TRNG I HC LT KHOA LCH S

BUI VAN HUNG INH TIN HIU

CNG BI GING MN HC

LCH S VN MINH TH GII

LT - 2009
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TRNG AI HOC A LAT NGHA VIET NAM KHOA LCH S phuc

CONG HOA XA HOI CHU oc lap - T do Hanh .................

CHNG TRNH TRNH O AI HOC Nganh: Luat hoc CHNG TRNH CHI TIET HOC PHAN 1. Ten hoc phan: LCH S VAN MINH THE GII 2. Ma so hoc phan: LS1112 3. Ten hoc phan bang Tieng Anh: CIVILIZATION OF HISTORY 4. So tn ch: 3 Hoc phan bat buoc. 5. Trnh o: cho sinh vien nam th nhat. 6. Phan bo thi gian: len lp ly thuyet 70%, t vhoc va lam bai tap 30%. 7. ieu kien tien quyet: Khong 8. Muc tieu hoc phan: cung cap cho sinh vien nhng kien thc c ban nhat ve thanh tu van minh cua nhan loai, hnh thanh quan iem nhan thc, phng phap luan khoa hoc. 9. Mo ta van tat hoc phan: Hoc phan e cap en cac noi dung chnh: khai niem van hoa, van minh, van hien; noi dung va ket cau cua mon hoc; nhng thanh tu chnh cua van minh phng ong va phng Tay co trung ai, cua van minh the gii thi ky can hien ai. 10. Nhiem vu cua sinh vien: chuan b tai lieu hoc tap, len lp ay u, nghe giang, thao luan, hoc bai va tra bai. 11. Tai lieu tham khao:
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- Vu Dng Ninh (chu bien), Lch s Van minh the gii, NXB Giao duc, Ha Noi, 2008. - Nguyen Gia Phu, Bui Van Hung, Lch s Van minh the gii A, giao trnh ai hoc a Lat, 1994. - Bui Van Hung, Nguyen Cong Chat, Lch s Van minh the gii (Giao trnh tom tat), ai hoc a Lat, 2004. - Bui Van Hung, Lch s Van minh the gii (Bai giang tom tat), ai hoc a Lat, 2008. - Lng Ninh (chu bien), Lch s van hoa the gii co trung ai, NXB Giao duc, Ha Noi, 1999. - Lng Duy Th (chu bien), ai cng van hoa phng ong, NXB Giao duc, Ha Noi, 1996. - Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt, David Herlihy, Theodore K. Rabb, Isser Woloch, Raymond Grew, Lch s van minh phng Tay, NXB Van hoa thong tin, Ha Noi, 2004. - S. Stavrianos, Lch s van minh the gii, NXB Lao ong, Ha Noi, 2006. - X. Carpusina & V. Carpusin, Lch s van hoa the gii, NXB The gii, Ha Noi, 2002. - Almanach Nhng nen van minh the gii, NXB Van hoa thong tin, Ha Noi, 1998. - Van minh phng Tay, NXB Van hoa thong tin, Ha Noi, 1994. - D.G. E. Hall, Lch s ong Nam A, NXB Chnh tr quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1997. - F. Eomain, Parnikar, Ware, Van minh nhan loai the ky XX, NXB Chnh tr quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2000. 12. Tieu chuan anh gia sinh vien - D lp: toi thieu 80% - Thao luan: 20% - Thi cuoi ky: iem toan phan
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13. Thang iem: 10/10.

BAI M AU 0.1. Muc ch, yeu cau cua mon hoc 0.1.1. Theo yeu cau oi mi chng trnh ao tao, t nam 1994, Bo Giao duc va ao tao a trien khai giang day mon hoc Lch s van minh the gii trong chng trnh ao tao ai cng tat ca cac trng ai hoc trong ca nc. Hien nay, mon hoc nay van nam trong khoi kien thc c s bat buoc cua cac nganh khoa hoc thuoc khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van nc ta. Tai Trng ai hoc a Lat, mon hoc cung c a vao giang day nh chng trnh chung cua Bo Giao duc va ao tao. en nay, mon hoc van la bat buoc vi sinh vien cac chuyen nganh Lch s, Luat hoc, Du Lch, Xa hoi hoc & Cong tac xa hoi, Quoc te hoc va t chon vi hai nganh Viet Nam hoc va Quan tr kinh doanh. 0.1.2. Mon hoc cung cap mot cach ai cng nhng kien thc c ban ve tien trnh lch s cua cac nen van minh the gii e thay ro s hnh thanh va phat trien, chuyen oi t nen van minh nay sang nen van minh khac cho en nen van minh ngay nay; cung cap ve mat tri thc e sinh vien nganh khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van co mot nen kien thc rong rai e co the i vao chuyen nganh cua mnh mot cach thuan li. - Khi la mot mon hoc bat buoc oi vi sinh vien cac nganh Lch s, Luat hoc, Du lch th mon hoc la mot ieu kien tien quyet, cung cap phng phap luan, nhng kien thc ai cng nhat ve van minh nhan loai. oi vi cac nganh khoa hoc khac, mon hoc cung cap cho sinh vien mot mat bang kien thc lam nen tang e nhan biet nhng thanh tu c ban cua nganh hoc. 0.1.3. T nhng thanh tu ma nhan loai a at c, sinh vien co y thc ton trong va ke tha thanh tu ma loai ngi a e lai dan en s hoan thien phong cach ng x cua sinh vien la ng x cua ngi co trnh o van hoa cao, nen can co y thc xay dng quan iem ve chan, thien, my e t o toa ra cac the he sau. 0.1.4. Nghien cu ve Lch s van minh nhan loai cung la ieu kien e lien he qua trnh phat trien cua van minh dan toc ta nham so sanh va tm ra nhng van e can ke tha, tiep nhan nhng ieu hay cua van minh nhan loai va thay c dan toc ta cung gop phan mot cach xng ang vao s phat trien chung ay lam niem t hao dan toc, ong thi xem xet qua trnh hoi nhap the gii cua Viet Nam (nhan, cho).
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Tom lai: Viec trien khai mon hoc Lch s van minh the gii trong chng trnh ao tao cua cac trng ai hoc trong ca nc a gop phan ao tao ra nhng sinh vien (oi ngu tr thc cua at nc) co tam hieu biet ve van minh nhan loai e xay dng mot nen van minh nc ta theo kp tien o phat trien chung cua the gii. 0.2. Noi dung c ban cua mon hoc 0.2.1. Khai niem van minh van hoa: - Van minh la trang thai tien bo ve ca hai mat vat chat va tinh than cua xa hoi loai ngi, tc la trang thai phat trien cao cua nen van hoa. Trai vi van minh la da man (theo PGS. Nguyen Gia Phu). - Van hoa la tong the nhng gia tr vat chat va tinh than do con ngi sang tao ra trong qua trnh lch s. Tieng Anh: van hoa la Culture = way of life (loi song) ~ Civilization (van minh). Nhan xet: ay khong phai la hai khai niem oi lap nhau nhng cung khong hoan toan trung khp. Co the bieu dien hai khai niem tren bang mot s o: van minh van hoa Nha nc va ch viet xuat hien

Cong xa nguyen thuy Lu Hng, Taylor Van hoa la khai niem con rong ln va bao trum len suot chieu dai cua lch s loai ngi. Tc la khi nao co con ngi th khi o co van hoa. Con ngi tac ong vao the gii t nhien e tao ra cua cai vat chat nham duy tr s ton tai va phat trien cua giong noi. Qua trnh o ngay cang c nang len trnh o, quy mo va chat lng cuoc song. T y ngha o, nhieu hoc gia tren the gii a th neu khai niem ve van hoa. Tuy nhien, di goc o khoa hoc cua moi nganh th khai niem van hoa lai co mot y ngha rieng (hieu theo khai niem nganh khoa hoc o). en nay a co ti hn 500 nh ngha ve van hoa va To chc Van hoa, Khoa hoc va Giao duc Lien Hp quoc (UNESCO) a phai e ngh cac nha khoa hoc ngng viec neu khai niem van hoa e giam thieu s phc tap.
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Khai niem van minh cung la khai niem rong ln nh khai niem van hoa tc la no bao trum, bao ham nhng thanh tu ve vat chat va tinh than do con ngi sang tao ra bi qua trnh ton tai va phat trien e thch nghi vi nhng ieu kien thien nhien, ong thi e tham gia qua trnh oan ket, au tranh xa hoi. + Con ngi au tranh vi thien nhien co ngha la tan dung nhng ieu kien thuan li va han che tac hai cua thien nhien (thch nghi c) ch khong the chinh phuc thien nhien. Tng t nh the, con ngi a co cach ng x vi xa hoi e trnh o ngay mot nang len. Cu the: nghien cu ve lch s van minh la nghien cu ve nhng phat minh, nhng sang tao cua con ngi trong qua trnh song, lao ong va san xuat: cong cu, ky thuat, phng thc to chc lao ong (lien he gia con ngi vi con ngi trong qua trnh san xuat) + S xuat hien cua nhng tang lp xa hoi, cac giai cap, cau truc cua cac cong ong en cac the che (trong o co luat phap la nhng the che ma o ngi ta nh ra nhng quy tac c ban ma moi ngi trong cong ong eu phai tuan theo) dan en xuat hien cac hnh thai y thc (tn ngng, ton giao). Cac van e ve ly thuyet xa hoi: triet hoc, t tng kinh te, khoa hoc t nhien, van hoc nghe thuat Nhng mon hoc nay ch cung cap mot bc tranh toan canh ma khong chi tiet. 0.2.2. Ket cau mon hoc: la mot mon hoc rat dai, rong va do o het sc kho khan cho sinh vien, nen mon hoc co the chia lam hai phan. - Co trung ai: la lch s van minh moi khu vc, moi quoc gia rieng biet, tuy co nhng moi lien he song cha that ro ret. Mot so nen van minh tieu bieu nh: Ai Cap, Lng Ha, An o, Trung Quoc, Arap, Hy Lap, La Ma. Van minh nhan loai thi ky co trung ai la nen van minh nong nghiep, nen van minh cua cac con song hoac ven a Trung Hai (cac nen van minh eu xuat hien lu vc cac con song lay nong nghiep lam nen tang). - Can hien ai: bat au t cac Phat kien a ly, tao ra moi lien he gia cac chau luc, tren c s duy tr tnh rieng re nhng bat buoc phai tac ong qua lai lan nhau (xu hng chung) dan en van minh cong nghiep va hau cong nghiep (yeu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hoi).

Bai 1. VAN MINH BAC PHI VA TAY A 1.1. Van minh Ai Cap Co ai 1.1.1. Tong quan ve Ai Cap co ai - a ly: + Ai Cap co ai nam khu vc ong Bac chau Phi, Bac la a Trung Hai, ong la Bien o, Tay la Sa mac Sahara, Nam la Nubi hiem tr, ong Bac la Kenh ao Xuye (noi a Trung Hai vi Bien o thong ra An o Dng e qua lai Tay A) + a hnh Ai Cap c chi phoi bi song Nil. Ai Cap nam doc theo khu vc ha lu song Nil. Song Nil chia Ai Cap lam hai phan la Thng va Ha Ai Cap. Ai Cap ngay nay chu yeu nam vung Ha Ai Cap. Song Nil khi nguon t xch ao va chay theo hng Nam Bac tren chieu dai khoang 6700km. Song Nil chia lam nhieu nhanh khi o ra bien a tao ra mot ong bang rong ln hnh tam giac chau co chieu ngang ln nhat 50km (a Trung Hai). T thang 6 en thang 11, nc song Nil dang cao boi ap mot lng phu sa ln, mau m cho ong bang Ha Ai Cap. ay chnh la yeu to quan trong tao nen mot nen kinh te phat trien lam xuat hien mot xa hoi van minh sm vao loai bac nhat trong lch s loai ngi. Heroot (Herodotte), nha s hoc Hy Lap co ai a nhan xet: Ai Cap la tang pham cua song Nil. Thng Ai Cap phan ln la rng nui hiem tr ma ngay nay thuoc chau Phi Xch ao. + Kh hau: tng oi on hoa va mat me. + Tai nguyen khoang san Ai Cap co ai kha phong phu ve chung loai va giau ve tr lng. Nhieu loai a qu: voi, hoa cng, bazan, ma nao Ve kim loai: ong, vang co tr lng ln rieng sat th hau nh khong co. - Dan c: dan c Ai Cap ngay nay chu yeu la ngi Arap. Trong thi ky co ai, phan ln dan c Ai Cap la ngi da en t chau Phi va ngi Xemt t chau A en. 1.1.2. Nhng thanh tu chnh cua van minh Ai Cap co ai 1.1.2.1. Cac thi ky lch s Theo cach chia cua Manetong (Maneton) Nha s hoc Ai Cap co ai, tac gia sach: Lch s Ai Cap song vao the ky III TCN th lch s Ai Cap co the chia lam 5 thi ky: Tao vng quoc: (khoang 3200 3000 TCN)
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Na sau thien nien ky IV TCN, do s phat trien cua lc lng san xuat va s phan hoa giau ngheo, cac cong xa nong thon a lien hiep lai thanh nhng nha nc nho (goi la Chau). Chau lien hiep lai thanh cac nha nc s ky nam rai rac Thng va Ha Ai Cap. Qua mot qua trnh au tranh, Ai Cap c thong nhat vao khoang nam 3200 TCN, m au lch s van minh Ai Cap. Thi ky nay c goi la Tao vng quoc gom vng trieu I, II. Nha nc Ai Cap thi ky nay la Nha nc quan chu chuyen che. Moi quyen hanh tap trung trong tay nha vua (c goi la Pharaong). Di vua la mot bo may quan lai tap trung trong trieu nh, cac a phng van duy tr vai tro va quyen lc cua quy toc th toc. n v hanh chnh thap nhat la cong xa nong thon, lay quan he lang gieng lam chu ao. Cong cu san xuat a rat tien bo: ong o la chat lieu chnh e che tac cong cu san xuat, dung cay va suc vat e keo cay. Co vng quoc: (3000 2200 TCN) Lch s Ai Cap thi ky nay gom 8 Vng trieu (III X). Chnh quyen trung ng tap quyen ngay cang c cung co, cac Pharaong a xay dng nhieu kim t thap o so. T Vng trieu V, the lc cua chnh quyen trung ng b suy giam nghiem trong va en Vng trieu VIII, Ai Cap bat au b phan ra. Kinh te tiep tuc phat trien tao ra nguon cua cai vat chat doi dao Trung vng quoc: (2200 1570 TCN ) Lch s Ai Cap thi ky nay gom 7 Vng trieu (XI XVII). Thi ky au t Vng trieu XI XII kha on nh. Nam 1750 TCN, khi ngha no le va dan ngheo bung no lam sup o vng trieu cua Pharaong. en nam 1710 TCN, mien Ha Ai Cap b ngi Hch Xot vung Palextin chinh phuc va thong tr 140 nam gom ca mien Nam Ai Cap. Kinh te van tiep tuc phat trien vi cong cu bang ong thau xuat hien. Tan vng quoc: (1570 1100 TCN ) Lch s Ai Cap thi ky nay gom 3 Vng trieu (XVIII XX). Sau 140 nam b no dch va thong tr, nam 1570 TCN, ngi Ai Cap a noi day khi ngha anh uoi ngi Hch Xot, khoi phuc quyen lc cua cac Pharaong. Ngay t au, vng trieu XVIII a m cac cuoc chien tranh chinh phuc c Xiri, Fenixi, Palextin, Libi, Nubi. Do the lc ton giao A Mon (th than Mat
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Tri qua manh) nen Pharaon Ichnaton a tien hanh cai cach ton giao, oi th than Mat Tri A Ton. Nha nc trung ng tap quyen cung co va phat trien manh me. Kinh te tiep tuc phat trien vi cong cu san xuat bang ong thau c s dung rong rai, o sat xuat hien. Thi ky Ai Cap b ngoai toc thong tr (XII I TCN ) T the ky X, Ai Cap b chia cat va b ngoai toc thong tr. Nam 525 TCN, Ai Cap b Ba T (Tay A) xam lc va thong tr. Nam 332 TCN, Ai Cap b e quoc Makeonia thon tnh, sau o thuoc s cai quan cua Vng trieu Ptoleme. T nam 30 TCN, Ai Cap la mot tnh cua e quoc La Ma. 1.1.2.2. Ch viet - Xuat hien rat sm cung vi s ra i cua nha nc. Ch viet Ai Cap la ch tng hnh, tc la dung hnh ve s vat e bieu th ch viet. V du: muon viet ch bo th ngi Ai Cap ve hnh con bo. Tren nhng ban van t c tm thay, ngi ta a rat ngac nhien ve cac hnh ve cua ngi Ai Cap co ai. Phng phap mn y dung e bieu th cac ch viet khong co hnh thu trong thc tai. V du: muon viet ch khat, ngi Ai Cap co ai ve hnh con bo ben canh mot dong suoi. Muon viet ch chnh ngha th ho ve long a ieu (v long o bang nhau). Am tiet cung tren c s tng hnh. V du, ngi Ai Cap noi ar e ch con mat, do o hnh con mat con bieu th am tiet. Am tiet dan bien thanh ch cai. V du: hnh ve hon nui nho c oc la ca bieu th phu am k. Trong ch viet Ai Cap, ngi ta a phat hien ra co 24 ch cai. Ngi Hch Xot khi xam lc va thong tr Ai Cap (the ky XVIII XVI TCN) a tiep thu ch viet Ai Cap va ket hp vi ch viet Lng Ha e cai tien thanh van ch cai au tien tren the gii. Nguyen lieu e viet cua c dan Ai Cap pho bien la: a, go, gom, vai gai, da. Ngay nay, cac nha khoa hoc tren the gii a phat hien ra mot loai giay rat ac biet la papyrus (ten mot loai cay moc ben b song Nil). Ngi Ai Cap co ai a dung dao che ra thanh nhng manh mong, ghep lai phi kho e viet (co le t ten goi papyrus, ngi chau Au goi giay la papier, paper But viet bang cay say vot nhon, mc bang bo hong. Lch s phat hien. Ch viet Ai Cap a ton tai tren 3000 nam. Khi Nha nc Ai Cap co ai diet vong th ch viet Ai
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Cap co ai cung khong con c s dung na va dan i vao quen lang. The ky V, mot hoc gia Ai Cap la Gherapolong (Gerapollon) a th oc loai ch nay nhng khong thanh cong. Nam 1798, Napoleong (Napoleon) vien chinh Ai Cap. Tai mot a iem gan thanh pho Rodetta (Rossetta), lnh phap a ao c mot tam bia co khac hai th ch (tren la ch Ai Cap co, di la ch Hy Lap). Nam 1822, Sampoliong (Champollion) mot hoc gia ngi Phap 32 tuoi mi tm cach oc c ch nay. T o, mon Ai Cap hoc ra i m ra nhng thanh tu trong viec nghien cu ve Ai Cap co ai. 1.1.2.3. Van hoc Trai qua hn 3000 nam ton tai va phat trien, c dan Ai Cap co ai a sang tao nen mot nen van hoc rc r. Nen van hoc Ai Cap co ai phong phu ve the loai nh tuc ng, th ca tr tnh giau ve noi dung vi cac cau chuyen mang tnh chat ao ly, giao huan, trao phung, than thoai Trong so o co cac tac pham tieu bieu nh Truyen hai anh em Noi That va Noi Lao, Noi chuyen vi linh hon cua mnh, Li ke cua Ipuxe, Li ran day cua uaup, Song sot sau vu am thuyen - Truyen hai anh em Noi That va Noi Lao mang noi dung co tnh giao duc cao ve tnh trung thc, nhan qua. Cau chuyen ke ve mot gia nh co hai anh em. Ngi anh co ten la Noi Lao a ke cho ngi em la Noi That nghe mot cau chuyen hoang ng ve mot vat co the cha c ca tri at, cay co va muon loai. Ngi em khong tin nen hai anh em thach thc nhau. Ngi em von ban chat that tha, trung thc nen khong the nao chng minh c ieu mnh phan bac. Ngi anh thang cuoc a moc mat va bat ngi em lam ay t cho mnh. Khong cam chu, con trai cua Noi That quyet ch bao thu cho cha. Von tnh thong minh, cau ta a dat mot con bo en nha Noi Lao va neu nhng chuyen hoang ng ve ve con bo, khieu khch long tham cua Noi Lao. Noi Lao kien len cac than, cac than khong tin va nh lai chuyen ba at cua Noi Lao va trng phat Noi Lao, tra lai s cong bang cho Noi That. - Li ke cua Ipuxe noi ve nhng bien ong ln lao trong xa hoi Ai Cap vao nam 1750 TCN. Cau chuyen mo ta ve cuoc khi ngha cua no le va dan ngheo lat o vng trieu cua Pharaong. - Li ran day cua uaup mang tnh giao duc cao, the hien vai tro cua giao duc trong xa hoi Ai Cap, ong thi phan
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anh khoang cach gia cac giai tang trong xa hoi Ai Cap co ai. Cau chuyen ke ve nhng li ran day cua uaup khuyen con en kinh o nen cham ch hoc tap e sau nay lam quan. Ngoai ra, nhieu tac pham van hoc khac cua Ai Cap co ai cung c lu truyen hay phat hien. 1.1.2.4. Tn ngng Cung nh c dan phan ln cac quoc gia co ai khac, he tn ngng cua c dan Ai Cap cung het sc phong phu. o la he tn ngng a nguyen than giao, van vat hu linh. Ve the gii t nhien: khi thuy gom 3 loai Thien, a, Thuy than: Thien than (Nut) la n than, thng c the hien la an ba hay con bo cai, phu len mnh than la cac v tinh tu. a than (Ghep) la nam than, thng c the hien la an ong, phu len mnh than la cay coi. Thuy than (Odirix) la than song Nil, Am phu hoac Diem vng. Than bao tr cho nong nghiep, mang lai cho loai ngi ngu coc va thc pham. Gia cac v than nay la than Khong kh (Su) co tac dung ieu hoa gia cac than. Khi sang tao ra than Mat tri (Ra), ngi Ai Cap a than thanh hoa moi hien tng t nhien va lap thanh mot he thong. Ra(Amon, Aton) xng = bac , tht = vang, toc = ong Ca c v than khac

Nut Ghep Loai ngi Mat trang trang Tot (Thoth) au chim hong hac hoac au kh, than phu trach ve van t, ke toan va tr tue. Ve con ngi: Ngi Ai Cap co ai quan niem con ngi co hai phan la linh hon va the xac. Khi song linh hon va the xac hoa lam mot, khi chet i linh hon ri khoi the xac nhng van ton tai oc lap trong the gii. Nhng linh hon khong bat t ma se chet i khi the xac tan bien. T quan niem o, ngi Ai Cap co ai co tuc th ngi chet va p xac. Quan niem ve am phu cung nh tran gian. 1.1.2.5. Kien truc va ieu khac
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Nen nghe thuat kien truc va ieu khac cua Ai Cap a at en trnh o rat cao va b hiem. Tieu bieu la cung ien, en mieu, Kim t thap, tng. - Di long at Ai Cap, cac nha khao co hoc a phat hien ra hang tram cung ien, en mieu vi trnh o kien truc ngoai sc tng tng cua con ngi ngay nay. - Kim t thap la nhng ngoi mo cua cac Pharaong Ai Cap vao thi ky vng trieu III va IV (Co vng quoc). Toan bo cac Kim t thap Ai Cap eu nam vung sa mac Tay Nam Cairo ngay nay. Kim t thap c bat au xay dng t thi Pharaong Giede (Djeser), vua au tien cua Vng trieu III. Kim t thap cua ong co bac cao 60m, ay hnh ch nhat 120 x 106m, xung quanh co en th va mo cac thanh vien trong gia nh va nhng ngi than can, tao thanh khu lang mo c bao boc bang tng a voi. en Vng trieu IV, cac Pharaong cua Vng trieu nay a lan lt xay cho mnh cac Kim t thap: Xnephru (2 Kim t thap co chieu cao la 36,5m va 99m), Keop (Cheops, cao 146,5m), Kephren (Chephren, cao 137m), Mikerin (Mikerins, cao 66m) ieu ky dieu la tat ca thi hai Pharaong eu quay ve hng chnh Bac. Tieu bieu va o so nhat trong so cac Kim t thap Ai cap co ai la Kim t thap Keop (Khufu). Trai qua s bao mon cua thi gian hn 4500 nam, Kim t thap nay con cao 137,8m/146,5m, chieu dai ay con 227,5m/230m.

