimum cell temperature (the same as the minimum air temperature since that occurs just before sunrise) If actual data are not available assume 19C (66F)
Determine the maximum possible voltage from one panel Will equal the Voc that occurs at sun-rise since that is when the cells are coldest (for the sample panels that is 43.3V Will occur at the lowest cell temperature when sun is shining on the panel Determine the adjustment in voltage needed for the minimum temperature (19C an be assumed) For our panels, each C the temperature is different from 25C, the voltage will change 0.165V. 19C is 6C colder than 25C so the voltage will rise by 0.165 x 6 = 0.99V. So for our panels the maximum Voc will be: 43.3V + 0.99V = 44.29V
Maximum Panels in a String
Determine the maximum number of panels that can be put in series without exceeding the maximum input voltage of the inverter Our sample inverter has a 500V maximum voltage input Divide the maximum inverter voltage by the maximum Voc of one panel and you get the maximum number of panels that can be in a string For our case that will be 500V / 44.29V = 11.29 or in a practical sense 11 panels maximum in a string (round the result of the division down to the nearest whole number)
Minimum Panels in a String

Determine the minimum number of panels that can be in a string and still keep the inverter producing power: Assume the maximum cell temperature and therefore the minimum output voltage At our assumed 65C cell temperature there is a 40C higher temperature than the standard 25C Determine the adjustment in voltage for temperature by multiplying the voltage change per C times the number of C the cell is hotter than 25C For our case that is 40C x -0.165V/C = -6.6V So the Vmpp minimum per panel will be 36.1 6.6 = 29.5V Assume a 2% voltage drop in the wires = 29.5V x .02 = ..0.59V Minimum V at the inverter = 29.5V 0.59V = 28.91V Divide the minimum input voltage for the inverter by the minimum Vmpp per panel to get the minimum number of panels In our case that is 200V / 28.91V = 6.92 (7) panels (round the result of the division UP to the next whole number)
Determining Maximum Power Point Conditions
MPP conditions will be providing the most energy to the grid. Determine the maximum Vmpp of one panel Vmpp + adjustment in voltage for minimum C For our panels 36.1V + 0.99V = 37.09V Divide the maximum MPP input voltage (400 V for our sample inverter) by the maximum volts per panel For our components that will be 400 V / 37.09 V = 10.78 (10) panels (round the number from the result of the division down to the nearest whole number)
Summary of Values
Choose the smaller of the number of panels for maximum Vmpp or Voc In our case maximum Vmpp value is 10 panels. For maximum Voc it is 11 panels so we choose 10 panels as the maximum for a string Choose the number of panels for minimum Vmpp In our case that is 7 panels. The number of panels in a string should have no less than 7 strings or the inverter will cease producing power at low sun. A string can have no more than 10 panels or the MPPT unit will not work at maximum sun and optimal power will not be produced.
String Design for the Sample Equipment

10 panels per string Maximum MPP voltage at 19C = 370.1V Acceptable, maximum string MPP voltage = 400 Minimum MPP voltage at 65C = 295V Acceptable, minimum string MPP voltage = 200V Maximum Voc at 19C = 442V Acceptable, maximum string Voc = 500V So our 10 panel string will provide efficient inverter power at all site conditions
Paralleling Strings
Additional Amperes can be obtained by putting strings in parallel however there are some added requirements: Each string has to have its own DC disconnect This allows testing of an individual string Provides a means of isolating that string so repairs can be made Each string must be protected from receiving excess current from other paralleled strings that may cause damage Usually in the form of a fuse that is rated below the maximum current allowed to flow through the panel from external sources Called the reverse current rating or maximum series fuse rating Fuse must be of a type acceptable for DC use
Fusing of Strings in Parallel
The sample panel (or string of sample panels) is rated for a maximum of 15A reverse current (maximum series fuse rating) and an Isc of 5A So with each panel (or string) capable of putting out 5.5A, up to three panels (or strings) can be connected in parallel without concern for damage to a shaded or nonfunctioning panel. With four or more in parallel, fuses on each panel (or string) of 15A will be required
Layout of Panel Wiring

To minimize damaging voltage surges caused by nearby lightning strikes, string wiring must not include any open loops
CORRECT
INCORRECT
6 panel string wired with an open loop
6 panel string wired to minimize lightning induced voltage surges
Balance of System Components

Besides the panels and inverter, additional components are needed to comply with safety and operational requirements: A DC disconnect for each string Whether strings go directly to the inverter or are paralleled with other strings, each string requires its own DC disconnect
Overall Design for a Residence (3.4 kWp)

One SMA SB3000US inverter Two strings of 10 170 Wp monocrystalline panels Each feeding a separate inverter input Two DC disconnects (one for each string) One AC disconnect near the inverter The utility may require an additional one near the meter
Power Requirement
Each panel is 170Wp in size but derated due to high temperature (which occurs at peak solar input) to: 29.5Vmpp x 4.7Ampp = 138.65 Wp Each string input allows for 1875 Watts input So at mid-day the maximum input power from the 10 panel string = 10 x 138.65 = 1386.5Wp Proposed design is within an acceptable power range
Sample Basic Residential System
10 panels SMA Sunny Boy 3000US inverter Watts = 1700 Wp Maximum DC Volts = 442 (at 19C) DC Amperes = 4.7A
System Possibilities with one inverter

SMA SB3000US inverter with 2 string inputs System can have as few as 7 panels per string so the range of rated powers possible with that sample inverter and the sample 170Wp panels will be: 7 x 170 = 1190 Wp (one string min volts) to 20 x 170 = 3400 Wp (two strings max volts)
Output Estimation
The output from a grid connected installation can be estimated using average annual solar energy data for the site Accuracy is 15% or so because of the variability of solar energy at a specific site from year to year Calculation of the annual system output must include: Average solar energy available at the site at the orientation of the solar array Most solar data is measured on a horizontal surface, that must be converted to the energy that is received on the tilted surface of the solar panels NASA provides information for conversion of horizontal to tilted surfaces at: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgibin/sse/sse.cgi?+s01#s01
Input estimation
Energy = kW x hours = kWh Area under the blue curve = kWh from the sun on a 1 m2 surface Convert that area to a rectangular area with 1000 W/m2 as the top The width of the rectangle = peak sun hours or the hours that the sun would have to shine at 1000 W/m2 to provide the same energy as it actually did over the day. That will be the same number as the value measured by a solarimeter. So if the measurement is 5.1 kW/m2/day that means a peak sun hours of 5.1 hours per day
Panel Output Estimation

Panels have their Wp rating at 1000 W/m2 so multiplying the Wp rating times peak sun hours at 1000 W/m2 gives the output from the panel over the day in Wh at STC To get the real output from the panel, adjustments have to be made because the panel is not actually at STC. Typical values would be: Temperature = -15% = 85% left Orientation error = -5% = 90% left Surface reflections = -7% = 93% left Dirt = 3% = 97% left Shading = 0% = 100% left Total correction to STC values = .85x.90x.93x.97x1.0 = .69 Actual output = Wp x Peak hours x .69 So for a 170 Wp panel in a place with 5.1 kWh/m2/day of solar the actual output will be about 170 x 5.1 x .69 = 598 Wh/day
Adjustment for System Losses

Additional losses that need to be considered have typical values of: Wiring loss = 2% = 98% left Inverter loss = 8% = 92% left Total additional adjustment = .98 x .92 = .90 So the output from the system can be estimated at: Output from the panels x system loss factor For the 170 Wp panel in the 5.1kWh/m2/day solar environment = 598 Wh/day x .9 = 538 Wh/day or 538 x 365 = 196,370 Wh/year = 196.4 kWh/year
Simplified System Output Estimate

A reasonable estimate of the daily output from an unshaded grid-connected PV system within about 10 of the equator will be: Wp of panel x kWh/m2/day of solar x 0.62 Where 0.62 = 0.69 x 0.90 or the total system loss factor
Since the solar input varies considerably from year to year, this simplified estimate will be adequate as it will fall within the range of values that will actually be seen
Additional Corrections to Apply

The assumption for the simplified estimation formula includes panels oriented toward the equator and tilted at about 10 and the site being within 10 of the equator. For installations with large errors in orientation or with some shading over the day, additional corrections will need to be made to the estimate. The effect of orientation error increases as distance from the equator increases so higher latitude sites will be more affected by the roof not pointing its slope toward the equator
Shading
Shading of any kind causes serious reduction in panel output at the time of day that the shading occurs. If the shading occurs before 0800 or after 1600 it will not cause more than 10% output reduction but the reduction increases rapidly as the shade time gets closer to midday Small areas of shade can reduce panel output much more than the small area would imply. Even a mast to hold up a TV antenna that shades a small part of the PV array can reduce the array output 20% or more. Some remote telecom installations have not worked well because the solar panels are mounted so that sometimes they are shaded by the mast holding the telecom antenna
Installing Grid-Connected Solar PV

Dr. Herbert A. Wade
Sample Residential System

To illustrate installation of a grid-connect PV system, a simple residential installation that was installed on the Small Business Development Center will be used as the example. The installation has as its characteristics: 10 panels in one string, 170 Wp per panel SMA SB3000US inverter with attached DC disconnect AC disconnect with standard AC two pole circuit breaker Single phase output to a 240V 60 Hz grid connection with central neutral/ground (120V each side of ground) SMA Webbox data logger SMA Sensor Box for solar radiation and cell temperature measurement
The Building at 0845 on a Clear Day
The roof peak runs NW-SE and the slope is about 15. Wood truss roof structure with enameled steel roofing. No shade between 08001700 except for light pole to the west and a power entry mast on the east.
Choice of Roof side

The maximum sun over the year falls on a south facing roof. The maximum output from the panels will occur when the temperature is lowest. Morning will be when the panel temperature is lowest so facing the panels on the NE roof would provide higher efficiency of energy conversion The most energy will fall over the year on the SW roof because of the sun being lower in the south sky during the dry season when there is high sun input There is a light pole on the western side that may cause afternoon shade on some panels some part of the year So both roofs have advantages. In this case the choice of the east roof was made partly because the output reducing effect of high afternoon temperature will be high in this environment and partly because of the shading that may be introduced by the light pole on the western side of the roof
Laying Out Panel Rails

Panels were kept as close to the south end of the roof as possible to avoid any shade from the central power entry mast Panels were mounted as close to the ridge as possible to reduce the possibility of leaks and reduce the possible morning shade from trees to the east
Lay the rails on the roof to better visualize any layout problems or Possible shading.
Laying out the Inverter Installation

It is convenient for repair and troubleshooting to have the inverter near the grid connection. In this case the AC disconnect, DC disconnect and Inverter could be mounted side by side
Mounting Panels
Inverter, DC & AC Disconnects, Meters
After rails are screwed to the roof, panels are clamped in place on the rails. In this case, two rows of five was the best layout to avoid shade and for wiring to the inverter
Teamwork
Clamping Panels to Rails
On the Roof Mounting Panels
Wiring the String to the Inverter

Mounting the junction boxes (for + and to DC disconnect
Wiring the String to the Inverter

Wiring to the inverter with + connection in one junction box. A junction box is at the other end of the string with its wire going around the string to go through the + junction box but with no connection in the box. The wire goes through the + box just to enter the conduit to the inverter
Mount the Sensor Box

The sensor box should be mounted on the same slope as the panels so the solar measurement shows the amount actually falling on the panels. Glue the cell temperature sensor to the back of one panel. Do not cut or extend the temperature sensor wire, it is special wire. The data line goes down the same conduit as the wires to the inverter from the string.
Attach Frame Ground Wires and Tie Up Wires off the Roof
Attach ground wire to rails using stainless steel or copper hardware. Tie up all panel wiring to rails so none touches the roof. Run ground wire through the main conduit.
Finished on the Roof
Wire AC and DC disconnects and Ground
Connect the Final Panel Connection

