Microsoft Access

MC LC
MC LC ................................................................................................................ 1
THIT K C S D LIU ................................................................................ 3
I. Ti sao li hc Access?.......................................................................................3
II. Mt s khi nim c bn...................................................................................3
III. Cc bc thit k mt CSDL...........................................................................4
1. Xc nh mc tiu qun l......................................................................................4
2. Xc nh cc bng trong mt CSDL.......................................................................4
3. Xc nh cc ct (thuc tnh, trng) trong mt bng v trng kha....................5
3.1. Mt s phng php xc nh ct (thuc tnh, trng)................................................5
3.2. Ph thuc hm..............................................................................................................6
3.2. Trng kha chnh .......................................................................................................6
4. Xc nh cc mi quan h.......................................................................................6
4.1. Quan h 1-nhiu (1-n)...............................................................................................6
4.2. Quan h nhiu - nhiu (n-n) .....................................................................................7
4.3. Quan h 1-1...................................................................................................................7
5. Chun ha li thit k.............................................................................................7
MICROSOFT ACCESS .......................................................................................... 9
I. Lm quen Access................................................................................................9
1. Khi ng MS Access............................................................................................9
2. Thot khi Access...................................................................................................9
II. C s d liu Access ........................................................................................9
1. To mi c s d liu (Databases)..........................................................................9
2. M mt CSDL c sn.........................................................................................9
3. Lm vic vi Database trn Access........................................................................9
III. Lm vic vi cc i tng trong CSDL Access...........................................10
1. Table - Bng biu..................................................................................................10
1.1. Vai tr ca bng biu..................................................................................................10
1.2. Thit k cu trc bng Design View Table..............................................................10
1.3. Quy nh kho chnh cho Table..................................................................................15
1.4. Lu bng v t tn bng nh ngha.....................................................................16
1.5. Thay i cu trc bng................................................................................................16
1.6. Thao tc nhp d liu hoc thay i hin th ca bng...............................................16
2. Xy dng mi lin h gia cc bng biu (RelationShips)...................................18
2.1. Ti sao phi xy dng mi lin h?............................................................................18
2.2. Mi lin h lm vic nh th no?..............................................................................18
2.3. Xc nh mi lin h...................................................................................................18
2.4. Ton vn tham chiu l g? ........................................................................................19
3. Xy dng cu truy vn Query............................................................................20
3.1. Truy vn l g..............................................................................................................20
3.2. To truy vn (query)...................................................................................................22
3.3. To truy vn hnh ng (Action query)......................................................................36
3.4. To truy vn tham s (Parameter query)....................................................................37
3.5. To CrossTab Query (Cross Tabulation).................................................................39
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Microsoft Access
4. Xy dng bo co Report...................................................................................42
4.1. Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................................43
4.2. To bo co bng wizard............................................................................................43
4.2. Cu trc ca bo co...................................................................................................46
5. Thit k v to form..............................................................................................51
5.1 Gii thiu chung..........................................................................................................51
5.2 Thit k form...............................................................................................................51
5.3 Cng c thit k form..................................................................................................52
5.4 Cc kiu form v cch to............................................................................................53
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Microsoft Access
THIT K C S D LIU
I. Ti sao li hc Access?
Bn c th gii quyt mt bi ton n gin nh qun l bn hng bng cch to ra
mt bng tnh.
(cho VD v mt bi qun l bn hng trong Excel bi ging)
D tha d liu: d liu lp li.
Mu thun d liu:
Khi thay i a ch ca mt khch hng phi thay i li a ch tt c
cc dng c lin quan n khch hng .
Khi xa n t hng ca mt khch hng th c th s xa c thng tin
v khch hng.
Gii php:
Tch ra thnh cc bng nh: mt bng cha cc thng tin v khch hng, mt bng
cha cc thng tin v vic bn hng (ha n).
Nhng khi s dng d liu khng phi bn ch mun nhng thng tin ring r m
thng l s kt hp ca nhiu bng. V d bn khng ch mun c thng tin v
khch hng n thun m thng l thng tin kt hp v khch hng v cc ha
n mua hng ca khch a ra cc chnh sch khuyn mi.
Tuy nhin trong Excel li khng h tr vic kt ni d liu gia cc bng. Vy vi
MS Access th sao??
MS Access l mt h qun tr CSDL (mt phn mm qun tr d liu), lu
tr thng tin di dng bng, h tr cho vic kt ni d liu gia cc bng
v cung cp mt s chc nng qun tr d liu.
Vi MS Access, bn c th to ra cc ng dng m khng cn phi lp trnh.
Bn c th to ra mt bng lu tr tt c cc thng tin cn qun l nh Excel,
nhng s l mt CSDL thit k ti v to ra d tha d liu v mu thun d
liu. Vy lm th no thit k tt mt CSDL?
II. Mt s khi nim c bn
CSDL l tp hp cc d liu lu tr c lin quan vi nhau cng phc v cc nhu
cu ca nhiu ngi s dng, hay nhiu t chc. Ngha l tp hp nhiu bng khc
nhau v c lin quan vi nhau.
Mt bng bao gm mt s ct (thuc tnh, trng), mi dng l tp hp cc gi tr
tng ng ca cc ct. Trong mt bng khng bao gi c 2 dng ging nhau trn
gi tr ca tt c cc trng. S cc ct trong mi bng l t nht c th c v
tng i n nh, trnh vic thm hoc bt ct khi bng cha nhiu d liu. S
cc dng trong bng l khng hn ch, chnh l cc d liu cn lu tr.
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Microsoft Access
Bng KhachHang
MAKH HOTEN DIACHI
KH01 V Ngc Thi 2 Gii phng, Hai B Trng, HN
KH02 Thu Dung 10 Trng Tin, Hon Kim, HN
KH03 L Kim Thu 24 Ca Nam, Hon Kim, HN
Bng KhachHang:
C 3 trng (ct, thuc tnh): MAKH, HOTEN, DIACHI.
C 3 bn ghi (dng).
Trng MAKH c cc gi tr: KH01, KH02, KH03,
III. Cc bc thit k mt CSDL
C Xc nh mc tiu qun l, khai thc CSDL ca bn.
C Xc nh cc bng d liu cn thit
C Xc nh cc thuc tnh v kha trong tng bng.
C Xc nh cc mi quan h gia cc bng.
C Chun ha li thit k.
Nu cc bng ca CSDL cha y d liu, vic chnh sa thit k tr nn kh
khn hn. Do cn m bo rng bn cn hon chnh mt thit k tt trc khi
trin khai cc bc tip theo.
1. Xc nh mc tiu qun l
iu ny quyt nh bn s a vo CSDL thng tin g. T mc tiu bn mi
hnh thnh cc i tng (cc bng) cn thit cha d liu v nh ngha cc
thuc tnh (cc ct) sao cho m t y i tng.
Tho lun cng vi ngi dng CSDL tng lai v cc vn h mun CSDL
tr li. Phc tho cc bo co s trnh by, thu thp cc biu mu thng dng
ghi nhn s liu. Bn s cn tt c nhng thng tin ny cho cc bc tip
theo ca qu trnh thit k.
2. Xc nh cc bng trong mt CSDL
Cc bo co cho bn bit h thng cn nhng thng tin g, nhng li khng cho
bn bit phi phn loi thng tin thnh nhng bng nh th no.
Thng thng mi bng thng cha thng tin v mt i tng no tham
gia vo qu trnh qun l nh: khch hng, nh cung cp, hng ha, ha n,
chng t, Mi dng cha thng tin v mt i tng c th.
V d: bng khch hng cha thng tin v tt c cc khch hng, mi khch
hng c th, chng hn nh b Nguyn Kim Thu c th hin bng mt dng
duy nht trong bng; mi khi thm mt khch hng th thm mt dng vo bng
Khch hng.
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Bn ghi (dng)
Mt gi tr ca
trng DIACHI
Microsoft Access
3. Xc nh cc ct (thuc tnh, trng) trong mt bng v trng kha.
Xc nh cc ct trong mt bng tc l xc nh nhng thng tin bn mun lu
tr v i tng. chnh l nhng thuc tnh chung (tn ct) m t i
tng. VD Bng Khch hng c cc thuc tnh l Tn, Tui Thng tin v
tng khch hng c th chnh l cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh.
* Cn phn bit gia thuc tnh v gi tr: thuc tnh th khng thay i nhng
gi tr th c th thay i. V d ha n bn hng,
3.1. Mt s phng php xc nh ct (thuc tnh, trng)
Mi trng c quan h trc tip n i tng trong bng
Trng no m t thuc tnh ca mt i tng khc phi thuc v bng khc.
Cc thuc tnh m t khng xut hin nhiu hn mt bng. Chng hn nh
in thoi, a ch, l cc thuc tnh m t ca bng khch hng th khng
th l thuc tnh ca bng Ha n hay bt k bng no khc.
Gi tr ca mi thuc tnh phi l gi tr s ng
Gi tr ca thuc tnh l s ng tc l khng th tch thnh cc thnh
phn nh hn m vn c ngha.
V d: thuc tnh a ch khch hng l hp thnh ca cc thuc tnh S nh,
ng ph, Phng (x), Qun (huyn), Tnh (thnh) => trng a ch cha
phi l s ng.
Tuy nhin iu ny c th b qua ty theo yu cu qun l t ra. Chng hn
nu bn khng c nhu cu tm kim hay lit k cc khch hng theo qun hoc
thnh ph th bn c th coi a ch l mt xu k t duy nht.
Gi tr ca mi thuc tnh phi l gi tr n
Gi tr ca thuc tnh l duy nht tc l ch c duy nht mt gi tr
(khng phi l mt dy hay mt tp cc gi tr).
V d: thuc tnh NGOAINGU trong bng Nhanvien l khng duy nht v c
th c nhn vin khng bit ngoi ng no, hoc bit 1 hoc bit 3 ngoi ng
Do gi tr ca trng cc ngoi ng l mt dy cc ngoi ng m nhn vin
bit.
Khng c nhng trng c th rt ra c hoc tnh ton c t nhng
trng c
V d: bn c trng n gi v S lng th bn khng cn trng Thnh tin.
Cc trng phi ph c tt c thng tin cn thit.
Trong giai on thit k bn cn m bo tnh y ca thng tin. Hy t t
ra cc cu hi v yu cu thc t xem CSDL c p ng c khng. Trnh
vic thm hoc bt ct khi bng cha nhiu d liu.
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Microsoft Access
3.2. Ph thuc hm
Bng KhachHang
HO TEN NAMSINH
Nguyn Minh Thu 1980
Nguyn Minh Thu ?
Gi thit khng c 2 ngi trng tn nhau. Ta ni thuc tnh HO, TEN xc nh
thuc tnh NAMSINH hay NAMSINH ph thuc hm vo HO, TEN khi v ch
khi nu gi tr ca 2 bn ghi (dng) bt k bng nhau trn cc trng HO, TEN
th phi bng nhau trn trng NAMSINH.
K hiu: HO, TEN NAMSINH.
Nh vy, nu ph thuc hm trn ng trn bng KhachHang th ta c th
khng nh gi tr ca trng NAMSINH ca dng th 2 l 1980.
Nu trn thc t tn ti 2 dng m gi tr bng nhau trn trng HO, TEN
nhng li khc nhau trn trng NAMSINH th ta c th khng nh ngay
NAMSINH khng ph thuc hm vo HO, TEN.
3.2. Trng kha chnh
Trng kha chnh l tp nh nht cc trng xc nh duy nht mt dng trong
bng. Nh vy cc gi tr trong trng kha chnh phi khc nhau i vi tng
bn ghi (dng) hay khng c trng lp. Ni cch khc l cc thuc tnh trong
bng u ph thuc hm vo kha.
Khi chn trng kha chnh bn cn lu n cc im sau:
MS Access khng chp nhn gi tr trng nhp cho trng kha.
MS Access khng chp nhn gi tr trng nhau cho trng kha.
Gi tr trong trng kha nn ngn gn.
Kch thc trng kha nn dng kch thc nh nht sao cho va
xc nh mi gi tr cn a vo trng.
4. Xc nh cc mi quan h
C 3 loi quan h gia cc bng.
4.1. Quan h 1-nhiu (1-n)
Ta ni bng A c quan h 1-n vi bng B c ngha l mt dng trong
bng A s c th c nhiu dng tng ng trong bng B, nhng mt
dng trong bng B ch c th c mt dng tng ng duy nht trong
bng A.