Bon mat cua Kim t thap nay theo 4 hng ong, Tay, Nam, Bac chnh xac gan nh tuyet oi. Nguyen lieu e xay dng Kim t thap la nhng tang a voi mai nhan, moi tang nang t 2,5 tan en 30 tan. Khoang 2,3 trieu tang, khoi tch hn 2,5 trieu m3, ngay nay con khoang 2,4 trieu m3. Mach ghep gia cac khoi a kht vi nhau ti mc 0,05mm, khong ho. mat Bac, cach mat at 13 met co mot ca dan en ham mo. Kim t thap nay co hai ham mo: 1/3 t mat at len co mot ham mo, ham mo th hai oi xng sau khoang 40 met. Theo Heroot, Keop a huy ong toan the nhan dan Ai Cap chia thanh tng oi, moi oi 100 ngan ngi thay phien nhau lao ong lien tuc c 3 thang mot lan. Qua trnh khai thac a t hu ngan song Nil en ta ngan song Nil nen phai dung thuyen, t ben a en long mo ngi ta phai
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xay mot con ng bang nhng tang a mai nhan dai 900 met rong 18 met co cho cao nhat en 15 met. Rieng viec lam ng a mat 10 nam. a c bo len xe trt, dung bo hoac ngi keo chuyen ve xay dng. Khong ke thi gian lam ng va ham mo di at, thi gian xay dng Kim t thap la 20 nam. S ky dieu va v ai cua Kim t thap c the hien bang cau noi cua c dan Ai Cap: Tat ca eu s thi gian, nhng thi gian s Kim t thap. - Tng Xphanh (nhan s) la mot trong nhng cong trnh ieu khac noi bat cua c dan Ai Cap co ai. Tng mnh s t au ngi hoac de at trc cong mieu, en. Tieu bieu nhat la tng Xphanh gan Kim t thap Kephren. Tng dai 55 met, cao 20 met. Ch rieng tai cua tng a cao 2 met, mat tng la mat vua Kephren the hien tr tue loai ngi va sc manh s t (c dan Ai Cap goi la v than khung khiep). Ngoai ra con co tng cac vua va hoang hau trong vng that, tren a, go hoac uc bang ong, ep nhat la tng ban than Hoang hau Nefectiti v Vua Ichnaton. 1.1.2.6. Khoa hoc t nhien - Thien van hoc: thanh tu chu yeu c the hien la hnh thien the tren tran en, mieu trong o co 12 cung hoang ao, kim, moc, thuy, hoa, tho. Bang si day roi, manh van co khe h, cac nha thien van hoc Ai Cap co ai thng ngoi tren cac nh cao nh noc en, mieu, c mot tieng ong ho lai ghi v tr cac ngoi sao len mot t giay ke o. Ngi Ai Cap co ai a phat minh ra dung cu o thi gian. Dung cu nay kha n gian la mot thanh go co mot au cong, muon biet may gi th xem bong mat tri cua mut cai au cong in tren go. Nhng ve em khong xem c nen ngi ta a phat minh ra ong ho nc la mot cai bnh a hnh chop nhon ro nc vao thi ky Vng trieu XVII. T khoang thien nien ky th IVTCN, ngi Ai Cap a phat minh ra lch. Lch Ai Cap co ai c xay dng da tren ket qua quan sat cac v tinh tu va quy luat nc song Nil. Theo quy luat, sao Lang (Srirus) bat au moc th nc song Nil dang. Khoang cach hai lan moc cua sao Lang la 365 ngay, bang mot nam. Mot nam c chia lam 12 thang, moi thang 30 ngay, 5 ngay con lai la Tet. Tet cua ngi Ai Cap co ai thng vao khoang thang 6 dng lch khi nc song Nil dang len va sao Lang bat au moc. Moi nam chia thanh 3
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mua (bon thang mot mua) la mua Nc dang, Ngu coc va Thu hoach. - Toan hoc: xuat phat t yeu cau o ac lai ruong ong do nc song Nil lam ngap, tnh toan vat lieu xay dng cac cong trnh kien truc nen t rat sm, ngi Ai Cap co ai a biet cac phep tnh toan hoc. Phep em en 10 khong co so 0 v ch Ai Cap co ai la ch tng hnh. Hnh n v la cai que, chuc la hnh oan day thng, tram la hnh vong day thng, ngan la hnh cay say, mi ngan la hnh ngon tay, mot tram ngan la hnh con nong noc, trieu la hnh ngi gi hai tay bieu th s kinh ngac. Mac du cha phat hien c cac phep tnh so hoc, ai so hoc, hnh hoc hay lng giac nhng thong qua cac cong trnh nghe thuat kien truc ky v, ngi ta co the gia nh rang, c dan Ai Cap co ai a phat minh ra nhng thanh tu ln ve toan hoc. Cac phep tnh ai so hoc xuat hien vao thi Trung vng quoc. Trong thi ky nay, e giai quyet cac van e nhat la phan chia lng thc, ngi Ai Cap co ai a sang tao ra an so x hnh 1 ong ngu coc va biet en cap so cong, cap so nhan, co khi ca phep khai can. Ve hnh hoc, ngi Ai Cap co ai a co phep tnh dien tch cac hnh tam giac, hnh cau, hnh tron Ho biet c so chnh xac = 3,1416, biet tnh the tch hnh thap, hnh hoc khong gian, lng giac Tat ca c ghi tren giay Papyrus co nhat vao khoang nam 1850TCN. Tai lieu nay co chieu rong 8cm, dai 644cm. - Y hoc: do tuc p xac ma c dan Ai Cap co ai a sm co hieu biet ve cau tao c the con ngi. T o, ho a biet phan tch nguyen nhan cua benh tat do s khong lu thong cua mach mau (bat mach), mo ta ve oc, quan he tim vi mach mau, cac loai benh, cach kham benh, kha nang cha tr e neu len 3 khai niem: + Can cha tr ngha la co the cha khoi hoan toan. + au tranh vi no ngha la co the cha khoi. + Khong cha ngha la khong the cha khoi. Sach thuoc Papyrus Medical xuat hien khoang 1500 en 1450TCN. Phng phap cha: ra ng ruot hoac cho non ma, phau thuat. Theo Heroot th y hoc Ai Cap co ai a c chia ra thanh nhieu chuyen mon khac nhau.
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Cac nganh khoa hoc khac cung rat phat trien nh: e khai khoang va luyen kim, ngi Ai Cap co ai can co nhng kien thc ve hoa hoc, vat ly, a chat 1.2. Van minh Lng Ha co ai 1.2.1. Khai quat ve Lng Ha co ai - a ly: + Lng Ha (Mesopotamie Hy Lap) nam tren lu vc hai con song ln la Tigre va Euphrate. a ban chnh cua Lng Ha nay la lanh tho Iraq va Syria. Bac la day Armenia (tiep giap Tho Nh Ky va Armenia ngay nay) va la khi nguon cua hai con song. Tay Bac la sa mac Syria, Tay Nam la Arap, ong la Ba T (nay la Iran), Nam la vnh Ba T (Pecxch Persikque), bon pha eu thong thoang. + Hai con song chuyen mot lng phu sa ln. Vao thang 5, tuyet tan lam cho nc cua hai con song dang cao lam ngap lut ca mot vung rong ln, tao ra mot vung ong bang lan bien dai ti hn 200km. Chnh v vay, hai dong nhap lam mot trc khi o ra vnh Pecxch. at ai ay ph nhieu, mau m. Kh hau nong am la ieu kien thuan li cho s sinh soi va phat trien cua cac loai ong thc vat. + Nguon tai nguyen khoang san: phong phu nhat la at set en va dau mo pha tay. at set la mot loai nguyen lieu pho bien trong xay dng, kien truc va la chat lieu e viet. a quy va kim loai rat hiem. - Dan c: ai bo phan dan c Lng Ha la dan nhap c. Co xa nhat la ngi Xu Me (Sumer) di c t Trung A en vao khoang thien nien ky IVTCN. Chnh ho la chu nhan cua nen van minh Lng Ha co ai. T khoang thien nien ky th IIITCN, ngi Acat (Akkad mot bo phan dan c thuoc toc ngi Semites) t Syria en chiem lnh mien Trung Lng Ha. Cuoi thien nien ky III TCN, ngi Amorit (Amorites) t phng Tay en Lng Ha thanh lap quoc gia co Babilone va nhieu toc ngi khac tran vao dan en thanh phan dan c Lng Ha tr nen rat phc tap. Ngay nay, c dan Lng Ha chu yeu la ngi Arap. 1.2.2. Nhng thanh tu chnh cua van minh Lng Ha 1.2.2.1. S lc ve lch s Lng Ha va Bo Luat Hammourabi Lch s Lng Ha la qua trnh au tranh thong nhat Lng Ha.
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- au thien nien ky III TCN, ngi Xume sau mot qua trnh nh c a xay dng nen cac thanh bang mien Nam Lng Ha nh Ua, Eriu, Lagat, Uruc, Umma ng au cac thanh bang la Patesi, tap trung moi quyen lc trong tay. Di Patesi la mot he thong can than trong coi moi lnh vc kinh te xa hoi. Te bao xa hoi la cong xa nong thon va la cho da cho s ton tai cua Nha nc. - Gia thien nien ky III TCN, Lagat thong nhat cac thanh bang. en nam 2300 TCN ngi Accat thong nhat Lng Ha. en au thien nien ky II TCN, quoc gia Co Babilon cua ngi Amorit mien Trung Lng Ha tai thong nhat Lng Ha. Chnh quyen t trung ng en a phng khong ngng c cung co, nhat la thi vua Hammourabi (1792 1750 TCN). - Sau khi Hammourabi chet, ngi Hitir t phng Bac tran xuong xam lc Lng Ha va en nam 739 TCN tr thanh mot bo phan cua At Syria. Nam 626 TCN, Lng Ha c khoi phuc vi ten goi mi la Tan Babilone. ay la thi ky phat trien rc r cua van minh Lng Ha nhng kha ngan ngui. Nam 538 TCN, Lng Ha b Ba T xam lc va la mot bo phan cua e quoc Ba T. Nam 328 TCN, Lng Ha phu thuoc e quoc Makeonia (Macedonia) va sau nay la La Ma. Lng Ha diet vong. - Nha nc Lng Ha c to chc theo che o quan chu chuyen che va ngay cang hoan thien. - Thi Hammourabi, Bo luat Hammourabi c bien soan va la bo luat co con tng oi nguyen ven so vi cac bo luat co tren the gii. Bo luat c khac tren mot tam a bazan cao 2,25 met, ng knh ay khoang 2 met. Mat trc pha tren phien a khac hnh than Mat Tri (Samat) ngoi tren ngai vang ang trao cho Hammourabi ng on Bo luat trong t the nghiem trang. Tam a nay c lnh Phap phat hien vao nam 1901 Elam va hien ang c lu gi tai Bao tang Louvre (Phap). Bo Luat co 282 ieu c chia lam 3 phan: m au, noi dung va ket luan gom nhng iem chnh sau ay: + Quy nh hnh phat ve cac toi vu cao, trom cp, gay thng tch hay lam chet ngi va nhng hanh vi gay roi loan trat t xa hoi. + Quy nh ve quyen li cua nhng ngi ong gop ngha vu quan s, tu binh hoac nhng ngi khong hoan thanh ngha vu quan s. + Quy nh ve thu san pham cua dan c nhat la ngi canh tac ruong at cong. + Quy nh ve vay mn.
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+ Quy nh ve buon ban. + Quy nh ve hon nhan, gia nh va tha ke tai san. + Va nhng ieu khoan ve cha benh, thue mn, phan anh cac hoat ong kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi cua vng quoc Co Babilon. Bo Luat khong nhng co gia tr cao ve phap ly ma con la nguon t lieu qui, la bo luat co nhat, hoan chnh nhat cua cac quoc gia Phng ong va Tay A. 1.2.2.2. Trnh o kinh te Kinh te Lng Ha phat trien kha sm tren c s cua mot ong bang ph nhieu. Nen tang cua kinh te la nong nghiep. Phng phap dung bo e keo cay, tham canh tang nang suat, trong cac loai cay lua m, ai mach, cay an qua (nho, oliu), rau xanh va phat trien thuy li (ap e, ao mng). Chan nuoi gi v tr quan trong, thu cong nghiep phat trien vi nghe det, da, ren, ong thuyen, che tao cong cu san xuat. Thng mai phat trien tren quan he giao lu vi cac nc xung quanh. Nhng nhn chung ch la e bo sung cho kinh te nong nghiep lam chu ao. Babilone tr thanh trung tam thng mai cho ca Tay A, tien te xuat hien nhng cha pho bien. Cong cu san xuat bang ong thau xuat hien t thi Co Babilon, li cay bang ong thau, cay co lap bo phan gieo hat, sat xuat hien song cha pho bien. 1.2.2.3. Ch viet Ch viet Lng Ha co ai do ngi Xume sang tao ra ngay t cuoi thien nien ky th IV (thi ky Thanh bang). Cung nh ngi Ai Cap co ai, ch viet cua c dan Lng Ha co ai la ch tng hnh. Tuy nhien, ngi Lng Ha co ai lai khong ngng cai tien ch viet t toan bo en bo phan tieu bieu cho n gian. V du muon viet ch tri th ch can ve mot ngoi sao, muon viet ch bo ch can ve hnh tam giac chuc xuong vi hai cai que cam cheo ben tren nh hnh cai au bo. Neu ch viet bieu y (khai niem + ong tac) th cung ch can ve cac hanh ong tieu bieu nh: ch kho ve con mat + nc, e (chim + trng), bo rng (bo + nui), ngi cay = cay + ngi, cay + go = cai cay. Am tiet: muon viet am xum th ve bo hanh, ban chan + NA = i, ban chan + BA = ng. Ch hai thanh bieu at nhieu t: gii t + pho t. Qua mot qua trnh n gian hoa, ch tng hnh giam xuong t 2000 ch en 600 ch.
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Chat lieu dung e viet la at set t, but viet la que vot nhon. Sau khi viet xong th phi kho. Chnh v chat lieu ac biet nay, Lng Ha xuat hien mot loai ch ma cac nha nghien cu goi la ch hnh nem. n gian la khi viet tren at set t bang que vot nhon th khi an vao co net to, khi viet xong mot ch rut ra th net nho = hnh nem = tiet hnh. Tong so ch tiet hnh (nem) co khoang 600 ch nhng thng dung 300 ch (moi ch nhieu ngha). Ve sau ngi Phenixi cai tien thanh ch cai gom 29 ch, mien Nam th da vao ch Ai Cap = ch cai gom 22 ch pho bien hn, la c s cho ch Hy Lap, Latinh. Hai ch cai au tien la Aleph (con bo) va Beth (cai nha) van ch cai Hy Lap goi la Alphabet. Lch s phat hien va giai ma: Niniv kinh o Syria a phat hien c 25.000 tam at set. T cuoi the ky XVIII, Cacxten Nibua hoc gia ngi an Mach a nghien cu cach oc ch tiet hnh tren mot ban minh van do mot thng nhan Y a t Ba T ve chau Au nhng khong thanh cong. Nam 1802 Grotephen (Grotefend ngi c) a oc c hai oan minh van bang cach tra cu ten cac hoang e Ba T. Trong tong so 12 ch ong a dch th co 9 ch hoan toan chnh xac. Nam 1857, cung mot luc, bon hoc gia chau Au ong thi giai ma c ch viet Lng Ha co ai, khai sinh mon Atxiri hoc. 1.2.2.4. Van hoc Van hoc Lng Ha gom hai the loai: van hoc dan gian truyen mieng va th ca. Noi dung phan anh tn ngng, i song thng ngay cua ngi lao ong. ien hnh la: - Enuma Elit ca ngi s sang tao vu tru. Vu tru la mot khoi hon mang sinh ra con ngi va van vat. - Gingamet la mot bo s thi ca ngi tinh than anh dung cua Gingamet va Enkiu diet tr thu d, quai vat, bao ve cuoc song yen lanh cua ngi dan. Ngoai ra con co nhieu tac pham van hoc khac ma noi dung cua nhng t th, tac pham phan anh moi quan he gia con ngi vi con ngi va vi t nhien. 1.2.2.5. Thanh tu khoa hoc t nhien - Toan hoc : do nhu cau o dac dien tch at ai dan en viec phat minh ra phep tnh dien tch cac hnh. Ngi Lng Ha co ai lay so 5 lam so trung gian e em. Neu can em cao hn th ngi ta them vao sau so 5. Ho dung c so 60 (nay c dung lam n v thi gian), phep khai can, lay vong tron e ch o. Dung so JI = 3 e tnh dien tch, chu vi hnh tron, canh huyen cua tam giac vuong. Nhn chung,
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c dan Lng Ha co ai a biet tnh toan cac phep tnh thong thng ve so hoc, ai so hoc, hnh hoc va lng giac. - Thien van hoc: kham pha 5 hanh tinh: Kim, Moc, Thuy, Hoa, Hai vng tinh. Biet gan ung quy ao cua cac hanh tinh, hnh tng sao choi, sao bang, nhat thc, nguyet thc, ong at Lap he thong lch theo 12 thang. C mot thang u, mot thang thieu. Moi thang chia lam 4 tuan, moi tuan co 7 ngay va moi ngay co mot v tinh tu lam chu: Chu Nhat la Mat Tri, th Hai la Mat Trang, th Ba la Sao Hoa, th T la Sao Thuy, th Nam la Sao Moc, th Sau la Sao Kim, th Bay la Sao Tho. Cach goi ten cac ngay trong tuan nh vay cua c dan Lng Ha co ai c ngi chau Au tiep thu va s dung cho ti ngay nay. Mot nam co 354 ngay, va at them thang nhuan (thi Tan Babilon c 8 nam nhuan 3 lan, sau oi thanh 27 nam nhuan 10 lan). ay la phep lam lch theo Mat Trang pho bien phng ong. Ho cung biet dung anh nang mat tri e tnh thi gian tng t nh ngi Ai Cap co ai. - Y hoc: cha nhieu benh ve tieu hoa, ho hap, than kinh, au mat va chia thanh nhieu nganh nh noi khoa, ngoai khoa, giai phau. ac biet la khai thac nhng loai dc lieu qui lay t thien nhien, ong vat va khoang vat. Yeu to tn ngng van ng tr trong y hoc. V than bao ho cua Y hoc Lng Ha la Nilghidzia ma vat tng trng cua than la con ran quan quanh cai gay, chnh la bieu tng cua y hoc ngay nay. Khong c cha benh vao cac ngay Mat Tri. 1.2.2.6. Kien truc va ieu khac Thanh tu chu yeu chu kien truc Lng Ha chu yeu la thap, en mieu, cung ien, thanh quach, vn hoa. Noi bat va c coi la mot trong bay ky quan the gii co ai la Vn treo Babilon. Vn treo at trong mot khuon vien hnh vuong, cau truc kieu doc bac, cac tang hien chong xep len nhau tao thanh mot cong trnh cao ti 77m co bon tang, moi tang la mot vn cay. Mat bang nhng tang c lat bang nhng phien a to rat kht, lp tren la gach, tren la mot lp coi mong, o at len tren e trong cay. Rat nhieu cay qua va hoa c mang t nhieu vung at ve trong Vn treo. Vn treo nh mot lang hoa khong lo nhieu tang, u moi mau sac e cho hoang hau x Mei thng ngoan. Thanh Babilon cung la mot cong trnh kien truc ky v, oc ao cua Lng Ha co ai. Theo Heroot, thanh c xay vao thi Tan Babilon co chu vi 90km, tng day 50m, cao 100m vi 150 thap canh va 100 cong. Theo ket qua khai quat
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khao co hoc, thanh Babilon co chu vi 16km, tng bang gach day 8,5m, cao 30m, 7 cong bang ong vng chac co trang tr bang phu ieu, tng rat t m. Trong so rat nhieu en th Babilon, ln nhat la en th Than Mac uc Mardouk). en c xay dng tren mot khuon vien co kch thc 550 x 450m, ben canh la thap Babel. Thap co chu vi ay la 91m, cao 90m gom 7 tang chong len nhau. Tang tren cung la mot chiec ging long lay va mot cai ban bang vang. Trong thap la mot bc tng than Mac uc nang ti 24 tan (theo Heroot). Ngoai ra, Lng Ha co ai, nhieu cong trnh kien truc va ieu khac rat phong phu ma hien nay con lu gi trong vien Bao tang Iraq va cac vien bao tang tren the gii. 1.2.2.7. Tn ngng Ve t nhien: xuat phat t kinh te nong nghiep lam nen tang cua kinh te, c dan Lng Ha co ai cung ton th cac v than t nhien, trong trot chan nuoi He thong cac v than cua c dan Lng Ha co ai gom: than Tri (Anu), Mat Tri (Samat), than Mat Trang (Xin), than at (Enlin), than Ai tnh (Istaro), than Bien (Ea), than Sao Moc (Macuc) Xin Anu + Enlin Samat Ea Mac uc (Mardouk) Moi v than co mot chc nang cu the gan bo gan gui vi cuoc song cua con ngi. Than bien (Ea) day cho con ngi cac nghe thu cong, nghe thuat, khoa hoc, than Samat trong coi ve luat phap va bao ho cac nha vua. Nhieu en th c xay dng vi nhieu nghi le phc tap theo chu ky cua nong nghiep. Ve con ngi: ngi Lng Ha co ai quan niem rang con ngi co hai phan the xac va linh hon. Nhng quan niem cua ho khac vi c dan Ai Cap co ai cho, ho cho rang linh hon bat t trong mot the gii rieng biet. T o, ngi Lng Ha thng mai tang bang phng phap tuy tang (chon theo ngi chet o dung ca nhan). 1.3. Van minh Arap 1.3.1. Khai quat - a ly: Arap la mot ban ao ln nhat the gii nam Tay A (S ln hn S chau Au). Ban ao nam v tr ban le
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cua ba chau luc: A, Phi, Au va nam gia Bien o (Tay) va Vnh Ba T (ong va ong Nam). + Vung Tay Nam, hien nay la Yemen co nguon nc phong phu, at ai co the trong trot c va nam tren ng thng mai Tay A ong Bac Phi nen thng mai kha phat trien. Khoang t the ky X VI TCN a xuat hien nhieu Nha nc co ai. + Pha Tay la vung Hegiad (Hejaz) doc theo Bien o gan vi con ng thng mai ong Tay (Bien o en a Trung Hai) nen kha phat trien, trong o co 2 thanh pho quan trong la Mecca (Merka) va Yatrp (Yaterip). + Vung pha Bac doc theo b Nam a Trung Hai t Palextin en Libang, Xyri en Lng Ha (Irac) cung tng co mot giai oan kha phat trien vi Nha nc cua ngi Do Thai (khoang thien nien ky th II TCN). Ngoai ra, phan ln ban ao Arap la vung sa mac va ong co nh: Rupankhali, Nephut, Sinai. Bu lai vi ieu kien t nhien hoang can, ban ao Arap la au moi cua cac con ng thng mai nh: con ng T lua (t Trung Quoc qua An o en Tay A, Bac Phi va chau Au), con ng Hng lieu (t ong Nam A qua An o Dng en Vnh Ba T sang chau Au) va con ng van chuyen san vat cua chau Au nh lua m, da, long thu t Krm en Hac Hai. + Tai nguyen khoang san rat ngheo nan trong thi ky co trung ai nhng ni ay co tr lng dau mo rat doi dao va la ni tranh chap quyet liet cua cac cng quoc cong nghiep trong thi ky can hien ai. - Dan c: a so la ngi Arap a tng sinh song t kha lau i tren ban ao Arap. Trong thi ky van minh Arap, cac dan toc xung quanh a b ngi Arap thong tr va loi cuon vao van minh Hoi giao. 1.3.2. Nhng thanh tu chnh cua van minh Arap 1.3.2.1. S lc ve lch s Arap - Nha nc Arap thanh lap gan lien vi qua trnh thanh lap ao Hoi (Islam = thuan theo). Ngi sang lap ra ao Hoi la Mohamet (Muhamad 570 632). Ong xuat than t mot gia nh Mecca. Thu nho ong i chan cu va la ngi dan ng cho cac oi thng nhan qua sa mac Nephut. Do lam cong viec o nen luc au ong chu anh hng cua ao Kito va ao Do Thai (nh vay ao Hoi tiep nhan giao ly ca hai ton giao ln nay). ao Hoi th Chua Tri (Ala) va nhng net rieng. Nam 610, ong bat au truyen ba ao Hoi ( mot em ong m co mot v than en bao oc nhng hang ky hieu chi cht tren mot tam vai,
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o chnh la t tng cua Thanh Ala nhap vao Mohamet va ong tr thanh nha tien tri). Trong qua trnh truyen ba t tng, ong gap phai s thu ch cua cac quy toc bo lac Mecca ma trung tam la bo lac Coresit (Coreischite) von th a than nen ong chay len Yatrip. T o thanh pho nay c oi ten la Medina (thanh pho cua nha tien tri). Ngay 20/9/622 (ngay Mohamet ti Yatrip) c coi la ngay au tien cua ky nguyen Hoi giao (lch Hoi giao bat au t ngay nay). Nam 624, tren c s mot lc lng chnh tr ket hp vi ton giao a tap trung tai ay, Mohamet anh bai cac cuoc tan cong cua cac bo lac khac va bat au tien anh Mecca. Chien tranh gia 12 bo lac xung quanh va Medina a lien tuc dien ra, en nam 627 th hai ben ky hiep nh nh chien 10 nam. Nam 629, Mohamet dan 2000 tn o i tham Mecca. oan ngi i vong quanh ngoi en Caaba. Nam 630, Mohamet dan 10.000 tn o chiem Mecca thong nhat ban ao trong s phuc tung cua cac bo lac Arap tren ban ao. Mohamet tr thanh ngi ng au Nha nc Arap va ton giao. Nam 632 Mohamet chet, nhng ngi ke tuc ong c goi la Calipha (ngi ke tha cua nha tien tri). Arap lan lt chinh phuc Syri nam 636, Palextin nam 638, Ai Cap nam 642, Ba T nam 651. T nam 632 en nam 661, cac Calipha do bau c ma len noi ngoi. T nam 661 en sau nay th la cha truyen con noi. Cac Calipha tiep tuc chinh phuc cac vung khac cua chau Phi, chau Au en chau A tao thanh mot e quoc Arap rong ln nam vat ngang 3 chau luc: pha ong en An o, Tay en ai Tay Dng. en the ky X, Arap bat au b suy yeu. Nam 1258, Arap b e quoc Mong Co tieu diet. 1.3.2.2. ao Hoi (Islam) Giao ly: ch co mot v than duy nhat la Ala va mot s gia cua ngi la Mohamet. Tri at moi vat do Ala sang tao ra. Ala toa khap moi ni, moi luc khong g the hien c, v vay giao ng ao Hoi khong co tng thanh ma ch co ch Arap, th phien a en Caaba (khac han cac ton giao khac), Islam (thuan theo, tuan thu li day cua Ala, phuc tung y muon cua Ala), Kinh Coran la bo kinh thanh duy nhat cua ao Hoi. Bo kinh ghi chep li day cua Nha Tien tri Mohamet cho cac tn o, sap xep theo th t dai trc ngan sau. Bo kinh tong hp nhieu ieu chat loc t ao Do Thai
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(1200 TCN Palextin than Jehova Kinh Cu c), Kito (au Cong nguyen, tiep nhan nhieu ieu t ao Do Thai va phat trien them thanh Kinh Tan c). 4 ngha vu thieng lieng ma tn o Hoi giao phai thc hien : - Moi ngay phai oc li cau nguyen 5 lan, tam ra trc khi cau nguyen. - Trong cuoc i phai co mot lan hanh hng ve thanh that Caaba Mecca. - Nhn an moi nam 1 thang thang Ramadan (thieng lieng) vao luc co Mat Tri. - Bo th cho ngi ngheo. Ngoai ra con co mot so quy nh nh khong c uong ru, kieng tht ln (heo), chap nhan che o a the nhng khong c qua bon v (tr ang Tien tri co quyen lay 10 v). Ngi phu n hoan toan phu thuoc vao chong. ac biet, ao Hoi luon luon ong vien tn o chien au tieu diet nhng ke ngoai ao, c coi la bon phan thieng lieng vi Chua Ala. Kinh Coran a noi ro: Thien ang pha trc, a nguc sau lng cac ngi cho nen quan oi Arap gom nhng ngi sung tn, co ky luat nghiem, song kham kho, san sang t v ao. Ngay nay, tren the gii co en hn mot ty tn o Hoi giao. Nhieu nc coi ao Hoi la quoc giao. 1.3.2.3. Van hoc nghe thuat Van hoc: - Kinh Coran (Kuran hoac Quran) la tung niem hay truyen giang ngoai y ngha la mot bo thanh kinh, la chuan mc tinh than, ao c, luan ly cua cac tn o Hoi giao, la bo Hien phap vnh cu con la mot tac pham van hoc rat co gia tr. Bo Kinh gom 30 quyen, 114 chng, 6236 tiet chia lam hai phan: + P2: Mohamet t Mecca en Meina gom 81 chng, 4780 tiet tc la xap x 2/3 bo kinh. + P1: Mohamet t Medina en 632 gom 23 chng, 1456 tiet. Bo kinh vien dan nhieu truyen than thoai, truyen thuyet, truyen lch s, cach ngon, ngan ng cua ao Do Thai, Kito va ngi Arap co ai. Do o, Kinh Coran a anh hng sau sac en ngon ng, van hoc va toan bo nen van hoa Hoi giao. Bo kinh tr thanh mot e tai vo han va la nguon cam hng sang tac cua cac thi s Arap.
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- Th va truyen + T the ky VII ve trc, th ca Arap chu yeu la truyen mieng v cha co ch viet. + T the ky VII ve sau th bang ch viet the hien tinh than lac quan, yeu i, ca ngi chien cong, tnh yeu Nha th Abutamman sang tac hai tap cua tac pham Anh dung ca; Nha th Abul Pharagi sang tac 20 cuon thi ca tap; va nhieu nha th khac nh nha th Abunavat, Abul Alamaari (Mu) + Truyen: Nghn le mot em ( X XII ) la mot tac pham van hoc xuat sac cua c dan Arap. Tac pham nay co xuat x t tac pham Mot nghn cau chuyen cua Ba T, bo sung bang cac truyen than thoai cua An o, Ai Cap, Hy Lap. Nam 1700 Angtoan Galang (Antoine Galland Phap) tiep nhan t mot ngi Xyri. Nam 1704, tac pham c dch ra tieng Phap va sau o c dch ra cac th tieng tren the gii. Tac pham Nghn le mot em the hien tr tng tng phong phu cua c dan Arap, ong thi lam noi len cuoc song xa hoi cua c dan trong e quoc Arap. Nghe thuat: Luc au b cam oan (do s khac nghiet cua giao ly ao Hoi), nhng cang ve sau nghe thuat Arap cang phat trien do ngi Arap hoc tap nghe thuat Ai Cap, Lng Ha, Ba T, An o, Hy Lap, La Ma Nen nghe thuat Arap la s the hien phong cach nghe thuat cua cac nen van minh co ai: + Ba T vi cay cot manh khamh, vong cung nhon, hnh mong nga. + Bizantium vi xay vom tron T s ke tha tinh hoa cua cac nen nghe thuat khac, nhieu cong trnh nghe thuat cua Arap co s uy nghi, rc r the hien trong giao ng Hoi giao rat rc r, cham tro, nhu kim, voi phun V du: thi Omayat a xay cung ien gom 360 phong, trong o co 1 th vien gom 2 phong oc sach. Thanh that Hoi giao hnh vuong, mai tron, trc co ho va san vuong. Trong Thanh that co khan th, giong an, gia at kinh. Hoa sy c coi la thap kem nhng ngi viet ch lai rat c coi trong, am nhac ngay cang phat trien. 1.3.2.4. Khoa hoc t nhien
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Nh hoc tap cac thanh tu van minh khac nen khoa hoc t nhien cua Arap kha phat trien. Nam 830, vng trieu Abat xay dng mot trung tam khoa hoc gom vien khoa hoc, ai thien van, th vien. Nhieu cong trnh van hoc, khoa hoc nc ngoai a c cac dch gia Arap dch sang tieng Arap e nghien cu. - Toan hoc: phat trien cac mon ai so hoc, lng giac hoc, hnh hoc va hoan thien he thong ch so nhat la so 0. Nam 976 Mohamet Ibn Amat noi, neu khong co so nao xuat hien hang chuc th phai dung mot hnh tron nho thay vao gia hang goi la sifr ngha la trong khong, tieng Latinh oi la zephyrum, ngi Y goi la zero. Thc ra, ch so 0 a do ngi An o phat minh vao khoang t the ky th III TCN. - Thien van hoc: ban au, ngi Arap cho rang Trai at hnh tron. Sau o, ho mng tng ve mot Trai at hnh cau. Albiruni (X - XI) cho rang moi vat eu b hut ve trung tam Trai at va cho rang Trai at moi ngay t quay xung quanh no mot vong va moi nam quay quanh Mat Tri mot vong va ngc lai vi Mat Tri cung the eu ung. Mac du quan niem nay khong chnh xac nhng van la mot bc ot pha ve vu tru luan ma mai en the ky XV, ngi chau Au mi kham pha ra. The ky XI, ngi Arap a lam c mot thien cau bang ong thau ng knh 209mm tren co 47 chom sao vi 1015 ngoi sao. - a ly hoc: tren c s hieu biet ve hnh thu cua Trai at va i nhieu ni, ngi Arap a tnh c 10 cua trai at la 90 km e tnh ra chu vi Trai at bang 35.000km. Mot so tac pham ve a ly a mo ta ve Trung Quoc, An o, Srilanca Tac pham a ch e quoc Hoi giao cua Mohamet Al Mucadax, Sach cua Rogie cua cua Irixi a mo ta Trai at co 7 mien kh hau, moi mien bang 10 phan, moi phan c mo ta bang ban o tng oi chnh xac. - Vat ly hoc: Sach quang hoc cua Al Haitham (965 -?) noi ve thuy tinh the va khuc xa anh sang lam cho Mat Tri, Mat Trang khi gan chan tri ln hn, nhn thay tia sang Mat Tri khi Mat Tri xuong di 190. Ong con tnh c o day kh quyen la 15km va tac ong cua anh sang tren cac gng loi, lom va thau knh hoi tu e cac nha vat ly hoc chau Au che tao ra knh hien vi va knh vien vong. - Hoa hoc: ngi A rap a che tao ra noi cat (Al Ambik) tieng Phap la Alambic. Nhieu chat hoa hoc c phan tch,
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phan biet c Baz, Axt, nhieu loai thuoc. Ho cung tng tng rang kim loai nay co the thanh kim loai khac nh chat xuc tac. - Sinh vat hoc: ngi au tien neu len thuyet tien hoa la Otman Am An Giahip. Ong song vao khoang the ky IX. Noi dung thuyet tien hoa cua ong con kha s sai khi cho rang: qua trnh tien hoa theo th t t khoang vat, thc vat, ong vat, ngi. Trong lnh vc thc vat hoc, ngi Arap a phat minh ra cac phng phap ghep cay, tao giong mi Tieu bieu cho cac nha thc vat hoc la Baita vi Sach thc vat hoc, Avan vi Sach cua nong dan hng dan cach trong 585 loai cay vi 50 giong an qua - Y hoc: cac thay thuoc Arap biet rat nhieu phng phap cha benh noi, ngoai khoa. S d co c thanh tu nay la v Arap rat chu y en van e cham soc va bao ve sc khoe con ngi. Mat khac, Arap hoc tap c rat nhieu thanh tu ve khoa hoc tren the gii. Nhieu tac pham y hoc ra i: 10 khai luan ve mat cua Isac, Benh au mua va benh soi cua Radi, Tieu chuan y hoc cua Xina Cac Calipha Arap cung a lap nhieu benh vien. Nen y hoc Arap ng au the gii ng thi. - Giao duc: nen giao duc Arap vao loai hoan chnh va hien ai nhat the gii thi bay gi. He thong giao duc cua e quoc gom ba cap hoc la tieu hoc, trung hoc va ai hoc. Khi 6 tuoi th en trng tieu hoc e hoc ve Kinh Coran vi noi dung tap oc, tap viet. en bac trung hoc th noi dung chng trnh a cao hn vi cac mon nh toan hoc, van hoc, ngon ng, ng phap, thien van, ng phap bac ai hoc co ba trung tam la Bata, Cairo (Ai Cap), Coocoba (Tay Ban Nha). + ai hoc Cairo: thanh lap nam 988, ban au ch la mot lp nho trong thanh that Hoi giao vi 35 sinh vien. Sau o, lp hoc thu hut sinh vien t moi mien cua e quoc en hoc. So sinh vien len en 10.000 ngi. Sinh vien c cap hoc bong do vua chua, quan lai, nha hao tam tai tr. Giao s gom hn 300 ngi giang day nhieu mon khac nhau. Nhieu th vien danh e oc sach. en au the ky XIII, ngi Arap hoc c cach lam giay cua Trung Quoc nen co nhieu sach c xuat ban. Tren toan e quoc co ti hn 100 hieu sach, 36 th vien cong cong, giay cung cap mien ph cho sinh vien en hoc tap. Nhieu tac pham co gia tr c dch ra tieng Arap, Arap tr thanh trung gian truyen ba cac phat minh Trung Quoc nh lam giay, nghe in, la ban, thuoc sung va ca
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nhng thanh tu cua cac nen van minh co ai nh Ai Cap, Lng Ha, An o, Hy Lap, La Ma