Check the voltage and polarity of the DC wires from the string. If the polarity is wrong, disconnect the panel wire on the roof and switch the wires in the disconnect then reconnect and check again. If voltage is wrong, there is an error wiring the panels.
Turn it On and Check for Operation
Turn on AC Disconnect, Turn on DC Disconnect and look for errors as the Inverter starts up. In this case, no errors and the system is running
Install and Wire the Data Logging Unit
Inverter Installation Complete and Running
Day 3
SHS, Mini grid (PV mini grid)
Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop Palau November 1-5,2010
Type of power system

Interconnection to Main Grid: Off, On
(1) Solar Home System
PV PV PV
(Capacity: 50W ) Install a renewable energy system in each household separately This system is applied mainly for a non-electrified region or a rural area. (Capacity:10 to 500kW ) Install a renewable energy system in a small community, sometimes combined with diesel generators. In case of combined system, it can save diesel fuel consumption and enhance power supply. (Capacity: > 500kW ) Install a renewable energy system to the main grid. On Off
(2) Mini grid system

DG DG
(3) Normal grid power system

Main Grid ( > 500kW )
Off Grid: Solar Home System (SHS)

No (1) Title SHS Sub-t.itle DC SHS AC SHS (2) Mini grid PV Mini grid Main Grid connection Off Off Off Supplied power DC AC AC Gen Size (approx.) < 1kW < 1kW 1 - 50kW Genset No No No Other RNE No No No Battery system Yes Yes Yes 50 to 600 Households Battery charge station New components Note
PV hybrid systems within mini-grid
Off
AC
10 - 500kW
Optional (a few hours per day) No
Wind biomass micro-hydro etc. No
Optional
(3)
Grid connected Large PV system & Hybrid system
Grid connected large PV system Grid connected hybrid system
On
AC
> 40kW
Optional
With reliable grid (24H supply) With reliable grid (24H supply)
On
AC
> 100kW
Basically No. Optional (a few hours per day)
Wind biomass micro-hydro etc.
Optional
Example of SHS (solar home system)

Solar array
Solar array Solar array
Controller Light Solar array Storage battery

4
Off Grid: DC and AC supply system

Off
AC
10 - 500kW
Optional
(3)
On
AC
> 40kW
Optional
On
AC
> 100kW
Optional
DC and AC supply system (PV system)

50 70 W Solar Home System(SHS) Module
DC 12V Battery Controller Battery Controller (DC) (DC) Battery Battery DC 12V
For every household

1 to 50 kW Stationary PV system
Array
For Community
DC 300V
Power Conditioner Power Conditioner (DC -> AC) (DC -> AC)
AC 200V
Battery Battery
6
Feature of DC and AC supply system

Supplied power DC Connection of sources and loads via DC distribution line Characteristics Main energy sources connected on DC bus Charger are needed for different energy sources For illumination and DC loads Short distance between components Disadvantages Expensive DC installation Poorly expandable Not easy to find standard products
AC
Connection of sources and loads via AC distribution line
Free selection of energy Necessity of Inverters sources (standard grid components) Long distances between components Simple extendibility, futureproof
Off Grid: PV mini grid

Off
AC
10 - 500kW
Optional
(3)
On
AC
> 40kW
Optional
On
AC
> 100kW
Optional
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Features of PV system

Advantage 1.Clean generation system 2.No moving and high temp/pressure parts, possible automatic/unattended operation and easy maintenance 3.Non-depletion energy 4.Possible mass production because of modular structure 5.Free and easy design from small to large scale in accordance as needed, and small limitation on installing
Source: ANRE, NEDO
Disadvantage 1.Generation depends on sunshine duration. 2.Need wide footprint for large output because of low energy density
3.Still high cost under the present situation 4. DC output (can be advantage in some case)
Off Grid: PV mini grid: PV output and demand
3kW PV output and household demand (in Japan) 2 Household demand (kWh) 150 Countrywide demand (GWh)
1.5 100 1 50 0.5
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
0
Source: METI
10
Off Grid: PV mini grid: System configuration

PV panel ( 50 kWp)
Inverter
For a community that is not too scattered. Usually 50 to 600 households.
Isolated, AC supply, no genset PCS Battery

Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid
11
Off Grid: PV mini grid: System configuration

Peripheral equipments Junction box Distribution board Inverter Insulation transformer Protection system PV mounting structure Power receiving panel kWh meter
PV array
Battery system Battery Charger Others Measuring instrument Display unit
Load
12
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Examples
Source: GTZ-ZSW
Installed in 2003 at Suohourima, Qinghai, China by GTZ 70 km from the next electricity line Between 300 and 400 households Old Diesel generator set is no longer in operation. Electricity is delivered according to energy availability (not for 24/24 hours)
13

PVgenerator Charge controller Battery Inverters 40 kW, 26 parallel strings with 18 modules, 85 W per module, manufacturer Qinghai Gaofai, cells from Astropower, US 13 channels, C-controlled, sub arrays are switched off at the end of charge voltage of the battery, manufacturer Hefei Sunlight Power Sealed (AGM) lead acid battery, cells 2 V/1300 Ah, 3 parallel strings with 110 cells, 858 kWh, manufacturer Enersys Huada Solar PWM with transformer and C-control, 220 VDC/220 VAC, 1 inverter with 16 kW, 1 inverter with 24 kW, manufacturer Hefei Sunlight Power 2 isolated and not grounded single phase grids supply different parts of the township. The single households have electronic energy Meters
AC Distribution
Households All electrified households have electric light (fluorescent lamps (9W) or incandescent lamps (40W)), 90 % of the households have colour TV + satellite receiver + DVD player, and chest freezer to store meat, more and more households have electric heating blankets and pillows, some have washing machines (for external hot water supply)
Source: GTZ-ZSW
14
Source: GTZ-ZSW
15
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Design procedure

Significance Concept Feasibility study Generation Distribution Demand forecast and dispatching Environmental assessment Economical evaluation Design System configuration Design Regulation Specification of components How to select Installation O&M
16
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Planning & design

Survey of various REN Concept design of the system Investigation of target site Determination of equipment spec. Estimate supplied power and energy Estimate project cost System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply characteristics, reliability, cost and so on. Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariff REN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure
Determine operation pattern Estimate maintenance cost Estimate total running cost Analyze cost/benefit
Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow
Effect on environmental protection Effect on energy conservation
Implementation 17
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Check list on planning (1) Concept and purpose
For what? Purposed should be shared among concerned parties. Where? In existing facility or not? Exact location. What load? Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment? Which system? Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not? When and how much? Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available?
18
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Check list on planning (2) Project team
Establish team and assign project manager How to select the designer? What is bidding strategy of construction work? How can we maintain and manage the system?
19
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Check list on planning (3) Site survey
Ambient environment
Any obstacles to receive sunlight?
Shadow of building, tree, mountain, stack, utility pole, steel tower, sign board and so on. Effect of fallen leaves and sand dust, snow cover (depth and frequency)
Salt and/or lightning damage, wind condition collect all the possible obstacles
Installed site
Shape, width, direction, drainage, condition of foundation, volume of construction work, carry-in route, Waterproof of the building, effect on landscape
Electrical facility
Existing diagram and plot plan, space availability, wiring route and space carry-in route
20
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Check list on planning (4) Preliminary consultation
Local authority Construction work, fire department, necessity of permission Available subsidy Information collection from expert/consultants
Concept check
Is it firm concept? Site, load, system size and configuration Is schedule fixed? Is budget made based on expected generation output and its cost?
21
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Check list on design

Reconfirmation of design condition Firm policy? For what? Where? How big? How is the system? When? How much? Constraints Ambient environment, Site condition, existing electrical equipment, regulation, necessary procedure Design Direction and angle of PV panel maximize output under the given condition Array configuration and its installation Foundation, mounting frame, waterproof, intensity calculation Material, antirust and anti-corrosion of mounting frame material Compliance with regulation In accordance with the project purpose Established schedule, expected result and project cost. Application Subsidy Application for local authority Design check Fixed detail design, budget, construction schedule? Finish all the necessary application? Completed adequate bidding?
22
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Design of operation pattern
Estimate daily load curve Daytime: PV for load and battery charge Nighttime: Battery discharge for load Investigate charge/discharge time Calculate required PV and battery capacity
Wee hours AM
Supply from PV
Daytime PM
Charge to battery
Nighttime
Supply from battery
23
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Calculation of PV array output

First, estimated the total size of load EL Array output PAS: EL * D * R (HA / GS) * K
EL : Average load size (consumed energy kWh / duration) D : Loads dependency rate on solar energy HA: Amount of solar radiation during a given interval [kWh/m2 * day] GS: Intensity of solar radiation at normal condition [kW/m2] R : Design margin ratio K : of integrated design factor(0.65 0.8, loss and equipment variation)
Array Module Cell
Glass
Packing
Backside film Bracket
Cell
Filling 24
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Necessary components

Junction box MCCB for PV array Back-flow prevention device for each string Main CB Lightning protection/Arrester Terminal block Box PV array Junction box Distribution board Wh meter Battery
From PV array
P1 N1 Main CB P2 N2
Lightning protection Reverse flow protection
P N
To inverter
Pn Nn
25
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Battery capacity

Lifetime of battery heavily depends on Depth Of Discharge (DOD), number of discharge and ambient temperature. In application with PV, set the average DOD because of fluctuating charging/discharging energy by weather. Key point Estimate accurate load size Optimize PV capacity, battery capacity and operational parameter of PCS Procedure
Decide DC input power necessary for load Understand inverter input power Acquire amount of solar radiation at the site Set number of days without sunshine based on solar radiation condition and importance of load Set DOD from expected lifetime of battery Even in month with min solar radiation, determine capacity and angle of PV array to make charging energy cover discharge for load. Calculate battery capacity Daily power consumption * number of days without sunshine Maintenance factor * DOD * Final voltage in discharge
26
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Operation & maintenance
Load forecasting is most important. Aim to full utilize PV power. Reserve battery energy for emergency case. Adjust charge/discharge energy in accordance with varying load.
Wee hours AM
Supply from PV
Daytime PM
Charge to battery
Nighttime
Supply from battery
27
Off Grid: PV mini grid: Battery charging station (optional)
BCS at suburb of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
28

Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand: 1992-1997 Budget: 316 million yen
The Sunlight made Nighttime Pleasant!
Battery-Charging Station
A fully charged battery provides lighting for a week

Source: NEDO
29
Battery-Charging Station
Source: NEDO
Using a charged battery at home

30
Mini grid (PV hybrid systems within mini grid)
Off Grid: PV mini grid

Off
AC
10 - 500kW
Optional
(3)
On
AC
> 40kW
Optional
On
AC
> 100kW
Optional
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: System configuration
PV panel
Wind Biomass
Micro-hydro
Inverter
Genset (runs for only a few hours per day)
PCS
Isolated, low voltage AC distribution systems

Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid
For a village (10 500kW)
Battery
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniExamples (1)
Installed in 2004 at Noyon, Mongolia by NEDO (Sharp) 3 phase AC for school, hospital, government office and residential houses 200kW PV, 2 * 1,000Ah battery, 3 * 100kW gensets To realize suitable load dispatching for 3 gensets
Source: NEDO