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KhachHang HoaDon
n
1
Microsoft Access
V d: mt khch hng c th c nhiu ha n nhng mi ha n ch thuc v
mt khch hng.
=> Thit lp quan h: Thm kha chnh ca bng u mt (A) vo bng u
nhiu (B), trong bng (B) l trng lin kt.
4.2. Quan h nhiu - nhiu (n-n)
Ta ni bng A c quan h n-n vi bng B c ngha l mt dng trong
bng A s c th c nhiu dng tng ng trong bng B, v mt dng
trong bng B s c th nhiu dng tng ng trong bng A.
Trong MS Access khng chp nhn mi quan h n-n. Khi gp mt mi quan h
n-n bn phi tch thnh 2 mi quan h 1-n bng cch: to ra mt bng mi nhn
kha chnh ca hai bng lm kha chnh. Ngoi ra bng mi c th c thm mt
s trng ph thuc hm vo c hai trng kha mi.
V d: ta c 2 bng d liu Nhn vin v bng Cng trnh vi cc thuc tnh
nh sau:
NhanVien (MANV, TENNV, CHUCVU)
CongTrinh (MACT, TENCT)
Mt nhn vin c th tham gia nhiu cng trnh. Mt cng trnh c th c nhiu
nhn vin tham d.
Thit lp quan h: to bng mi: PhanCong (MANV, MACT).
4.3. Quan h 1-1
Ta ni bng A c quan h 1-1 vi bng B c ngha l mt dng trong
bng A ch c mt dng tng ng trong bng B, v mt dng trong
bng B ch c mt dng tng ng trong bng A.
Thng thng cc bng quan h 1-1 c ghp li thnh mt bng.
Nu cn phi to quan h 1-1, trc ht bn phi xem c th a tt c d liu
vo mt bng hay khng. Nu khng bn c th thit lp quan h 1-1 theo
nhng gi sau:
Nu hai bng m t cng mt ch , lp quan h 1-1 bng cch dng cng
trng kha chnh trong hai bng.
Nu hai bng m t hai ch khc nhau vi cc kha khc nhau, chn
mt trong hai bng v a vo trng kha chnh ca bng kia tham d
vi t cch nh l mt kha lin kt.
5. Chun ha li thit k
7
NhanVien CongTrinh
n
n
CongTrinh
1
n
NhanVien PhanCong
n
1
Microsoft Access
Phn tch li thit k t bc u, kim tra xem CSDL c p ng c cc yu
cu qun l ra hay khng? cn gy ra cc mu thun d liu khi thao tc
CSDL (thm mt dng mi, sa, xa mt dng) hay khng? Sau y l mt vi
gi :
Bn c b st trng no ngoi CSDL khng. C thng tin no bn cn m
cha a vo khng.
Bn chn kha chnh cho mi bng cha, cc trng khc c ph thuc
hon ton vo kha khng. Lu rng trong trng kha chnh khng chp
nhn trng nhau v mi khi thm mt dng mi gi tr trong trng kha
khng c trng.
Kim tra hin tng trng lp v d tha thng tin. Bn c phi nhp d liu
trng nhau cho nhiu bng khng. Nu c bn cn chia bng thnh hai
bng con vi quan h 1-n.
Bn c bng no c nhiu ct nhng t dng v vi ct phi b trng trong
mt s dng hay khng. Nu c bn hy thit k li bng sao cho t ct
hn v nhiu dng hn.
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Microsoft Access
MICROSOFT ACCESS
I. Lm quen Access
1. Khi ng MS Access
Start/ Program/ MS Access
2. Thot khi Access
File/ Exit hoc ng hp thoi Access
Sau khi khi ng Access, xut hin hp thoi thoi gm:
Create a New Database Using: To mt CSDL ng dng mi
Blank Database: To CSDL trng.
Database Wizard: To CSDL vi s tr gip Wizarrd.
II. C s d liu Access
1. To mi c s d liu (Databases)
File/ New, xut hin hp thoi New
- Nu mun to CSDL trng: Chn tab General, chn biu tng Database.
- Nu to CSDL c s tr gip (da trn 1 CSDL xy dng sn): Chn tab
Databases, chn mt biu tng bt k.
Chn OK, xut hin hp thoi File new database, la chn th mc lu tr v t
tn cho CSDL trong phn File name, sau chn Create.
2. M mt CSDL c sn
File/ Open, xut hin hp thoi Open, tm CSDL mun m, chn Open.
3. Lm vic vi Database trn Access
Sau khi to mi hoc m mt CSDL c, bn s lm vic vi hp thoi CSDL.
C th lm vic vi cc i tng (Objects) trong CSDL Access, khi mun lm
vic vi i tng no th chn i tng phn Objects:
Tables: Bng cha cc s liu c s, cc nghip v pht sinh v cc bin
ng tip theo ca nhng thng tin ang qun l.
Queries: To cc cu truy vn nhm trch rt d liu t cc bng hoc t cc
cu truy vn (khai thc CSDL).
theo yu cu.
Forms: Biu mu nhp d liu, hin th d liu.
Reports: Bo co d liu.
Pages: Biu mu nhp, hin th d liu di dng trang Web.
Macros: Chui cc cu lnh yu cu h thng thc hin
Lu : D liu c lu trong cc bng (Tables), do phi to bng biu trc
th mi to c Forms, Queries, Reports
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Microsoft Access
III. Lm vic vi cc i tng trong CSDL Access
1. Table - Bng biu
Access cung cp 2 cch to bng biu, c th to mt bng trng v nhp d
liu ca bn hoc to bng t d liu tn ti hoc t mt ngun khc chng hn
ly d liu t MS Excel.
1.1. Vai tr ca bng biu
Trc khi i vo vic to bng d liu, ta tm hiu qua v bng v cc trng trong
bng. Cng ging trong Excel, bng dng lu tr thng tin, ghi nhn cc ni
dung m ngi dng mun qun l. i vi Access, bng l i tng quan trng
nht, bao gm tp hp d liu theo mt ch no . Cu trc ca bng bao gm
nhiu ct/ trng d liu, d liu t chc theo tng dng gi l bn ghi.
1.2. Thit k cu trc bng Design View Table
Khi nh ngha cc trng d liu cn qun l trong bng, cn xc nh trng
c kiu d liu l g, v gi tr cho trng c gii hn hay yu cu no khng?
V d: bng Khch hng, c trng Tn khch hng, kiu d liu cn l Kiu k t
(Text), v tn khng qu 50 k t
c th nhp d liu lu tr vo bng biu, trc ht cn nh ngha, thit k cu
trc cho bng . Nu nh bn tri qua bi hc u tin v thit k CSDL, th
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M mt i
tng c
To mi mt
i tng
Thit k mt
i tng
Cc i tng
Bng biu
Cu truy vn
Form nhp DL
Bo co
Form nhp di
dng trang Web
Nhng cch to mi mt
i tng
- Qua khung CS thit k
- Dng Wizard
- Bng cch nhp d liu
Microsoft Access
n phn ny bn ch cn ly cc bng thit k phn trc; xc nh kiu d
liu ca chng ri chuyn thnh bng trong Access.
C th to mi mt bng bng Wizard hoc t thit k theo ring trn mt mu
bng (Datasheet View) hoc trn mt mu thit k (Design view). y ch quan
tm n cch thit k bng Design view.
Chn nt biu tng Tables di nt Objects, sau chn nt Design trong hp
thoi Database hoc chn Create table in Design view, hp thoi to table xut
hin.
a. Field name (nh ngha tn trng)
Tn trng di khng qu 64 k t v bt u bng k t ch (A-Z, a-z) hoc k t
s (0-9), c th c khong trng nhng khng c cha du cu. Tuy nhin, tn
trng nn t ngn gn, c ngha v khng nn dng cc khong trng, hoc
Ting Vit c du trong tn trng thun tin cho cng vic sau ny. Nu mun
tn d hiu c th dng du gch di ( _ ) phn bit cc t, v d Ten_KH.
b. Data type (kiu d liu ca trng)
Chn kiu d liu thch hp bng cch nhn chut vo phm mi tn. C th chn
mt trong cc kiu d liu sau:
Text: kiu k t, vi di 255 k t.
Memo: kiu vn bn, vi di 65535 k t.
Number: kiu s.
Date/Time: kiu ngy hoc/ v gi.
Currency: kiu tin t, theo ng Dollar
AutoNumber: S t ng tng v do Access t ng gn.
Yes/No: kiu logic, hng gi tr ng/ sai.
Lookup Wizard: la chn gi tr nhp vo trng d liu t Danh sch gi tr do
ngi dng nh ngha hoc t mt Table/Query khc.
OLE object: kiu i tng c nhng vo ( nh, file Word,)
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Thm hoc i
tn trng
Ch nh kiu DL
cho trng
M t chi tit cho trng
Nhp cc
trng y
nh ngha
thuc tnh
ca trng
Microsoft Access
c. Description (m t)
ghi nhng din t, ghi ch tr gip cho ngi dng, ct ny khng bt buc
phi nhp, n ch mang tnh cht ghi ch.
d. Field properties (Cc thuc tnh ca trng)
Vi mi trng, ngoi vic nhp tn trng v kiu d liu, thng phi ch nh
thm mt s thuc tnh trong phn Field properties. Cc thuc tnh ny gm thuc
tnh chung bn tab General v cc thuc tnh quy nh khi nhp d liu bn tab
Lookup. di chuyn gia phn hp thoi nh ngha cu trc bng vi phn nh
ngha cc thuc tnh ca mi trng dng phm F6 chuyn i.
- General: tu tng kiu d liu m cc thuc tnh chung ny c khc nhau.
Field size: quy nh rng ca trng, thng c kiu Text, Number,
AutoNumber.
Format: nh dng ch hin th gi tr trong trng, c th la chn mt
trong s cc kiu nh dng c sn.
Input Mask: khun mu (mt n) cho tt c d liu c nhp vo trng, la
chn nhng mt n nh ngha sn bng cch chn vo nt ().
Caption: Tn hin th ca trng khi trn form hoc khi m bng di dng
Datasheet nhp d liu. Nu bn khng nh ngha thuc tnh ny, khi m
bng nhp d liu th tn trng (Field name) nh ngha trn s hin
th trn u trng .
AllowZeroLength: cho php quy nh trng c kiu Text hoc Memo c th l
chui vi di 0 (), la chn Yes/No quy nh thuc tnh ny cho trng
d liu .
Validation Rule: Biu thc gii hn gi tr nhp vo mt trng.
Validation Text: Dng thng bo li xut hin khi gi tr nhp vo trng
khng theo Validation Rule.
V d: c trng tn S lng, kiu DL Number; Validation Rule: >0 v
Validation Text: S nhp vo phi ln hn 0. Nhp li !!!. Nu nhp gi
tr -3 th xut hin hp thoi thng bo li vi ni dung trn.
Required: trng ny c bt buc phi nhp d liu vo khng? la chn kh
nng Yes/ No.
Index: c phi trng ch s khng? Ch : ch s khng p dng cho trng c
kiu d liu Memo, OLE, Hyperlink. La chn kh nng:
No: Khng phi l trng ch s.
Yes, Duplicates OK: l trng ch s v c php trng lp.
Yes, No Duplicates: l trng ch s nhng khng c php trng lp.
Vy khi no dng la chn no? Thng cc trng l kho s c chn l
index, v gi tr trn trng ny khng c trng lp bo m tnh duy nht
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Microsoft Access
cho kho. Vi trng kho bn bng nhiu (kho gm nhiu thuc tnh) th tt
c cc kho u c gi tr index l Yes, Duplicates OK. Cn cc kho bng
bn mt (ch c mt thuc tnh l kho) th gi tr index l Yes, No Duplicates.
- Lookup: Cc thuc tnh cho php xc nh cch nhp liu vo trng t mt
bng, mt truy vn hay t mt chui t do.
Khi nhp gi tr vo mt trng, quy nh gi tr c th tm trong danh
sch gi tr d liu t mt bng hay t mt truy vn hoc t mt danh sch cc
gi tr m bn t ra, ta dng Lookup Wizard. Chn Lookup Wizard trong ct
DataType ti trng d liu m bn ang nh ngha:
Xut hin hp thoi Lookup Wizard
Bc 1: Chn quy nh ly d liu ca ct Lookup
(1) I want the lookup column to lookup the value in the table or query:
Ngun d liu cho ct tm kim l bng hay truy vn.