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Bai 2. VAN MINH AN O 2.1. TONG QUAN VE AN O CO TRUNG AI 2.1.1. a ly An o la mot quoc gia rong ln Nam A, pha Bac la rng nui trai dai tren 2600 km trong o co day Himalaya. a hnh An o chia lam hai phan Nam, Bac lay day nui Vinya lam ranh gii. + Mien Bac co 2 con song ln la Song An (Indus) va Song Hang (Gange), song An co o dai tren 3000 km. Khi o ra An o Dng th chia lam 5 nhanh tao ra mot ong bang rong ln goi la Pungiap (5 ca song) rong 8.000km, dai 2.900km. Song Hang c c dan An o quan niem la song Thieng. Hang nam c dan An o thng en lam le tam thanh pho Vanaradi. Hp lu vi song Hang la con song Bhama Butra. Hai con song nay a tao ra mot vung ong bang rong ln ong An o (ong bang Belgal). + Mien Nam: la vung cao nguyen e Can, cao nguyen nay co hnh long chao vi hai day nui ln la Gat Tay va Gat ong. Ngay nay vung nay tap trung nhieu thanh pho cong nghiep quan trong cua An o nh Marat, Bom Bay Tai nguyen khoang san: phong phu ve chung loai va giau co ve tr lng, rng co go quy. Kh hau: Do at nc rong ln nen kh hau An o chia lam nhieu vung: mien Bac thng lanh, mien Nam thng nong, mua ma va mua kho kha ro. Pha ong Nam chu anh hng cua kh hau nhiet i gio mua. 2.1.2. Dan c Dan c c xem la ngui ban a la ngi Tien ravia va ravia hien con song chu yeu mien Nam An o. Dan di c la ngi Arya co nguon goc t b bien Trung A Caxpien en An o t na sau thien nien ky th II TCN. Qua trnh nhap c dien ra lien tuc trong lch s An o nen thanh phan dan c va chung toc het sc phc tap. Pham vi cua nen van minh An o co trung ai con bao gom lanh tho cac nc Pakixtan, Banglaet, Nepan. 2.2. Nhng thanh tu chnh cua van minh An o 2.2.1. S lc lch s co trung ai An o va nhng thanh tu ve chnh tr xa hoi Lch s co trung ai An o co the chia lam 4 thi ky: + Thi ky Van minh lu vc song An (T au thien nien ky III en gia thien nien ky II) la thi ky van hoa Harappa. Nam 1920, cac nha khao co hoc a phat hien ra
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hai thanh pho co la Harappa va Mohenjo aro. Thi ky nay, xa hoi cua ngi ravia a co s phan hoa giai cap va hnh thanh nha nc, tren c s mot nen van minh nong nghiep kha phat trien. + Thi ky Vea (T gia thien nien ky II en gia thien nien ky I). Thi ky nay c phan anh trong cac tap Vea. Bo Vea gom 4 tap la Rich Vea, Xama Vea, Atacva Vea, Yagiva Vea. Chu nhan cua thi ky lch s nay la ngi Arya sinh song chu yeu vung lu vc song Hang. Xa hoi An o ton tai che o no le, ng au la thu lnh quan s (Raja) do bau c lap nen, cha truyen con noi, sau nay phat trien thanh Vua. Xung quanh nha vua co mot bo may quan lai giup viec (quan chu chuyen che). Xa hoi ngi Arya chia lam bon ang cap (che o ang cap Varna): Brama (tang l, nha vua va qu toc), Ksatrya (quan lai, vo s), Vaisya (dan t do khac nhau), va Sura (tien dan ngheo kho). + Thi ky t the ky VI TCN en the ky XIII (1206), An o b chia cat va luon xung ot vi nhau. Ch co mot thi gian ngan la tng oi thong nhat t nam 321 TCN en 187 TCN (Vng trieu Morya). Sau o co mot so Vng trieu kha manh la Cusan (ngi Tuyoc Trung A) t the ky I en the ky II, thi ky vng trieu Gupta va Hacsa t the ky III en VII. + Thi ky t the ky XIII en XIX (1206 1857). Thi ky nay co the chia lam hai giai oan nho: - Thi ky Xuntan e Li (1206 1526). mien Bac An o do mot tong oc ngi Apganixtan t lap lam vua lap ra vng quoc Hoi giao, ong o e Li (New Delhi) vi 5 vng trieu. - Thi ky Mogon (1526 1857). Vng trieu Mogon la hau due cua ngi Mong Co. Ngi sang lap ra vng trieu nay la tng Babua. Pham vi cai tr cua vng trieu cung ch mien Bac An o. T the ky XVII, thc dan Anh lan lt xam lc va thong tr toan An o. T nam 1857 en nam 1859, cuoc khi ngha dan toc An o bung no va ton Bahaua len lam quoc vng. Cuoc khi ngha that bai la cot moc cham dt thi ky lch s co trung ai An o. Tom lai: Thiet che chnh tr An o co trung ai ra i t giai oan Van minh song An va tiep tuc phat trien hoan chnh giai oan Morya (hanh chnh, t phap, ton giao). en thi Gupta th hoan chnh them mot bc. en thi Xuntan eli, do luat le Hoi giao ha khac nen vua quan thng rat tan bao. Thi Mogon, trnh o to chc va quan
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ly xa hoi chat che hn nh luat phap va che o chuyen che. Che o ang cap va s ton tai dai dang cua cong xa nong thon a han che s phat trien cua xa hoi An o. Trong o, cac ton giao khong ngng gia tang anh hng oi vi nen chnh tr xa hoi cua An o. 2.2.2. Nhng thanh tu ve kinh te Trnh o san xuat: cong cu san xuat ngay cang c cai tien t nguyen lieu che tac bang ong sang bang sat. en thi ky hau Vea, cay sat c s dung kha pho bien do 3 hoac 6 con bo keo. Trnh o quan ly va phng thc san xuat: Nong nghiep la chu yeu, xuat hien kha sm t thi ky Van minh song An. Theo ket qua khao co hoc, c dan An o thi ky nay a biet ao mng, ap ap, trong bong, lua m, lua mach, dung trau, bo e keo cay. Chan nuoi phat trien vi qua trnh thuan dng cac loai gia suc, gia cam. Cac mat nay trong kinh te nong nghiep dan dan phat trien tren c s ton tai cua cong xa nong thon. en thi Gupta, quan he san xuat phong kien dan dan hnh thanh. - Thu cong nghiep, hnh thanh ngay t thi ky Van minh song An vi cac nghe gia cong kim loai (chu yeu la ong), lam o gom bang ban xoay, ieu khac tren a va tren nga voi. Cac nghe det, moc, an lat eu at trnh o kha cao, o gom vi nhieu loai mau sac, hoa van trang tr, o trang sc kha tinh xao. en thi Vea, cac nganh kinh te thu cong nghiep tiep tuc phat trien va xuat hien xu hng oc lap tach ra khoi nong nghiep. en thi ky tiep giap Cong nguyen, nghe det vai bong vn len chiem v tr hang au trong thu cong nghiep. en thi ky Mogon, kinh te thu cong nghiep tr thanh mot trong nhng nganh kinh te quan trong cua c dan An o vi nhng san pham noi tieng khap the gii. - Thng nghiep, do yeu cau phat trien cua kinh te hang hoa, tien te xuat hien t thi ky van minh song An nen thng mai tr thanh mot nganh oc lap. Trong thi ky Vea xuat hien nhng lai buon va ngi cho vay lai. He thong o lng c chuan hoa, quan he buon ban rong m ca vi ben ngoai va ngay cang phat trien thi ky sau. 2.2.3. Ch viet Ch viet An o ra i rat sm. Harappa va Mohenjo aro, cac nha khao co hoc a phat hien c
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hn 3000 con dau, trong o co 22 dau c ban (1921). Gan ay, ngi ta a oc c loai ch nay (S.R.Rao). o la mot loai ch tng hnh: dung hnh ve e ghi am va ghi van. en khoang the ky V TCN a xuat hien ch Kharosthi phong theo ch viet cua Lng Ha. Loai ch nay a phat trien thanh ch Brami va evanagari n gian, thuan tien hn, la tien than cua ch Phan Xanxcrit ma ngay nay c dan mot so vung Nepan va An o van dung. Ch Phan Xanxcrit la mot loai ch viet dai dung e viet cac loai th tch co nh Kinh Vea, Luat Manu, he thong bi ky (nhat la nhng cot a thanh Asoka). 2.2.4. Van hoc nghe thuat Van hoc An o phat trien rat rc r vi nhieu the loai nh Kinh, s thi, th, kch - Kinh Vea gom 4 bo: + Rich Vea co nhat, c ban nhat gom 1.028 bai th vi 10.562 cau th cha ng noi dung ve cac ang than linh, che o ang cap, vu tru, i song cua ngi Arya. + Yagiva Vea tap hp nhng nghi thc le bai, hien te. + Xama Vea la nhng bai hat ca ngi cac ang than linh. + Atacva Vea la nhng bai chu e cap en che o ang cap, cach cha benh, tnh yeu, anh bac. Nh vay, bo Kinh Vea la mot tac pham van hoc, ton giao co xa nhat cua xa hoi loai ngi. Qua Kinh Vea, chung ta co the hnh dung c toan bo xa hoi An o luc bay gi. Ngoai Kinh Vea con co cac bo kinh khac nh Kinh Upanishad a a t tng An o co ai Hinu phat trien len thanh mot hoc thuyet ton giao. Kinh Tam Tang cua ao Phat gom ba bo: Kinh Tang (li day cua c Thch Ca), Luat Tang (quy nh ve ton giao), Luan Tang (nhng bai luan ve giao ly). - S thi: + Mahabharata dai 220 ngan cau th ke ve nhng cuoc chien tranh khoc liet gia hai anh em dong ho e vng Bharata mien Bac An o va ngay cang c bo sung them trong lch s. ay con la mot bo t ien bach khoa ve xa hoi An o co ai. + Ramayana gom 48.000 cau th, chia lam 7 chng. Chng 1 va chng 7 la do ngi sau them that vao. Chu e cua bo s thi la thien tnh s ay trac tr gia hoang t Rama
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tuan tu va cong chua Sita kieu diem, thuy chung, con cua n than at. Ngay nay, cac van nghe s An o van tm thay trong hai bo s thi ay nguon cam hng sang tac vo tan. Cac nha th, nha van, nha soan kch ln tieu bieu sau nay co Caliasa vi tac pham tieu bieu Scuntla va vua usnta bang tieng Phan va bang cac th tieng Pali, Ba T, Inia. Ngon ng dan gian c s dung nhieu trong van hoc dan gian, phan anh i song tam t nguyen vong cua quan chung nhan dan. Nghe thuat gom kien truc, ieu khac, tham m tinh than ton giao, va tiep thu va phat huy nhng anh hng nghe thuat ra xung quanh - Thi ky Harappa, cac cong trnh nghe thuat c xay dng chu yeu bang gach. en thi ky Morya th lai chu yeu bang a. + Thap (Stupa) hnh ban cau co cha tro xng cua c Phat va cac v Bo Tat. ien hnh nhat la thap Xansi (Sanchi) xay dng t the ky III TCN Trung An. + Tru a tng trng cho cac tru tri dung e th Phat, c xay dng nhieu nhat la thi Axoca, o cao trung bnh la 15m, nang 50 tan, cham s t va cac hnh trang tr khac. Tieu bieu la tru a Xacna (Sarnath). + Chua Hang c xay dng pho bien t the ky II TCN en the ky X, tieu bieu la cac chua Ajanta, Enlora Trung An. + Thi Suntan e Li va Mogon, nhieu nha th Hoi giao, cung ien, lang mo ma ac iem la mai tron, ca vom, thap nhon, co khi co bao ln lo thien va cot chong thanh thoat. + Lang Taj Mahan (1632) do 24.000 th xay dng t nhieu quoc gia bang a cam thach, vang bac, chau bau gom 12 mat (58 x 304m) moi goc co Thap vut cao, ca chnh bang bac. + Nghe thuat tac tng (t the ky I tr ve sau) tieu bieu la tng Phat, Siva, Visnu, bang a Ganara. 2.2.5. Khoa hoc t nhien - Thien van hoc: 1 nam = 12 thang, 1 thang = 30 ngay, 1 ngay 30 gi, 5 nam co 1 thang nhuan. Trai at, Mat Trang eu hnh cau, quy ao Mat Trang va nhng ky Trang tron, khuyet. Phan biet hanh tinh Kim, Moc, Thuy, Hoa, Tho. Ngi An o cung biet c mot so chom sao va s van
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hanh cua cac ngoi sao chnh. Tac pham co nhat la Xitanta (Sidddhantas) the ky V TCN. - Toan hoc: ngi An o a sang tao ra 10 ch so nguyen va ch so thap phan mot cach hoan chnh, the hien tren cac bia a thi Asoca the ky III TCN. Nhng so 0 lai c tm thay trc Arap nam 873. Sau o 3 nam mi tm thay An o, nhng cac nha khoa hoc a khang nh so 0 la do ngi An o sang tao ra, ngi Arap hoc tap roi truyen sang phng Tay. The ky VI tnh c = 3,1416, phep khai can bac 2,3, so am, dng, cac qui tac hoan v va giai phng trnh bac hai. Ve hnh hoc, tnh dien tch hnh vuong, ch nhat, tam giac, a giac, quan he gia cac canh cua tam giac vuong. - Vat ly hoc: + Thuyet nguyen t: Canaa cho rang van vat do cac nguyen t tao nen, s d vat chat khac nhau v moi loai do mot th nguyen t tao nen. Giain (Jain) cho rang nguyen t nao cung nh nhau ch co cach to hp khac nhau. + Lc hut cua Trai at: sach Siddhantas (the ky V TCN): qua at do trong lc cua no, hut tat ca moi vat ve no. - Y dc hoc: T thi Vea a biet nhieu th benh va dung phau thuat e cha, biet dung thao moc, thuoc te. The ky VI, V TCN a biet chap xng so, cat mang mat, mo bung lay thai, lay soi than. Ngoai ra cac mon hoa hoc nh ky thuat nau sat, nhuom, thuoc da, o thuy tinh, sinh hoc, nong hoc eu kha phat trien. 2.2.6. Ton giao - ao Hinu (An o giao) ln nhat va co xa nhat An o. Ban au la s tong hp quan niem tn ngng, ton giao va triet hoc, khong co ngi sang lap, khong co to chc giao hoi va c coi la ton giao truc cua ngi An o. Trai qua 3 thi ky: Vea, Balamon (BRAMA), Hinu chnh thong. Noi dung: la ton giao a than, linh thieng hoa t nhng hien tng t nhien nhat la bo cai, eu co the chuyen hoa nhau trong vong luan hoi. Dan dan c tru tng hoa va quy vao v than: Brama (than sang tao), Visnu (than bao ton) va Siva (than huy diet). + Moi quan he ban nga vu tru (Brahman) la yeu to than linh tham nhuan bi van vat vi ban nga ca the (Atman) la cai ac thu trong tng con ngi, tng s vat tc
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la: trong Brahman co Atman va moi Atman la mot phan cua Brahman, the hien s hoa ong gia con ngi (vi mo) vi vu tru (v mo). + Khai niem ve ao (Dharman): trong van ong gia cac s vat, moi s sinh thanh, bien hoa eu b chi phoi bi mot nguyen ly, mot trat t, mot quy luat khach quan ngoai y muon cua con ngi v the phai hanh ong theo ao phap, phai v quyen li thieng lieng, khong vu li. + Khai niem ve luan hoi (Samsara) va nghiep bao (Karman) ve mot chu ky tuan hoan va luat nhan qua cua nhng kiep song. Con ngi khong thc s chet i ma lai chuyen sang mot kiep song khac, tai sinh trong vong luan hoi moi niem vui, noi buon, sng kho cua kiep nay la hau qua cua kiep trc, moi hanh ong ung sai trong kiep nay se phai tra gia trong kiep sau. ay chnh la c s ly luan cua che o ang cap Varna ve ton giao. + Con ng giai thoat (Moska) la s thanh tam, sung tn oi vi ton giao, khuyen con ngi lam ieu thien, chap nhan than phan cua mnh th se thoat khoi vong quay cua banh xe nghiep bao luan hoi. - ao Phat, ra i vao khoang gia the ky VI TCN ong Bac An o do hoang t Siddharta Gautama hieu la Sakia Munita sang lap. Nam 544 TCN, la nam c Phat chao i cung la nam m au ky nguyen Phat giao (Budha). + Giao ly cua ao Phat nam trong quan niem vo nga, vo thng (moi vat eu co sinh, diet) sinh, tru, d, diet la bon chan ly t dieu e. Kho e: s au kho tren i khong ai tranh c. Tap e: nguon goc noi kho do s ham muon (duc vong) ve tai san, quyen the Diet e: cach cham dt noi kho la tan diet duc vong, xoa bo moi ham muon. ao e: con ng giai thoat noi kho (bat chnh ao). ay la mot he thong nguyen tac ao c hoc ve nhan qua, luan hoi, khuyen con ngi ta nen lam ieu thien, t bi, bac ai trong cuoc song hang ngay e c sieu thoat ni coi Niet Ban (Nirvana), chu trng khoan dung, bnh ang, khong chap nhan che o ang cap. ao Phat a c truyen ba ra nhieu nc xung quanh va phat trien thanh hai phai: Tieu tha (Hinayana - ngha la co xe nho): ch co ngi xuat gia tu hanh mi ru bo moi ham muon (ong Nam A).
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ai tha (Mahayana ngha la co xe ln): moi ngi song theo giao ly ao Phat eu co the giac ngo va ti coi Niet ban (Trung Quoc, Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban). - ao Jaina, xuat hien cung thi gian vi ao Phat do Vardamana sang lap hieu la Mahavira (anh hung v ai). Chu trng tu hanh kho luyen, khong sat hai sinh linh, phu nhan vai tro sang tao the gii cua cac ang than linh. Giao ly neu len 3 phep quy la: co long tin ung an, nhan thc ung an, hanh kiem ung an. 5 ieu ran: khong sat sinh, khong noi doi, khong trom cap, khong gian dam, khong gi cua rieng. - ao Xch (Sighk), xuat hien ong Bac An o vao the ky X do phap s Nanak sang lap. Ban au co gang ket hp giao ly ao Hinu vi Hoi giao. So tn o cua ao nay chiem khoang 2% dan so cua An o, tap hp Pungiap, lay en vang Amriton lam thanh ng. ao nay chu trng kch ong quyen li dan toc, oi ly khai khoi An o, khung bo va bao loan chong chnh quyen trung ng. - ao Hoi vao An o t the ky VII va phat trien manh the ky XIII en the ky XVI (Thi ky vng trieu eli) va phat trien thanh ton giao ln th 2 tren at nc An o. 2.2.7. Triet hoc Hnh thanh va phat trien sm, phong phu va sau sac, tham m giao ly cac ton giao the hien trong cac bo s thi va cac tac pham van hoc nghe thuat. Ngay t the ky th VI TCN, khi ra i tm chan ly, c Phat a biet An o co 48 he phai t tng. Co hai he phai ln: - Phai Khang nh tha nhan Thng e va cac Than linh, theo quan iem duy tam, co 6 he phai nho. - Phai Phu nh: khong tha nhan uy quyen cua than thanh, chong lai che o ang cap Varna, quan niem khong co linh hon ton tai oc lap vi the xac, khong co so menh, khong co kiep sau, khong co luan hoi, quan niem vu tru c hnh thanh do cac yeu to vat chat nh at, nc, la va khong kh, ton tai vnh cu.