Power center 100kW PC SL1 Diesel generator #1 - #3
Generation 28,477kWh Charging 5,796kWh Battery #1 PC SL2
Generation 19,009kWh
Battery #2 Hospital 40kW
Generation 28,850kWh Charging 4,318kWh
PC SL3
Wee hours
Generation 7,274kWh School 40kW PC SL5 Total power supply 95,299kWh
Daytime AM PM
Nighttime
Supply from PV Supply from genset
Charge to battery Supply from battery
Generation 7,176kWh Sum center 10kW PC SL6
Operation pattern
Generation 2,570kWh Communication center 10kW PC SL4
Source: NEDO
Generation 2,091kWh
Key point in Operation Rational use of generated power Awareness of energy conservation Use of high energy efficiency appliances Reasonable tariff system Avoid no charge and/or fixed price Charge it on consumed energy Fairness on charge collection system Development/improvement of distribution system
Source: NEDO
Installed in 2006 at Udomsai, Lao by NEDO (TEPCO+IEEJ) 200V AC for 10 villages (approx 900 houses, 5,000 peoples) 100kW PV, 80kW micro-hydro, 8 * 7.5kW pumps Instead of battery, use pumped storage system
Source: NEDO

System configuration
Transformer 10 Villages, 900 households, 5,000 peoples
Upper dam
PV array (100kW)
Dummy load governor
Upper reservoir Spillway
Lifting pump (7.5kW * 8 )
Mini hydro (80kW)

Lower reservoir
Source: NEDO

Operation Pattern 1 Pump up at daytime, generation by mini-hydro at nighttime pattern
Pattern 2 Pattern 1 + generation by river-in-flow
Pattern 3 Pattern 2 + pump up at light load hours in night
Pattern 4 Load dispatching by PV and mini-hydro
Source: NEDO
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design

Survey of various REN Concept design of the system Investigation of target site Determination of equipment spec. Estimate supplied power and energy Estimate project cost System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply characteristics, reliability, cost and so on. Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariff REN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure
Determine operation pattern Estimate maintenance cost Estimate total running cost Analyze cost/benefit
Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow
Effect on environmental protection Effect on energy conservation
Implementation 10
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniCheck list on planning (1)
Concept and purpose

For what? Purposed should be shared among concerned parties. Where? In existing facility or not? Exact location. What load? Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment? Which system? Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not? When and how much? Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available?
11
Project team
Establish team and assign project manager How to select the designer? What is bidding strategy of construction work? How can we maintain and manage the system?
12
Site survey
Ambient environment
Any obstacles to receive energy resources?
Shadow of building, tree, mountain, stack, utility pole, steel tower, sign board and so on. Effect of fallen leaves and sand dust, snow cover (depth and frequency)
Salt and/or lightning damage, wind condition collect all the possible obstacles
Installed site
Shape, width, direction, drainage, condition of foundation, volume of construction work, carry-in route, Waterproof of the building, effect on landscape
Electrical facility
Existing diagram and plot plan, space availability, wiring route and space carry-in route
13
Preliminary consultation
Local authority Construction work, fire department, necessity of permission Available subsidy Information collection from expert/consultants
Concept check
Is it firm concept? Site, load, system size and configuration Is schedule fixed? Is budget made based on expected generation output and its cost?
14
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniCheck list on design (5)
Reconfirmation of design condition Firm policy? For what? Where? How big? How is the system? When? How much? Constraints Ambient environment, Site condition, existing electrical equipment, regulation, necessary procedure Design Direction and angle of PV panel maximize output under the given condition Array configuration and its installation Foundation, mounting frame, waterproof, intensity calculation Material, antirust and anti-corrosion of mounting frame material Compliance with regulation In accordance with the project purpose Established schedule, expected result and project cost. Application Subsidy Application for local authority Design check Fixed detail design, budget, construction schedule? Finish all the necessary application? Completed adequate bidding?
15
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design (1) Output fluctuation of REN Effect on voltage and frequency Traditional generator absorbs fluctuation of load, but REN generates fluctuation. Without output adjustable power source, its very difficult to keep voltage and frequency. Measures Measures at each REN Hybrid with other power source Use of battery system Use of dummy load
16
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design (2) How to have power source for base load Requirement Reliability Power controllability Low generation cost Can REN be a base power source? Micro-hydro: Possible, if stable flow exists. Wind: Low reliability. But wind firm may be. PV: No, because of daytime only Biomass: Possible, if stable fuel supply exists.
17
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design (3)
Combination of various REN
Reliability Micro-hydro (river-in-flow) Micro-hydro (storage pond)
Power controllability
Generation cost
Constrain on site
Difficulty on maintenance
Total evaluation
Wind
PV
Biomass
:Excellent
:Good
:Fair
:Poor
18
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design (4)
Hybrid of REN (without genset)
a. Improve reliability
Complementary combination: Enlarge storage reservoir
b. c.
Improve power controllability and realize output smoothing

Not one big REN, but many small REN
Common-use of electrical equipment

Biomass Micro-hydro (storage pond) a, b a, b, c, a, c Micro-hydro (river-in-flow) Wind PV
Power source for base load
PV Wind Micro-hydro (river-in-flow) Micro-hydro (storage pond) Biomass
b a, b, c, a, c a, c
a c
:Excellent
:Good
:Fair
:Poor
19
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design of micro-hydro micro Concept design of micro-hydro Layout of major engineering structure Identify head Investigate information of water flow Design of max water consumption Basic design of major engineering structure Civil Electrical
20
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design of wind power
Concept design Site selection Investigate information of wind condition Investigate surrounding natural and social condition Basic design Detail survey of wind condition Wind measurement (point, method) Analysis of measured data Simulation Evaluation Finalize point and capacity Environmental assessment Land and soil survey
21
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniPlanning & design of biomass energy
Concept design Identify biomass resource Cost Supply stability How to collect biomass? In-house, collection, delivered Investigation of plant size Amount of biomass resource, area, demand How to use energy (power, heat) Reuse/disposal of by-product (dust, sludge, effluent)
22
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOperation & maintenance

Load forecasting is most important. Aim to full utilize PV power. Reserve battery energy for emergency case. Adjust charge/discharge energy in accordance with varying load. Daytime: Battery charge by REN source Nighttime: Battery discharge for load Investigate charge/discharge time Calculate required battery capacity
Source: NEDO
23
Normal grid (Examples of grid connected system)
Grid connected system

Off
AC
10 - 500kW
Optional
(3)
On
AC
> 40kW
Optional
On
AC
> 100kW
Optional
Grid connected: Large PV system: System configuration

PV panel
Inverter
PCS Optional Battery
Grid-connected Optional battery

For a for village (> 40kW) Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid
3
Grid
24 hours power supply by existing generators
Grid connected: Large PV system: Type of grid connection

Grid connection - Low voltage - High voltage No islanding operation Reverse flow No reverse flow Buy power from grid if load > PV output Sell power to grid if load < PV output Anytime load > PV output Reverse power flow relay
Islanding operation
Reverse flow
On reverse flow, same as above
No reverse flow
With battery system, backup power shall be supplied even in power outage
Source: NEDO
Grid connected: Large PV system: Examples (1)
Source: KEPCO
Installed in 2008 at Funafuti, Tuvalu by E8 (KEPCO) Connected with grid 40kW PV Decrease approx. 50t-Co2/y [100 klbs-Co2/y]
Present (As of 2010 Oct) Area Generator capacity Generation output 60000 m2 = 72000 yard2 2850 kW 3000MWh / year 10000 MW
Final 200000 m2 =240000 yard2 11000MWh / year 4,000,000kg = 8,8000,000pound 2011.10 ~

6
CO2 reduction/year 1,000,000kg = 2,2000,000pound Operation start 2010.10.5 ~
Source: NEDO
Installed in 2005 at Beijing, China by NEDO (TEPCO+PVTEC) Office use plus connected with 10kV grid 140kW PV Comparison of various kind of PV modules (crystalline, amorphous)
7
Source: NEDO
Source: NEDO
Installed in 2004-2007 at Ohta, Japan by NEDO (Kandenko et al.) 553 residential houses Total 140kW PV, connected at 100V with 6.6kV distribution line Evaluation of the islanding operation protection
9
PV
Inverter etc.
Junction box Load
Source: NEDO
10
Grid connected: Large PV system: System configuration

PV panel
Inverter
PCS Optional Battery
Grid-connected Optional battery

For a for village (> 40kW) Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid
11
Grid
24 hours power supply by existing generators
Grid connected: Large PV system: Type of grid connection

Grid connection - Low voltage - High voltage No islanding operation Reverse flow No reverse flow Buy power from grid if load > PV output Sell power to grid if load < PV output Anytime load > PV output Reverse power flow relay
Islanding operation
Reverse flow
On reverse flow, same as above
No reverse flow
With battery system, backup power shall be supplied even in power outage
Source: NEDO
12
Source: KEPCO
Installed in 2008 at Funafuti, Tuvalu by E8 (KEPCO) Connected with grid 40kW PV Decrease approx. 50t-Co2/y [100 klbs-Co2/y]
13
Source: NEDO
Installed in 2005 at Beijing, China by NEDO (TEPCO+PVTEC) Office use plus connected with 10kV grid 140kW PV Comparison of various kind of PV modules (crystalline, amorphous)
14
Source: NEDO
15
Source: NEDO
16
PV
Inverter etc.
Junction box Load
Source: NEDO
17
Other various applications of PV ( On the factory roof )
Capacity:820kW
Capacity:50kW
Capacity:260kW
18
Other various applications of PV ( On the wall surface )
Capacity:66kW
Capacity:15kW
19
Capacity:4kW
Technical requirements for grid interconnection
The merit of grid interconnection from the generator installer

Easier to maintain power quality Boost the operating rates of generator Absorb fluctuation of generator output (ex. PV, wind power) Improve reliability and flexibility in case of generators fault or maintenance check Chance to sell electric power to the power company
2
The Merit of Grid interconnection (1)

Easier to maintain power quality
Hard to keep system voltage
Grid
Distributed generation G
Distribution substation Feeder
Disconnected from grid Hard to keep system frequency

Boost the operation rates of generator
Pmax
G
High performance generator
L L
Restricted operating rates
G
High performance generator
Grid
Pmax
G
lower generation cost as a total
4

Improve reliability and flexibility in case of generators fault or maintenance check
Generators fault or periodical inspection
L
Blackout or Standby generator is needed
G L
Grid
G L
Grid
Considerable points in case of grid interconnection
Power Grid
Load Load
Load Load
Generator
Power from the grid and the generator are mixed, in case of interconnection
Secure supply reliability and maintain power quality (Voltage, frequency, harmonics, etc) Secure Public safety and prevent equipment damage
6
Considerable points in case of grid interconnection (detail)

Secure supply reliability Dispersed generators fault should not effect the reliability of power grid Prevent expansion of fault (by exceeding short circuit capacity, by malfunction of distribution over current protection relay, etc) Relay protection coordination is important
Maintain power quality Possibility of harmful effect to other customers via grid Reduce voltage fluctuation of distribution line by interconnecting of dispersed generator Reduce harmonics level from dispersed generator etc Secure public safety and prevent equipment damage Prevent islanding to be secure public safety, especially for distribution line which is easily accessible to public
Basic principle is disconnecting generator from the power grid in case of problem
The necessity of grid interconnection code

simplification of facility (low cost) request higher operation rate of generator request to shorten the period of construction
Request from generator installer side
Generally, to seek cheaper facility and simpler operation, the quality of facility shows a tendency to be lower. Conflict of request
countermeasure by facility to secure safety higher cost higher priority on power quality and public safety decrease the operation rate of generator by output control) sufficient preliminary check prolong the period of construction by preliminary check)
Generally, to seek higher security and power quality, request shows a tendency to be higher.
8
Request from power system operator
The necessity of grid interconnection code

(continue)
Interconnection to power grid of many, various type of generator
Request from generator installer side
Effect to operation, administration, maintenance of Power system,etc
Request from power system operator
To harmonize request from both side, to To harmonize request from both side, to secure equality and transparency of generator secure equality and transparency of generator interconnecting process, grid interconnection interconnecting process, grid interconnection code is necessary. code is necessary.
9
Category of grid interconnection by voltage level