(2) I will type in the values that I want: Ngun d liu ly t danh sch do
bn quy nh.
Ch nh kiu ly d liu, sau chn Next chuyn bc tip theo, nu
quay li bc trc chn Back.
Bc 2: Quy nh ngun d liu ca ct Lookup
Nu chn (1): Ch nh tn bng, truy vn m mun ly d liu trong hp
list box. Chn Next, sau ch nh cc ct gi tr xut hin trong ct
Lookup bng cch nhp chut vo tn trng cn hin th, sau chn nt
>. Nu mun hin th ton b cc trng trong Table/Query chn nt >>.
Loi b mt trng d liu khi danh sch cc trng s hin th th chn
nt <, loi b tt cc trng chn th chn <<.
Nu chn (2): Nhp s ct xut hin trong ct Lookup vo Number of
Columns, sau nhp cc gi tr m ngi dng cn hin th vo cc ct
trong bng bn di .
Chn Next, nu mun thay i hoc t li tn cho ct Lookup, nu khng thay
i chn Finish.
Chn Tab Lookup bn s thy mt s cc thuc tnh nh sau:
C th to mt danh sch gi tr m cc gi tr c ly t mt bng khc hoc
mt truy vn khc thng qua cch 1 trn, hoc chn Tab Lookup Field
Properties to.
Display control: Kiu i tng hin th khi xut hin trn Form (List
box, Combo box).
Row Source Type: Kiu d liu ngun.
Row Source: D liu ngun.
13
Microsoft Access
Bound Column: Quy nh gi tr ca ct ch ly t dy gi tr nh
ngha cho i tng.
Column Count: S ct gi tr hin th trong ct Lookup
Tab Lookup quy nh kiu
i tng s nhn gi tr
ca trng trong biu
mu (form), hoc trong bo
co (report), ngi ta
thng quy nh cc thuc
tnh Lookup ny cho cc
trng l kho lin kt
(kho ngoi) ca bng.
Bn c hnh dung mt cht qua 2 bng d liu sau
Hng ho Chi tit ho n
Mahang Tenhang DVT Gia SoHD Mahang Soluong
HH001 Bt ch kim TL chic 4000 HD001 HH001 2
HH002 V 48t Hng H quyn 3500 HD001 HH002 10
HH003 Ty ch TL chic 1000 HD002 HH002 5
HH004 V 96t Hi Tin quyn 4500 HD002 HH003 1
Theo quy nh th nhp gi tr cho bng Hngho trc, v sau nhp d liu vo
bng CT_Hon. Trong CT_Hon, cc gi tr nhp vo trng Mahang chnh
l gi tr trong trng Mahang ca bng Hngho. Tuy nhin, ngi dng c th
khng bit mt hng mnh nhp vo c m hng lu tr trong CSDL l g? Hoc
nu c bit v m hng ca mt hng th vn c th nhp sai hay nhp nhm
thnh mt m hng ca mt hng khc. Vy c cch no ngi dng c th
chn la c chnh xc m hng m mnh cn nhp?
y ngi ta s to mt lin kt m c th nhn thy c gi tr m hng, tn
hng ca cc mt hng trong bng Hngho ti im lin kt chnh l trng kho
ngoi Mahang trong bng CT_Hon. V nh lin kt ny bn c th chn c
chnh xc m hng m bn cn nhp vo CSDL. Do vy, lin kt chnh l Tm
kim, ly (Lookup) gi tr t bng Hngho v gi tr ly ra l trng Mahang v
Tenhang.
Cch lm nh sau
Chn trng Mahang trong bng CT_Hon (kch chut vo trng ),
Chn tab Lookup trong phn Field Properties
14
Microsoft Access
Ti dng Display Control, chn ComboBox (kiu hin th danh sch gi tr)
Ti dng Row Source Type, chn Table/Query
Ti dng Row Source, chn nt c du , xy dng d liu cn hin th.
Khi xut hin hp thoi Show Table la chn bng cn tham chiu gi tr,
bn chn bng Hngho, ri chn nt Add (hoc kch p chut vo tn bng
cn ly), sau chn Close.
Trong hp thoi SQL Statement: Query Builder (nh hnh bn),
Kch p chut vo tn cc trng m bn mun hin th, khi bn chn cc
trng M hng v Tn hng, sau ng hp thoi li.
Ti dng Column Count, ch nh s ct hin th trong Combo Box, bn g 2
hin th ct Mahang v Tenhang.
Ti dng Column Heads, chn Yes nu mun hin th tn trng trn u
danh sch, chn No nu khng mun hin th tn trng.
Ti dng Column Width, ch nh rng hin th ca cc ct trong danh sch
(kch thc dng n v o lng l inche).
Kt thc vic to Lookup cho trng Mahang.
Khi nhp gi tr vo bng CT_Hoadon, th gi tr trng M hng bn c th nhp
vo bng tay hoc chn gi tr t Combo Box ging nh hnh di y.
Lu : Lookup ch to trn trng kiu Text hoc Auto Number. V Lookup
thng to trn trng kha lin kt (kha ngoi) hoc trng c hu hn gi tr
cho trc.
1.3. Quy nh kho chnh cho Table
Kho chnh ca mt bng l mt trng hoc nhiu trng kt hp li xc nh
c mt bn ghi duy nht trong bng. Nu mt hoc nhiu trng c quy nh
l kho chnh, Access to ch mc cho cc trng . Khi m bng, cc bn ghi
c hin th theo th t sp xp ca kho chnh. Khi nhp d liu vo bng,
Access kim tra gi tr trn trng kho chnh v khng cho php trng lp gi tr
trn cc trng ny.
a. To kha chnh l mt trng
15
Chn Tn mt
hng cn nhp t
combo ny,
nhng gi tr lu
tr trong trng
ny vn l gi tr
Mahang.Kt qu
sau khi dng
LOOKUP
Microsoft Access
Chn dng cha tn trng mun lm kho chnh
Chn biu tng hnh kho trn thanh cng c Table Design hoc bm phm
chut phi vo dng cha tn trng, sau chn Primary Key trn menu
nhanh xut hin.
b. To kho chnh t nhiu trng
Chn cc trng lm kho:
Nu cc trng lm kho lin tip nhau, bm gi phm Shift sau chn
trng u tin v chn trng cui cng cn lm kho.
Nu cc trng lm kho ri rc, bm gi phm Ctrl, sau bm phm tri
chut chn cc trng lm kho.
Chn biu tng kho chnh ging nh cch chn kho trn.
c. B kho chnh
Chn dng cha tn trng kho chnh m bn nh loi b, sau chn Delete
Rows trong menu nhanh nu nh mun xo trng , hoc chn tt nt
Primary Key trong menu nhanh hoc trn thanh cng c.
Nu nh ngha cu trc bng m cha ch nh kho chnh, khi lu bng hoc
ng hp thoi kt thc vic nh ngha cu trc bng, th Access s xut hin hp
thoi thng bo Bn cha nh ngha kho chnh cho bng v Access hi c to
kho chnh lun khng?
Yes: T ng thm vo mt ct tn ID v cha gi tr s (AutoNumber) m
Access t tng, ngi dng khng th tc ng vo trng d liu ny.
No: Xc nh bng va to khng c kho chnh.
1.4. Lu bng v t tn bng nh ngha
Chn menu File/Save hoc bm t hp phm Ctrl+S.
Nu bng cha t tn, th xut hin hp thoi yu cu t tn cho bng . Sau
khi t tn chn OK kt thc.
ng hp thoi nh ngha bng li khi nh ngha xong cu trc ca bng .
1.5. Thay i cu trc bng
Chn tn bng cn thay i cu trc, sau chn Design. Tuy nhin nn hn ch
vic thay i cu trc bng, v nu sa i qu nhiu khin cho cng vic thc hin
sau ny s ht sc kh khn. V vic thm bn ghi (dng) vo mt bng ht sc
n gin, nhng vic thm trng (ct) vo bng th phi hn ch.
1.6. Thao tc nhp d liu hoc thay i hin th ca bng
a. Nhp d liu vo bng
nhp d liu vo bng, chn bng sau chn Open, hoc kch p chut
vo bng cn nhp d liu.
b. Thay i rng cc ct trong bng
16
Microsoft Access
Nu mun thay i cch hin th ca bng (thay i rng cc ct/ trng), di
chuyn n ng phn cch gia cc ct, sau ni rng hoc thu hp
rng cc ct .
Hoc chn ct cn thay i, bm phi chut vo tiu ct, chn Column
Width menu nhanh, nhp rng ct vo hp thoi Column Width.
c. Thay i cao dng
Bm phi chut vo mt dng bt k, chn Rows Height. Nhp gi tr rng
vo hp thoi Row Height.
d. Thm/ bt cc bn ghi
Nu mun thm 1 bn ghi: Di chuyn n cui danh sch cc bn ghi, thc hin
nhp DL cho bn ghi mi. Access t ng hiu thm mt bn ghi mi. C th
thm mt bn ghi mi bng cch bm phi chut vo bn ghi bt k ri chn
New Records.
Nu mun xo mt bn ghi: di chuyn n bn ghi cn xo, bm phi chut vo
bn ghi ri chn Delete Record.
Nu mun xo nhiu bn ghi: trc ht chn nhng bn ghi cn xo sau
chn Delete Record.
e. Sp xp cc dng theo gi tr mt ct no
Bm phi chut vo tiu ct cn sp xp, chn menu nhanh
Sort Ascending: Sp xp d liu tng dn.
Sort Descending: Sp xp d liu gim dn.
Hoc chn menu Record/ Sort ri chn kiu sp xp.
f. t lc gi tr cho cc bn ghi
lc cc bn ghi theo iu kin no , chn menu Record/Filter.
- Filter by Form: Xut hin Form lc ging nh AutoFilter trong Excel, sau
la chn iu kin Filter, ri chn nt trn thanh Toolbar Table Datasheet.
- Filter by Selection: t lc theo s chn la, nu bn mun lc theo mt tiu
ch no c th lc theo mt gi tr no trong mt trng, bn ch cn di
chuyn con tr chut n cha gi tr , ri chn nt lc theo yu cu
.
- Filter Excluding Selection: Lc cc bn ghi m khng tho mn iu kin la
chn. Chc nng lc ny ngc li vi chc nng Filter by Selection.
- Advance Filter/ Sort: Lc/ Sp xp theo iu kin cao cp. Sau khi chn xut
hin hp thoi xy dng iu kin lc/ sp xp di dng li, bn c th nhp
cc iu kin theo yu cu ca mnh bng cch: Nhp p chut vo tn trng
mun t lc/ sp xp trn , G iu kin lc vo phn Criteria, Nu mun
17
Microsoft Access
sp xp cc bn ghi lc c chn trong phn Sort. C tip tc xy dng iu
kin theo cch trn cho n ht, chn nt Access tin hnh lc d liu.
Nu mun b lc gi tr , bn chn li nt hin th tt c cc bn ghi. Nu
nt ny bt sng c ngha l d liu c lc theo mt yu cu no ,
ngc li nt khng bt sng c ngha l d liu cha c lc.
2. Xy dng mi lin h gia cc bng biu (RelationShips)
2.1. Ti sao phi xy dng mi lin h?
Sau khi bn thit k cc bng biu theo tng ch khc nhau, bn phi lm
nh th no ch ra cho Access thy rng cc thng tin kt ni li vi nhau
ra sao. Do , vic u tin cc bn phi lm l xc nh mi lin h gia cc
bng trong CSDL ca bn. Nu nh bn lm c vic ny, th khi to cc cu truy
vn, cc bo co sau ny bn c th hin th thng tin ca nhiu bng trong cng
mt lc, m vic ny trong Excel khng th gip bn c ri !!!
2.2. Mi lin h lm vic nh th no?
Thng qua mi lin h th s kt hp gia cc bng c thc hin bng cch tm
d liu tho mn trn trng kha ca bng trong mi lin h . Thng thng
kho chnh ca bng bn u mt s dch chuyn thnh trng kho lin kt bn
u nhiu. Do , tn ca hai trng ny nn t ging nhau (v thc cht n l
mt), v hai trng phi c cng kiu d liu.