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Bai 3. VAN MINH TRUNG QUOC 3.1. KHAI QUAT 3.1.1. a ly Trung Quoc nam ong A, pha Bac giap Mong Co, Nga, pha Tay giap cac quoc gia vung Trung A, pha Nam giap cac quoc gia thuoc ong Nam A, An o, pha ong la Thai Bnh Dng. Mien Tay phan ln la nui rng nen kh hau lanh, kho hanh, chu s chi phoi cua vung nui cao. Mien ong phan ln la ong bang chau tho nen kh hau on hoa, chu s chi phoi cua kh hau bien. Hai con song ln: Hoang Ha pha Bac co chieu dai 5.464 km tao ra mot vung ong bang ven song la cai noi cua van minh Trung Quoc. Trng Giang pha Nam dai khoang 6.300km cung tao nen vung ong bang Giang Nam mau m. Hai con song nay con la yeu to quan trong hnh thanh lch s Van minh Trung Quoc va ng giao thong quan trong. Lanh tho: the ky XXI TCN, lanh tho Trung Quoc c xac nh vung Trung lu song Hoang Ha. Trong qua trnh lch s, lanh tho Trung Quoc a phat trien ra toan lu vc song Hoang Ha va Trng Giang. en the ky III TCN, cng gii Trung Quoc pha Bac la Van ly trng thanh, pha Tay ti ong Nam Cam Tuc ngay nay, pha Nam ti Hu ngan song Trng Giang. o la mot qua trnh lien tuc banh trng m rong lanh tho. en the ky XVIII, lanh tho Trung Quoc ve c ban th nh ngay nay. 3.1.2. Dan c Trung Quoc la mot trong nhng cai noi cua loai ngi. Cac nha khao co hoc a phat hien c dau tch cua qua trnh chuyen bien lien tuc t vn thanh ngi. Xa nhat la ngi vn Nguyen Mu (1977) nien ai 1,7 trieu nam. Ngi vn Bac Kinh (Chu Khau iem 1921) nien ai 40 van nam va nhieu ni co ac iem: tran xoai, mat va xng ham nho cao, oc bang ngi, biet che tao va s dung o a, go, san bat, hai lm, song thanh bay hang ong mai a, ven suoi, song Ngi Ha Sao (Noi Mong 1922) nien ai 20 van nam biet che tao cong cu san xuat bang a, co ca ru tay. Ngi Sn nh ong (Chu Khau iem 1933) nien ai 5 van nam khong khac hnh dang ngi hien ai. Ho a biet che tao cong cu san xuat bang xng thu, may vai bang da
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thu, o trang sc bang a, xng thu, vo hen, ton giao, tn ngng (ngi chet c tuy tang). + Lu vc song Hoang Ha la 3 bo toc: Ha, Thng, Chu ma con chau ho la chu the dan toc Han. + Tay va Tay Nam la a ban c tru cua cac toc ngi thuoc ng he Han Tang, Mon Khmer. + Bac va Tay Bac la a ban c tru cua cac toc ngi Tung Gut. Hai bo phan nay chnh la tien than cua cac dan toc Man, Mong, Duy Ngo Nh, Tang, Di, Choang, Meo + Pha Nam Trng Giang la a ban c tru cua cac toc Bach Viet vi phong tuc cat toc, xam mnh. 3.2. NHNG THANH TU VAN MINH CHNH 3.2.1. Cac giai oan lch s Co Trung ai Trung Quoc va s phat trien cua cac thiet che chnh tr xa hoi Lch s co trung ai Trung Quoc co the chia lam 2 thi ky ln. Thi ky co ai: - Trc the ky th XXI TCN, lch s Trung Quoc c huyen thoai hoa. + Thi ky cong xa th toc phu he. Kinh te: di ch Long Sn (Sn ong) cong cu a mai, xng, vo trai, can dao liem, khai pha at ai lu vc Trng Giang e canh tac nong nghiep trong lua nc, chan nuoi, dung thuyen e bat ca, thu cong nghiep o gom bang ban xoay, o ong nguyen chat, trao oi bang vat oi vat lay suc vat, o ong lam vat trao oi trung gian dan en che o t hu, cong xa th toc tan ra, Trung Quoc trc ngng ca van minh. + Truyen thuyet: Ho Hu Sao lam to tren cay, an long lo. Ho Toai Nhan phat minh ra la nau chn thc an. Ho Phuc Hy (Tu trng) biet an li e san thu, bat ca, chan nuoi xuat hien. Than Nong ong to nghe nong, sang che li cay bang go, cach cay cay, trong ngu coc, lap ch e trao oi, dung cay thuoc e tr benh. Hoang e la Tu trng lu vc song Hoang Ha, day dan xay nha bang gach, cach trong dau nuoi tam, det vai, ong xe co ch viet, lien minh c nhieu bo lac.
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Lien minh bo lac ng Nghieu, Ngu Thuan, Ha Vu thay nhau lam thu lnh quan s, chan nuoi trong trot theo thi vu, moi viec do ban bac cua Hoi ngh phu lao, ke ca viec bau thu lnh quan s. - Co ai (the ky XXI en nam 221 TCN) Ha, Thng, Chu. + Ha (the ky XXI en the ky XVII TCN) vung trung lu song Hoang Ha. Vu cha xng Vng, Khai con cua Vu xng vng, kinh o tai Am Ap (Sn ong). Bo may quan lai, quan oi, nha tu xuat hien nhng con n gian. Cac quan lai c goi la Luc Khanh, quan ly moi viec trong nc: Muc Khanh (chan nuoi), Xa Chnh (xe), Bao Chnh (thc an cho Vua) la mot bc tien ln ve to chc thiet che xa hoi, la tieu ch e xa hoi Trung Quoc bc sang giai oan van minh Vua cuoi cua nha Ha la Kiet. Cong cu san xuat bang ong o. + Thng (the ky XVII en the ky XII TCN con goi la An). Thu lnh cua bo lac Thng la Thanh Thang ha lu song Hoang Ha a lat o nha Ha lap nen nha Thng, kinh o at Bac (Ha Nam). en thi An (kinh o di ve at An An Dng Ha Nam), xay dng bo may Nha nc trung ng tap quyen, khong ngng m rong lanh tho bang cach chinh phuc cac bo lac xung quanh. Vua cuoi cua nha Thng la Tru. Cong cu san xuat bang ong thau. + Chu (the ky XI en the ky III TCN), bo lac Chu c tru vung thng lu song Hoang Ha. Di thi Thng, bo lac Chu chu s cai quan cua nha Thng. The ky th XI TCN, thu lnh cua bo lac Chu la Van Vng a diet nha Thng lap ra nha Chu. Nha Chu trai qua hai thi ky Tay Chu va ong Chu. T the ky XI en nam 770 TCN, nha Chu ong o Cao Kinh (pha Tay Tay Chu). Vua Chu phan phong at ai cho con chau, ho hang, cong than lam ch hau (che o thong tr da tren quan he huyet thong). Vua Chu t xng thien t, trieu nh la thien trieu, at ra cac quan la T o, T Khong, T Ma, T Khau e quan ly cac cong viec, cha truyen con noi. Vua ch hau cung co trieu nh, quan oi rieng va phai cong nap cho thien t Nam 770 kinh o Cao Kinh b pha huy phai di ve Lac Ap (Ha Nam - ong Chu). Thi ong Chu chia lam hai thi ky nho: Xuan Thu (v c chep trong sach Xuan Thu), Chien Quoc. Thi Xuan Thu, chien tranh lien mien gia 10 nc, sau con 5 nc ln tranh nhau ngoi ba chu (Ngu Ba: Te, Tan, Tan, S, Yen). Thi Chien Quoc (V TCN en 221 TCN), quan he phong kien dan dan c hnh thanh, chien tranh tiep tuc dien ra ac liet hn gia 7 nc: Tan, Han, Trieu, Nguy, Yen, S, Te va mot so nc nho khac. Nam 221 TCN Tan Thuy
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Hoang e Doanh Chnh thong nhat Trung Quoc m au thi ky trung ai Trung Quoc. Trung ai (221 TCN en 1911) hn 2.000 nam phong kien Trung Quoc. + Nha Tan (221 en 206 TCN) la Nha nc chuyen chnh Trung ng tap quyen. Nha Tan a dung t tng cua phai phap gia e thong nhat Trung Quoc ve cac mat: ch viet, o lng, tien te, giao thong, ay manh san xuat, m rong at ai, an ap cac cuoc chong oi + Nha Han (202 TCN en 220), sau chien tranh Han S (206 202 TCN), Lu Bang thong nhat Trung Quoc, chu trong xay dng, chnh on chnh quyen, xoa bo luat phap ha khac, nh ch xay dng nhng cong trnh ln, giam su dch, u ai oi vi quan lai. Thnh at nhat la thi Han Vu e (140 en 87 TCN). Cuoi thi Tay Han, cac vua thng nho tuoi, quyen hanh tap trung trong tay ho ngoai va hoan quan. Nam th 8 A.D, Vng Mang cp ngoi lap ra nha Tan. Khi ngha nong dan bung no, Lu Tu khoi phuc lai nha Han, lap kinh o Lac Dng (ong Han). Cuoi thi ong Han, Trung Quoc xay ra cuc dien Tam Quoc (Nguy, Thuc, Ngo 220 280). + 3 the ky loan lac (220 581): Tam Quoc, Tan, Nam - Bac trieu, Trung Quoc b chia cat, b ngi phng Bac xam nhap va thong tr. + Nha Tuy (581 618), ng (618 907). Dng Kien (Tuy Van e) thong nhat Trung Quoc, xay dng chnh quyen Trung ng tap quyen vng manh bang chnh sach quan ien, giam to thue, lao dch, thong nhat cac mat, m khoa thi. Dng Quang giet cha cp ngoi, bao tan, gay chien xam lc, boc lot nhan dan. Nha Tuy suy yeu va nguy c diet vong. Nam 618, Ly Uyen li dung phong trao nong dan, lat o nha Tuy lap ra nha ng. Thi ky nay nen van hoa Trung Quoc phat trien rc r. Thnh tr nhat la thi ky ng Thai Tong (627 650) thong ke toan bo ruong at, chnh sach quan ien, chia ruong cho dan cay cay, khai khan ruong at hoang, giam nhe lao dch, hnh phat Vo Tac Thien cp ngoi nha ng nam 690. ng Huyen Tong (712 756) khoi phuc va phat trien at nc them mot thi gian roi suy tan. Nam 907, nha ng diet vong. + T nam 907 en nam 960, Trung Quoc bc vao thi ky Ngu ai thap quoc. + Tong (960 en 1279), Trieu Khuong Dan cp ngoi nha Hau Chu lap ra nha Tong va thong nhat Trung Quoc
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vao nam 979. Trnh o van minh Trung Quoc phat trien cao, nhieu van ban phap luat c xay dng, phat trien kinh te, quan s, trat t xa hoi on nh. Nho giao phat trien manh me nhng luon b ngoai toc xam lc. + Nha Nguyen (1271 1368) la mot trieu ai phong kien ngoai toc. Nha Nguyen bat chc hoan toan Trung Quoc, thi hanh chnh sach ap bc dan toc tan bao. + Nha Minh (1368 1644) c thanh lap t phong trao giai phong dan toc do Chu Nguyen Chng lanh ao. Thi ky au tng oi phat trien nhng cang ve sau cang suy yeu. + Nha Thanh (1644 1911) la mot trieu ai phong kien ngoai toc. Trong suoi thi ky thong tr cua nha Thanh, mau thuan Han Man luon thng trc. S thnh at cua nha Thanh ch ngan ngui di thi Khang Hy, Can Long (Han Man mot nha). The ky XIX, Trung Quoc ng trc nguy c xam lc cua chu ngha t ban phng Tay. ieu c Nam Kinh (1842) a chnh thc cham dt thi ky lch s co trung ai Trung Quoc. Nam 1911 cach mang dan chu t san Trung Quoc bung no (Cach mang Tan Hi) lat o trieu ai phong kien cuoi cung cua Trung Quoc. 3.2.2. Ch viet - Theo truyen thuyet, ch viet Trung Quoc xuat hien sm t thi Hoang e (4000 - 5000 nam TCN). S quan Thng Hiet a sang tao ra van t ket thng (viec ln th that nut ln, viec nho th that nut nho e ghi nh s viec). - en i Thng, ch viet mi that s ra i. Ch viet cua Trung Quoc cung la loai ch tng hnh. Ban au, ngi Trung Quoc dung hnh ve rat giong vi s vat hien tng e the hien ch viet. Cac ch viet nay c tm thay tren mai rua, xng thu goi la Giap cot (1899). S d co ch Giap cot v xuat phat t que boi (mai rua, xng quat bo uc lo, nung) ch tng hnh t 3- 5 ch co khi ch 1 ch/ban. Sm nhat la trieu Vu inh (khoang 1324 1266 TCN). V du: Nhat vong Hieu y (the hien y) Hai thanh (mn am thanh). Tong so: 5000 ch tren 100 ngan manh mai rua, xng thu. Ngi ta a oc c khoang 1700 ch, co oan van dai ti 100 ch. - en thi Tay Chu, ch viet cang n gian. Thi ky nay xuat hien loai ch Kim van hay Chung nh van, ghi lai viec ban thng ruong at cho ngi co cong. Ngi ta con ghi ch viet tren trong a (thach co van), the tre, lua
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Kieu ch viet cuaTrung Quoc phat trien lien tuc t ch ai trien, sau cai tien thanh kieu ch tieu trien (khuon vuong, ch dai dong, vuong van, hang loi ro ret con co nhng hnh ve mieu ta van t). Noi dung: Chon no le theo ngi chet pho bien thi Thng, Chu co mo en 300 ngi no le, gia suc b em lam vat hien te no le ra ong lam viec, lam tai san e ban thng nguon chu yeu la tu binh, toi o, con n. Trai qua mot qua trnh cai cach, ch Han ngay cang c hoan thien (ieu chnh hnh the ma khong thay oi ket cau) va tiep tuc ton tai cho en ngay nay. Ch viet Trung Quoc a anh hng ti Viet Nam, Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban. 3.2.3. Nhng thanh tu ve khoa hoc t nhien va ky thuat Khoa hoc t nhien - Toan hoc: To Xung Chi, song vao thi Nam Bac Trieu (280 581) tap hp thanh tu toan hoc trong cuon sach ai hanh toan phap, tm ra so Pi (so To). - Thien van hoc: ra i sm, t thi Thng (Nhat, Nguyet thc, Sao Choi c ghi chep) xac nh 242 nam co 37 lan Nhat thc (nay la 33 lan) trong sach Xuan Thu. Can c (S), Thach Than (Ngu) chep 800 v tinh tu, v tr 120 v tinh tu c xac nh. Sach Can Thach Tinh kinh la bang ghi chep cac hanh tinh xa nhat the gii. Ngoai ra con ghi chep iem en trong Mat Tri, chu ky Sao Choi 7 nam. Trng Hanh (78 139) la mot nha thien van hoc tai gioi thi ong Han. Ong a biet anh sang cua Mat Trang la nhan cua Mat Tri, Nguyet thc la do Mat Trang ng sau bong cua Trai at. Tac pham Linh Hieu cua ong neu ra vu tru la vo han, s van hanh cua hanh tinh nhanh hay cham la do khoang cach vi Trai at gan hay xa. Ong con cho rang thien the hnh cau nh vo qua trng ma nhan la mau o (Trai at). Mot vong bau tri la 365 1/4 ngay, mot na tren Trai at, mot na di Trai at, va che tao c dung cu o ong at. Lch: truyen thuyet Trung Quoc chep lai, t thi Hoang e a co lch gom 12 thang, i Ha lay thang Gieng lam thang au nam. i Thng 1 nam 12 thang, moi thang u 30 ngay, thieu 29 ngay va c 3 nam co 1 thang nhuan hoac 5 nam them 2 thang nhuan. Thi Xuan Thu, c 19 nam co 7 thang nhuan. Thi Chu qui nh thang 11 la thang au nam, thi Tan, Han la thang 10, en thi Han Vu e lai lay thang Gieng lam thang au nam.
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T thi Xuan Thu: 1 nam chia lam 4 mua, 8 tiet (lap Xuan, Xuan phan, lap Ha, Ha ch, lap Thu, Thu phan, lap ong, ong ch). en thi Thai S (Han Vu e), lai qui nh 1 nam gom 24 tiet trong o 12 trung kh va 12 tiet kh (12 gi theo a chi, moi gi 8 khac). Dung Tho Khue (coc o bong Mat Tri) e xac nh Ha ch, ong ch. Ngi Trung Quoc a biet dung Nhat quy (a tron khac 12 gi, 96 khac at nghieng song song vi be mat xch ao, gia co kim theo hng Bac - Nam. Khi Mat Tri di chuyen, kim cung di chuyen tren mat a khac gi) e biet gi. Thi Chu a phat minh ra lau ho (bnh co lo), luc au ch co mot bnh, sau tang len 4 5 bnh bang ong goi la ong ho trch lau (cac bnh bang ong ho nc) c dung cho ti the ky XVII (khi ngi phng Tay du nhap ong ho hien ai vao mi thay the). - Y dc hoc: rat quan trong trong lch s Trung Quoc + Thi Chien quoc a lu truyen sach Hoang e noi kinh neu len cach cha benh phai tr tan goc, biet giai phau, noi tang va bo may tuan hoan, dung cham cu. + Thi Han co sach Thng han luan cua Trng Trong Canh, Than nong ban thao kinh neu len 365 loai dc lieu. Thay thuoc Hoa a dung phau thuat cha benh (Tam Quoc dien ngha La Quan Trung). + Thi Minh, y hoc Trung Quoc phat trien rc r vi sach Ban thao cng muc cua Ly Thi Tran gom 52 cuon ghi chep 1892 loai dc lieu, 11096 th thuoc la mot cuon bach khoa toan th ve y hoc. Ky thuat - Luyen gang thep, ky thuat luyen gang thep xuat hien t rat sm Trung Quoc. Ngay t thi Xuan Thu Chien Quoc, ngi Trung Quoc a luyen c cac loai vu kh sac ben chem sat nh bun. Truyen Kinh Kha vao Tan la mot v du. Ky thuat nay ngay cang at en o tinh xao. Nam 695, Hoang e Vo Tac Thien cho lam mot cay cot tru bang gang co 8 canh, nang 1345 tan, tren khac 8 ch la ai Chu Van Quoc Cong c Thien Tru. Tru c dng tren mot cai e gang cao 6m, chu vi 51m. ng knh cot 3,6m, cao 31m, tren nh la mot tan may bang ong cao 3m, chu vi 9m, 4 con rong bang ong cao 3,6m, moi con ngam mot hat trai vang). - Lam giay: xuat hien t thi co ai, biet dung s gai lam giay goi. Nam 105, hoan quan Ly Thai Luan phat minh ra giay lam bang vo cay, li cu, gie rach thay cho the tre, lua Cang ngay, ky thuat lam giay cang c cai tien
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lam cho chat lng giay tot hn. Ky thuat lam giay truyen sang Viet Nam, Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban. T the ky VIII truyen sang Arap roi sang chau Au (1000 nam sau phat minh). - In: nghe in bat au t viec dung con dau e ky ten (in an), en thi Han a khac ch len ban a in thanh sach (thach ban). en i ng, ngi ta a khac ch len go e in Kinh Thanh (Bo Kinh a Lani c tm thay nam 1966 Han Quoc co nien ai khoang 704 751), Kinh Kim cng co nien ai 868 trng bay Bao tang Luan on. au the ky XI, Tat Thang phat minh ky thuat in ch ri bang at set nung, sau cai tien bang go (ch at len sap tren mot cai khay bang sat). The ky XIV, ky thuat nay truyen sang Trieu Tien, ngi Trieu Tien thay bang ong roi truyen tr lai Trung Quoc. Nam 1448, Gutenberg (c) phat minh ch ri bang hp kim, dung mc dau in Kinh Thanh. o chnh la ky thuat in ngay nay. - Thuoc sung: do cac nha luyen an Trung Quoc tnh c phat minh. T thi ng, ngi ta a biet che tao thuoc sung bang diem tieu + lu huynh + than go e lam vu kh ot doanh trai oi phng. Thi Tong, ngi ta a che tao c mot loai vu kh la Chan Thien loi no to, co sc cong pha ln. Nam 1132, phat minh ra vu kh hnh ong goi la hoa thng, ngi Mong co hoc tap roi truyen sang A rap lam cau noi sang chau Au. - La ban: t the ky III TCN, ngi Trung Quoc phat hien ra t tnh va tnh ch hng cua a nam cham e lam mot dung cu goi la t nam. Dung cu nay lam bang a thien nhien mai thanh cai muong at tren mot cai a khac phng hng ch hng nam. en thi Tong phat minh ra nam cham bang cach mai mui kim sat vao a nam cham tao ra t tnh roi tha tren mat nc (thuy nam cham) hoac treo bang si t e ni kn gio (phong nam cham). au tien cac thay a l s dung e i bien, xac nh phng hng. The ky XII ky thuat nay truyen sang Arap roi truyen sang chau Au (la ban kho). 3.2.4. Van hoc nghe thuat Van hoc Trung Quoc nhieu the loai: Kinh, th, t, phu, kch, tieu thuyet. - Kinh Thi la tuyen tap cac bai th cua nhieu tac gia t thi Tay Chu en gia thi Xuan Thu. Luc au co ten la Thi, Khong T chnh ly, thi Han goi la Kinh Thi gom 305 bai th chia lam 3 phan: Phong la ca dao thu thap cac nc nen con goi la Quoc Phong, Nha phan anh sinh hoat cua tieu qu toc goi la tieu nha, cua ai qu toc goi la ai nha,
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Tung la loai th tan tung cong c cua cac trieu vua Thng, Chu. Gia tr nhat la Quoc Phong ma noi dung mang am tnh nhan ban va hien thc. S t la dan ca cua nc S va nhng sang tac cua Khuat Nguyen (304-287 TCN) gom co 5 phan (cu ca, thien van, cu chng, ly tam, chieu hon). Trong o cha ng cac yeu to ton giao, than thoai, a ly S hoc co cac tac pham tieu bieu nh Xuan Thu, Ta truyen, Quoc ng (Xuan Thu), Chien quoc sach, S ky T Ma Thien, Han th (Ban Co), Tam quoc Ch (Tran Tho), Hau Han th (Pham Diep), ng th, T tr thong giam (Tong), Vnh Lac ai ien, Co kim o th tap thanh, T kho toan th (Minh, Thanh). Van hoc co cac the loai tieu bieu nh Phu (Han), Th (ng), T (Tong), Kch (Nguyen), tieu thuyet (Minh, Thanh). 3.2.5. T tng va ton giao - Am dng gia da tren c s cua nhng thanh tu ve thien van hoc. Phai nay qui thanh bat quai, ngu hanh e giai thch nguon goc van vat: am dng tac ong sinh ra van vat, khong ieu hoa sinh ra tai hoa. Bat quai: Can = Tri = Cha; Kham = nc = con trai ut; Khon = at = Me; Ly = la = con gai trng; Chan = Sam = con trai trng; Can = nui = con gai th; Ton = Gio = con trai th; oai = ho = con gai ut. Ngu hanh: Kim, Moc, Thuy, Hoa, Tho. Phai nay la nen tang t tng anh hng toan dien en he t tng mang tnh truyen thong cua Trung Quoc. - Nho gia: Ngi sang lap la Khong T (551-479 TCN) ten that la Khau, t la Trong Ni (ngi nc Lo). Ong a tng lam quan T Khau (gi kho sach nc Lo). Hat nhan t tng cua ong la nhan va le. Ong day hoc va dch Thi, Th, Le, Nhac, Dch, soan Xuan Thu (Ngu Kinh). Nhan la nhan gia, nhan da: ke co nhan ay la con ngi vay; Nhan gia ai nhan: ke co nhan th yeu con ngi. Muon co nhan th phai lam c 5 ieu: cung knh, o lng, gi li ha, sieng nang va lam li cho ngi khac. Neu ieu mnh khong muon th khong nen lam cho ngi, neu mnh muon thanh cong th cung lam cho ngi khac thanh cong. Tc la dung le nha Chu e at ch nhan.