Category Low voltage distribution line (100V, 200V) High voltage distribution line (6600V) Extra high voltage line Power Capacity per customer (P) P < 50kW (in principle) P < 2000kW (in principle) 2000kW <= P (in principle)
Technical requirement for grid interconnection is partly different according to the category
Technical requirements for interconnection (index)

The below index is the example of grid interconnection to high voltage distribution line (6600V). 1. Electric system 2. Power factor 3. Measures for voltage fluctuations 4. Measures for power quality 5. Countermeasures for phase fault current 6. Protective relay system 7. Neutral point grounding system 8. Automatic load shedding device 9. Device to confirm no-voltage on distribution line 10. Telephone facility for security communication 11. Prevention of reverse power flow through main transformer
11
TR for interconnection 1.Electric system

1. Electric system When a generation facility with a different electric system is interconnected with existing power systems, it may hinder the use of electricity or electric facilities for others. Note that the electric system of generation facilities is to be the alternating-current (AC) three-phase and three-wire system and that its voltage and frequency are the same as those of the interconnected power systems when generators are interconnected. However, a system different from the electric system of the interconnected power systems can be used when either of the following applies: a. When the capacity of generation facility is so small compared with the maximum receiving power that the influence from phase unbalance can be neglected. b. The inverter is shut off or the power facility is disconnected as measures against over-voltage caused by load unbalance when a circuit breaker is opened at the receiving point in a situation where a generation facility with a single-phase two-wire system of 200V interconnects with the power systems of a single-phase three-wire system.
12
TR for interconnection 1.Electric system

b. The inverter is shut off or the power facility is disconnected as measures against over-voltage caused by load unbalance when a circuit breaker is opened at the receiving point in a situation where a generation facility with a single-phase two-wire system of 200V interconnects with the power systems of a single-phase three-wire system.
13
TR for interconnection 2.Power factor

2. Power factor When generators are interconnected with the system, it is necessary to control reactive power in coordination with the generation facilities of power company and others so as to maintain the appropriate system voltage. When a new generator is interconnected, the power factor of the generation facilities is to be as follows. In principle, the power factor of generation facilities should be 0.85 or more at the receiving point. Further, it should not be a leading power factor when viewed from the power systems to prevent the voltage from increasing (or a lagging power factor when viewed from generation facilities). However, the power factor can be below 0.85 when either of the following applies:
14
TR for interconnection 2.Power factor

a. It is unavoidable for preventing voltage increase. (In this case, the power factor at the receiving point can be controlled up to 0.8.) b. An inverter with small output is used or the power factor at the receiving point is deemed appropriate. (In this case, the power factor of generation facilities is over 0.85 when controlling reactive power and is over 0.95 when not controlling it.) If a reverse power flow does not exist, in principle the power factor of generation facilities at the servicing point of end-use customers should be 0.85 or more in lagging power factor in order to prevent the voltage from decreasing. Further, it should not be a leading power factor when viewed from power systems (or a lagging power factor when viewed from generation facilities).
15
TR for interconnection 3. Measures for voltage fluctuations

3. Measures for voltage fluctuations If the system voltage cannot be properly maintained due to voltage fluctuations on power systems when a generator is interconnected, there may be a negative impact on the stable facility operation. In principle, those who interconnect a generation facility with power systems need to take the following measures to control the voltage in order to prevent deviation from the appropriate system voltage when generators are connected to the system. - If a disconnection of generation may cause the voltage of end-use customers interconnecting at low voltage to deviate from the appropriate voltage value (1016V, 20220V) when connected to high voltage distribution lines, measures are taken to automatically limit the load. If this measure is ineffective, more distribution lines are used or exclusive-use lines are connected.
16
Voltage fluctuation on disconnection

Automatic load shedding shall be implemented by generator owner If not effective, use of exclusive line or reinforcing feeder shall be made by the cost of generator owner.
Disconn ection Load increase
Deviation in voltage Load shedding Load decrease
Maintain voltage
Voltage
Voltage
Deviation
Maintain voltage
17

- If a reverse power flow from generation may cause the voltage of end-use customers interconnecting at low voltage to deviate from the appropriate voltage value (1016V, 20220V), automatic voltage control will take place. If this measure is ineffective, more distribution lines are used or exclusive-use lines are connected. - When using synchronous generators, they should be of the types with damping winding (including a synchronous generator without damping winding that has the hunting-prevention effect equivalent to or more than that of the damping winding type). At the same time, automatic synchronism detection devices need to be installed. If the system voltage may deviate from the proper value (within 10% of the normal value) due to the voltage dip while being paralleled in (induction generators are used), current limiting reactors or similar devices need to be installed. However, if such measures are still ineffective synchronous generators will be required.
18
Voltage fluctuation by reverse flow

Reactive power control at power receiving end by generator owner If not effective, use of exclusive line or reinforcing feeder shall be made by the cost of generator owner.
Q
P
Deviation
19

- When self-commutated inverters are used, they should be of the type having an automatically synchronizing function. When line-commutated inverters are used but the system voltage still deviates from the proper value (within 10% of the normal value) due to voltage dip while being paralleled in, current limiting reactors or similar devices need to be installed. If such measures are still ineffective self-commutated power inverters will be required. - If there is a possibility that generator output fluctuations or voltage fluctuations caused by frequent parallel in/out will bring about voltage flicker and other problems for other end-use customers, measures are taken to control voltage fluctuations or reduce the frequency of parallel in/out.
20
Maintain feeder voltage (1) load fluctuation
Grid
High voltage Low voltage
Distribution substation
Feeder
Control voltage at each bank
Voltage
Proper voltage
Heavy load
Light load
Distance from substation
21
Maintain feeder voltage (2) tap-changer

On-load tap-changer at pole transformer
Primary side
Secondary side
Voltage Raise voltage by switching tap-changer
Proper voltage

22
Maintain feeder voltage (3) SVR

High voltage
Control secondary voltage by monitoring current and changing tap of transformer
SVR
(Step voltage Regulator)
Low voltage
Voltage
Proper voltage
Raise voltage by SVR

23
Maintain feeder voltage (4) reverse flow

Reverse power flow
Distributed Generation Voltage Light load
Proper voltage
Heavy load
Deviation from proper voltage

24
Can control voltage by monitoring reverse flow from distributed generation, but
Reverse power flow
Distributed Generation
Voltage Light load Heavy load
Proper voltage

25
Disconnection
Distributed Generation
Voltage
Proper voltage
Deviation from proper voltage

Light load Heavy load

26
TR for interconnection 4. Measures for power quality

4. Measures for power quality Deterioration of power quality due to system interconnection of a generation facility may hinder the use of electricity and electric facilities for others. Therefore, those who interconnect a generation facility with power systems need to take measures to prevent deviation from the standard power quality in the case of system interconnection. 4-1 Harmonic suppression measures As systems are interconnected with generation facilities, an inflow of harmonic current into power systems may cause a harmonic strain on the voltage waveform of power systems, damaging electric facilities as a result. Therefore, those who interconnect a generation facility with power systems take necessary measures against harmonics during system interconnections according to either of the following policies:
27
TR for interconnection 4. Measures for power quality

(1) Harmonic suppression measures in conformity with the facilities of end-use customers When taking harmonic suppression measures in conformity with the facilities of end-use customers, technical requirements for interconnection of demand facilities(omitted) is applied. (2) Individual harmonic suppression measures for generation facilities When an inverter is installed, a harmonic inflow current from a converter to power systems (filter is contained) is less than 5% of the integrated current strain and 3% of each harmonic current strain. 4-2 Other measures for power quality When including demand facilities, other power quality problem like voltage flicker must be considered.
28
TR for interconnection
5. Countermeasures for phase fault current
5. Countermeasures for phase fault current When a generation facility interconnects with power systems, the short-circuit capacity increases. If existing circuit breakers cannot break the circuits in contingencies when a phase fault current exceeds their capability as result of the above, effective measures need to be taken. If the short-circuit capacity of power systems increases and a phase fault current may exceed the circuit breaking capability of the other circuit breakers as generation facilities interconnect with the systems, those who interconnect generation facilities with the power systems need to install equipment to limit the phase fault current (for example, current limiting reactor). If such measures are not effective, other short-circuit capacity countermeasures including interconnection to different substations and transmission lines of higher voltage need to be taken.
29
TR for interconnection 6. Protective relay system

6. Protective relay system Protective relay systems required for system interconnection of generation facilities shall be coordinated with those of interconnected power systems and others from the viewpoint of personal and public safety, power systems security, prevention of damage to electric facilities, and efficient development of transmission facilities. In principle, the following protective relay systems are to be installed. When including demand facilities, this technical requirement will also apply to them.
30

a. In order to protect power systems from a failure of generation facilities, protective relays are installed as follows: - When the voltage of generation facilities increases to an abnormal level, an over-voltage relay capable of detecting it and disconnecting generation facilities from power systems within a specified time period is installed. However, if the generation facilities are equipped with a protective device for such detection and protection, its installation can be omitted. - When the voltage of generation facilities decreases to an abnormal level, an under-voltage relay capable of detecting it and disconnecting generation facilities from the power systems within a specified time period is installed. However, if the generation facilities are equipped with a protective device for such detection and protection, its installation can be omitted.
31

b. In order to protect power systems from a phase fault, protective relays are installed as follows: - When using synchronous generators, a short-circuit directional relay capable of detecting any phase fault on the interconnected systems and disconnecting the generation facilities from the power systems concerned is installed; and - When using induction generators or inverters, an under-voltage relay capable of detecting any abnormal voltage drop of generators and disconnecting them from the interconnected power systems in case of a phase fault in the interconnected systems is installed.
32

c. In order to protect power systems from ground faults on them, a ground fault over-voltage relay is employed. However, if any of the following conditions is satisfied, installation of the relay can be omitted: - A ground fault of the interconnected systems can be detected by a ground fault over-voltage relay installed at the outlet of the generator; - The output of the generation facilities with an inverter interconnecting with a low voltage line within a site is far smaller than the site load, and islanding can be detected, stopped and disconnected quickly by a device with islanding detection function.
33

d. If there is a reverse power flow, an over/under frequency relay and a transfer tripping protection or a device with islanding detection function (including more than one active type) which satisfies all of the following requirements are installed. An over frequency relay can be omitted when interconnected with a line for exclusive use: - It can detect islanding within a required period without fail, taking into account the system impedance and load situation. - Its sensitivity does not cause frequent unnecessary parallel out. - An active signal does not influence power systems substantially. A transfer tripping protection or a device with islanding detection function (including more than one active type) can be omitted only when an over/under frequency relay can detect and protect the islanding quickly and without fail at a wind farm using an induction generator. However, if the above omission requirements cannot be satisfied because of a change in the status of the power systems, those who interconnect the generator with power systems need to install the above devices.
34

e. If there is no reverse power flow, a reverse power relay and under-frequency relay are installed in order to prevent islanding. However, if a reverse power relay can detect and protect in case of interconnection with a line for exclusive use, an under-frequency relay can be omitted. If the output capacity of generation facilities with an inverter interconnecting with a low voltage line within a site is far smaller than the site load and islanding can be detected, stopped and disconnected quickly by a device with islanding detection function (including more than one passive/active type), a reverse power relay can be omitted.
35
General idea of Reverse power flow

There is Reverse power flow
Distribution line Connecting point
There is no Reverse power flow

Distribution line
Connecting point
Generator Always Pg < Pl
Load
Generator
Load
Pg > Pl case is possible RPR can not be applied voltage rising by reverse power flow
RPR (Reverse power relay) can be applied
Fault protection of feeder with distributed generation
High voltage feeder
Generator
Without disconnection of distributed generation, ground fault continues even by breaking CB at substation. (Threat of equipment damage and electric shock)
It is necessary for distributed generation to be disconnected in concert with the fault detection of system.
37
Preventing of islanding
Substation e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
CB break
Crane touches feeder. Fault detection, then CB break.
PV system is running (islanding operation) Threat of electrical shock for worker near crane and public.
38
Protective Relay (Example of PV system)