V d, trong bng Ho n c ghi Tn ngi mua, mt khc trong CSDL c bng
Ho n v bng Khch hng. Do , hai bng ny c th c mi quan h vi nhau
thng qua trng M KH. Nh vo trng kho lin kt ny, c th tm thy thng
tin v khch hng m c m trong Ho n .
Nhng cc bn cng phi lun lun nh rng, gi tr lu trong trng MaKH
bng Ho n ch l gi tr m KH, ch khng phi bt k gi tr no khc. V
trng lin kt gia hai bng l trng kho chnh bng bn mt (Khch hng)
v trng kho ngoi bng bn nhiu (Ho n), nn gi tr ca trng kho
ngoi chnh l gi tr tn ti trong trng kho chnh.
2.3. Xc nh mi lin h
Chn nt trn thanh Toolbar Database, xut hin hp thoi Relationships.
Nhp p chut ln lt vo cc bng cn xc nh mi lin h trong hp thoi
Show Table thm bng vo hp thoi xy dng mi lin h. Chn nt Close khi
thm c cc bng cn thit v quay tr li hp thoi Relationship.
Di chuyn chut n bng cn xc nh mi lin h, chn tn trng kho chnh
m tham gia vo mi lin h.
18
Microsoft Access
Ko th trng kho ny sang trng kho lin kt trong bng khc m c quan h,
xut hin hp thoi Edit Relationship (nh trn):
Nu bn ko th khng ng trng kho chnh v kho lin kt (kho ngoi), bn
c th chn li cc trng ny bng cch bm chut vo nt bn phi mi ct
ghi tn trng tham gia vo mi quan h v chn tn trng cn thit.
Nu bn mun xc nh mi quan h m bo tnh ton vn tham chiu th chn
Enforce Referential Integrity:
- Cascade Update Related Fields: Nu bt k lc no bn thay i gi tr
trong kho chnh bn bng u mt, th gi tr t ng cp nht vo
trng kho ngoi trong bng c lin quan (bn u nhiu).
- Cascade Delete Related Records: Nu nh bn xo mt bn ghi trong bng
u mt th Access t ng xo cc bn ghi c cng gi tr kho trong bng
c lin quan. Tuy nhin, Access cng s a ra cnh bo v vic t ng xo
cc bn ghi c lin quan ny.
2.4. Ton vn tham chiu l g?
Ton vn tham chiu l cc quy tc m Access s dng m bo mi quan h
gia cc bng c lin quan n nhau l c gi tr, v bn khng th thay i hay
xo d liu lin quan. Cc quy tc ny m bo d liu trong CSDL ca bn l duy
nht v khng xy ra bt thng. Thng tin bng ny phi ph hp vi thng tin
bng khc m n c lin quan.
- iu kin thit lp s m bo ton vn tham chiu
Bn c th thit lp s m bo ton vn tham chiu khi c cc iu kin:
- Trng d liu trong bng chnh l kho chnh hoc l trng ch s (index)
duy nht.
- Hai trng tham gia vo mi lin h phi c cng kiu d liu.
19
Tn bng tham
gia vo quan h
Tn trng
kho chnh
Tn trng
kho lin kt
Kiu mi
quan h
To mi quan
h mi gia
cc thc th
Kiu kt ni
gia cc bng
Chn khi mun
to mi quan
h va thit lp
Mi quan h
c bo ton
tham chiu
khng?
T cp nht cc
trng lin quan
T xo cc bn
ghi c lin quan
Microsoft Access
- C hai bng phi cng mt CSDL Access, nu bng l bng lin kt (link)
phi c nh dng Access.
- Quy tc nhp d liu khi thit lp s ton vn tham chiu
- Khng th nhp gi tr vo trng kho ngoi nu nh gi tr khng tn
ti trong trng kho chnh ca bng bn u mt m c lin quan n. Tuy
nhin, bn c th trng gi tr ny trng (Null). Bn nn nhp cc gi
tr bn bng chnh trc khi nhp gi tr vo bng c lin quan.
- Khng th xo mt bn ghi (1 dng) trong bng chnh nu nh n c tn ti
trong bng c lin quan.
Tuy nhin, nu bn dng cu query Delete xo cc bn ghi th tnh ton vn
tham chiu ny s khng c m bo.
Cc bn ch cn nh trong phn nhp d liu vo bng duy nht mt iu: nhp d
liu bn bng u mt trc khi nhp d liu cho bng u nhiu. V gi tr nhp
vo trng kho lin kt phi tn ti trong bng mt. Mi thao tc nhp d liu
khc u b Access khng chp nhn.
3. Xy dng cu truy vn Query
Sc mnh tht s ca CSDL l kh nng tm ng v y thng tin m bn cn
bit, trnh by d liu theo trt t sp xp m bn mun. Do , Access cung cp
cng c truy vn (query) cho php bn c phng tin t cc cu hi vi d liu
cha bn trong cc bng ca CSDL. D liu c c t truy vn c th ly ra t
mt hay nhiu bng v kt qu truy vn c th lm ngun d liu cho cc biu
mu, bo co hay cho mt cu truy vn khc. Vy nh query, bn c th khi phc
li bng d liu nh trong Excel bng cch kt ni d liu t cc bng li vi nhau.
3.1. Truy vn l g
L cng c cho php t cu hi vi d liu lu trong CSDL. Vic thit k truy
vn chnh l th hin bn c yu cu cn bit thng tin g. Sau , Access thc hin
ly d liu t cc mi quan h c c d liu theo yu cu .
- Phn loi truy vn
- Select query: xem xt d liu trong cc bng, thc hin phn tch v chnh
sa trn d liu . y l kiu truy vn hay s dng nht trong Access cho
php trch rt d liu t mt hay nhiu bng theo iu kin m bn ra v
hin th (sort) d liu theo trnh t m bn yu cu. Mt khc, n cho
php bn hin th kt qu tng kt theo nhm gi tr trong nhiu trng/ ct
khc nhau.
- Crosstab query: th hin kt qu tng kt t mt trng v nhm chng theo
tp gi tr thc ca mt trng c lit k lm tiu ct v theo tp gi tr
thc ca mt trng khc c lit k lm tiu dng (ging nh Pivot
Table trong Excel).
20
Microsoft Access
- Parameter query: khi chy query ny xut hin hp thoi yu cu ngi
dng nhp iu kin v thc hin cu truy vn theo yu cu .
- Action query: l nhng cu query lm thay i gi tr ca rt nhiu bn ghi
trong duy nht mt thao tc. C mt s cu query thuc loi ny nh:
Update query, Delete query, Append query, Make-Table query
- S cn thit ca truy vn
Access cung cp s mm do v linh hot ti a thit k truy vn, vi truy vn
bn c th lm c nhng vic nh
- La chn cc trng cn thit: Ch hin th nhng trng theo yu cu thay
v vic a tt c cc trng trong mi bng tham gia vo truy vn. V d: c
th ch xem Tn v a ch ca khch hng trong bng Khch hng, nhng
khng quan tm n S in thoi hay MS thu ca khch hng .
- La chn cc bn ghi: Da vo iu kin bn c th ch ly ra nhng bn
ghi tho mn iu kin . V d: ch xem im ca cc Sinh vin c im
t 5 tr ln (im >= 5).
- Sp xp th t cc bn ghi: C th hin th cc bn ghi theo mt trt t no
. V d: Hin th sinh vin theo im tng dn, theo nm sinh tng dn,
theo tng mn vi im tng dn,
- Ly d liu t nhiu bng khc nhau: C th dng truy vn kt xut ra
thng tin cn thit m d liu ca n nm trn nhiu bng khc nhau. V d:
Xem thng tin c nhn ca sinh c im Ton t 8 tr ln, khi im th
c lu tr trong bng Kt qu hc tp v thng tin c nhn t lu tr
trong bng Sinh vin.
- Thc hin cc php tnh: C th to mt trng mi cha kt qu tnh ton,
trng ny c gi l trng tnh ton. V d: to trng Thnh tin
cha kt qu ca trng n gi nhn vi trng S lng. Chnh v vy,
trong CSDL ca Access bn khng cn phi lu tr cc trng d liu m
hon ton c th tnh ton c da trn cc trng d liu khc.
- S dng truy vn lm ngun d liu cho biu mu hoc bo co hay mt
truy vn khc: i khi cn s liu c rt ra t nhiu bng trnh by mt
biu mu hay mt bo co, bn c th to mt truy vn trong c cha d
liu theo yu cu ri. Sau , t ngun d liu trch rt c trong truy vn
bn to biu mu, to mt truy vn khc da trn n.
- Thay i d liu trong bng: C th cp nht, thm hay bt d liu vo bng
bng cc truy vn hnh ng. Vic dng truy vn hnh ng ny, gip cng
vic cp nht, hay sa i d liu mt cch d dng v nhanh chng hn. V
d: Sa a ch ca khch hng c tn l X thnh H Ni, cp nht im
mn Tin Qun l 2 tng ln 20% so vi im c
21
Microsoft Access
3.2. To truy vn (query)
Ti hp thoi Database, chn nt biu tng Object Queries. C th to mt query
bng phng php th cng l T thit k (Design View) hoc xy dng nhanh
bng Wizard. Nu chn nt New trn hp thoi Database, bn c th chn kiu
query mun thit k m c lit k trn hp thoi New Query, bao gm:
- Design View: to query th cng.
- Simple query Wizard: to query n gin c s dng tr gip.
- Crosstab Query Wizard: to query Crosstab c tr gip Wizarrd.
- Find duplicates query wizard: to query tm kim nhng bn ghi trng
lp gi tr trn mt trng trong bng hay trong mt query khc.
- Find unmarch query wizard: to query tm kim cc bn ghi trong mt
bng m gi tr ca n khng c quan h vi bt k bng no.
Nhng trc khi i vo xy dng mt cu truy vn, bn cn phi phn tch xem
yu cu ngi dng t ra l g v xc nh d liu cn thit ly t ngun no.
- Phn tch yu cu truy vn d liu v xc nh ngun d liu
V d: trong CSDL Qun l bn hng c cc bng nh sau
HO N CHITIT_H HNG HO
# SH
Ngybn
@ MNV
@ MKH
#@ SH
#@ Mhng
Slng
Gibn
# Mhng
Tnhng
Vtnh
NiSX
KHCH HNG NHN VIN
# MKH
TnKH
ach
# MNV
TnNV
ach
Yu cu: Tm tn ca nhng khch hng mua hng vo ngy 1/2/2003.
Ta thy, iu kin tm kim y l tt c nhng Ho n c Ngy mua l
1/2/2003. Trong mi H ta ch tm thy c M KH, bit c Khch hng
no mua hng th phi kt ni bng Ho n vi bng Khch hng, sau tm tn
nhng khch hng tng ng vi cc H .
thc hin c cu truy vn trn, cn c 2 bng d liu l Ho n v Khch
hng, vi iu kin l ngy mua bng 1/2/2003.
- Xy dng cu truy vn Select bng Design View
Sau khi chn Creat query by Design View, xut hin hp thoi Show Table, chn
cc bng s tham gia vo cu truy vn ny, ri chn Close. (C th to 1 cu truy
vn vi ngun d liu t bng hoc cc cu truy vn khc.)
22
n
1
n
1
1
n 1
n
Microsoft Access
Trn y l hp thoi to Select query, hp thoi gm 2 phn: hin th cc bng/
truy vn tham gia vo cu truy vn ; phn li hin th danh sch cc trng tham
gia vo cu truy vn.
a cc trng vo truy vn
Cch 1: kch p chut vo tn trng trong bng/ truy vn tng ng phn
s quan h.
Cch 2: ko tn trng t bng trong phn s quan h v th vo vng li.
Cch 3: chn tn trng cn combo box nm trn dng Field trong li.
Nu chn tt c cc trng trong bng chn dng c du * trong bng trn
s quan h. Nhng nu dng theo cch ny bn khng th quy nh th t
hin th cc trng trong query, cng nh khng th t c tiu chun chn
lc d liu hay khng th sp xp c d liu theo mt trng no.
Khung li ghi cc trng tham gia vo truy vn gm:
- Field: tn trng tham gia vo truy vn,
- Table: trng ny thuc vo bng/ truy vn no,
- Sort: d liu ca truy vn c c sp xp theo trng DL ny khng,
- Show: trng ny c c hin th trong kt qu truy vn khng, mc
nh l trng hin th v hp check box c tch . Nu khng mun
hin th trng th bn b du tch i bng cch kch chut phi vo hp
check box .