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e cao ch le th trat t xa hoi mi c khoi phuc, vua ra vua, toi ra toi; cha ra cha, con ra con; thay ra thay, tro ra tro Moi quan he: neu nh long nhan la s tu dng noi tam th le la s bieu hien ra ben ngoai cua long nhan. Ong chu trng le tr, chnh danh nh menh. Hoc tro co en 3000 ngi. Sau nay, cac e t t tng Nho gia tiep tuc phat trien hnh thanh mot he t tng thong tr trong xa hoi Trung Quoc. Vao thi Han Vu e, ong Trong Th trang b cho t tng Nho gia mot ao khoac ton giao. Thi Tong, cac nha t tng Nho gia tiep tuc phat trien thanh he t tng Tong Nho (Chu Hy, Trnh Di, Trnh Hao, Chu on Di). - Mac gia: Ngi sang lap la Mac T (479-381 TCN) ten that la ch. Hat nhan t tng la nhan va ngha kiem ai (yeu thng moi ngi) Phi cong (phan oi le tr). Nhan la kiem ai, khong phan biet ang cap. Ngha la li, lam li cho moi ngi, tr hai cho moi ngi, phan oi le tr. Ba tieu chuan khi lap luan phai co ban (can c), phai co nguyen (chng minh), dung (hieu qua). Lien he noi tai: cai sau cang quan trong (logic hnh thc). Phai nay co nhieu phat minh ky thuat nhng b bien mat t thi Tan, Han. - ao gia: Ngi sang lap la Lao T (Lao am, Ly Nh), Trang T (Trang Chu) phat trien thanh hoc thuyet Lao Trang, t tng cao rong, uyen tham, noi ham triet hoc phong phu, anh hng sau rong en t tng my hoc, khoa hoc t nhien, t tng chnh tr, quan niem luan l truyen thong Trung Quoc. + Lao T (am) song gia thi Xuan Thu - Chien Quoc, hap thu quan iem v nga (v mnh), khinh vat trong sinh (coi thng moi vat, trong cuoc song) cua Dng Chu cong vi t tng am dng, phep bien chng cua Chu Dch, tat ca c ghi lai trong sach ao c kinh. + Trang T: Trang Chu phat trien hoc thuyet cua Lao T thanh he thong t tng. ao la ban quyen cua the gii co trc tri at, sinh ra tat ca, ao rat huyen dieu. T o neu len hai khai niem Vo (khong) va Hu (co). Tc la van vat sinh ra t hu, hu sinh ra t vo. ao ch quy luat chung cua s van ong va bien hoa cua s vat.
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c von co trc s vat va nam trong s vat. ao c la mot pham tru thuoc vu tru quan vao loai sm nhat the gii, khac vi Nho thuoc luan ly chnh tr. T o khai quat mot cach bien chng quy luat thanh - bai, hng suy, sinh t, hoa phuc cua xa hoi, i ngi. Han che: gat bo, c tuyet khai niem nhap the cua Nho ma theo uoi the gii vo vi, thanh tnh, vo s, vo duc, tieu dao, am bac xa lanh cuoc song thc tai. ao gia thong tr t tng trong thi Tay Han, Ngu, Tan, ng va ton tai trong suot lch s, bo sung cho triet hoc Nho gia: coi trong thien nhien, t tng t do, anh hng en tam ly tri thc, tham my Trung Quoc. Phap gia: xuat hien trong thi ky Xuan Thu - Chien Quoc, nham cung co che o tap quyen trung ng cua nen quan chu chuyen che. T tng Phap gia thuoc pham tru triet hoc chnh tr (Quan Trong, T San, Ly Khoi, Ngo Khi, Thng ng, Than Bat Hai, Ly T, Han Phi T, tieu bieu la sach Han Phi T, tap hp tat ca, la bo sach kinh ien ve chnh tr xa hoi hoc sm nhat lch s loai ngi va van hoa Trung Quoc. Khong chu trng lam theo i vua trc, thien (Nho) ma he thong chnh tr phap, thuat, the. + Phap: phap lenh thanh van cua quoc gia, phap tr thay le tr dung hnh phat nang vi moi oi tng ke ca ngi quyen quy. + Thuat: quyen mu khong lo ra mat, ke lam chua phai biet ngi thao viec, dung ngi het tr tue, dung ngi het nang lc, e tam sc vao viec quan che be toi. oi vi quan ai than th dung 3 bien phap khong che la: chat, tran, co, tham ch co the dung phng phap nguy tao toi danh e au oc, am hai loai oi thu. + The: la quyen the van nang, ke ng au phai nam quyen giet hai, khen thng th thuat mi thc thi, phap mi c ton trong. Trong cuoc au tranh chnh tr th rat thc dung. Ket thuc cuc dien chnh tr Chien Quoc, nc Tan a thong nhat Trung Quoc. Cac i Vua Trung Quoc thng cung co quyen lc thong qua chieu bai am Phap, dng Nho lay ao ho tr them, tao nen tnh hnh Nho gia, Phap gia, ao gia la ba trng phai chu lu cua nen van hoa chnh tr Trung Quoc.

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Tom lai: Trong lch s t tng Trung Quoc, nhieu trng phai t tng a xuat hien va ton tai. Moi hoc thuyet co noi dung rieng cua no. T tng Nho gia la coi nguon cua chu ngha nhan ao van hoa truyen thong. T tng ao gia la c s triet hoc cua van hoa Trung Quoc. T tng Phap gia cung cap c s ly luan cho cac nha t tng chnh tr cua Trung Quoc va at c s cho che o chnh tr va kinh te cua van hoa tong phap Trung Quoc. Cac trao lu t tng a chi phoi va anh hng ln en cac thanh tu, phng thc bieu at cua cac lnh vc van hoa, nghe thuat, kien truc, ieu khac, tao hnh, my thuat va ca cac moi quan he xa hoi nh: dan tnh, phong tuc, van hoa truyen thong Trung Quoc.