Countermeasures against PV system breakdowns Symbol Name If an abnormal increase occurs in voltage generated by the PV system, the over voltage relay detects the abnormal voltage, then separates the PV system from the grid after a predetermined period of time.
OVR
Over Voltage Relay
UVR
If an abnormal decrease occurs in voltage generated by the PV system, the under Under Voltage voltage relay detects the abnormal voltage, Relay then separates the PV system from the grid after a predetermined period of time.
Countermeasures against transmission line faults (short-circuit) As a countermeasure against short-circuit in transmission line, UVR can be shared among transmission line.
39
Countermeasures against transmission line fault
Symbol
Name
OVGR
Ground Fault Over Voltage Relay
In the case of a transmission line fault, the PV system might leak such a low current that OCGR cannot operate. In contrast, OVGR can detect ground fault voltage and cut the PV system off from the grid.
* If requirements are satisfied, OVGR can be omitted.
40

Precautions against PV system Islanding Operation (with reverse power flow) Symbol Name Over-Frequency Relay Function Abnormal over-frequency (detect islanding) Abnormal under-frequency (detect islanding)
OFR
UFR
Under-Frequency Relay
In addition to OVR, UVR, OFR and UFR, active detection of the PV system islanding operation, including abnormal detection, is essential for equipment.
41

Precautions against PV system Islanding Operation (with no reverse power flow) Symbol Name Reverse Power Relay Under-Frequency Relay Function Prevention of reverse power flow (detect islanding) Abnormal under-frequency (detect islanding)
RPR UFR
An accident might occur on upper side transmission line. In the case of an interconnected distribution line fault, after the circuit breaker for the distribution line opens the circuit, the fault point may disappear. For electrical work, worker may open a switch for a transmission line. In such special cases and outage, some types of relays fail to detect system faults, thus increasing the risk of the PV system islanding operation. Unless a reverse power flow occurs in the interconnected system, RPR and UFR should be installed in the system.
42

Type of islanding detection method
Active detection
Add disturbance signal from generator to grid continuously On power outage, detect increased response to disturbance signal Secure detection, but need several seconds
Passive detection
On power outage, detect phase change of P, Q balance Possible instant detection But used as backup of active detection for grid connected generator in high voltage, because of little change at rotating generator
Use multiple detection to detect absolutely

43
Protective Relay with built-in power conditioner

Example of protective relay for grid interconnected system (with built-in Power Conditioner) UVR (under voltage relay): System short circuit and blackout OVR (overvoltage relay) : Abnormal overvoltage OFR (over-frequency relay) : Abnormal over-frequency UFR (under-frequency relay): Accident on higher-voltage transmission line Example of protective relay for grid interconnection system (of external installation type) OVGR (overvoltage ground relay): Ground fault RPR (reverse power relay): Prevention of reverse power flow
44
Example of system block diagram

(1) Interactive in Low-voltage
(Single-phase power conditioner)
(2) Interactive in High-voltage (Three-phase power conditioner + OVGR)
45
Example of system block diagram

(3) Deemed low-voltage Grid-connected type, no reverse power flow (Single-phase and three-phase power conditioners)
46
7. Neutral point grounding system 8. Automatic load shedding device
7. Neutral point grounding system When necessary for grounding at a neutral point of generation facilities or interconnection facilities on a high voltage side, those who interconnect generation facilities with high voltage distribution systems consult with power company and adopt a grounding system designated by power company. 8. Automatic load shedding device When there is a possibility of overloading the interconnected distribution lines at the time of a loss of generation and so forth, those who interconnect the generation facilities with power systems need to take measures that automatically limit the load.
47
9. Device to confirm no-voltage on distribution line
9. Device to confirm no-voltage on distribution line A device designed to confirm no voltage on distribution lines is installed at the outlet of distribution lines from a substation for distribution in order to prevent faults at the time of automatic reclosing. However, such a device can be omitted if either of the following items is satisfied: (1) The installer of the generation facility does not require automatic reclosing because of connection to a line for exclusive use
48
(2) Either of the following conditions is satisfied when there is a reverse power flow: a. An transfer tripping protection and a device with islanding detection function (only active type) are installed and each of them disconnects power systems using different circuit breakers. b. Devices with two or more islanding detection functions (including one or more active type) are installed and each of them disconnects power systems using different circuit breakers. c. A device with islanding detection function (only active type) and a reverse power relay whose setting value is less than the minimum load of distribution lines while the generators are in operation and each of them disconnects power systems using different circuit breakers, are installed.
49
(3) Either of the following conditions is satisfied when there is no reverse power flow: a.The conditions of Item (2) above b.A protective relay, current transformer, voltage transformer, circuit breaker, and a wiring of power source for control concerning system interconnection are connected in dual series and yet sequentially, allowing them to back each other up. However, one of the above-mentioned dual systems can be replaced by one or more of the following methods: - The protective relays of one of the above-mentioned dual systems can be made of the under power relays only; - One current transformer can be combinedly used in the 1st and 2nd series when an under-power relay is installed at the end of a current transformer; and - One voltage transformer can be combinedly used in the 1st and 2nd series when an under-voltage relay is installed at the end of a voltage transformer.
50
10. Telephone facility for security communication
10. Telephone facility for security communication When a circuit breaker for system interconnection kicks in because of an on-site problem, power systems, and so forth, those who operate generation facilities and power company communicate with each other promptly and accurately. Telephone facilities for security communication (such as private telephone facilities for security communication or a telephone of a leased line for exclusive use of a telecommunications company) need to be installed between them. However, telephone facilities for security communication may use any subscribed phones or cellular phones if all the following conditions are satisfied:
51
10. Telephone facility for security communication
- A system that allows direct communication with engineers not passing through the exchange of one who operates generation facilities is introduced (not a switchboard number system via the exchange, but a single number system directly connected to the technical office) and it is permanently installed at the place of maintenance /supervision of generation facilities; - A system capable of interrupting even while the number is engaged (for example, the so-called catch-phone system) is introduced; - A system that allows communication even in case of outage; and - It is clearly specified in a safety regulation that if communication with the power company concerned cannot be made in the event of disasters or other problems, generation facilities are disconnected or cease to operate until the communication is recovered.
52
11. Prevention of reverse power flow through main transformer
11. Prevention of reverse power flow through main transformer As a power flow from a high voltage side to a special high voltage side through a main transformer for distribution (hereinafter referred to as a reverse power flow through a main transformer) may cause some problems in voltage management and protection coordination of distribution systems, it is important to prevent such a power flow through a main transformer. To make sure that a generation facility with a reverse power flow will not always cause such a reverse power flow through a main transformer, the occurrence of the flow is judged based on generation output and load patterns when interconnections are examined. If it is deemed that a reverse power flow through a main transformer is likely to occur, measures to control generators and similar actions will be taken.
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Day 4
Guidline of construction and mantenance
Fiji Islands Palau - November 1 1Republic of November 2-6, 2009-5, 2010
Index
System Construction Design Design and Construction Flow Construction Management Points Pricing Guidelines Field Inspection Items Maintenance Economical Effects
e8 / PPA DSM Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA Grid Workshop
1.System Construction Design

Architectural work
Architectural Code
System
Guidelines
Laws and regulations
Electrical work
Wiring rules
GridConnection
Piping and wiring sizes
Piping and wiring routes
Waterproof construction
- Lead-in cables - Equipment sheds
Earthing
Maintenance
Foundati on work
- Wind pressure calculation - Waterproof roofs and rooftops
Support Structure construction

- Wind pressure calculation - Electromagnetic interference
-Voltage
-Protection Coordination
- Voltage drops - Scaffolding - Use of existing routes
- Existing earthing - Safety type regulations
Compliance Easy construction Low cost construction
: Design based on laws and regulations : Design that facilitates safe construction, and shortens construction term : Design that reduces material and labor expenses
3
2. 1 Design and Construction Flow

Site investigation Design Construction Trial operation and Adjustment Completion
- Installation Areas On ground or roof Length, width and azimuth -Roof type Deck roofs or sloping roofs Roofing materials, Waterproof types - Obstacles Poles, buildings, antennas, mountains, trees (and other obstacles that cast shadows on PV Arrays.) - Piping Routes Existing piping routes and wiring diagrams - Equipments Installation locations Switchboards, control boards, Power Conditioners, instrumentation and display - Routes for Carrying in Crane or Wrecker installation location and temporary placement space - Diagram Skeleton diagram from electric power company lead-in cable to interconnection point - Contract with electric power company Price of buying and selling power
- Foundation work (rooftop)
- Visual Inspection
- Carrying in
- PV module Support Structure Earthing
- PV modules Installation
- Electrical piping and wiring
- Devices Installation
- Electric connection work
Cracks, damage of devices - Insulation Resistance test Cable insulation resistance - Open-Circuit voltage test Voltage measurement of each series of PV modules - Setting of Power Conditioner protective relays Setting based on discussion with the electric power company - Adjustment of measuring instruments Deviation from Power Conditioner indicating values - Adjustment of indication Discrepancy between measurements and indications
4
2. 2 Site investigation Guideline (1)

Area of PV array installation site Investigation the area of installation site East-west width and north-south length are measured.
Environment Environmental Survey
Verification the influence of shadows cast by buildings, tall trees and other obstacles. Verification possible damage due to weather like salt damage, snow, wind or other weather conditions.
Azimuth Azimuth and Angle
Verification the influence of shadows cast by buildings, tall trees and other obstacles. Verification possible damage due to weather like salt damage, snow, wind or other weather conditions.
5
2. 2 Site investigation Guideline (2)

Equipments Installation Site Installation Site Survey Junction boxes, centralized control boards, interconnection switchboards, transformers
Condition of Electric Power Transmission

Discussion with the electric power company
Verification the type of power source system and determination the type of interconnection. Staff verifies voltage fluctuations and frequency variations.
Recognition of Regulations and Standards
Local Ordinances
Approval to the System for Interconnection

6
2. 3 Design Guideline (1)

PV module Selection PV Module Selection Manufacturer, type, capacity
Determination of Azimuth and Angle
Output Maximization
Optimum Orientation (generally same with Latitude) and Azimuth are determined.
Number of PV modules and PV array Capacity Determination
Dependence on Area of Installation site
Required Capacity
Power Conditioner Selection
According to PV array Capacity
Manufacturer, type, capacity

PV array Layout Determination PV array Layout Determination Series and Parallel connection should be determined according to rating input voltage of Power Conditioner. PV module characteristics Ground-mounted type Deck roofmounted type Sloping roofmounted type Wall-mounted type Weight, Wind Pressure
PV module Support Structure Design
Design based on strength calculation of PV array angle Design based on mounting method and structural strength
Foundation Design
Design based on strength calculation

8

Equipments selection Indoor type or Outdoor type should be selected. Power conditioner protection
Provision of watercourses for carrying away rainwater Selection based on power conditioner capacity
Interconnection circuit breaker selection
Selection of protective relays
Protection from accidents of grid
Selection based on electric power conditions, rules and standards
Selection of piping and wiring between devices
Minimization of wiring paths
Selection based on allowable current, voltage drops, standards and rules
2. 4 Example systems
PV modules
Power conditioner
Selling electricity
Electric power company
Buying electricity
Storage batteries
Charge and discharge controller
Offices and/or factories
Display system
Applicable to disaster prevention (system includes storage batteries.) * Capacity of storage batteries is determined according to setting of load amperage, load types and operation time.
10
2. 5 System type (1)