- Criteria: iu kin truy xut d liu c t ra trn trng ny khng.
- Cch chuyn i gia cc ch d hin th trong query
Khi xy dng mt truy vn, bn thng c 3 ch hin th, l
23
Cc bng tham gia
vo cu truy vn
Cc trng ca
cc bng tham gia
vo cu truy vn
Ascending
Kiu cu truy vn
Microsoft Access
- Datasheet: Hin th d liu dng bng l kt qu ca cu truy vn
- Design view: Hin th di ch thit k truy vn.
- SQL view: Hin th ch thit k truy vn di dng ngn ng SQL.
y, chng ta ch quan tm n 2 ch hin th u tin, cn cch hin th cui
cng li thuc mt khi nim khc, m trong chng trnh ny khng cp n.
T ch Design chuyn sang ch Datasheet
- Chn menu View, ri chn tip Datasheet view.
- Hoc kch phm phi chut vo hp thoi thit k Design, xut hin menu
nhanh, chn Datasheet view.
- Hoc chn trn thanh Toolbar nh hnh v, ri chn Datasheet view.
y chnh l cch xem, thc hin cu truy vn m bn
lm.
T ch Datasheet chuyn sang ch Design
- Chn menu View, ri chn Design view.
- Hoc kch phm phi chut vo hp thoi Data,
sau khi xut hin menu nhanh chn Design view.
- Hoc chn t thanh Toolbar nh hnh v trn, chn Design view.
- Cch thc hin cu truy vn
Sau khi thit k xong cu truy vn, chn menu Query ri chn Run. Hoc c th
chn t thanh Toolbar Query nt c hnh thc hin.
- Cch xy dng iu kin Criteria
Cch xy dng iu kin thit k truy vn d liu ging nh trong Excel, khi
iu kin thuc trng d liu no th trng phi c trong li v iu kin t
trong ct . Nu cc iu kin cn tho mn ng thi (iu kin V) phi nm
trn cng mt dng, v cc iu kin ch cn tho mn mt trong chng (iu kin
Hoc) th nm trn cc dng khc nhau.
V d: Vi cu truy vn trn ta c iu kin nh sau
Ngy bn
Criteria: 2/1/2003
Ch : Nu bn nhp iu kin l chui gi tr ngy thng phi tun th
nguyn tc nhp thng/ngy/nm. Khi , Access t thm vo trc v sau
chui gi tr k t # nh sau #thng/ngy/nm#.
- Hin th tn v a ch KH mua trong cc ngy t 1/2/2003 n 12/2/2003.
Ngy bn Ngy bn
Criteria: >=2/1/2003 <=2/12/2003
hoc c th ghi nh sau
Ngy bn
Criteria: (>=2/1/2003) and (<=2/12/2003)
24
Microsoft Access
hoc c th ghi
Ngy bn
Criteria: Between 2/1/2003 and 2/12/2003
Nu mun ly gi tr ca mt trng nm trong khong gia 2 gi tr no ,
bn c th dng t kho Between And.
- Hin th Tn KH mua ngy 1/2/2003 hoc 12/2/2003 hoc c SH l HD001.
SH Ngy bn
Criteria: HD001
Or: 2/12/2003
2/1/2003
Ch : Nu iu kin c cha gi tr kiu Text, th chui gi tr phi c
a vo du nhy kp .
- Hin th thng tin cc mt hng thuc loi Ru hoc Bia, khi
Field: Tn hng Tn loi
Table: Hngho Loihng

Criteria: Ru
Or: Bia
C ngha l ch hin th ra tt c cc mt hng c tn loi bng ng chui
Ru hoc ng chui k t Bia, nn nu mt hng no c tn loi l
Ru cao cp s khng tho mn iu kin trn.
- Hin th tt c cc khch hng c m bt u bng CH (Ca hng)
Nu trng MKH c iu kin l CH, c ngha MaKH= CH v hin
th tt c cc khch hng c m l CH -> KQ: khng c khch hng no c
m ging ht nh vy. Tuy nhin, nu mun xem thng tin v cc Khch
hng c m KH l bt u bng chui CH th phi dng k t m rng xu
(thay th).
Khi cc bn dng k t m rng xu, trong biu thc iu kin phi bt u
bng Like hoc Not Like. Access s t thm vo t kha Like nu trong biu
thc chui c cha k t m rng xu *.
Yu cu trn c thit k nh sau
Field: TnKH MKH
Table: Khchhng Khchhng

Criteria: Like CH*
Mt s k t thay th thng dng sau:
*: thay th cho 0,1 hoc nhiu k t bt k.
?: Thay th ch cho 1 k t bt k.
[tp KT]: nhn gi tr l 1 trong cc k t trong tp k t.
(-): min cc k t lin tip nhau, v d: 1-3 c ngha cc k t 1, 2, 3.
Khi , nu iu kin ca bn c dng k t m rng xu th lm nh sau:
25
Microsoft Access
Dng Criteria Kt qu
* Like Nguyn Du* a ch bt u bng chui Nguyn Du.
Like *Nguyn Du* a ch c cha chui Nguyn Du.
? Like ??001 M KH bt u bng 2 k t bt k v sau l 001.
[ ] Like ??00[14] M KH bt u bng 2 k t bt k v tip theo l 00 v k t
cui cng l 1 hoc 4 ->??001 hoc??004.
- Like ??00[1-5] M KH bt u l 2 k t bt k tip theo l 00 v k t cui
cng nhn gi tr t 1 n 5.
Not like *Nguyn Du* a ch khng c chui k t Nguyn Du.
- Thay i th t, thm, xo cc trng Xo bng khi truy vn
Th t xut hin cc trng trong khi thit k chnh l th t khi hin th cc
trng ca cu truy vn.
- Thay i th t cc trng
nh du vo trng cn thay i th t (di chuyn chut trn thanh chn
ca vng li, xut hin mi tn + th kch tri chut).
Bm phm tri chut vo thanh chn ca trng sao cho xut hin mi
tn R, bm v di chuyn chut sang tri hoc sang phi theo th t do bn
nh ra.
n v tr mi, nh phm tri chut, cc trng c nh du s c di
chuyn n v tr ny.
- Thm trng vo
Cch thm ging nh vic bn a mt trng tham gia vo truy vn.
Kch p chut vo trng mun thm vo, ri di chuyn trng n v
tr m bn mun hin th trong kt qu.
- Bt trng i
nh du trng mun xo,
Chn Edit/ Delete Column hoc bm phi chut vo trng , chn Cut t
menu nhanh hin ra.
- Xo khi truy vn cc bng khng cn thit
Chn vo bng cn xo trong phn s quan h,
Bm phm Delete hoc chn menu Edit/ Delete.
- Thm mt s ct vo query
Trn y ch a ra cch thm cc trng t cc bng vo query. Tuy nhin, bn
c th thm cc ct khng thuc bng no vo query bng cch nh ngha mt
trng DL mi trong query. Khi , ta c th to ra bt k mt trng mi no
hin th kt qu tnh ton theo mt cng thc m phc v yu cu ca bn.
V d: to query c dng nh sau
26
Microsoft Access
SoHD Ngayban Tenhang Soluong Thanhtien Thue
HD003 1/2/2003Bt my Hero 5 46000 2300
HD004 1/3/2003M n lin Ho Ho 5 5500 275
Trong CSDL ta c cc trng d liu c lu tr nh sau:
SH, Ngybn: Thuc bng HON
Tnhng, ngi: Thuc bng HNGHO
Slng: Thuc bng CHITIT_H
Ta thy, trong kt qu ca Query trn c trng Thnh tin v Thu. C hai trng
ny khng c lu tr trong bng DL no, cc trng ny l kt qu c tnh
t cng thc sau
Thnh tin = S lng * n gi
Thu = 5% * S lng * n gi = 5% * Thnh tin
Do , ta to thm trng Thnh tin v Thu vi gi tr ca cc trng c tnh
theo cng thc trn. Ti dng Field ca li thit k, ta g vo mt ct trng cng
thc nh sau
Thnh tin: S lng * n gi
C ngha l trng Thnh tin c tnh theo cng thc S lng * n gi.
V mt ct trng khc, bn g cng thc
Thu: S lng * n gi * 0.05
Nh vy, mun nh ngha mt trng gi tr mi trong query, ta ghi tn trng
mi sau l du: v cng thc tnh gi tr cho trng .
Tn trng mi: Biu thc tnh
Nu khng t tn mi cho trng t nh ngha, Access s t tn cho cc trng
ln lt l Exp1, Exp2,
y cng l mt cch t li tn cho mt trng bt k. Nhng bn cng nn
ch mt vn , t tn trng mi ny nh th no??? Theo v d trn, tn
trng c th t l ting Vit c du, nhng nu nh kt qu ca truy vn ny li
lm ngun d liu cho mt truy vn khc, th i khi tn trng gy li, thm
ch gy kh khn khi bn lp trnh. Do vy, bn nn t tn cc trng ging
nh cch t tn trng thng thng (Tn trng c t l Ting vit khng
du, dng du _ phn cch gia cc t trong tn trng cho r rng).
- To cng thc tnh gi tr cho mt trng
Nu nh cch lm trn khin cho bn mt mi v phi g nhiu, thm ch bn g
sai tn cc trng gy li phin toi. Do vy, bn c th xy dng biu thc tnh
ton bng cch dng hp thoi tr gip xy dng cng thc Expression Builder.
Cch lm nh sau:
Bm phm phi chut vo dng Field ca mt trng, xut hin menu nhanh,
chn Build hoc chn nt trn thanh Toolbar.
27
Microsoft Access
Xy dng biu thc tnh ton vo hp thoi Expression Builder.
Chn OK khi kt thc vic xy dng Biu thc.
Lm quen vi hp thoi Expression Builder
C th xy dng cng thc bng cch chn cc thnh phn tham gia vo cng thc
trong hp thoi Expression Builder:
Nu mun s dng hm c sn xy dng cng thc, th chn Function tip
chn Built-In Function, sau kch p chut vo tn hm cn dng, ri
ch ra y cc i s cho hm . Cc i s c th l mt trng, hoc c
th l mt gi tr bt k no do bn nhp vo.
Nu i s l mt trng, th bn chn i tng Tables (Queries,), sau
chn tn bng (tn query,) trong nhm . Khi xut hin tn cc trng ca
bng (query) hp thoi gia, kch p chut vo tn trng cn tham gia
vo cng thc.
Cc php ton: Chn t nt php ton tng ng trn hp thoi.
Mt s hm s dng khi xy dng biu thc
X l gi tr kiu Date/Time
- DatePart(phn gi tr, Gi tr/ Bin/ Trng kiu Date)
Trong : Phn gi tr ch ra gi tr cn ly ra t Trng gi tr kiu Date
q: Gi tr thuc Qu no trong nm
m: Ly gi tr Thng t gi tr
yyyy: Ly gi tr Nm
ww: gi tr thuc Tun th my trong nm
w: gi tr l Ngy th my trong tun
d: ly gi tr Ngy
V d: c Ngy bn = 2/3/2003
28
Phn hin th cng thc xy
dng c, c th g biu
thc ti y
Cc ton t thng s dng
trong khi xy dng biu
thc tnh gi tr cho 1 ct.
Nhm cc i tng
c trong CSDL
Cc hm tnh ton c
sn trong Access
Cc ton t c sn
trong Access
Microsoft Access
DatePart(m, [Ngayban]) = 2 v DatePart(q, [Ngayban]) = 1
- Format: thc cht y khng phi l 1 hm dng sn ca Access, y s dng
thuc tnh Format ca trng gi tr kiu ngy thng.
Format(Gi tr/bin/Trng kiu Date, Phn gi tr cn ly)
V d: Format( [Ngayban], m) =3
X l gi tr kiu Text
- Left: ly bao nhiu k t pha bn tri ca mt chui k t.
Left (Chui KT, S k t cn ly)
V d: Left( [MaKH], 2) = KL
- Right: ly bao nhiu k t pha bn phi ca mt chui k t.
Right (Chui KT, S k t cn ly)
- Mid: Ly ra bao nhiu k t t v tr cho trc.