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BAI 4. VAN MINH PHNG TAY THI KY CO TRUNG AI 4.1. Van minh Phng Tay co ai 4.1.1. khai quat 4.1.1.1. Hy lap Ten goi: trc the ky VIII TCN, goi ten cac bo lac khac nhau. en the ky VII TCN, ngi Hy Lap goi ten mnh la Hellenes va goi ten nc mnh la Hellas ( Hy Lap). a ly: - Vung luc a Hy Lap mien Nam ban ao Ban Cang gom ba khu vc: + Bac bo: chu yeu la vung rng nui. + Trung bo: c ngan cach bi eo Tecmopin (gan sat b bien pha ong) co nhieu rng nui nhng cung co ong bang quan trong la Attch va Beoxi (co nhieu thanh pho quan trong nhat la Aten). + Nam bo: c ngan cach bang eo at Coranh la mot ban ao hnh ban tay 4 ngon (peloponed) la mot vung ong bang rong ln va ph nhieu (co thanh pho quan trong la Xpac. - Vung b bien gom Tay ban ao Bancang co nhieu hai cang, cac ao tren bien Egie ln nhat la ao Cret nam pha nam cua ban ao Bancang, bien Egie song yen bien lang tao thanh cau noi cho cac c dan i bien. - Vung Tieu A la cau noi lien Hy Lap en phng ong co nen van minh phat trien sm. - Tai nguyen: rng nui, b bien, cac ao la ieu kien thuan li cho s phat trien cong thng nghiep. Khoang san phong phu ve chung loai, kha giau ve tr lng - Kh hau: Bien. Dan c: Phan ln la dan nhap c. + Eolieng c tru chu yeu Ban Cang va ong bang Beoxi. + Iolieng: c tru chu yeu Attch va ven Tieu A. + Akeang: c tru chu yeu Bac Peloponed. + orieng: c tru chu yeu ao Cret va cac ao Egie. 4.1.1.2. La Ma (Roma) a ly: Ban ao Italia hnh chiec ung dai, hep vn ra a Trung Hai, dien tch 300.000 km2, ln gap 5 lan ban ao Hy Lap,
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lien mot dai en thong nhat va m rong ra 3 chau quanh a Trung Hai. Bac la day Anp ngan cach vi chau Au. Nam la ao xixin. Tay la ao Coocx va Xacenh. a hnh ban ao hau het la ong bang mau m, ong co chan nuoi, b bien dai, khuc khuyu, co nhieu hai cang tot, thuat li cho s phat trien cua du lch va hang hai. Tai nguyen khoang san nhieu loai: ong, Ch, Sat, che tao cong cu san xuat, vu kh. Kh hau: Nam Au + Bien. Dan c: sm nhat la ngi Y (Italoes) mot bo phan song vung Latium goi la ngi Latinh. Mot nhanh dng len thanh La Ma tren b song Tibr, c goi la ngi La Ma. Ngoai ra, con co ngi Goloa, Etrux song chu yeu mien Bac va cac vung khac nh Hy Lap, ven bien pha nam va Xixin. 4.1.2. Nhng thanh tu chnh ve van minh 4.1.2.1. S lc lch s Hy Lap, La Ma. Lch s Hy Lap co ai co the chia lam 4 thi ky: - Van hoa Cret Missen: vung bien Egie (Cret) va Misen (Pelopoled). Theo ket qua khao co hoc, ngi ta a phat hien cac cung ien, thanh quach va nhieu hien vat, ch viet xuat hien vao au thien nien ky III en the ky XII TCN. Chu nhan la ngi Akeang (Nha nc ra i va ln manh nhat la the ky XVI XII TCN). Sau o b ngi orieng tieu diet. - Thi ky Home (XII IX TCN), phan anh trong hai tap th cua Home (Iliat va Oixe). Tap th mo ta cuoc chien tranh gia Hy Lap va Troa, nhng lai c viet vao thi ky nay e suy ra sinh hoat, phong tuc, tap quan, quan he xa hoi, kinh te cua Hy Lap the ky XII IXTCN. Thi ky nay, xa hoi cua ngi orieng giai oan cuoi nguyen thuy, cha co nha nc ma la dan chu quan s, ng au la Basileus c ai hoi Nhan dan bau ra, co Hoi ong Trng lao (toc trng th toc). - Thi ky thanh bang la thi ky quan trong nhat cua lch s Hy Lap. S phan hoa xa hoi dien ra manh me vao the ky th VIII TCN hnh thanh 3 bo phan chu yeu la qui toc, bnh dan, no le dan en nha nc ra i co mot thanh pho trung tam (Thanh bang Polis). Quan trong nhat la 2 thanh bang:
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+ Xpac Nam ban ao Peloponed, phat trien nong nghiep s dung o sat lam cong cu san xuat va vu kh. Nha nc cong hoa qu toc, Hoi ong Trng lao (28 ngi t 61 tuoi tr len), Hoi ngh Nhan dan (moi nam gii t 30 tuoi tr len). Quan oi gom moi nam cong dan c huan luyen ky cang. + Aten: mien trung cua Hy Lap. Ni ay co nhieu khoang san va hai cang phat trien cong thng nghiep. The che nha nc theo che o dan chu chu no nhng xa hoi Aten co ti 4/5 la no le va ngoai kieu. Nam 478 TCN, Aten thanh lap khoi ong minh quan s elot e oi pho vi khoi ong minh Peloponed. The ky V TCN, cuoc chien tranh Hy Lap Ba T dien ra (490 480 TCN). Thang li thuoc ve Hy Lap. Mot chien binh Hy Lap la Philipit a chay t canh ong Maratong ve Aten e thong bao tin thang tran. Ky niem s kien nay, tai ai hoi the thao the gii Olempic lan th nhat nam 1896 a a mon chay Maratong vao chng trnh thi au chnh thc cua ai hoi. Cuoc chien tranh peloponed (431 404 TCN), Aten that bai, phai giai tan ong minh elot, bai bo che o dan chu chu no. - Thi ky Makeonia, nam 337 TCN, Philip II (vua Macedonia) trieu tap hoi ngh toan Hy Lap e chuan b chien tranh vi Ba T. Nam 325 TCN, Alechxandre m cuoc chien tranh ve phng ong, lay Babilone lam trung tam. en nam 323 TCN th ong chet, e quoc chia re. en nam 168 TCN, Makeonia b La Ma tieu diet va nam 146 TCN, Hy Lap la mot bo phan cua La Ma. Lch s La Ma co the chia lam hai thi ky: - Thi ky cong hoa: trc the ky th VI TCN, Nha nc quan chu La Ma ra i, to chc nha nc co Vien Nguyen Lao va ai hoi Nhan dan. Cuoi the ky VI TCN, nhan dan noi day lat o vua, thiet lap Nha nc cong hoa La Ma gom hai Quan Chap chnh va Vien Nguyen Lao. ai hoi Nhan dan cung c thanh lap. Vao the ky III TCN, La Ma lan lt chinh phuc c toan ban ao va phat trien sang pha Tay a Trung Hai. Trong thi ky nay, cuoc chien tranh La Ma Cactagi (Karthager) dien ra ac liet trong suot 120 nam (chien tranh Punicque). en nam 146 TCN, La Ma chiem c toan bo Tay a Trung Hai, pha ong en Ai Cap. - Thi ky Quan chu dien ra qua cac giai oan: oc tai Xila (82 78 TCN), oc tai tay ba (Crassius, Pompei, Caesaes), oc tai Xeda (45 43 TCN), oc tai tay ba (Antonius, Lepidius,
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Octavius). Nam 30 TCN, Octavius tuyen bo thiet lap nen oc tai (Auguste: ang ch ton). Nhng ngi ke tuc xng hoang e. Che o no le dan dan khung hoang, nam 395, e quoc La Ma chia lam hai phan: Tay va ong La Ma. Ngi German di c vao pha Tay thanh lap cac quoc gia cua mnh vao the ky th V. en cuoi the ky th V th La Ma ch con la 1 vung nho be thuoc quyen cai quan cua ngi German. Nam 476, thu lnh German lat o vua La Ma va len ngoi hoang e. e quoc La Ma b diet vong cung vi che o chiem hu no le. Phan ong La Ma b Bidantium tieu diet vao nam 400 va sau o, e quoc nay b Tho Nh Ky tieu diet vao nam 1453. 4.1.2.2. Van hoc Phong phu ve the loai nhat la than thoai, th, kch. - Than thoai: Gia pha cac than cua Heiot (Hesiotte), Caiot (Chaios) hon mang -> than at Gaia, gan lien vi cac thanh phan kinh te. Than Ai tnh Erot (Eross). Ve sau, ngi Hy Lap sang tao ra mot he thong cac than, chua te la than Dt (Zeus), than Promete la than th ren (sang tao van minh), than emete (n than nghe nong) than ionixot (trong nho va lam ru), than Apolo (anh sang va nghe thuat), than tecpo (am nhac), than Tali (hai kch), than Clio(lch s) Cac than eu gan lien vi cuoc song cua con ngi, anh hng manh me en van hoc nghe thuat. Ngi La Ma tiep thu toan bo than thoai Hy Lap va at ten khac (Latinh) cho cac than: Dt th oi thanh Juppitte, Hera -> Juynong N than emete -> Xeret Aphrodit -> Venuyt (sac ep va tnh yeu) Poeiong -> Neptuyn (than bien). Hec Mec -> Mecquya (buon ban). Heraclet -> Hecquyn (sc manh). - Th: Iliat va Oixe cua Home (nha th mu tieu A song vao gia the ky th IX TCN). Truyen th mo ta cuoc chien tranh gia Misen va Troa (phan I) dai 15.683 cau th, chu yeu nam th 10 cua cuoc chien tranh. Phan th II dai 12.110 cau th noi ve hanh trnh tr ve Itac cua vua Oixe (10 nam).
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Nhieu nha th tr tnh, trao phung, van xuoi, tieu bieu la nhom tao an Mesen. Cac nha th La Ma tiep tuc sang tac, tieu bieu co cac nha th ln nh: Viecgiliut, Horatiut, Oviiut... - Kch bat nguon t le hoi cua c dan Hy Lap, au tien la le hoi th than ru nho ionixot. Cac san khau ln c xay dng: Aten cha c 17.000 ngi, Megalopolit (trung tam peloponed cha c 44.000 ngi). The loai thng la bi kch va hai kch, tieu bieu la cac nha soan kch Etsin, Xophocl, ripit. + Etsin (525 456 TCN), co 70 v t than thoai Hy Lap e phan anh xa hoi ng thi (bi kch), noi bat nhat la tac pham Promete chia lam 3 phan: trom la, b xieng, c tha. + Xophocl (497 406 TCN), phan anh thi ky hoang kim cua Hy Lap, ca ngi tai nang cua con ngi, co 123 v ma ngay nay ch con 7 v. + ripit: (480 406 TCN) co 92 v ngay nay ch con lai 18 v bi va mot v hai kch ve tam ly xa hoi. La Ma tiep tuc ke tha nen nghe thuat kch cua Hy Lap. Tieu bieu la cac nha soan kch kiem nha th nh Anronicut, Nviut, Enniut, Platut, Terexiut 4.1.2.3. S hoc - Hy Lap: S hoc Hy Lap thi ky au chu yeu la truyen thuyet va s thi. The ky th V TCN xuat hien cac nha viet s nh Heroot, Tuxiit, Xenophon. + Heroot (484 - 425 TCN) c menh danh la ngi cha cua nen s hoc phng Tay. Tac pham cua ong gom 9 quyen viet ve lch s Hy Lap va cac nc phng ong. au tien la cuon Lch s cuoc chien tranh Hy Lap Ba T. + Tuxiit (460 - 395 TCN), la ngi a trc tiep tham gia cuoc chien tranh Peloponed nen ong a viet cuon Cuoc chien tranh Peloponed. + Xenophon (430 - 359 TCN) la ngi Aten, tac pham quan trong nhat cua ong la quyen Lch s Hy Lap t 411362B.C. - La Ma: The ky th V TCN La Ma a co nhng tai lieu tng t nh lch s bien nien goi la nien ai ky (Annales). T cuoi the ky III TCN, La Ma xuat hien cac nha s hoc ln nh Nviut, Phabiut, Catong, Polibiut, Titut, Liviut, Taxitut, Plutac
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Nviut la nha soan kch kiem s gia, tac pham tieu bieu nhat cua ong la Cuoc chien tranh Punch. Phabiut (sinh 254 TCN) viet lch s La Ma trong the ky cua ong bang tieng Hy Lap. Catong (234 - 149TCN), tac pham nguon goc gom 7 chng: 3 chng au ve lch s Hy Lap, con lai la lch s La Ma, phng phap theo van e khong theo nien ai. 4.1.2.4. Nghe thuat Nen van minh Hy La cong hien cho nhan loai nhng gia tr nghe thuat v ai, the hien cac mang kien truc, ieu khac, hoi hoa. - Kien truc: the hien en mieu, san van ong, rap hat, chu yeu thi ky thanh bang tieu bieu la: + en Pactenong Aten, c xay dng vao the ky VI TCN bang a trang xung quanh co hanh lang, tng dai 276m, co nhng phu ieu mieu ta sinh hoat, than thoai Hy Lap, th n than Atena. + en than Dt Olemp, cac en th ao Xixin cung c thiet ke, xay dng theo motip cua en Pactenong. Ngi La Ma ke tha va sang tao nen nghe thuat kien truc cua Hy Lap, the hien trong cac cong trnh kien truc nh tng thanh, mieu en, cung ien, rap hat, khai hoan mon, cau ng, ong dan nc bang gach, cot ky niem, a cam thach, noi tieng nhat la en Pangteong hnh tron, mai tron ky v. - ieu khac: nhieu ten tuoi ln nh Mirong, Phiiat, Policlet. + Mirong chuyen mo ta ngi ang van ong, tieu bieu la tng lc sy nem a sat. + Phiiat va la nha ieu khac va la kien truc s, uc tng trang tr va la ngi ch ao viec trang hoang my thuat A ten vi cac bc tng tieu bieu: tng than Atena (tng Atena ong trinh bang go kham vang va nga voi cao 22 m, tay phai cam tng than thang li, tay trai cam thuan at trong en Pactenong), tng ngi ch huy chien au at quang trng Aten, tng than Dt kham vang va nga voi en Olemp, hien nay eu khong con na. Policlet song cung thi vi Phiiat tieu bieu la tac pham ngi cam giao, n chien sy Amadong b thng, tng than Hera kham vang va nga voi. Nghe thuat ieu khac La Ma cung phong cach vi Hy Lap: tng va phu ieu trang tr cac ni.
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- Hoi hoa: nhng hoa s tieu bieu la Polinhot (Polygnote) va Apoloo (Apollodore)... hau het eu that lac, ch con lai cac bc bch hoa ve phong canh, cac cong trnh kien truc, o trang sc, tnh vat, chan dung... 4.1.2.5. Khoa hoc t nhien Khac vi cac nen van minh khac, khoa hoc t nhien Hy Lap, La Ma gan lien vi cac nha khoa hoc ten tuoi gom nhng lnh vc khac nhau: thien van hoc, toan hoc, vat ly... - Talet (Thales - the ky VII- VI TCN) Mile Tieu A). Ong a tiep thu nhng thanh tu khoa hoc cua Lng Ha, Ai Cap va phat trien. Phat minh quan trong nhat cua ong la ty le thc. Da vao ty le thc o bong Kim t thap e tnh c chieu cao cua no. Ong con la nha thien van hoc, tnh c ngay nhat thc: 28/5/558 TCN. Nhng sai lam cua ong khi quan niem trai at noi tren nc, con tri hnh ban cau up tren mat at. - Pitago (Pythagoras khoang 580-500 TCN) sinh ra ao Xamot tren bien Egie. Ong a i du lch nhieu nc phng ong va phat bieu nh ly Pitago ve quan he 3 canh trong tam giac vuong, cac loai so chan, le, khong chia het. Ong nhan thc qua at hnh cau va chuyen ong theo quy ao. - clit (Euclid khoang 330-275 TCN) lanh ao nhom cac nha toan hoc Alechxanri tong ket thanh tu toan hoc s ang. Ong la tac gia nh e clit la c s mon hnh hoc. - Acsimet (Archimede 287-212 TCN) que Xiraquyd, ong tnh c so chnh xac, the tch, dien tch toan phan nhieu hnh khoi, phat minh lc hoc, nguyen ly on bay, ng xoan, rong roc, banh rang ca, thuy lc hoc. - Arixtac (Aristarque 310- 230 TCN) ngi ao Xamot. Ong neu len thuyet Nhat tam, tnh toan kha chnh xac the tch Mat Tri, Trai at, Mat Trang va khoang cach cua cac thien the. Phat minh quan trong nhat cua ong la neu len thuyet Nhat tam: Trai at t quay xung quanh no va quay xung quanh Mat Tri. - Eratoxten (Eratosthene 284-192 TCN) Xiren (Tay Ai Cap). Ong la nha khoa hoc gioi nhieu lnh vc, tng phu trach Th vien Alechxanri. Ong tnh c o dai cua vong kinh tuyen trai at la 39.700km va goc c tao nen bi hoang ao va xch ao. - Pliniut (Plinius 23-79) vi tac pham Lch s t nhien dai 37 chng gom moi lnh vc khoa hoc thi bay gi. Tac pham c xem la bo bach khoa toan th cua La Ma co ai.
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- Clot Ptoleme (Claude Ptolemee) sinh trng Ai Cap, tong ket thien van hoc Ai Cap, Lng Ha, Hy Lap thanh sach Sach tong hp. Ong cho rang Trai at hnh cau va la trung tam vu tru (thut lui so vi Pitago va Arixtac) chi phoi suot thi ky trung co. Ong con xuat ban tac pham a ly gom 8 chng, ban o the gii: Bac cc la Xcanginavi, Nam cc la song Nil, ong la Trung Quoc, Tay la Bo ao Nha. - Hipocrat (Hippocrate 469-377 TCN) la thay thuoc Hy Lap, c xem la thuy to cua Y hoc phng Tay. Phng phap cha benh cua ong la phai dung cac bien phap uong thuoc hoac mo xe e cha tr. - Hecropin (Hecropile) giai phau hoc: nao, xem mach. - Heraclit (Heraclide) dung thuoc me e giai phau, mai en nam 1860 mi tai ap dung. - Claudiut Galenut (Claudius Galeus II-III) neu len phng phap cha benh mi. 4.1.2.6. Triet hoc Duy vat: nc- Talet, la- Heraclit, khong khAnaximen. - Heraclit (Heraclite 540 480 TCN) neu quan iem bien chng ve s ton tai cua cac mat oi lap va au tranh gia cac mat oi lap. La la vnh vien, thieu ot va tat theo quy luat. -Empeocl (Empedocle 490-430 TCN) neu len nguon goc cua vu tru la 4 yeu to: at, khong kh, la, nc (tng t An o). Ong con neu len s tien hoa t thc vat ong vat - muon loai. -emocrit (Democrite 460- 390 TCN) la bo nao bach khoa au tien cua Hy Lap. Theo ong, yeu to au tien tao ra van vat la nguyen t (Atom) la n v nho nhat khong the phan chia, eu giong nhau, khac ve hnh dang, khoi lng va trat t trong chan khong, ket hp vi nhau tao ra van vat. -Epiquya (Epicure 341- 270 TCN) cho rang, vu tru la do vat chat tao thanh ma n v nho nhat la nguyen t, nhng khong phu nhan vai tro cua than thanh va coi cam tnh la nguon goc thc s cua nhan thc. Duy tam: nguy bien, nang ve hnh thc va chi ch, ch co nhan thc chu quan hoac chu ngha tng oi ma khong co chan ly khach quan. - Xocrat (Socrates 469-393 TCN) neu len muc ch cua triet hoc la nhan thc cua ban than mnh (duy tam chu quan).
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Tuy nhien, ong cung co nhieu cong hien nhat la phng phap quy nap va nh ngha logic hoc. - Platong (Plato 427-347 TCN), hat nhan la y niem va linh hon bat diet: the gii xung quanh ta ch la s phan anh khong ay u cua y niem, y niem mi la chan ly nhng y niem o phai co mot lc tac ong t mot lc lng sieu nhien. - Arixtot (Aristotles 384-322 TCN) la mot triet gia uyen tham ve moi mat, ngi a sang lap ra mon logic hoc. Quan iem triet hoc cua ong la vat chat ton tai vnh vien nhng nguon goc cua moi van ong la thng e, ong lc bat ong ban au. Ong e lai 150 tac pham, t tng anh hng lau dai, nhat la Triet hoc Kinh vien cua Tay Au trung ai. 4.1.2.7. Luat phap Hy Lap: - Bo luat au tien cua Hy lap la Luat racong. Noi dung c ban cua Bo Luat quy nh cac c quan va quyen lc cua no trong bo may Nha nc Aten. + ai hoi cong dan. + Hoi ong Trng lao. + Quan chap chnh. Tnh chat cua Nha nc Aten la dan chu nhng quy toc van la tang lp co the lc nhat. Nam 621 TCN, Quan Chap chnh racong (Dracons) soan thao Bo Luat nay, khac nghiet nhat la toi an cap b x t, khac tren bia a e moi ngi biet. - Phap lenh Xo Long (Solons) ban bo nam 549 TCN. + Ruong at: tra lai ruong at cho nong dan a the chap v n, qui nh mc chiem hu toi a. + No le: tra lai t do cho no le v n, cam lay than mnh hoac v con ra e am bao vay tra. + Phan chia ang cap: 1) t 500 Meim lua m/nam (52,5kg/meim) tr len th c gi cac chc vu nh Quan Chap chnh, Hoi ong Trng Lao, gia nhap thuy binh, chuyen tien e xay dng ham oi, te le. 2) t 300 meim c mua mot con nga chien, gi chc vu cao trong chnh quyen va tham gia k binh. 3) 200 meim c gi mot so chc vu va tham gia bo binh nang. 4) di 200 meim c tham gia bo binh nhe va gi chc vu s quan trong quan oi. + Thanh lap hoi ong 400 ngi va toa an nhan dan t 4 ang cap. Moi ang cap 100 ngi trong Hoi ong Trng Lao (dan ngheo c tham gia boi tham, toa an
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nhan dan). Phap lenh ve quyen chuyen nhng tai san, cam xuat khau nong pham, khuyen khch san xuat ru nho, oliu, han che quyen li qu toc, quyen li nhan dan c tang len, cham dt viec bat dan t do thanh nole, phat trien cong thng nghiep, m rong dan chu. - Phap lenh Crixten (Clisthenes) hoan thien hn na che o dan chu vao nam 508 TCN. + Chia lai khu vc hanh chnh: bo 4 ang cap cu thanh lap 10 phan khu mi, xoa bo triet e che o th toc. + Hoi ong 500 ngi va Hoi ong Tng lnh (10 ngi 10 phan khu). Moi phan khu bau 50 ngi t 30 tuoi tr len. 50 ngi luan lu thng trc 36 ngay/lt. Ch huy toi cao luan phien thng trc Hoi ong, la c quan hanh chnh cao nhat. + Truc xuat nhng ke co am mu ao chnh va nguy hiem oi vi nen dan chu. + M rong quyen cong dan t do, cho kieu dan va no le tr thanh cong dan. - Phap lenh cua Ephiantet (Ephialtes) va Periclet (Pericles). + Ephiantet: + Lap phap thuoc ai hoi Nhan dan. + T phap thuoc Toa an Nhan dan. + Hanh phap thuoc Hoi ong Trng lao. + Periclet: - Bo nhiem cac chc vu bang cach boc tham tr Tng quan. - Chc nang cua cac c quan nha nc va quyen cong dan (4 c quan Nha nc). - Chnh sach lng bong va phuc li. La Ma: - Luat 12 bang: Nam 454 TCN, Vien Nguyen Lao La Ma c 3 ngi sang Hy Lap nghien cu luat phap. Nam 452 TCN, Vien Nguyen Lao La Ma thanh lap Uy ban 10 ngi soan thao bo luat khac tren 10 bang ong. Nam 450 TCN, Vien Nguyen Lao La Ma c them 3 uy vien bnh dan soan them hai bang. Noi dung cua Luat 12 bang ve c ban la bao ve tnh mang, tai san moi cong dan, trong o bang 3 benh vc chu n ra lenh x t ke nao xui duc ke thu tan cong La Ma hoac nop ngi La Ma cho ke thu. Quy nh x toi trom cap, quan he gia nh.
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Nam 445 TCN, cho phep bnh dan c ket hon vi qu toc. Thi cong hoa, c quan lap phap la ai hoi Nhan dan, c quan hanh phap la Vien Nguyen Lao nh menh lenh cua nguyen thu quoc gia. Trong thi Quan chu, luat phap La Ma tiep tuc c cai tien cho phu hp vi cac quan he ve tai san, nhan than, hon nhan va gia nh anh hng manh me en nen luat phap chau Au va the gii thi ky can hien ai. 4.1.2.8. ao Kito Thi ky au, ngi La Ma theo tn ngng a than giao. Nam 63 TCN, La Ma chinh phuc Palextin, que hng cua ao Do Thai (cu c). Trong thi ky nay, Palextin xuat hien mot ton giao mi la ao Kito. Ngi sang lap ra ao Kito la Giexu (Jesus Christ) sinh ra Betleem (Palextin) vao khoang nam 5 hoac 4 TCN. Nam 30 tuoi, ong va truyen ao va cha benh, khuyen moi ngi phai nhan nhuc ni tran gian e hng hanh phuc vnh vien ni Thien ang. ong thi len an s giau co, ngi giau co muon len thien ang nh con lac a i qua lo kim. Juda la mot tn o, a ban ong lay 12 ong bac trang. Ong b toa an Do Thai x ong inh len cay thap ac nui Canve gan Gierudalem. Sau 3 ngay chet, ong song lai tiep tuc thuyet giao trong 40 ngay, sau o ve tri. ao Kito th ba ngoi Chua Tri, Chua Jesu (chua con), va thanh than. Kinh thanh gom hai phan: phan Cu c tiep nhan t ao Do Thai, phan Tan c (sang tac bang tieng Hy Lap 10 ieu ran). Ban au, ao Kito du nhap vao La Ma, chnh quyen La Ma tan sat (nhat la cuoc tan sat nam 64 di thi hoang e Nero). Nam 311, cac hoang e La Ma ra lenh ngng sat hai cac tn o ao Kito. Nam 313, hoang e Conxtantinut cong nhan a v hp phap cua ao Kito. The ky V, ao Kito c tha nhan la quoc giao cua La Ma. Gierom (Jerome 334 420) a dch kinh Cu c va Tan c ra tieng Latinh. 4.2. Van minh Tay Au Trung ai 4.2.1. Khai quat - Phng Tay vi bo phan chu yeu cua Tay La Ma bao gom cac nc chau Au Tay va Tay Nam Au. - Nam 476, Tay La Ma diet vong ong thi la qua trnh phong kien hoa. Hnh thai kinh te xa hoi phong kien theo mo hnh chau Au dan dan phat trien. Quan he chu yeu trong xa hoi phong kien chau Au la nong dan va a chu phong
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kien. Ban chat cua quan he kinh te phong kien la a to. Quan he a to phat trien qua 3 giai oan la lao dch, san pham va to tien. - T the ky XI, tien te ra i dan en s phat trien kinh te hang hoa dan dan pha v ket cau kinh te t nhien phong kien. Thanh th ra i vi bo phan c dan mi lam c s xa hoi va kinh te la tang lp th dan. Cac thanh th au tien chau Au ra i Italia nh Venexia, Phirenxe, Gienova, Milano, Pida va cac nc Tay Au. Cac thanh th oc lap tr thanh nc cong hoa t tr. - Mam mong t ban chu ngha xuat hien thanh th va ngay cang pho bien lam cho quan he phong kien tan ra. - ao Kito ong vai tro quan trong trong lnh vc chnh tr, van hoa giao duc cua cac quoc gia phong kien chau Au. Uy quyen cua Giao hoi La Ma ngay cang ln. 4.2.2 Van hoa Tay Au t the ky VI XIV 4.2.2.1. Anh hng cua Giao hoi La Ma oi vi van hoa Tay Au - Khi cac toc ngi phng Bac xam nhap Tay La Ma, trnh o van hoa cua ho rat thap, ho khong chu y g en viec bao ton cac gia tr van minh truyen thong Hy La. - Moi mat cua nen van minh b pha huy tr tu vien, nha th cua ao Kito la con gi lai c mot so thanh tu cua nen van hoa co ai. - Giao hoi duy tr trng hoc ao tao con ngi phuc vu cho mnh va xa hoi. Trong khi ngi German hau het la mu ch, khong chu y en van hoa giao duc. Noi dung chng trnh ao tao trong nha trng chu yeu hng ve muc tieu o. Than hoc c suy ton la ba chua cua khoa hoc. Cac mon hoc khac gom ng phap, tu t hoc, logic hoc, so hoc, hnh hoc, thien van hoc va am nhac c goi la Bay mon nghe thuat t do bo tr cho than hoc. 4.2.2.2. S thanh lap cac trng ai hoc - au tien la trng hoc cua cac thanh th nham ao tao nhan tai phuc vu yeu cau phat trien kinh te cua th dan. T cac trng nay phat trien thanh trng ai hoc. Trng ai hoc au tien la Bologna (Y) ra i vao the ky th XI ma tien than cua no la Trng Luat Bologna. - Sang the ky th XII, XIII, nhieu trng ai hoc khac a lan lt xuat hien nh Trng ai hoc Paris, Orlean nc Phap, Trng ai hoc Ocxpht (Oxford), Kembrt (Cambridge) nc Anh, Trng ai hoc Xalamanca Tay Ban Nha, Trng
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ai hoc Palecmo (Palermo) Italia en cuoi the ky XIV chau Au a co tat ca tren 40 trng ai hoc. Tieu bieu la Trng ai hoc Paris co cac hoi ong hng Anh, Normandi, Gol, Picaci (Picardi) Hieu trng c bau ra e ieu hanh viec giang day va hoc tap. Nam 1200, vua Phap Philip II a phe chuan chnh thc thanh lap Trng. Trng co 4 khoa: Nghe thuat, Y hoc, Luat hoc va Than hoc S hoc cao cap Sinh vien tot nghiep khoa Nghe thuat c cap bang c nhan va c tuyen vao ba khoa cao cap. Khi tot nghiep, sinh vien c cap bang thac s hoac tien s va c bo nhiem lam giao s cac trng ai hoc. Ngon ng: tieng Latinh. Phng phap len lp: nghe giang va thao luan. Khi tot nghiep sinh vien phai lam va bao ve luan van. Cac trng ai hoc khac chau Au ng thi cung c to chc tng t. 4.2.2.3. Triet hoc kinh vien Tieng Latinh ngha la Scolasticus ngha la triet hoc nha trng (ly luan). Mon hoc nay c hnh thanh vao khoang the ky th XI, XII. ac iem cua Triet hoc Kinh vien la ap dung phng phap bien luan rac roi, chu trong logic hnh thc. oi vi t nhien ch can phng phap t duy tru tng la co the at en chan ly. Co hai trng phai chnh: Phai Duy danh (Nominalisme) cho rang khai niem chung do t duy con ngi sang tao ra, la ten goi cua cac vat the rieng le va cac vat the rieng le co trc khai niem chung (co yeu to duy vat). Phai Duy thc (Realisme) cho rang trc khi co vat the nao o th khai niem ve vat the ay a ton tai, a co thc roi (duy tam hoan toan). Giao hoi La Ma thng e cao Duy thc, ngc ai Duy danh. The ky XIV, cac nha Duy thc thng ch bien ho cho giao ly cua ao Thien chua ma khong nghien cu ve khoa hoc t nhien va au tranh manh me vi chu ngha nhan van. 4.2.2.4. Van hoc Van hoc Tay Au thi ky trung ai bao gom van hoc dan gian, van hoc nha th. Cac the loai tieu bieu la th, kch, truyen.
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- Van hoc k s la dong van hoc truyen mieng cua gii qu toc chau Au. Trong thi ky trung ai, chau Au co mot oi ngu nhng ngi chuyen ke chuyen thue trong cac lau ai cua lanh chua. Noi dung la ca ngi long ngoan ao, trung thanh cua gii k s. Tieu bieu la truyen Trixtang va Id, Bai ca Rolang, bai ca Xt, bai ca Nibelunghen - Van hoc thanh th ra i vao the ky th XII, khi tang lp th dan ang ngay mot ln manh. Dong van hoc nay bao gom dan ca, truyen dan gian, noi dung mang tnh chat chong phong kien, giao hoi Thien chua. Tieu bieu la cac tac pham: Di chuc cua con la, Thay lang vn, Truyen con cao - Kch cung la mot the loai van hoc mang tnh hai hc, cham biem. Tieu bieu la v Robanh va Mariong, Chang trai va co gai chan cu 4.2.2.5. Nghe thuat kien truc Nghe thuat kien truc cua Tay Au trung ai phat trien qua hai giai oan ln. Thi ky au trc the ky X, nen nghe thuat kien truc cua Tay Au ke tha phong cach kien truc La Ma vi ac trng tho kech, nang ne, tng c xay bang a, mat bang xay dng hnh ch thap, tng day, ca so nho, mai tron, cot to va thap. T the ky X, thanh th vung Bac Phap xuat hien mot loai hnh kien truc mi la kien truc Gotch (Gauticque). ac iem cua loi kien truc nay la vom ca va noc nha nhon, ben ngoai co thap cao vut, tng mong, ca so ln lap knh mau, nhieu phu ieu sinh ong. Loai kien truc nay la thanh tu sang tao cua th dan Tay Au. 4.2.2.6. Cac trao lu van hoa mi Van hoa Phuc hng (Renaissance) - Trao lu van hoa Phuc hng xuat hien t cuoi the ky XIII Italia va lan sang cac nc khac Tay Au. ay la mot trao lu van hoa chong lai t tng cua tang l va qu toc phong kien chau Au. S d Italia la que hng cua trao lu van hoa Phuc hng v Italia la ni quan he t ban chu ngha ra i sm; la que hng cua La Ma co ai, ni lu gi nhieu di san qu, ni co nen kinh te phat trien vi cac thanh th giau co, muon pho trng s giau co cua mnh; ni tap trung tr tue va c s bao tr cua cac nha nc cong hoa thanh th.