GridConnected System Reverse Flow to Grid Storage Applicable to emergency batteries are operation. used. Storage batteries are not Used in houses and/or buildings. used.
No Reverse Flow to Grid
Storage batteries are used. Storage batteries are not used.
Applicable to emergency operation. Large power consumers use this type. Large power consumers use this type.
11
2. 5 System type (2)

Stand-Alone system Limited Loads DC
Storage batteries are used. Storage batteries are not used. Storage batteries are used. Storage batteries are not used. Storage batteries are used. Storage batteries are not used. Storage batteries are used. Storage batteries are not used.
Street lights, radio equipment power sources, traffic lights DC pumps, battery chargers, fans,
AC
Lighting systems
AC pumps
General Loads
DC
Electrification in low-population villages No examples
AC
Electrification in higher-population villages No examples

12
2. 6 Power conditioner selection (1)

Power Conditioners are classified into three:
(1) Low-voltage interconnected system (single-phase power conditioner) Interconnected with low-voltage distribution lines that supply power to general houses. Incoming voltage : Single-phase three-wire system of 100/200 V Interconnected point : Single-phase three-wire system of 100/200 V (2) High-voltage interconnected type (three-phase power conditioner + OVGR) Interconnected with high-voltage distribution lines that supply power to factories and other high demanders. Incoming voltage : Three-phase three-wire system of 6600 V Interconnected point : Three-phase three-wire system of 200 V (3) Deemed low-voltage interconnected types (single-phase and three-phase power conditioners) Despite the high incoming voltage, PV system output is much less than the contract demand. Incoming voltage : Three-phase three-wire system of 6600 V Interconnected point : Three-phase three-wire system of 200 V : Single-phase three-wire system of 100/200 V
13
2. 6 Power conditioner selection (2)

Power Conditioner installation space <Operating conditions> Ambient temperature : -5 C to + 40 C (normal operation, standby) Relative humidity : 30% to 90% Installation site : Indoor Outdoor (enabled by accommodating in a cubicle.) To provide spaces for inspection and heat dissipation, it is necessary to place the inverter off the walls and the top as shown below. It is possible to change side walls to parallel boards. <Example>
Distance to top: 500 mm or more
Distance to front: 1,000 mm or more
Distance to back: 100 mm or more
[Side View] Dimensions differ depending on the power conditioner manufacturer. <Reference> Specifications of indoor inverters of 10 kW to 30 kW (900 W x 1875 H x 700 D) Weight: 230 kg (10 kW) 290 kg (20 kW) 370 kg (30 kW) * The above example is a power conditioner of the standard system (of interconnection type). It is recommended that the power conditioner should be placed outdoors or in an electric-generation room because of the harmonic noise level. 14
2. 7 Equipment type
3. Construction Management Points (1)

Site investigation
Roof-mounted Installation site confirmation Wall-mounted Ground-mounted Verification of installation conditions Confirmation of interconnect ed point Deck roof Folded plate roof Sloping roof Circuit breaker for interconnected system High-voltage protection relay Route check
Confirm that a lift to the roof is provided. Determine whether or not the provision of scaffolding and a man lift truck is necessary. Recognize the work space for construction equipment (s). Check waterproof type. Check folded plate fixture type. Verify inclination and anti-slip properties Confirm an extended space. If circuit break is needed for relay installation, confirm the circuit break point. Determine whether or not the provision of scaffolding and worker lift truck is necessary. Determine whether the existing route can be used.
Verification of piping and wiring routes Carrying in route check
Carrying in route check
Verify working location of construction equipment (wrecker). 16

Getting there
Temporary office Temporary yard Provide an on-site office. Provide a materials yard. Marking based on reference line Placement of crane at predetermined location Determine whether or not the provision of scaffolding and worker lift truck is necessary. Provide a yard close to the site. Check the drawing. Confirm shadows. Verify hoisting loads and construction equipment. Confirm the operating, hanging and signaling workers. Prohibit admittance to work area. Inspect the hoisting accessory. Install to prevent the wind from blowing PV cell modules. Bind planks.
Marking Carrying in
Marking
Crane placement
Rooftop care
Craning
Prevention with panel Provision of access made by planks. Craning the PV module support structure and PV modules
Confirm the stability of the crane and load at a lift of 30 cm above the ground. Do not enter beneath loads.
17

PV module Support Structure Installation Fixture mounting Support Structure Assembling Mount fixture. Assemble the Support Structure Mount fixtures to marking. With stainless bolts, mount the Support Structure to fixture. Confirm that the horizontal and vertical those should be.
PV modules Installation
PV module Installation
Mounting PV modules to the Support Structure
Carefully handle the PV module, and mount it to the fixture without damage. Align modules flush with longitudinal and lateral lines. During mounting, workers shall communicate with one another.
18

Electrical Piping and Wiring work
Wiring between each PV modules Connection between each PV modules Wiring of connector cables between each modules Wiring of connectors between each modules Confirm that the circuit and system are constructed according to the drawings. Confirm the polarity and system of the cable connectors, and connect them. Confirm that the cable plug is securely connected. After the connection between modules, cover terminals with insulation tape to prevent short-circuits. Install according to the drawing. Install so that devices cannot cast shadows on each other. Be careful not to damage the casing. Using hangers, saddles and other metal supports, mount conduits. Mount according to the drawing. With metal supports, mount the cable rack. Mount according to the drawing. Select line types and distance, according to design drawing. Be careful not to damage the covering of the cable. Fix cables to rack. Use of appropriate terminal lugs
Equipment installation
Installation Power Conditioner and Interconnection board Laying electrical conduits Laying cable rack
Laying electrical conduits
Laying cable
Laying cable
Getting cables straight Connecting wires Connection to switchboards
19

Outage work
(altering switchboards) Breaker, OVGR and extension Circuit breaker and OVGR extension
ZPD and OVGR are mounted.
Outage
With electroscope, confirm an outage. Earth units. Earth all devices. ZPD and OVGR are mounted in place. With an electroscope, confirm outage. Mount circuit breaker in place. Check inside of cubicle. Confirm that devices are free from cracks. Measure the voltage of each circuit in inverter, and record. Check batteries. Verify the connections to the earthing terminals. Measure voltage across earthing terminals, and record. Measure voltage across batteries and across lines, and record it. Measure voltage between earth and batteries and across lines, and record it.
Circuit breaker extension
Outage Mount breaker. Restoration
Inspection
Visual Inspection Open-Voltage Measurement Insulation resistance measurement
Visual Inspection of Equipments

Measurement of voltage per system with tester
Measurement of insulation resistance with tester PV array circuit

Voltage across Power conditioner and Interconnection board Voltage across Interconnection board and interconnected point
20

Trial operation and adjustment Power Conditioner setting and operating test Power Conditioner setting Confirm the setting by the electric power company.
Adjustment and confirmation of measuring instruments Adjustment of indication on display, and confirmation. Interconnection
Adjustment of measuring instruments Confirmation of measuring instruments Adjustment of display. Confirmation of display.
Operate in accordance with the inverter operating procedure. Adjust according to measuring guidelines. The measurements are compared with the indication of the inverter. Adjust the display to an easy-to-see angle. Compare the display of the measuring instrument with the power conditioner indication.
Delivery
21
4. Pricing Guidelines Guidelines

Equipments Cost
PV module Power conditioner Switchboards (Junction boxes, Concentrated Boards and Interconnection Boards), Transformers PV module Support Structure General electrical materials
Manufacturer, type, capacity Manufacturer, type, capacity Selected by Power Conditioner specification Installation type Compliance with the technological standards Consider the past records Consider the past records Consider the past records Consider the past records Consider the past records SV, offices, worker expenses
Construction Cost
PV module Support Structure Installation PV modules mounting PV modules wiring and connections Equipments mounting General electrical work Management expenses
On-site management expenses
22
4. Pricing Guidelines2 Guidelines

Transport expenses Carrier Transport expenses, outsourcing expenses, including various securities
Travel and transportation expenses

Installation site
Overseas travel expense
Construction equipment expenses
Construction equipment
Wrecker, forklift, outsourcing expenses
On-site overhead expenses
10% of equipment expenses
23
5. Self Inspection Items

5.1 Visual inspection and verification test of structure and quantity 1PV Modules 2Support Structure for PV modules 3Power Conditioner (s) 4Display System 5Junction Box (s), Interconnection Switchboard, MCB 5.2 Equipment installation and wiring/connection inspection 1Equipment installation inspection 5.3 Insulation resistance test 1Wiring between each PV Modules 2Wiring between various equipments 5.4 Open-circuit voltage test/ground resistance test 1Open-circuit voltage of PV module 2) Ground resistance if systems are grid-connected
24
2Wiring/Connection verification test
5.1 Visual inspection and verification test of structure and quantity (1)
1 PV module visual inspection and power output test
Item Inspection details Check if there is any damage, cracking or deformation in the PV module appearance. Confirm that PV modules are appropriately arranged. Check against manufacturers inspection records when omitting the field output tests. Means of inspection Visual inspection Result
Appearance
Consistent with Spec. of drawings
Output
25
2Visual inspection of Support structure for PV array
Item Inspection details
There is no deformation or strain. Appearance There is no peeling of galvanized steel welded to support structure. The support structure is appropriately arranged.
Means of inspection
Visual inspection Visual inspection Consistent with Spec. of drawings Visual inspection Visual inspection No loosening is confirmed by touching and visually. Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection
Result
Installation
There is no loosening in screws, bolts and fixtures. Bolt tightening is appropriately conducted. There is no loosening in the connections between photovoltaic modules. Exposed cables behind the photovoltaic module are wired in order. Cables are supported by fixing devices. Earth conductors are connected to the PV module Support Structure.
Wiring
26
3-1 Power Conditioner
Visual inspection Item
Appearance Installation
Inspection details
There is neither peeling of surface coating nor deformation. There is no loosening in screws, bolts and fixtures. P/N+/- are correctly connected at the Power Conditioner input. R/S/T are correctly connected at the threephase output.
Means of inspection
Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, Multi meter Visual inspection, Multi meter Visual inspection, Multi meter Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection
Result
Wiring
Low voltage cable +/- are correctly connected at its input/output. Earthing conductors are connected. Cables are connected in order. The panel internal is clean.
27
3-2 Power Conditioner
Performance test
Item Model/type Protective relay test (at factory) Detection of Islanding operation 20 seconds standby after power restoration Inspection details Matching Check to the Specification document Check factory inspection records on behalf of the relay test in field. MCCBELCB is turned off and operation is shutdown in an instance. Performance Result Acceptable Remarks
Check to factory inspection records.
Acceptable
The power conditioner automatically starts 20 seconds after power restoration.
20[s]
after restarted
Acceptable
The time to restoration shall be consistent with Tech. Spec.
Performan ce test
Regarding output inspection/test of relays, check manufacturers factory inspection records on behalf of conducting field inspection/test.
28
4Display System
Visual Inspection
Item
Appearance
Inspection details There is neither peeling of surface coating nor deformation. There is no loosening in screws, bolts and fixtures. There is no defect to or peeling of nameplate. AC200V control power cables are correctly wired.
Means of inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection Visual inspection
Result
Installation Nameplate
Wiring
Low voltage cables are correctly wired and there is conduction. Cables are wired in order. The panel internal is clean.
LED verification test

Item Verification of quantity Inspection details The generated electricity is consistent with the total of the numerical values shown in the power conditioner LCD. Means of inspection Visual inspection Result
Input signals from the secondary cable in the transformer inside the interconnection switchboard to verify the indicated values on the LED screen. Visually check the numerical values indicated by power conditioner panel LCD or data collection system monitor to verify there is no error in the generated electricity of photovoltaic module and Power Conditioner output. 29
5-1
Junction Box, Interconnection Switchboard and MCB
Visual Inspection of junction box-1