Mid (Chui KT,V tr bt u, S k t cn ly)
V d: mid( [MaKH],3,2) = 001
Vi trng gi tr gi tr kiu chui, th vic lc gi tr theo tiu ch no c th
dng cc k t thay th.
Cu trc r nhnh thc hin chng trnh
iif: Dng khi mun in gi tr vo mt ct nhng c nhiu la chn khc nhau.
iif(biu thc logic,Lnh thc hin khi BT ng, Lnh thc hin khi BT Sai)
V d: Hin th thng tin v tt c KH, thm ct Ghi ch, trong ghi Khch l
nu 2 k t u ca M KH l KL, v Ca hng nu l CH. Ta thy ch c 2
kh nng thc hin, do BT logic t ra l kim tra 2 KT u m KH c l KL
khng, nu ng th in Khch l, v ngc li (khng bng KL) th in
Ca hng.
Khi ct Ghi ch c nh ngha nh sau:
Ghi ch: iif(left([MaKH],2)= KL, Khch l, Ca hng).
Ch :
Khi xy dng biu thc th nu tn trng tham gia vo biu thc th tn
trng phi t trong ngoc vung [ ]. Tuy nhin nu bn chn cch xy
dng Expression Builder, th Access t a tn trng vo ngoc vung.
Nu tn trng xut hin trong nhiu bng, v cc bng u tham gia
vo truy vn th bn phi ch r cho Access bit trng c ly ra t
bng no.
V d: Hin th Tn ca nhng khch hng c m 01 m mua hng vo thng 1.
Khi , query cn ly thng tin t bng Ho n v bng Khch hng. Tuy nhin,
m KH li c c 2 bng trn do vy bn cn ch ra trng m KH a vo query
29
Microsoft Access
c ly t bng no. Do vy, bn c [Hoadon]![MaKH] ngha l ly trng M
KH trong bng Ho n.
- Mt s thuc tnh ca Query
Trong Access, bn c th quy nh c trng ca truy vn, bng cch dng nhng
thuc tnh khi thit k truy vn . Tng trng trong truy vn, u c thuc tnh
ring ca n.
Quy nh thuc tnh ca truy vn
Dng quy nh cc gi tr tr v khi thc hin truy vn , chng hn cc
mu tin khng trng nhau, hoc cc gi tr khng trng nhau, chn
thuc tnh ca truy vn, bn kch chut phi vo phn hp thoi cha cc
bng tham gia vo truy vn. Khi xut hin menu nhanh, chn Properties.
- Top values: Hin th bao nhiu bn ghi u danh sch cc bn ghi
- Unique Values: C/Khng cho php c gi tr trng lp.
- Unique Records: C/Khng cho php hin th cc bn ghi trng lp.
Quy nh thuc tnh ring ca mi trng tham gia vo truy vn
Cc thuuc tnh ny nh hng n vic hin th gi tr ca trng .
chn hp thoi quy nh ny, bn di chuyn chut n trng cn thay i
thuc tnh. Sau , kch phi chut vo trng hoc ln thanh tiu ca
query, ri chn Properties t menu nhanh hin ra.
Tu theo kiu gi tr ca tng trng c t khi thit k m cc thuc
tnh trong s khc nhau. Nu l trng c gi tr kiu s th c thuc tnh
- Format: thay i nh dng ca d liu hin th.
- Decimal place: S ch s ng sau du chm thp phn.
- Caption (i vi tt c cc trng): Tn hin th ca trng ny.
Ch : i vi cc trng c kiu biu thc (gi tr to c nh cng thc tnh
ton) th khi xem bng kt qu chng ta khng th sa c trng ny. Tuy nhin
nu ta sa d liu trn cc trng tham gia vo biu thc tnh ton th gi tr ca
trng ny cng s c thay i theo. Nu gi tr trong cc bng c s thay i
hoc cp nht thm, nu bn thc hin li query bn lun nhn c kt qu
cp nht theo s liu mi.
Cc trng kiu biu thc cng c th sp xp hoc hin th theo iu kin no
ging nh tt c cc trng d liu khc trong query.
- Tnh tng trong query (Totals query)
Trong thc t, bn c th phi tr li cc cu hi c lin quan n 1 nhm d liu,
m iu ny lun lun xy ra v xut pht t nhu cu tm kim thng tin. V d nh
Tnh tng s tin mua hng m ho n c s HD001 phi tr; Tnh tng doanh
thu trong ngy 1/1/03; Tnh s lng bn ra trong ngy 1/1/03 theo mi mt hng;
30
Microsoft Access
Tng hp doanh thu bn hng theo ngy; Tnh tng gi tr mua hng trong thng 3
ca khch hng c m l KL001,
Theo cch hnh dung thng thng th c th m t cch lm yu cu nh sau:
u tin nhm cc bn ghi theo s ho n, sau tnh tng gi tr tin ca tng
ho n . Tip n, lc ra bn ghi c gi tr s ho n l HD001. Vic tnh tng
gp ny ging nh cng c Subtotal trong Excel, nn ngha ca n cng tng t
nh vy.
Trong Access, vi Totals query bn c th tnh tng gp trn tng nhm bn ghi.
Di y l mt s php tnh (hm tnh ton) dng sn hay dng tnh gp nhm
bn ghi.
Total ngha
Sum Tnh tng cc gi tr ca mt trng
Avg Tnh gi tr trung bnh cng ca mt trng
Min Tnh gi tr nh nht ca mt trng
Max Tnh gi tr ln nht ca mt trng
Count m s gi tr khc rng trong mt trng
First Gi tr ca trng bn ghi u tin trong bng
Last Gi tr ca trng bn ghi cui cng trong bng
Tuy nhin, nu dng truy vn Totals query th d liu trong bng kt qu khng th
thay i, chnh sa c (l do d liu ny c tng hp t cc s liu khc).
Cch thc hin tnh tng gp nhm tt c cc bn ghi
V d: S mt hng bn l bao nhiu v gi bn trung bnh l bao nhiu?
Ta thy y n thun ch l m s dng (tng ng vi s mt hng) c
trong bng Hng ho v tnh trung bnh cng gi tr trong trng n gi.
-To truy vn mi, xc nh cc bng v cc trng cn thit c tham gia
vo truy vn (Mahang, Dongia).
-Chn menu View/ Totals, hoc nhp chut phi vo vng li query chn
Totals hoc chn nt trn thanh cng c. Khi xut hin dng Totals
trong vng li.
-Nu nh bn mun tnh ton trn ton b mu tin th khng c php
chn GroupBy bt k trng no.
-La chn trng d liu cn sp xp tnh tng gp, trng ny s nhn
gi tr Group by dng Total. Ch , th t sp xp c u tin t tri
sang phi.
-Chn cch tnh tng gp trong dng Total, v d trng Mahang l Count,
trng Dongia l Avg.
31
Microsoft Access
Ta c
Field Soluonghang: Mahang GiaTB: Dongia Soluonghang GiaTB
Tabl
e
Hanghoa Hanghoa Kt qu 13 4792.31
Total Count Avg
Sort
Tnh tng gp trn tng nhm bn ghi
V d: m s mt hng v gi bn trung bnh ca cc mt hng c trong tng
loi hng.
y, bn phi gp nhm cc bn ghi theo loi hng, sau m s hng c
trong tng loi v tnh trung bnh cng n gi ca cc mt hng trong tng
loi . Do , trng Tnloi v Mloi chnh l trng dng gp nhm
(GroupBy) cc bn ghi. Ch : trng Tn loi nm trong bng Loi hng,
cn trng Loi hng trong bng Hng ho chnh l M loi ca Loi hng.
Ta c
Field Tenloai SLhang: Mahang GTB: Dongia Tenloai SLhang GiaTB
Table Loaihang Hanghoa Hanghoa
Total GroupBy Count Avg
Kt
qu
Bia 2 7600
Bt my 2 6900
Sort M gi 2 1000
Ch : Vic gp nhm s c tin hnh gom theo cc trng tham gia vo
truy vn bt u t bn tri. V vi v d trn trng c gom nhm l M
loi sau n Tn loi.
Chn (Lc) cc nhm sau khi c tnh tng gp
V d: m s mt hng v gi bn trung bnh l bao nhiu ca loi hng Bia
hoc M gi.
Thc hin gp nhm cc bn ghi theo Loi hng, sau m s mt hng v
tnh Gi bn trung bnh theo tng loi hng. Cui cng ch hin th ra S
lng v Gi bn TB ca Loi hng M gi v Bia. Ta thy vic lc gi
tr ny c thc hin sau khi gom nhm v tnh tng gp. Do vy, y ch
l iu kin lc gi tr thng thng nh trong cu Select Query.
Ta c
Field Tenloai SLhang: Mahang GTB: Dongia
Tenloai SLhang GiaTB
Table Loaihang Hanghoa Hanghoa
Total GroupBy Count Avg
Kt
qu
Bia 2 7600
M gi 2 1000

Criteria Bia
Or M gi
Tnh tng gp trn cc nhm bn ghi theo nhiu mc
32
Microsoft Access
C th gom nhm cc bn ghi theo nhiu mc, th t u tin gia cc mc
c tnh t tri qua phi ca cc trng gi tr c GroupBy.
V d: Tnh tng s lng hng bn ra, s lt mua hng v S lng mua
trung bnh ca mi mt hng theo tng loi hng.
Ta thy cc bn ghi c gom theo 2 cp Loi hng v Mt hng, gi tr cn
tnh y l Tng s lng bn c, S lt mua mt hng , S lng
mua hng trung bnh theo tng mt hng.
Ta c
Field Tenloai Tenhang Tongso:soluong Soluot:Soluong SLTB:Soluong
Table Loaihang Hanghoa CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon
Total GroupBy GroupBy Sum Count Avg

Kt qu
Chn (Lc) cc bn ghi trc khi tnh tng gp
trn hng dn bn cch lc cc bn ghi theo iu kin no , sau khi
thc hin tnh tng gp. Phn ny hng dn cc bn cch gii hn (lc)
cc bn ghi trc khi a chng vo tnh tng gp. Khi , bn chn Where
trong dng Total ri nhp iu kin lc dng Criteria.
Ch : Vic chn lc cc bn ghi trc v sau khi gp nhm ch c ngha
nu nh trng cn t iu kin lc c tham gia vo hm gp nhm.
V d 1: Tnh tng s lng hng bn ra, s lt mua hng v S lng mua
trung bnh ca mi mt hng m c s lng mua t 10 tr ln.
Ta thy: Trng Soluong c tham gia vo hm gp nhm (Sum). y c s
khc bit gia
33
Tenloai Tenhang Tongso Soluot SLTB
Bia Bia chai 333 52 5 10.4
Bia Bia chai Heineken 98 7 14
Bt my Bt my Hero 14 6 2.33
Bt my Bt my HH 14 4 3.5
Microsoft Access
Tnh tng s lng ca tt c cc ln mua mt hng ri ly ra nhng
mt hng c tng s lng t 10 tr ln. (1)
Ch tnh tng s lng cho nhng ln mua hng vi s lng mua t 10
tr ln. (2)
+ Ta thy trng hp (1) s lc nhng bn ghi tha mn iu kin sau khi
tnh gp nhm. Cn trng hp (2) s lc ra nhng bn ghi tha mn
iu kin, sau mi tnh gp nhm cho cc bn ghi .
Trc tin ta lc ra cc dng (bn ghi) trong bng CT_Hoadon vi iu kin
l s lng 10, sau gom nhm bn ghi theo m mt hng ri tnh tng s
lng hng theo tng mt hng. Nu nh, bn tnh tng s lng hng bn
theo tng mt hng, sau lc cc bn ghi c s lng 10 th Access ch
a ra cc mt hng no c tng s lng bn 10. Cn lc trc khi tnh
tng gp, th ta lc ra cc lt bn hng (bn ghi) m vi s lng 10.
Ta c
Field Tenhang Soluong Tongso:soluong Soluot:Soluong SLTB:Soluong
Table Hanghoa CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon
Total GroupBy Where Sum Count Avg
Show - - - - -
Criteria >=10
Kt qu
Ta thy, nu trng no nhn biu thc lc trc khi tnh tng gp (Total:
Where) th gi tr trng khng hin th trong kt qu Query, Access t
ng b du - trong dng Show ca trng cha iu kin Where.
Lu : Vic t lc cc bn ghi trc v sau khi tnh tng gp s cho ra kt
qu khc nhau.