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- T the ky XV, XVI, quan he san xuat t ban chu ngha ra i cac nc khac lam cho trao lu van hoa Phuc hng lan sang tat ca cac nc Tay Au. Nhng thanh tu chnh: * Van hoc: th, tieu thuyet, kch. Th: ai bieu la ante (Dante Alighieri 1265-1321), xuat than trong tang lp k s suy tan Phirenxe (Italia). Ngi m au cho trao lu van hoa Phuc hng, tac pham noi tieng la Than khuc. Petraca (F. Petrarca 1304-1374), nha th tr tnh Italia, th ong ca ngi tnh yeu tang nang Lora, ngi ma ong yeu suot i va tr thanh bat t trong th cua ong. Tieu thuyet: ai bieu la Bocaxio (G. Boccacio 1313-1375) nha van Italia vi tac pham noi tieng Mi ngay co tnh chat vach thi ai trong lch s van hoc chau Au. Rable (F. Rabelais 1494-1553), tac pham noi tieng la Gacgangchuya va Pangtagruyen. Xecvangtet (M. Cervantes 1547-1616) la nha van ln ngi Tay Ban Nha. Tac pham noi tieng cua ong la ong Kysot. Kch: ai bieu u tu nhat la W. Sechxpia (William Shakespeare 1564-1616). Kch tac gia ngi Anh, ai dien cuoi cung cua trao lu Van hoa Phuc hng. Ong la tac gia cua nhieu v kch noi tieng nh Romeo va Giuliet, Hamlet, Otenlo, Vua Lia * Nghe thuat: Phirenxe la ni xuat phat au tien cua nen nghe thuat thi Phuc hng. Cac ai bieu u tu la Giotto (Giotto 1266-1337), Maxasio (Masazio 1401-1428), onatenlo (Donatello 1386-1466), Verosio (Verossio 1435-1488), Bottixenli (Botticelli 1444-1510) ac iem chung cua nen nghe thuat thi ky nay la tuy e tai van khai thac trong kinh thanh va than thoai nhng noi dung th hoan toan mang tnh hien thc. ai bieu u tu nhat la Leonaco Vanhxi (Leonardo da Vinci 1452 1519), ong la mot nha bach khoa cua Italia. Cac tac pham tieu bieu cua ong la Ba tiec cuoi cung, c me ong trinh trong hang a, Nang Giocong.

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Raphaen (Raphael 1483 1520) la hoa s thien tai ngi Italia. Cac tac pham tieu bieu noi tieng cua ong la Ngi lam vn xinh ep, Ba co gai Mikenlangi (Michelangelo 14751564) la mot hoa sy, nha ieu khac, kien truc s va thi s thien tai ngi Italia. Cac tac pham nghe thuat tieu bieu cua ong la Sang tao the gii, cuoc phan xet cuoi cung, tng avt, Moid, ngi no le b troi * Khoa hoc t nhien va triet hoc: Thi Phuc hng, cac nganh khoa hoc t nhien va triet hoc cung co nhng thanh tu ln lao, trong o ac biet quan trong la ve thien van hoc. Cac nha bac hoc m au cho bc nhay vot ve khoa hoc t nhien thi Phuc hng la N. Copecnch (Nicolas Copernicus 1473 1543), ong la mot giao s ngi Ba Lan, qua nhieu nam nghien cu, ong a neu nen thuyet Nhat tam chong lai thuyet cua nha thien van hoc co ai Ptoleme a tam. G. Bruno (Giordano Bruno 1548 1600), nha bac hoc ngi Italia a tiep tuc phat trien hoc thuyet cuc Copecnch. Ong cho rang vu tru la vo tan, Mat Tri ch la trung tam cua Thai dng he. Galile (Galileo Galileo 1564 1642), nha thien van hoc ngi Italia. Ong a t phat minh ra knh vien vong e quan sat vu tru. Ngoai ra con rat nhieu cac nha khoa hoc t nhien kiem triet gia nh: Kepl (Kerpler 15711630), ecact (Rene Descartes 15961650), Torixeli (E. Yorricelli 16081647), Vedal (Versaller 15141564), Havi (W. Harvey 15781657), Xecve (Serverre) a ong gop to ln vao s nhan thc cua con ngi ve the gii t nhien. Nhng noi dung chnh Noi dung t tng chu ao cua phong trao Van hoa Phuc hng la chu ngha nhan van cao ca. o la he t tng chu trong en con ngi, chu y en cuoc song hien tai, chu trng cho con ngi c hng moi lac thu i. The hien 4 noi dung chnh: - Len an, a kch, cham biem s tan bao dot nat, gia nhan gia ngha cua gii qu toc, tang l phong kien. - Chong lai quan niem cua Giao hoi Thien chua ve con ngi va cuoc song tran gian. - Chong nhng quan iem phan khoa hoc va chu ngha duy tam.
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- e cao tinh than dan toc, tnh yeu oi vi to quoc va tieng noi cua dan toc mnh. Ngoai ra, cac nha nhan van chu ngha the ky XVI cung a bat au nhan thay va phe phan nhng mat trai cua xa hot t san ang xuat hien. Phong trao cai cach ton giao: Trc s thoi nat cua Giao hoi La Ma va s tha hoa cua gii tang l Thien chua giao, mot so nha t tng Tay Au a e xng phong trao cai cach ton giao. ai bieu u tu cho phong trao nay la: Uyclip (13201384), giao s, giao s cua Trng ai hoc Oxpht (Anh) la ngi e xng cai cach ton giao, phu nhan vai tro cua Giao hoang La Ma, e ngh quoc hu hoa ruong at cua Giao hoi. Ian Hut (Ian Hutt 13691415), Hieu trng Trng ai hoc Praha (Cong hoa Sec) khi xng phong trao chong viec ban giay mien toi, vach tran s tha hoa cua cac Giao s cao cap. Martin Luther va Thomas More la nhng giao s than hoc Trng ai hoc Vitenbe (c), ngi khi xng cuoc au tranh quyet liet oi cai cach ton giao c. Phong trao nay a bien thanh cuoc chien tranh nong dan c manh me the ky XVI. Ulric Dvingli (1484 1531) la giao s Thuy S, trong khi e ngh cai cach ton giao ong a tan thanh che o cong hoa. Phong trao do ong khi xng a bien thanh mot cuoc chien tranh nong dan. Jean Calvin (1519 1564) la giao s ngi Thuy s goc Phap, ngi a hoan thanh l luan ve cai cach ton giao. Hat nhan cua hoc thuyet Canvanh la thuyet nh menh. Ong phu nhan cac hnh thc mien toi cua Giao hoi Thien chua, phu nhan vai tro cua tang l va tac dung cua cac nghi thc le bai phien phc cu. Phong trao cai cach ton giao t Tay Au a lan sang nc Anh. Giai cap t san Anh tiep thu Tan giao Canvanh va at cho no mot ten goi mi la Thanh giao. Ton giao mi ch tin vao Kinh Phuc am nen c goi la Tin Lanh (Phuc Am).

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BAI 5. VAN MINH CONG NGHIEP 5.1. ieu kien ra i cua nen van minh cong nghiep 5.1.1. Phat kien a ly cuoi the ky XV au the ky XVI * Nguyen nhan: - The k XV, e quoc Oxman a khong che cac con ng thng mai ong Tay lam cho s giao lu buon ban qua a Trung Hai ngng tre. - Huyen thoai ve phng ong giau co vang bac va hng lieu thoi thuc lai buon Tay Au. - Nhng tien bo cua ky thuat hang hai. - Nhu cau tm hieu trai at hnh cau o la nhng nguyen nhan c ban thuc ay cac nha hang hai chau Au tm ng bien sang phng ong. * Nhng phat kien a ly c ban sau: - Crtxtop Colong (Christophe Colomb 1450 1506) dan au oan tham hiem gom 3 thuyen va 80 thuy thu, khi hanh t Tay Ban Nha ngay 03/8/1492. oan tham hiem a ti chau My, nhng lai tng la Tay An o (West India). Vao cac nam 1493, 1498, 1502, ong tiep tuc khao sat luc a mi nhng van khang nh o la An o. Vespuris Amerigo, mot nha hang hai khac cung a 4 lan khao sat luc a nay vao cac nam 1497, 1499, 1501, 1503 va khang nh ay la luc a mi American. - Vaxco Gama (Vasco de Gama) dan au oan tham hiem gom 3 thuyen va 160 thuy thu, men theo b bien chau Phi en c An o vao ngay 20/5/1498. Bo ao Nha a oc chiem con ng nay trong vong 18 nam sau o. - Magienlang (Ferdinand de Magellan 1480 1521) dan au oan tham hiem gom 5 thuyen va 265 thuy thu khi hanh t Tay Ban Nha vao ngay 20/9/1519. oan tham hiem vt ai Tay Dng, kham pha va at ten cho Thai Bnh Dng (Pacific Ocean). Ngoai ra con rat nhieu nhng phat kien a ly khac trong suot thi ky ton tai cua chu ngha thc dan phng Tay. * He qua: nhng phat kien a ky a tm ra luc a mi, ai dng mi, nhng con ng bien mi, m ra nhng thanh tu mi cho van minh nhan loai nh tiep xuc giao lu van hoa gia cac nen van minh, phat trien kinh te tuy
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nhien no cung lam xuat hien che o thc dan va nan buon ban no le da en tan bao. 5.1.2. Trao lu cach mang t san * Nhng iem giong nhau: - Muc tieu: lat o che o phong kien, thiet lap che o t ban chu ngha. - Lc lng: lanh ao cach mang t san la giai cap t san, tham gia cach mang la cac giai tang lao ong trong xa hoi. - Chnh quyen: nha nc t ban chu ngha vi 3 kieu la cong hoa, quan chu lap hien va e che t san. * Nhng iem khac biet: - Cuoc cach mang t san Ha Lan (Holland) vao cuoi the ky XVI do quy toc t san hoa lanh ao, lat o nen thong tr cua thc dan Tay Ban Nha, thiet lap Nha nc t san oc lap. - Cuoc cach mang t san Anh (1640 1649) dien ra di hnh thc 1 cuoc noi chien cach mang, lat o nen quan chu Stuart, a Charles I len oan au ai, thiet lap nen cong hoa t san, chuyen quyen s hu ruong at t quy toc ln sang quy toc t san hoa. - Cuoc cach mang t san Phap (1789 1794) dien ra di hnh thc cua cuoc chien tranh cach mang, t hnh vua Louis XVI, thiet lap nen cong hoa th nhat. Ngay 14/7/1789, cach mang pha tan nha nguc Bastiller la ngay quoc khanh cua nc Phap. Hien phap 1791, 1793 quy nh quoc hu hoa, chia ruong at cho nong no vi ieu kien tra tien chuoc trong vong 10 nam. - Cuoc cach mang t san c dien ra di hnh thc cua cuoc au tranh thong nhat nc c bang sat va mau theo tinh than Pho hoa do Otto Von Bismarck lanh ao. Ngay 18/01/1871, Bismarck tuyen bo thong nhat nc c tai cung ien Versailler (Phap). - Cuoc cach mang Bac My (1776 1787) dien ra di hnh thc cuoc au tranh gianh oc lap chong lai nen thong tr cua thc dan Anh. Ket qua, Hp chung quoc Hoa Ky (United States of American) ra i. Che o ai s hu ruong at (Farmer) hnh thanh. - Cuoc Minh Tr (Meiji) Duy tan (1868) Nhat Ban loai tr che o Mac phu Tokugawa, a Nhat Ban tr thanh mot nc t ban chu ngha.