Item Appearance Installation Inspection details
There is neither peeling of surface coating nor deformation. There is no loosening in screws, bolts and fixtures. P/N+/- are correctly connected at the junction box input.
Means of inspection
Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection
Result
Wiring
P/N+/- are correctly connected at the MCCB output. Earth conductors are connected. Cables are wired in order. The panel internal is clean.
30
5-2 Junction Box, Interconnection Switchboard and MCB
Visual inspection of interconnection switchboard
Item Inspection details There is neither peeling of surface coating nor deformation. There is no loosening in screws, bolts and fixtures. U/V/W are correctly connected at the inverter input. Means of inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, phase indicator Result
U/V/W are correctly connected at the main MCCB output.
Wiring
Earthing conductors are connected. Cables are wired in order. The panel internal is clean. U/V/W phase indicator shows the positive phase at the Power Conditioner input
31
(5)-3 Junction box, interconnection switchboard and MCB
Visual inspection of MCB
Item Inspection details There is neither peeling of surface coating nor deformation. There is no loosening in screws, bolts and fixtures. U/V/W are correctly connected at the main MCCB input. Means of inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection, Multi Meter Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection Visual inspection, phase indicator Result
U/V/W are correctly connected at the main MCCB output.
wiring
Earth conductors are connected. Cables are wired in order. The panel internal is clean. U/V/W phase indicator shows the positive phase at main MCCB output.
32
5.2 Equipment installation and wiring/connection inspection (1)

1, 2 Insulation resistance measurement of cable between junction box and inverter panel Insulation resistance measurement of cable between inverter and interconnection switchboard Insulation resistance measurement of cables between interconnection switchboard, MCB and existing transformers Test procedure Measure the insulation resistance of + polarities and RS,T phases of each cable to ensure that there is no insulation failure. Measure the insulation resistance between each cable and the ground (according to code).
Acceptance criteria 600V<Circuit voltage 0.4M or higher with 1000V insulation resistance tester. 300V<Circuit voltage600V 0.4M or higher with 500V insulation resistance tester. 150V<Circuit voltage300V 0.2M or higher with 500V insulation resistance tester. Circuit voltage150V 0.1M or higher with 500V insulation resistance tester.
33
5.2 Equipment installation and wiring/connection inspection (2)

Measurement of cable insulation resistance
Item Junction box-1 Power Conditioner-1 Junction box-2 Power Conditioner-2 Junction box-3 Power Conditioner-3 P N P N P N Insulation resistance M 100M or higher 100M or higher 100M or higher 100M or higher 100M or higher 100M or higher Cable type CV10sq-4C Ground cable 1C, spare cable 1C CV10sq-4C Ground cable 1C, spare cable IC CV10sq-4C Ground cable 1C, spare cable IC Result >600V
>600V
>600V
Power Conditioner-1 Interconnection switchboard
Rred Sblack Tblue Nwhite Interconnection switchboardMCB Rred Sblack Tblue Nwhite MCBExisting transformer-9 Rred Sblack Tblue Nwhite
>300V 100M or higher 100M or higher CV14sq-4C 100M or higher 100M or higher
100M or higher 100M or higher CV100sq-4C 100M or higher 100M or higher
>300V
>300V 100M or higher 100M or higher CV100sq-4C 100M or higher 100M or higher
34
5.3 Equipment installation and wiring/connection inspection

12 Insulation resistance measurement of cables between photovoltaic modules
Measure the insulation resistance of + polarities and R, S, T) phases of each cable for one string of photovoltaic module array to verify that there is no insulation failure. Measure the insulation resistance between each cable and the ground (*The insulation resistance of the cable including the photovoltaic module will be measured).
Test procedure
Acceptance criteria
Open-circuit voltage300V Acceptable if measurement using 1000V megger shows 0.4M or higher .
Measurement of cable insulation resistance
Module No. Junction box-1 PV1-1 PV1-1 PV1-2 PV1-2 PV1-3 PV1-3 PV1-4 PV1-4 PV1-5 PV1-5 + + + + + -
Insulation resistanceM
Cable used
Result
65M or higher 100M or higher 100M or higher 200M or higher 150M or higher 200M or higher 100M or higher 200M or higher 50M or higher 90M or higher
Manufacturers standard type 4sq-5C 1C ground cable, spare cable 2C Manufacturers standard type 4sq-5C 1C ground cable, spare cable 2C Manufacturers standard type 4sq-5C 1C ground cable, spare cable 2C Manufacturers standard type 4sq-5C 1C ground cable, spare cable 2C Manufacturers standard type 4sq-5C 1C ground cable, spare cable 2C
Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable
35
5.4 Open-circuit voltage test/ground resistance test example (1)

1DC Open-circuit voltage of cables between PV modules
The crystalline PV power generation system consists of 270 panels of 167 W module. Eighteen(18) modules in series fifteen(15) modules in parallel constitute a PV power generation system. The open-circuit voltage of one module is about 43.1Vat the highestwith an error of 10%. Accordingly, the nominal voltage of one module accounts for 43.1V0.91.138.7947.41V. The maximum open-circuit voltage of one circuit consisting of 18 modules will be: 38.8V18 modules698.22V lower limit 47.4V18 modules853.38V upper limit
Test procedure
Measure the open-circuit voltage of one each string of PV module array to confirm the polarity of each circuit. Measure the open-circuit voltage of one each string of PV module array to check if the number of modules in series is correct or not. If the measured voltage is out of the acceptance criteria, the modules in series might be incorrectly connected.
36

2DC Open-circuit voltage of cables between photovoltaic modules
Test conditions Tests shall be conducted during daytime hours on a sunny day. Solar radiation shall be 0.1kW/m2 or higher. Acceptance criteria Measure the open-circuit voltage of one each string of module array to confirm that it meets the following criteria.
Measurement at junction box Module train No. Junction box-1 Junction box-1 PV1-1 PV1-2 PV1-3 PV1-4 PV1-5 O.K O.K O.K O.K O.K 744.0V 740.0V 737.0V 735.0V 734.0V Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Polarity +- Acceptance criteria Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 698V853V
37

3 Earth resistance measurement Test procedure Measure the earth resistance. Acceptance criteria Earth resistance of 100 or less is acceptable.
Ground resistance Item

Interconnection point
Measured value 1.6
Result
Acceptable
38
6.1 Some tips for system design (1) 6.1

Surrounding environment and anticipated damage
Falling leaf Stone throwing
Falling nuts
Sand breeze Sand scratch (like frosted grass) Sea breeze Contamination Electrically grounding Animal bait
39
6.1 Some tips for system design (2) 6.1

Surrounding environment and anticipated damage
Rain Lightning Lightning rod Strong enough for stormy wind
Heat up
Enough ventilation for cooling
Trench for heavy rain

40
6.2 Maintenance Plan for Photovoltaic 6.2 Power Generation System (1)
Monthly Inspection
Item
Content of Check Surface dirt & damage Damage of wire/cable Wires connection and damage Damage, rust & erosion Damage of wire/cable Earthing Conductors connection and damage Damage, erosion & rust Damage of wire/cable Earthing Conductors connection and damage
PV module
Support Structure for PV module
Junction Box Junction Panel
41
Monthly Inspection Item Content of Check Damage, corrosion & rust Damage of external wire/cable Earthing Conductors connection and damage Equipments allophone and nasty smell Ambient temperature and humidity LCD indication Damage, corrosion & rust Damage of external wire/cable Earthing Conductors connection and damage Equipments allophone and nasty smell Ambient temperature and humidity Check of Power Conditioners The numerical value that LCD of each Power Conditioner shows being about the same. Check of Monitoring System The power generation change according to Irradiance.
Power Conditioner unit
Instrument System
Display system
42
Regular Inspection Item Content of Check Surface dirt & damage Damage of wire/cable Wires connection and damage Measuring Check
PV module
Damage, corrosion & rust Support Structure Damage of wire/cable for PV module Grounding wires connection and damage Damage, corrosion & rust Damage of wire/cable Grounding wires connection and damage
Insulation resistance Each circuit to PV in JB Each circuit to JB in JP VOC (Volt of Circuit) Each circuit to PV in JB Each circuit to JB in JP
Junction Box Junction Panel
43
6.2 Maintenance Plan for Photovoltaic 6.2 Power Generation System (4) Regular Inspection
Item Content of Check Damage, corrosion & rust Damage of external wire/cable Grounding wires connection and damage Equipments allophone and nasty smell Ambient temperature and humidity LCD indication Damage, corrosion & rust Damage of external wire/cable Grounding wires connection and damage Equipments allophone and nasty smell Ambient temperature and humidity Check of PCS The numerical value that LCD of each PCS shows being about the same. Check of Monitoring System The power generation change according to Irradiance. Measuring Check Insulation resistance Each circuit to JP in Inv. VOC Each circuit to JP in Inv.
Power Conditioner unit
Instrument System
Display System
44
7.1 Economical Effects

Self-sufficiency of electricity supply and selling electricity - 100 kW Watt-hour system used Watt-hour value: approximately 95,000 to 115,000 kWh/yr Electric Power price: approximately 1,140,000 to 1,380,000 yen/yr
(Calculation is based on 12 yen/kWh.)
Conditions for example calculations

1. Conditions
System capacity Annual expected power generation Installation expenses General management ratio Annual maintenance expenses 100 kW 115,000 kWh/yr 70,000 thousand yen 10 % 90 thousand yen
* Total capacity of PV array * Calculated based on simulation. * Purchase expenses are included.
* Large-scale repairs expenses are excluded.
45
7.2 Example Preliminary Calculations of Economical Effects

2. Preliminary calculations of investment effects
70,000 thousand yen (1) Installation expenses (2) General management expenses 7,000 thousand yen (3) Total investment amount 77,000 thousand yen (1) 10% (1) + (2)
(1) Preliminary calculation of power generation watt-hour as energy cost saving

(4) Energy cost saving effect (5) Maintenance expenses (6) Effect Expected payback period thousand yen/yr thousand yen/yr thousand 1,290 yen/yr 59.7 yr 1,380 90 * Calculation is based on electric power unit price of 12 yen/kWh.
(4) - (5) (3) (6)
(2) Preliminary calculation for a reduction in demand e8 / PPA DSM Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA Grid Workshop
(7) Monthly basic price for business use Electric power capacity under (8) contract of an expected reduction in demand Energy saving effect (reduction (9) in demand) 1,690 Yen/ kW/month 20 kW thousand yen/yr thousand yen/yr 45.4 yr 406 (7) (8) 12 months (6) + (9) (3) (10) Expected amount * 20% of the installation capacity of 100 kW is expected.
(10) Introduction effects Expected payback period
1,696
(3) Preliminary calculation including environmental value