To biu thc tnh tng gp nhm
C th t to biu thc ring m trong c cha hm gp nhm thay v chn
cc php tnh c sn ca Access trong dng Total. N gip cho cng vic ca
bn rt tin li v mm do hn trong nhng trng hp c th.
34
Tenhang TongSo Soluot SLTB
Bia chai 333 42 3 14
Bia chai Heineken 93 6 15.5
M n lin Ho Ho 30 2 15
M n lin Vifon 20 2 10
Microsoft Access
Nu biu thc tnh gi tr ct bt k c s dng nhiu hm gp nhm, khi
ti dng Total ca mt ct trng, bn chn Expression, sau g biu thc
cn tnh m cha hm gp nhm ti dng Field ca ct ny.
V d 1: Tnh s tin gim gi trn tng ho n, bit rng ch gim gi 10% cho
nhng ho n c tng gi tr tin mua t 100000 tr ln.
Chn bng CT_Hoadon v bng Hanghoa, sau ch nh trng SoHD v
chn gp nhm.
Ta thy, trc ht bn phi gom nhm cc bn ghi trong CT_Hoadon theo
SoHD, sau tnh tng tin mua hng theo tng Ho n, ri tnh gi tr tin
gim gi theo tng s tin mua hng ca mi ho n.
Lu : Khi xy dng cng thc tnh cho mt trng bt k, bn c th s dng
tn t cho nhng trng t nh ngha hoc dng cng thc m xy dng
nn trng trong query.
Chng hn nh, bn thy trng Thnh tin c tnh bng cng thc l
Thanhtien: sum([Soluong]*[Dongia])
Trng Gim gi c tnh nu tng tin trn ho n m trn 100000 th
gim gi l Thnh tin * 10%. Khi bn c th dng cng thc nh CT1
di y, hoc c th vit
Giamgia: IIf([Thanhtien]>=100000, 0.1, 0) (CT1)
V cc trng t xy dng khc cng tng t nh vy, c th
TGiam: [Thanhtien]*[Giamgia] (CT2)
Conlai: [Thanhtien] [TGiam] (CT3)
Ta c
Field SoHD Ttien:[Soluong]*[Dongia] Giamgia:CT1 TGiam:CT2 Conlai:CT3
Table CT_Hoadon
Total GroupBy Sum Expression Expression Expression
Show - - - - -
Criteria
Nh cc bn thy, trong trng Gim gi v Tin gim c dng n gi tr
tnh c ca ct Thanhtien, nhng y c th dng kt hp
Hm gp nhm dng tnh(Biu thc/ tn trng tham gia biu thc
gi tr trng )
C th y: Thanhtien c tnh bng Sum([Soluong]*[Dongia]) v cng
thc ny c s dng trong tt c nhng ct c tnh ton m c dng n
gi tr ca trng Thanhtien.
Kt qu
SoHD thanhtien giamgia tiengiam conlai
HD001 47100 0 0 47100
35
Microsoft Access
SoHD thanhtien giamgia tiengiam conlai
HD002 103400 0.1 10340 93060
HD003 102500 0.1 10250 92250
HD004 105400 0.1 10540 94860
HD005 49000 0 0 49000
V d 2: Tnh tng s lng hng bn ca tng mt hng, thm ct Ghi ch.
Ct Ghi ch c tnh nh sau: Nu mt hng c Tng s lng bn t 50
tr ln S ln mua mt hng ; Nu Tng s lng bn di 50 S
lng mua trung bnh trn 1 ln.
Chn bng CT_Hoadon v bng Hanghoa, sau chn trng Mahang,
Tenhang v ch nh gp nhm trn 2 trng ny.
Chn trng Soluong v chn dng Total l Sum, t li tn trng l TSL.
Ti ct trng g Ghichu v xy dng cng thc tnh cho ct nh sau:
Ghichu: IIf([TSL]>=50, Count([Hanghoa]![Mahang]), Avg([Soluong]))
Do cng thc xy dng trng Ghi ch c s dng nhiu, nn cn chn
Expression ti dng Total.
Thay v vic dng tn b danh [TSL] trong cng thc, c th dng cng thc
tnh trng TSL ti v tr (cng thc l Sum([Soluong]).
3.3. To truy vn hnh ng (Action query)
C th dng truy vn thc hin thao tc cp nht, xo, thm mi, trn 1 bng
bt k. Truy vn cho php lm cc cng vic ny gi l Truy vn hnh ng
(Action query).
thc hin mt hnh ng no trn 1 bng hay nhiu bng, sau khi xc nh
c bng cn thay i, chn menu Query v chn Query hnh ng tng ng:
Update query
Delete query
Append query,
Nhn chung khi thit k cc query ny u ging nh khi thit k Select query.
Trong li thit k, dng Field v Table ch bng cn sa i, dng Criteria ch
iu kin nhng bn ghi s c thay i. Dng Update to ng vi Update query
ghi trng gi tr tng ng s c cp nht gi tr t ra y. Dng Delete ng
vi Delete query c gi tr Where ch ra cc bn ghi s c xo theo iu kin t
trong dng Criteria,
V d 1: Cc mt hng thuc loi V gi tng thm 10% Cp nht gi cho cc
sn phm thuc loi V.
- Trng cn cp nht: Dongia
- iu kin: ch cp nht sn phm c Tn loi V
- Bng tham gia vo truy vn: Hanghoa v Loaihang
36
Microsoft Access
- To query theo kiu Design view, sau chn bng tham gia truy vn, chn
kiu query: vo menu Query/ Update query.
Field Dongia Tenloai
Table Hanghoa
Update to Dongia*1.1
Criteria Like V *
V d 2: Hin ti cng ty cn hy ha n c s HD045 Xa cc bn ghi thuc
ha n ny trong bng CT_Hoadon.
- Bng nhn hnh ng xa: CT_Hoadon
- iu kin xa: SoHD = HD045
- To query theo kiu Design view, sau chn bng tham gia truy vn, chn
kiu query: vo menu Query/ Delete query.
Field SoHD
Table CTHoadon
Delete Where
Criteria HD045
3.4. To truy vn tham s (Parameter query)
Khi bn thng xuyn dng cc cu truy vn m mi mt ln dng mt tiu ch
chn lc khc nhau, thay v vic phi thit k li nhiu ln theo cc tiu ch , bn
c th dng kiu Truy vn tham s. Nu bn chy truy vn ny, Access s yu cu
bn nhp tiu ch lc thng qua hp thoi Enter Parameter Values.
V d: Lit k cc ho n m mt khch hng mua bt k.
Lit k cc ho n, tnh s tin bn hng c trong 1 khong thi gian no
thit k c query kiu ny, bn thc hin to query theo cch thng thng,
tuy nhin dng Criteria ca trng bn mun thay i mi khi chy truy vn, bn
g yu cu nhp trong ngoc vung [ ]. Sau , mi khi bn chy query th s xut
hin hp thoi nh sau:
Access s thc hin cu truy vn theo iu kin m bn nhp trong hp thoi
trn. quy nh kiu d liu cho tham s nhp vo, chn menu Query/
Parameter, sau nhp Tn tham s vo Parameter v nhp kiu d liu cho tham
s vo DataType. Bng cch ny bn c th to ra Query vi nhiu tham s
khc nhau, phc v yu cu, mc ch s dng ca bn.
37
Microsoft Access
Bn cht Parameter query, cng chnh l mt dng Select query. Hai kiu truy vn
ny ch khc duy nht mt iu l iu kin lc trong Select query c nhp c
nh trong khi thit k query. Cn iu kin lc trong Parameter query s c
nhp vo khi ngi dng yu cu Access thc hin cu truy vn . Vi Parameter
query, khi thit k ti dng Criteria, bn nhp vo bin tham s s nhn gi tr
iu kin khi truy vn c thc hin.
V d: Hin th thng tin v ho n mua hng ca khch hng c m bt k trong
thng bt k. Khi
Field SoHD MaKH Ngayban
Table Hoadon Hoadon Hoadon

Criteria Like "*" & [Nhp MKH] Between [Ngy B] And [Ngy KT]
Criteria trong MaKH c ngha bt u bng 1 s k t bt k cng vi gi tr nhp
vo tham s [Nhap MaKH], ngy ly trong khong t [Ngy B] n [Ngy KT].
Gi s khi thc hin truy vn , Access a ra ca s yu cu nhp M khch
hng v bn nhp gi tr 1, khi bin [Nhap MaKH]=1 *1. Sau , Access
yu cu bn nhp vo tip gi tr ngy bt u v ngy kt thc, khi hai bin
ln lt c gi tr [Ngy B]=1/1/03, [Ngy KT]=1/31/03. Khi , truy vn s thc
hin lc thng tin mua hng ca khch hng vi m khch hng c k t cui cng
l 1 v c ho n mua hng trong thng 1. Ta s c kt qu nh sau
SoHD MaKH Mahang Soluong Ngayban
HD003 CH001 V 48t HH 15 1/2/2003
HD003 CH001 Bt my Hero 5 1/2/2003
HD003 CH001 V 96t HH 10 1/2/2003
HD008 CH001 M n lin Ho Ho 5 1/9/2003
HD008 CH001 V 48t HH 6 1/9/2003
Trong Parameter query, bn cng c th dng cc k t thay th trong trng cha
tham s c kiu d liu l Text nh Select query thng thng khc. Nu khng
dng cc k t thay th ny th iu kin lc nhp vo tham s phi c gi tr chnh
xc v Access ch tin hnh tm cc bn ghi c gi tr bng ng iu kin lc m
bn a vo.
V d: m s ln mua hng ca tng khch hng a ch bt k.
Field MaKH TenKH Diachi SoHD
Table Hoadon Khachhang Khachhang Hoadon
Total Groupby Groupby Groupby Count

Criteria Like *&[Nhp a ch cn xem]&*
Nh cc bn thy, khi bn ch cn nhp tham s vi gi tr l mt xu k t bt
k trong gi tr a ch. Khi , Access tin hnh lc ra tt c cc khch hng m
38
Microsoft Access
c a ch cha xu k t l gi tr ca bin tham s , ri gp nhm v m s
ho n theo tng khch hng. Liu chng, bn c chc chn bit c y
thng tin v a ch ca mt khch hng. V cng c th trong thc t bn mun
thng k s ln mua ca mi khch hng trong mt vng a ch no ,
Lu : Nu bn dng Parameter query th bn nn nh ngha kiu d liu cho cc
tham s nhp vo, nh vy s hn ch c mt s trng hp nhp d liu sai.
3.5. To CrossTab Query (Cross Tabulation)
Truy vn crosstab (truy vn bng 2 chiu) dng tm lc d liu v trnh by
kt qu theo dng nh mt bng tnh. N cho php tng hp t mt khi lng ln
thng tin v trnh by kt qu di hnh thc d c hn cc query khc. Nn
Crosstab query thng c dng to d liu phc v cho mc ch so snh hay
d on s pht trin ca d liu, mt khc n cng l nn tng to bo co mt
cch hu dng.
Crosstab query hin th gi tr gp nhm c t tp gi tr thc t (1 trng
dng gom nhm) theo chiu dc bn tri bng tnh v hin th gi tr gp nhm
t tp gi tr khc (mt trng gom nhm khc) theo chiu ngang dng u tin
ca bng tnh.
V d: Hin th thng tin ca cc ho n c s t 1 n 3.
Nu dng cu truy vn thng thng ta c kt qu
SoHD Tenhang Soluong
HD001 M n lin Ho Ho 10
HD001 Ph n lin Vifon 2
HD002 Bia chai 333 5
HD002 Ph n lin Vifon 10
HD002 Ru La mi 2
HD003 Bt my Hero 5
HD003 V 48t HH 15
HD003 V 96t HH 10
D liu kt qu c trnh by theo chiu dc, nu s lng bn ghi qu nhiu th
bn kh c ci nhn tng th, mt khc cng khng c s so snh s lng mua
cng mt hng trn cc ho n khc nhau.