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5.2. Nhng thanh tu chnh 5.2.1. Nhng bien ong ln ve chnh tr xa hoi - The ky XVIII XIX, cac nc t ban chu ngha tiep tuc dien ra cac cuoc au tranh khang nh s thong tr tuyet oi cua quan he san xuat t ban chu ngha va quet sach tan d cua che o phong kien. Toan the gii at di s cai tr cua chu ngha t ban dan chuyen sang oc quyen. - The ky XX chng kien 2 cuoc chien tranh the gii tan khoc va s ra i cua he thong xa hoi chu ngha. Cuoc chien tranh Lanh va trat t 2 cc Yalta ton tai gan na the ky vi nhieu dien bien phc tap. The gii chuyen dan sang trat t mi vao cuoi the ky XX au the ky XXI. 5.2.2. Cach mang khoa hoc ky thuat 5.2.2.1. Khoa hoc The ky XVIII vi cac thanh tu c ban ve vat ly hoc vi c hoc I. Newton (1642 1727), nhiet hoc Reomus va Celcius, Quang hoc M. Lomonosov (1711 1765) va Vien Han lam khoa hoc Pertesburg. The ky XIX bung no cac phat minh khoa hoc ve vat ly va sinh hoa vi hoc thuyet tien hoa cua C. Darwin (1809 1882), hoc thuyet di truyen cua G. J. Mendel (1822 1884), hoc thuyet te bao cua Fleming va Beneden, ly thuyet vi trung cua Louis Pasteur (1822 1895), bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc cua D. I. Mendeleev (1934 1907), tia X cua W.C. Roentgen (1845 1923), vat ly hat nhan cua nha bac hoc ngi Phap goc Ba Lan Marie Currie (1867 1934) The ky XX, A. Einstein (1879 1955) cong bo thuyet tng oi, phan vat chat thuc ay khoa hoc t nhien phat trien manh me. 5.2.2.2. Ky thuat * Cuoc cach mang khoa hoc ky thuat lan th nhat dien ra nc Anh vao the ky XVIII, bat au t cac nganh cong nghiep truyen thong. - Trong lnh vc det vai, nam 1733, John Keys phat minh ra may det (cai thoi bay); J. Carraiter cai tien thanh may det hi nc (1785 tren c s phat minh may hi nc); en nay nhan loai a nhieu lan cai tien tao thanh may det nang suat cao, san pham tot. - Nam 1765, James Hargriver phat minh ra may keo si Janny (tren c s banh rang noi cac coc suot); sau khi may hi nc ra i, Samuel cai tien thanh may keo si hi nc va tiep tuc c cai tien en nay san pham ngay cang ben, ep.
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- Trong lnh vc luyen kim, nam 1735, Darby phat minh ra phng phap luyen than coc tao ra san pham kim loai co chat lng va nang suat cao. Nam 1860, Martin va Bessme phat minh ra lo cao lam cho lnh vc luyen kim va che tao may phat trien vt bac. - Trong lnh vc che tao may, nam 1763, ky s ngi Nga Pondunov phat minh ky thuat may hi nc nhng trong ieu kien cua nc Nga nong no nen ky thuat nay khong c ap dung. Nam 1769, James Watt (1736 1819) phat minh va che tao thanh cong may hi nc vao nam 1784. Phat minh quan trong nay a tao ra he qua to ln la anh dau bc phat trien v ai cua nhan loai, chuyen t lao ong bang tay sang lao ong bang may; lam thay oi c cau, ty trong cua cac nganh kinh te trong o, cong nghiep ong vai tro hang au, cong nghiep khai mo, luyen kim va che tao may la then chot; tao ra cuoc cach mang ong bo tren cac lnh vc nh qua trnh c gii hoa nong nghiep, nen cong nghiep ai c kh, giao thong van tai phat trien (nhat la cong nghiep ng sat: nam 1812, Stefanson (Anh) phat minh au may xe la, 1901, Wright (My) phat minh ra may bay co ngi lai), giao thong lien lac phat trien; tao ra xa hoi cong nghiep vi cac nguyen tac: tieu chuan hoa, chuyen mon hoa, ong bo hoa va a ky thuat phat trien thanh mot lc lng san xuat quan trong. ong thi cung lam xuat hien cac van e toan cau nh bung no dan so, o nhiem moi trng, dch benh, khoang cach giau ngheo gia tang - Trong lnh vc ien kh, nhng thanh tu c ban tren lam xuat hien cong nghiep ien kh vao cuoi the ky XIX vi cac phat minh ve thuy ien, nhiet ien, ng day tai ien, ien may, thap sang, y te Cac nha bac hoc co nhng ong gop quan trong nay la Thomas Edison va Maxwell (My). * Cuoc cach mang khoa hoc ky thuat lan th hai bat au t sau chien tranh the gii th hai (1945) en nay. - Cuoc cach mang lan nay tien vao lnh vc cong nghiep t ong hoa vi thanh tu to ln ve robot (1960), vi mach ien t (1949 phat minh trasitor m ra thanh tu ve may tnh ien t va a qua 4 the he may tnh vi IC va con chuot, nang cao kha nang sang tao cua con ngi) - Phat minh cac loai vat lieu mi sieu dan, sieu ben, sieu nhe, sieu sach ac biet la cap quang (nam 1989 khanh thanh ng cap quang xuyen ai Tay Dng noi lien My va Chau Au).
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- Thanh tu co y ngha quan trong la cong nghiep vu tru: 1957, Lien Xo phong thanh cong ve tinh nhan tao va 1961, Iuri Gagarine bay vao vu tru; 1969, My phong thanh cong tau con thoi va cho cac nha du hanh vu tru i bo tren Mat Trang Nhng phat minh nay cho phep con ngi ng ngoai hanh tinh e quan sat va nghien cu Trai at. - Lnh vc giao thong van tai co nhng thanh tu ln nh: phat minh ve ng sat cao toc (c, Nhat) ti 300 600km. Hang khong phat trien manh me ca ve quan s va dan dung vi cac loai may bay Boing, Aibus, F111, B52 nhieu the he, san bay a dung. Hang hai ngoai cac loai tau khu truc, hang khong mau ham, tau ngam nguyen t la hang loat cac thiet b cho phep con ngi co the i sau vao ai dng, thuc ay lien ket kinh te van hoa toan cau. - Lnh vc thong tin lien lac vi cac thiet b truyen dan ngay cang hien ai (cap quang, ve tinh nhan tao), ky thuat so - Cong nghiep nang lng ac biet phat trien va ong vai tro quan trong hang au trong nen kinh te toan cau (nam 1970 xay ra cuoc tong khung hoang nang lng tac ong ti nhieu lnh vc cua i song). - S phat trien nh vu bao cua khoa hoc ky thuat a tao ra nhng chuyen bien quan trong: tao ra nguon cua cai vat chat to ln (1970 tong gia tr toan cau tang 1 ngan lan so vi nam 1740 va bang 1/1000 so vi nam 1990); lam thay oi thang gia tr cuoc song lay tri thc lam thc o; lam thay oi a v kinh te cac nc (xuat hien cac nc cong nghiep ln co ty le dan c nong nghiep thap G8 ch gan 10%); giao duc va ao tao gi vai tro quan trong hang au trong cac quoc gia phat trien Khoa hoc ky thuat song hanh va tr thanh lc lng san xuat mang tnh quyet nh s phat trien cua nhan loai. 5.2.2.3. Cac hoc thuyet chnh tr xa hoi * Triet hoc: - Triet hoc Tay Au the ky XVII co bc ot pha ln vi nhng cuoc tranh luan gay gat cua cac trng phai duy vat vi duy tam, khoa hoc va sieu hnh, tnh cam vi duy ly Cac triet gia la nhng nha khoa hoc t nhien ly giai cac van e c ban cua triet hoc bang nhng thanh tu nghien cu cua chnh ho. - Triet hoc Tay Au the ky XVIII tiep tuc dien ra cac cuoc tranh luan theo khuynh hng tren. ac biet, trong the ky nay dien ra cuoc van ong t tng cua cac nha Khai sang Phap chuan b cho trao lu cach mang t san Phap. ai
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bieu cho trao lu Triet hoc Khai sang Phap the ky XVIII la Charles Louis Montesquieu, Voltaire va Jean Jacques Rousseau. + Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689 - 1755) xuat than trong mot gia nh quy toc ao dai, a tng la chu tch Ngh vien Bordeaux, sau o ong t chc va i du lch Chau Au. Ong dng lai Anh e nghien cu the che chnh tr quan chu lap hien trong thi gia 1732 1738. Sau o ong tr lai Phap viet cac tac pham: Khao sat ve s ln manh va suy tan cua La Ma, Tinh than luat phap Nhng tac pham cua ong len an xa hoi ng thi va e cap en 3 thi ky lch s: thi ky chuyen che ay thoi nat ng thi, thi ky quan chu lap hien (tam quyen phan lap lap phap thuoc ngh vien, hanh phap thuoc nha vua, t phap thuoc toa an) rat thch hp vi Phap, thi ky cong hoa rat tot ep nhng kho thc hien. + Voltaire (ten that la Francois Mari Arouer 1694 - 1778) xuat than ai quy toc, ong a tng hai lan b giam vao nha nguc Bastiller nhng v anh hng va uy tn cua ong nen trieu nh Phap phai tha bong va truc xuat ong ra khoi Phap. Ong la nha bach khoa cua nc Phap a tng sang tac hang tram tac pham thuoc u moi lnh vc. T tng cua ong la chong oi che o phong kien Phap ng thi, e cao che o quan chu sang suot, coi thng quan chung nhan dan (ngu dan) va s can thiet phai thay the ton giao ng thi bang ton giao tien bo hn e de be cai tr nhan dan. + Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) xuat than trong mot gia nh th sa ong ho ngi Thu S goc Phap. Ong a tng lam rat nhieu nghe e sinh song cac nc Phap va Thuy S. Cac tac pham tieu bieu cua ong: Luan ve s bat bnh ang va nguon goc cua t hu, Khe c xa hoi, Nhng bc th triet hoc Ong e cao t tng ve 1 nen cong hoa da tren y dan va che o bnh ang ve t hu. Cac t tng khai sang a anh hng manh me trong Cach mang t san Phap va the hien thc te trong suot chieu dai lch s cua chu ngha t ban cung nh nhan loai. - The ky XIX vi s bung no cua nen triet hoc c. Triet hoc co ien c vi phep bien chng cua Hegels G. W. F (1770 - 1831), chu ngha duy tam chu quan, duy ly cua I. Kant (1724 - 1804) va chu ngha duy vat sieu hnh Feuerbach. L. A (1804 - 1872). Triet hoc Mac xt vi hai nha sang lap la K. Marx (1818 1883) va F. Engels (1820 1895) a hoan thien
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quan iem nhan thc ve chu ngha duy vat bien chng va lch s. * Kinh te chnh tr hoc: - The ky XVIII xuat hien cac trao lu t tng kinh te tieu bieu nh: Chu ngha Trong Thng xuat hien Anh va lan sang cac nc khac Chau Au, e cao tai san chan chnh cua ca nhan, quoc gia la tien te va vang bac c sinh ra chu yeu qua trao oi va hoat ong thng mai, v the ho chu trng chnh sach t do hoa mau dch. Chu ngha Trong Nong xuat hien Phap vi noi dung c ban la San pham thuan tuy c phat sinh t nong nghiep (at ai), v the nha nc ch c anh thue vao nong dan ma khong c can thiep qua sau vao hoat ong kinh doanh cua nha t ban va chu trng chnh sach bao ho mau dch. - The ky XIX, cac nha t tng Anh e ra hoc thuyet gia tr. A. Smith (1723 1790) cho rang gia tr hang hoa do a to, li nhan va tien lng cong nhan hp thanh, nhng o ch la quy luat cua nen kinh te hang hoa gian n. D. Ricardo (1772 1823) phat trien hoc thuyet gia tr cho rang o chnh la quy luat cua nen kinh te hang hoa t ban chu ngha va ch ra rang: tien lng cong nhan cang tang len th li nhuan cua nha t ban cang giam va ngc lai (mau thuan oi khang) K. Marx va F. Engels tiep tuc phat trien hoc thuyet gia tr thanh hoc thuyet gia tr thang d. * Chu ngha xa hoi: - Chu ngha xa hoi khong tng xuat hien ngay t thi ky au cua chu ngha t ban vi cac ai bieu u tu nh J. Melier, Uyclip ac biet la 3 ai bieu xuat sac la Saint Simons, Fourier va Owen. Saint Simons (1760 - 1825), nha khong tng v ai Phap a neu ra mo hnh cua che o cong nghiep vi nen kinh te ke hoach hoa trong pham vi quoc gia va tren toan the gii, nhng e thc hien c th phai nh vao s giup cua cac nha t ban hao tam. C. Fourier (1772 - 1837), nha khong tng v ai ngi Phap th cho rang xa hoi tng lai cua lao ngi la che o hiep hoi da tren cac falange, trong o moi ngi lam viec t nguyen va hng theo lao ong t tai san chung, nhng ong cung cung quan iem vi Saint Simons la nh vao s giup cua cac nha hao tam.

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R. Owen (Anh 1771 - 1858) co cung quan iem vi C. Fourier nhng la ngi thc nghiem va mo hnh cong xa do ong t bo tien xay dng My that bai. Nh vay, cac nha khong tng a neu ra cac mo hnh xa hoi ly tng e cu loai ngi nhng cac ong lai ri vao khong tng ve phng phap i ti. - Chu ngha xa hoi khoa hoc do K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin, Ho Ch Minh, Mao Trach ong xay dng va phat trien. Cac ong tan ong va phat trien quan iem cua cac nha xa hoi chu ngha khong tng va ieu chnh ve phng phap tien ti xa hoi xa hoi chu ngha bang cach mang xa hoi chu ngha do giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao ong tien hanh. Nh o, he thong xa hoi chu ngha hnh thanh t nc Nga Xo Viet lan ra cac chau luc khac. 5.2.3. Van hoc 5.2.3.1. Van hoc Phap - Van hoc Phap the ky XVIII anh dau s tan ra cua chu ngha co ien (quy cu, mc thc ca ve thu phap nghe thuat lan noi dung), ong thi xuat hien chu ngha tnh cam, van chng hung bien cach mang va ac biet la trao lu khai sang vi 3 ai dien xuat sac la Charles Louis Montesquieu, Voltaire va Jean Jacques Rousseau. - The ky XIX, Van hoc Phap tiep tuc dien ra s tan ra cua chu ngha co ien va n ro cac khuynh hng mi la chu ngha lang man, chu ngha hien thc, chu ngha tng trng. Chu ngha lang man vi 2 trao lu la lang man tieu cc va tch cc. Chu ngha lang man tch cc (quy toc) hoai niem ve mot thi ky hoang kim cua gii quy toc phong kien va choi bo hien thc t san, ai bieu la Stael va F. Chateaubriand. Chu ngha lang man tch cc ca ngi tnh nhan ao, nhan van, phe phan thoi h tat xau cua xa hoi ng thi, ai dien xuat sac nhat la Victor Hugo va Alexandre Duma (cha va con). Chu ngha hien thc phi bay mat trai cua xa hoi t ban chu ngha (xoay quanh 2 yeu to danh va li), ai bieu u tu la Honore de Balzac, Sttendhal va Guy de Maupassant. Chu ngha tng trng xuat hien, thoat ly hien thc t ban chu ngha, m mong ve mot the gii khong co thc (gia tng) nh Jules Verne. ay c xem la c s va tien e cho chu ngha hien sinh cua the ky XX. Ngoai ra, the ky nay nc Phap dien ra nhieu bien ong chnh tr xa hoi to ln nen nc van hoc Phap xuat
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hien nhieu khuynh hng khac nhau nhat la van chng cach mang Cong xa Paris. 5.2.3.2. Van hoc Nga - The ky XVIII chng kien s ra i cua chu ngha co ien, ong thi la s ra i cua chu ngha tnh cam trong van hoc Nga. Cac nha van cam thong vi cuoc song va hoa mnh vao au tranh cua nhan dan lao ong chong lai Nga hoang va che o nong no tan khoc (khi ngha Pugasov. Nha bac hoc Lomonosov neu ra quy nh ve cach hanh van va s dung ngon ng cho 3 loai hnh van chng: Van chng bac hoc (quy toc) dung ngon ng Slave. Van chng bnh dan dung ngon ng Nga co. Van hoc dan da dung ngon ng Nga hien hanh. - The ky XIX, xa hoi Nga ay bien ong va tac ong cua cac khuynh hng van hoc the gii vao Nga (au tranh cua nong no va cac giai tang chong lai che o Nga hoang ang thoi nat, cai cach nong no) lam cho nen van hoc phat trien rc r. S nay n cua cac trao lu van hoc mi trong khi s tan ra cua chu ngha co ien dien ra mot cach manh me. Chu ngha lang man ra i va tr thanh khuynh hng chu ao trong nen van hoc Nga vi cac ai bieu u tu nh: L. Tolstoi, Pushkin. Chu ngha hien thc xuat hien phe phan mat trai cua xa hoi Nga ang chuyen mnh manh me sang che o t ban chu ngha nhng ay ray nhng tan d cua che o nong no phong kien, ai bieu u tu la P. M. Dostoievski. Ngoai ra con co cac trao lu van hoc khac the hien cuoc au tranh cua cong nhan va nhan dan lao ong vi van chng hung bien cach mang, chnh luan cua cac nha cach mang nh V.I. Lenin, Plekhanov Tom lai: Van hoc the gii thi ky t ban chu ngha bung no cac khuynh hng nhat la lang man, hien thc va van chng hung bien cach mang the hien moi mat cua i song xa hoi. Hai nen van hoc ln la Phap va Nga thi ky nay le d nhien khong la tat ca nhng the hien ay u cac ac iem cua nen van hoc the gii. Ben canh o con la thanh tu van hoc cua cac nc tren the gii vi cac ten tuoi lay lng nh: Ernest Hemingway, Jack london (My), Charles Dicken, ch em nha Bronti (Anh), F. Schiller, Heinrich Heine (c)

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KET LUAN 1. S phat trien cua van minh nhan loai la mot qua trnh tien hoa lien tuc va ngay cang c nang cao len trong viec kham pha nhng van e cua t nhien e tan dung nhng yeu to thuan li va han che nhng yeu to khong thuan li. Nhng thanh tu van minh la tai san chung cua nhan loai 2. Khi noi ve van minh phng ong va van minh phng Tay can hieu ro hn ve khai niem ong Tay. Khai niem nay ban au do ngi chau Au goi, no hoan toan mang y ngha a ly, t o lam xuat hien cac khai niem Can ong, Trung Can ong, Trung ong, Vien ong. Cuoi the ky XV au the ky XVI, khai niem ong, Tay c m rong nen co them cac ten goi mi nh ong A, Tay Ban Cau Thi ky cach mang cong nghiep, cac nc chau Au, Bac My, Nhat Ban phat trien cao vt khoi trnh o cac nc khac tren the gii nen khai niem ong, Tay lai co y ngha trnh o van hoa: ong lac hau, Tay tien tien hay phng Tay la chu ngha t ban va phng ong la phong kien (khai niem a chnh tr ). Cuoi the ky XIX au the ky XX, cac nc phng ong tiep xuc vi phng Tay va bc vao qua trnh hien ai hoa trung vi qua trnh phng Tay hoa. Cach mang thang Mi Nga thanh cong, nc Nga nam ong Au nen khai niem ong Tay lai c hieu theo ngha khac : khai niem phng Tay ch chu ngha t ban, phng ong ch chu ngha xa hoi ( a chnh tr ) va do o oi khi Nhat Ban cung c xem la phng Tay. Ngay nay, cac nc phat trien khong hoan toan la phai phng Tay nen khai niem ong, Tay cung thay oi va en mot luc nao o no lai tr ve vi khai niem a ly. Lch s van minh la lch s cua loai ngi, la thanh tu cua nhan loai. Van minh bao gom ca mat tch cc va tieu cc cua ca phng ong va phng Tay 3. Van minh cua loai ngi a c xay dng tren rat nhieu lnh vc, rat nhieu phng dien va co nguon goc rat sau xa thuc ay lch s phat trien va lch s phat trien thuc ay van minh phat trien nen khong de g huy diet c. Chien tranh, suy cho cung la dung nhng thanh tu van minh e huy diet nen van minh nen can phai bao ve hoa bnh e han che tac hai cua no. 4. Van e hoi nhap cua Viet Nam vao nen van minh the gii: chung ta tiep nhan nen van minh cong nghiep lam cho nep song van minh mi van minh cong nghiep thanh suy ngh va hanh ong cua chung ta. Hoi nhap cung la
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phat huy the manh, u iem cua ta ra ben ngoai e gop phan vao s phat trien chung cua nhan loai.

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