(11) CO2 reduction (12) Effect of CO2 reduction (13) Total effect Expected payback period 63.8 tC/yr thousand 191.4 yen/yr thousand 1,887.4 yen/yr 40.8 Yr Calculation is based on CO2 reduction unit price of 115000 0.000555 tC/kWh. 0.000555 Calculation is based on CO2 trading rate of 3 thousand (11) 3 yen/t. (6)+(9)+(12) (3) (13)
46
PV Hybrid system (Various type of power source)
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Genset
Principle Diesel generator Continuous combustion -> Combustion gas -> Reciprocating motion -> Rotational motion by crankshaft Gas engine Feature High heat efficiency (35-45%) Low cost Rapid start-up Automatic start/stop Disadvantage Vibration Noise Emission (NOx)
Cleaner emission than DG Smaller than DG Available dual fuel system
Vibration Noise
Gas turbine
Continuous combustion -> Heat energy of combustion gas -> Rotational motion by turbine
Compact and light weight No cooling water Good for rapid load change Good starting performance Possible no load operation Small vibration
Slow start-up than DG Large fuel consumption Large air intake and emission
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Genset
Fuel consumption vs output of diesel generator High fuel consumption ratio under 50% output
112 Fuel consumption ratio (%) 160 100 140 76 120 56 100 39 Fuel consumption (%)
80 25 50 75 100 110 Output (%)
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro Micro-
Features
Environmental friendliness Clean energy contributing global warming Short construction time and easy maintenance Regional vitalization Reduction of running cost at existing water facility More reliable energy source than PV or Wind
Source: NEDO
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro Micro Utilize water flow and head (potential energy) Generated power = gravitational-const. x flow x head How to utilize water Run-off Reservoir (for seasonal operation) Pondage (for daily operation) Pumped storage How to get head Channel type Dam type Dam and channel type Special type for Mini-hydro Direct installation at gate/weir Alternative to pressure regulator
Source: NEDO
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro MicroType Horizontal Francis turbine Feature Wide range in head and flow Installed widely from small to large scale Controlled flow by guide-vane, but expensive Flow control Yes
Horizontal propeller water turbine
Good for small head No flow controller For seasonal change of water flow, multiple units installation is made.
No
Reverse pump turbine
Generation by reverse rotation of conventional pump Low cost, low efficiency
No
Source: NEDO
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro MicroType All-in-one submerged turbine with generator Feature Generation by reverse rotation of submerged pump with generator Low cost, low efficiency Need Access to machine by taking out from water For middle/small scale With guide vane Low efficiency degradation at small flow Simple structure, easy maintenance Good for large head Installed widely from small to large scale Low cost, low efficiency Flow control by needle Expensive Flow control No
Cross-flow water turbine
Yes
Pelton turbine
Yes
Source: NEDO
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro MicroType Turgoimpulse turbine Feature For medium/small scale Flow control by moving needle inside nozzle Low efficiency degradation at small flow Simple structure, easy maintenance What we call waterwheel Not for generation because of low head and small flow, but good for monument Simple structure, easy maintenance Flow control Yes
Overshot/ undershot water wheel
No
Source: NEDO
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro Micro Possible application
Target flow River Channel Target site Characteristics Flow Mountain stream Mountain runoff Sand prevention dam Torrent Large fluctuation Possible heavy flood Head/Pressure Easily obtainable head by steep slope Others Suffering driftwood Risk of banking sand, landslide or water disaster Maintenance of river system Near to demand area Limitation of usage by flood/drought Necessity of dust removal Maintenance of river system Environmental friendliness
Hilly area, highland, Slope section of flat land or water intake facility
Fluctuation Possible of flood/drought Flow-down of garbage Possible water pollution
Hard to obtain large head except for heavy slope
Target flow Target site Characteristics Flow Agricultural water Main line Channel Water pipe line Large difference in flow between irrigation season and non-irrigation season Difference in flow between irrigation season and nonirrigation season Fluctuation of intake by agricultural field Flow-down of garbage Head/Pressure Hard to obtain large head by low-gradient Others Depends on height of end-point
Sub line e8 / PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop e8/PPA DSM Workshop
Necessity of dust removal Maintenance of river system Environmental friendliness Easily obtainable head, but maybe small head Modification or improvement of existing facility
Control point of flow, pressure and inclination
10
Target flow Target site Characteristics Flow Industrial and daily life water Industrial effluent and sewage In-house supply and drain water system Water transmission line Discharge channel Relatively constant flow Head/Pressure Easily obtainable head by remote demand area from source Depends on tail water level Others Possible water pipe
Easily obtainable of constant flow
Water quality Emergency stop by facility trouble Necessity of consideration about harmlessness against primary water use
Supply and drain water channel
Stable Various flow quantity depends on production process
Utilization of regulated and surplus water pressure Easily obtainable head or pressure
11
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro Micro Example of direct installation
Gate Generator
Example of installation at sand prevention dam

Sand prevention dam Water channel Generator house
Water intake
12
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Micro-hydro Micro Egasaki control room, Water works dept of Kawasaki city Water source: Piping for city water Purification Utilization of head at water piping plant Head Max available head: 36.09m Water flow Horizontal propeller hydraulic turbine (2 sets) 3/s Water flow: 0.6m Output: 170kW(max), 90kW(normal) Existing pressure regulator Expected energy generated: 540,000kWh/year
Generator
Distribution reservoir
Source: Kawasaki city
13
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Biomass energy
Features Stock-able fuel Clean energy Carbon neutral Low NOX and SOX emission Carbon dioxide absorption via tree planting Renewable energy to realize recycling society Contribution to job creation and/or industry revitalization Vitalization of agricultural community
Source: NEDO
14
Biomass resources
Unutilized resource Woody material Remaining materials at forest land, thinned wood, unused tree Remaining material of lumbering, scrap wood from construction, others Paper Agricultural residue Night soil, dung and sludge Leftover food Used paper, sludge from paper production, black liquor Rice straw, rice husk, straw, bagasse, others Cow dung, pig dung, chicken dung, others Sewage sludge, sludge from night soil purification Waste from food processing wholesale market and food retailing Kitchen waste from home and restaurant Waste cooking oil Others Productive resource Woody material Herbal material Others Landfill gas, waste fiber Short cycle cultivated lumber Grass, waterweed, see grass Sugar, starch, palm oil, rape oil
15
Biomass processing
Thermo chemical conversion Direct combustion gasification Molten gasification Partial oxidation gasification Cold fluidized bed gasification Supercritical water gasification Liquidization Fast pylolysis Slurry fuel Carbonization Esterification Biochemical conversion Methane fermentation Wet process Dry process Two-stage fermentation Ethanol fermentation
16
Direct combustion system for woody material
Silo
Lumber mill
Scrap wood
Power to factory load Power to other load Turbine/ generator Boiler
Source: NEDO
17
Gasification generation system for woody material
Hawking unit Gasification unit Slide gate Electric cylinder Belt conveyer Gasifyer Engine generator Electric valve Heat recovery unit
Rostle oscillating unit
Electric cylinder
Electric valve
Waste gas combustion unit Bypass Control panel Auxiliary panel Source: NEDO Automatic igniter Propane gas bottle
On/Off signal
18
Typical example of furnace
Rotary kiln
Source: NEDO
Stoker furnace
19
Yagi bio ecology center
Fermenter, gas holder
Generator
Source: NEDO
20
Digestive gas
Frementer
Cow dung, pig dung, straw, sawdust
Digestion Digestion tank bath
Liquid fertilizer
Bean curd refuse Gas holder

Surplus gas combustion
Hydro extractor
Dehydrated cake
Receiving tank
Raw water tank Compost Gas holder Desulfer ization Digestive gas Digestive juice
Frementer Digestion tank
Hot water boiler (backup)
Hot water
Waste water treatment (Existing)
Generator Power
Waste water treatment
Effluent to river Reuse Source: NEDO
21
Off Grid: PV hybrid systems within mini-grid: miniOther power source: Wind power
Features
Clean energy No carbon dioxide emission Domestic energy resource Renewable energy Most economical among new energy resources Stable generation cost Awareness for energy and global warming issue Contribution to local region
Source: NEDO
22
Up wind Propeller Down wind Horizontal axis Sail wing Lift type Holland type Multi-bladed Windmill Darrieus Lift type
Holland type Multi-bladed Vertical axis Propeller Sail wing Horizontal axis
Straight wing Vertical axis Sabonius type Puddle Drag type Cross-flow S-shaped rotor
Cross-flow S-shaped rotor Sabonius type Puddle Darrieus Straight wing
Source: NEDO
23
Type Horizontal axis Feature Simple structure High efficiency Easy to scale-up Good for generation Need yaw control for up-wind type Heavy load exists in nacelle. Not depend on wind direction Heavy load exists on ground. Easy manufacturing of blade compared to propeller Hard to control rotation speed Need large torque in start-up Lower efficiency rather than horizontal axis type Large footprint Lift type Drag type Good for generation by higher peripheral velocity than wind speed Less blades has higher peripheral velocity Many application in small scale Large torque Peripheral velocity is less than wind speed Good for pump-up and grinding flour Lower efficiency than lift type
Source: NEDO
Vertical axis
24
Blade
Anemovane Nacelle
Hub Generator Drive train axis Rotor axis Brake system Speed-up gear Yaw drive unit Distribution line Tower Power conversion system Controller Foundation Power pole Display board Protection system Transf ormer Communication line Monitoring system Console Report
Source: NEDO
25
3 phase AC (power freq.)
Speed-up gear Rotor (fixed speed)
Induction generator
(a) AC link (Induction generator)
3 phase AC (control freq.) Converter
Inverter
Speed-up gear Rotor (variable speed)
Induction generator
(b) DC link (Induction generator) 3 phase AC (control freq.) DC 3 phase AC (power freq.)
Synchronous Converter generator Rotor (variable speed)
Inverter Source: NEDO
(c) DC link (Synchronous generator)
26

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Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop

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e8-159

e8/PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop

e8/PPA Grid Connected Solar PV Workshop Program

<1. Overview of Grid Connected Solar, Solar Panels>

Interaction with the grid. Stability, penetration, islanding, net-metering

10:00 (Mon) 10:15 10:30 12:00 13:00 15:00 15:30 08:00

<2. Inverters and BOS for Grid Connected Solar>

Review of Previous Day

Matching string characteristics to the Inverter Morning Tea

Review of Previous Day

Mini grid (PV hybrid systems within minig-grid)

(Wed) <Technical requirements for grid connection > Lunch Time

Technical requirements for grid interconncetion

<Technical requirements for grid connection (continuation) >

Review of Previous Day

Technical requirements for grid interconncetion (continuation)

<Construction & Maintenance, etc >

<5. Review and Closing ceremony>

Course review and evaluation Closing Ceremony & Provision of Certification

Morning tea Farewell Lunch

Tel.: +1 (514) 392-8908 Fax: +1 (514) 392-8900 e-mail: calzado.luis@hydro.qc.ca

LANGUAGES English Spanish French Italian Fluent Fluent Fluent Conversational

Tel.: +81-(6)-6441-8821 Fax: +81-(6)-6441-4277 e-mail: fuyuki.takaya@d3.kepco.co.jp

-Oct. 2010 Apr. 2004

substation maintenance engineer, substation designer, power system

LANGUAGES Japanese Mother tongue

Very good (speaking, reading, writing)

Taiichi Kaizuka Project Manager

Tel.: +81-(6)-6441-8821 Fax: +81-(6)-6441-4277 e-mail: kaizuka.taiichi@e4.kepco.co.jp

KANSAI Electrical Engineer Planning of power system, Design of 77kV substations

The institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ)

Tel.: +81-(6)-6441-8821 Fax: +81-(6)-6441-4277 e-mail: kanno.tomohiro@b4.kepco.co.jp

- Assistant of e8 ESED project Apr.2007

- Accounting Management of Paris Office

KANSAI) The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc (KANSAI)

- Kyoto Branch Office business strategic planner

EDUCATION 2003-2007 WASWDA University (Tokyo, Japan)

Department of Politics and Economics

Tel.: +662-733-7061 Fax: +662-733-7061 e-mail:herbwade@compuserve.com

1994 1985 1983

Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

HQ AEP Duke Energy

RusHydro TEPCO KANSAI

The e8 Fields of Expertise

The e8: Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

Power Plant Efficiency

Environmental Impact Assessment Rural Electrification

Clean Coal Technology

Demand Side Management

e8 Projects and Activities Worldwide

Tajikistan Georgia Bulgaria

Mexico Nicaragua Ecuador Bolivia Paraguay

Mongolia China Laos Philippines

Thailand Indonesia Bangladesh

Capacity Building Completed

The e8: Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

e8 Human Capacity Building Activities

Education for Sustainable Energy Development - ESED

Galapagos Wind Project

The e8: Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

The e8: Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

The e8: Implementing Sustainable Energy Development Worldwide

Tuvalu Solar Power Project