Nu dng Crosstab query ta c th xy dng bng d liu nh sau
Tenhang HD001 HD002 HD003
V 48t HH 15
V 96t HH 10
Bt my Hero 5
M n lin Ho Ho 10
Ph n lin Vifon 2 10
39
C.Tit
muaca
HD001
Tiudng
Tiuct
Ccgitr
tnhc
C.Tit
muaca
HD002
C.Tit
muaca
HD003
Microsoft Access
Tenhang HD001 HD002 HD003
Bia chai 333 5
Ru La mi 2
Ta thy gi tr ca mt trng (c th trng S H), c trnh by lm tiu
cho cc ct (s ct ph thuc vo tp gi tr thc t ca trng ) v gi tr mt
trng khc c trnh by ti ct tri nht lm tiu dng (tng t, s dng
phc thuc vo tp gi tr thc t ca ct ). Gi tr a vo trong bng ph thuc
vo gi tr thc t v tng ng vi gi tr ca tiu dng v tiu ct.
Vi cch trnh by, bn d dng so snh gi tr trn cng mt tiu ch, chng hn
nh so snh s lng mua ca mt hng Ru La mi trn tt c cc ho n, hay
xem HD001 mua nhng mt hng no s lng bao nhiu? Hn na bng d liu
gn nh hn, d c v d hiu hn.
- to truy vn Crosstab c th dng
Q To truy vn bng Wizards: cch ny khng cho php a trc tip nhiu
trng t nhiu bng khc nhau vo truy vn. Mun vy bn phi to trc
mt query theo cch thng thng cha tt c cc trng m bn mun a
vo Crosstab query. Sau , to Crosstab query thng qua query va to c
trn.
Q To truy vn bng Design view: cho php to truy vn Crosstab trc tip t
nhiu bng khc nhau m khng gp phi kh khn theo cch Wizards.
Tuy nhin, bn cng hon ton c th to Crosstab query t mt Select query hoc
Total query khc thng qua cch thit k bng tay (design view).
Lu : Bn ch c th to Crosstab query t Select query, ch khng th to da
trn mt Crosstab query khc.
- Yu cu v cu trc ca Crosstab query
Ch c duy nht 1 trng lm tiu ct (Column Heading).
C th c nhiu trng lm tiu dng (Row Heading).
Ch c duy nht 1 trng gi tr (Value).
- Cch to Crosstab query
Sau khi chn cc bng tham gia vo query, v ch nh cc trng xut hin
trong query.
= Chn menu Query/ Crosstab query, trong li thit k xut hin thm dng
Total v Crosstab.
= Trong Crosstab query th mc nh dng Total, cc trng tham gia vo query
u c t chn l GroupBy.
40
Microsoft Access
= Ch nh 1 trng duy nht lm tiu ct, bng cch chn Column Heading
ti dng Crosstab.
= Ch nh trng lm tiu dng (c th c 1 hoc nhiu tiu dng), bng
cch chn RowHeading ti dng Crosstab. Nu bn mun tng hp gi tr
theo tng dng, th bn a trng cn tnh ton vo li thit k v chn
trng l RowHeading v ti dng Total query ca trng chn hm gp
nhm m bn mun dng.
= Ch nh 1 trng duy nht lm gi tr trong query, chn Value ti dng
Crosstab. Sau , chn hm gp nhm (nu cn) tnh cho trng gi tr ny ti
dng Total.
Cc hm gp nhm hay xy dng biu thc tnh ton cho trng ny lm
tng t nh trong Total query.
-G iu kin chn lc cc bn ghi tham gia vo crosstab query ti dng
Criteria, dng Or, (Ch : vic lc cc bn ghi trc v sau khi gp nhm
tnh ton s mang li gi tr khc nhau ).
V d: vi v d a ra trn ta c thit k nh sau
Vi truy vn Crosstab, bn c th can thip nhiu vo hnh thc trnh by ca tiu
ct trong bng kt qu. V mc nh, tiu ct c sp xp theo vn ABC
hay theo th t s, th t ngy. Tuy nhin, bn c th thay i li tnh cht mc
nh ny bng cch thit lp li thuc tnh Column Headings ca truy vn. Cc tiu
ct ny c g chnh xc nh gi tr xut hin trong kt qu truy vn ti thuc
tnh Column Headings, v theo ng th t m bn d nh, cc gi tr cch nhau
bi du ;.
41
Trnggitr,cthdnghmgp
nhmtnhgitr,hoccth
xydng1trngtnhtonmida
trncctrngkhc.Nhngnu
tronglidnghmgpnhmth
nhchnExpressiondngTotal
Cctrngc
chnhlm
Tiudng
Tiuct
Numunsp
xp(tng/gim)
theotrngny
thchny
Giukin
lcccbnghi
saukhiGroup
byccbnghi
Numunlcccbnghitheoiukin
nytrckhiGroupbyccbnghi,phi
chnWheredngTotal
Microsoft Access
V d: Tnh s lng hng bn trn tng loi hng theo tng ho n v tng s
tin ca mi ho n . Vi yu cu trn, bn c th
- chn Loi hng lm tiu ct,
- S ho n lm tiu dng,
- Gi tr a vo Crosstab l s lng c tnh tng,
- Tin mi ho n: tng ca s lng * n gi.
Ta s c thit k nh sau
Field: Maloai SoHD Soluong TienHD:[Soluong]*[Dongia]
Table: Loaihang CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon
Total: Group By Group By Sum Sum
Crosstab: Column Heading Row Heading Value Row Heading

Th t cc trng trong khi thit k ca CrossTab query l khng quan trng,

nhng nu nh c nhiu trng lm tiu dng th Access vn u tin t tri qua
phi trong hin th kt qu. V d trn c kt qu l
SoHD Tien L0001 L0003 L0004 L0005 L0007 L0008
HD001 14,600 10 2
HD002 68,300 10 5 2
HD003 102,500 25 5
V l do phi tnh tin trn tng ho n nn bn khng th chn S ho n lm
tiu ct. V nu nh ngi ta thay v yu cu tnh tng tin trn mi ho n
bng tng s tin hoc tng s lng theo tng loi hng, th bn phi chn Loi
hng lm tiu dng. Nh vy thit k cho query nh sau
Field: Maloai SoHD Soluong TongSL:Soluong
Table: Loaihang CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon CT_Hoadon
Total: Group By Group By Sum Sum
Crosstab: Row Heading Column Heading Value Row Heading

kt qu tng ng vi thit k l
Maloai TongSL HD001 HD002 HD003
L0001 127 25
L0003 29 5
L0004 105 10
Cc bn lun nh rng, Crosstab query ch c 1 trng lm Tiu ct, ch c 1
trng lm gi tr tnh ton, nhng c th c nhiu trng lm Tiu hng. l
im khc bit gia Crosstab v PivotTable ca Excel.
4. Xy dng bo co Report
42
Microsoft Access
Nu nh query trch rt, tng hp d liu t nhiu bng khc nhau, v hin th
di dng bng th bo co s trnh by d liu no di dng giy t m bn
c th in c t n.
Bo co l mt dng trnh by d liu trong c s d liu ca bn theo nh dng
c th in c. Hu ht thng tin a vo bo co u l nhng ngun thng tin
c ly t cc bng, cc truy vn, v mt s thng tin khc c lu tr trong
chnh bn thn bo co .
4.1. Gii thiu chung
-Bo co l mt phng thc hu hiu gip bn trnh by d liu di dng y
v d hiu nht, n cho php tch hp nhiu hnh thc trnh by d liu nh
hnh nh, biu , vn bn, lm bo co sinh ng v ngha.
-Bo co dng trong trng hp bn mun trnh by d liu nhng khng cho
php chnh sa ni dung d liu (Trong truy vn hay hnh thc biu mu bn c
th thay i ni dung d liu).
-Bo co thng dng t chc, sp xp v trnh by d liu; t c
chuyn thng tin cho ngi dng qua phng tin in n hoc kt xut n ra
mt trnh ng dng khc.
-Ni dung bo co thng l biu mu tnh ton, thng k thng tin c gii
hn trong mt thi gian v khng gian no .
-Cch lm vic ca bo co: Bn to s lin kt gia mt bo co v cc bn ghi
ngun ca n bng cch dng nhng i tng ho v i tng c gi
l Control (iu khin). Cc control c th l
Text box: dng hin th tn v s liu c ly t ngun ca n.
Label: dng hin th nhn, xu gi tr no ln bo co
Decorative line: trnh by ho t chc d liu v lm cho bo co sinh
ng hn.
4.2. To bo co bng wizard
Access cho php to bo co nhanh chng v tin li nh s h tr ti a ca c h
thng. Cc bo co s c lp t ng theo 1 dng thc mc nh m h thng
thit lp sn. Tuy nhin, vi kiu to bo co t ng ny bn vn c th thay i
dng thc ca n, bng cch can thip trc tip vo bo co ch thit k bng
tay Design view.
Bc chun b trc khi to bo co
-Xc nh xem cn bo co ci g: bn c th da vo yu cu, nhu cu s
dng ca ngi dng ch ra mi bo co cn n nhng ni dung g. Vic
thu thp yu cu t ngi s dng c th thc hin bng cch hi ngi dng
hoc da vo nhng giy t m ngi dng cung cp.
43
Microsoft Access
-Xc nh cu trc, dng thc ca bo co: bn c th t a ra cu trc bo
co, hoc n gin l sao chp li hnh thc ca mt bo co trn giy t m
bn c c.
-Xc nh d liu a ln bo co c ly t nhng ngun d liu (bng,
truy vn) no?
-Xc nh nhng d liu c xut hin trong bo co.
V d: Hin th thng tin v tt c cc H di dng bo co. Cc thng tin cn c
trn H nh S H, Ngy, Tn mt hng mua, V tnh, S lng, n gi, S
tin v Tng s tin ca tng H.
Khi bn s xc nh c
Ci cn bo co, hay ni cch khc ci cn giy t kho y l thng tin ca
cc Ho n bn hng.
Cu trc trnh by ca bo co: khng c cu trc yu cu, nn bn c th t
xc nh hnh thc ca bo co .
D liu a ln bo co c ly t cc bng CT_Hoadon, Hoadon, Hanghoa.
Di y l bo co cn to ra theo yu cu trn
Khi , ngun d liu cho bo co c xc nh nh sau
Cch 1
Tn hng, V tnh v n gi c ly t bng Hanghoa,
44
Tiu u Bo co
Tiu u mi trang bo co
Chi tit
trong
bo co
Tiu
cui ca
Bo co
Tiu cui mi trang bo co
Microsoft Access
S lng c ly t bng CT_Hoadon,
S tin = S lng * n gi
Tng tin trn H = bng tng s tin mua trong H , hoc c th c
ly t query tnh tin trn mi H (query ny c th c to ra t trc).
Cch 2
T yu cu bo co trn, bn to 1 query cha y cc thng tin cn ly:
SoHD Ngayban Tenhang DVT Dongia Soluong sotien
HD001 1/1/2003 M n lin Ho Ho gi 1,100 10 11,000
HD001 1/1/2003 Ph n lin Vifon gi 1,800 2 3,600
HD002 1/1/2003 Ph n lin Vifon gi 1,800 10 18,000
HD003 1/2/2003 V 48t HH quyn 1,500 15 22,500
HD003 1/2/2003 Bt my Hero chic 9,200 5 46,000
HD004 1/3/2003 M n lin Ho Ho gi 1,100 5 5,500
HD004 1/3/2003 Bt my Hero chic 9,200 2 18,400
HD004 1/3/2003 Ph n lin Vifon gi 1,800 15 27,000
Sau bo co s ly d liu ngun t query ny. Cch ny tin lp hn cch
trn, v bn xc nh cc d liu cn a vo bo co, v tng hp trn 1
truy vn. Do , bn khng mt nhiu thi gian trong vic la chn thng tin t
cc bng/ truy vn cha d liu.
Cc bc to bo co
Chn nt Report di phn Object nm pha bn tri hp thoi Database
Chn Create Report by Using wizard, xut hin hp thoi Report wizard
Chn tn bng/truy vn lm ngun d liu ca bo co trong hp combo c
tn Tables/Queries
Kch p chut vo tn cc trng cn xut hin Report trong hp
Available Fields (bn tri hp thoi) v tn cc trng m cc bn chn
s xut hin trong hp Selected Fields.
Sau khi chn xong cc trng cn c trong Report, chn Next.
bc tip theo, chn cch hin th d liu ca Report theo th t d liu
ca bng no ( y s phn b d liu trnh by trong bo co ch trng
vic u tin da theo mt trong s cc bng d liu tham gia vo bo co),
V d gom theo S H, bn chn vo By Hoadon, chn Next.
Chn cch gom nhm d liu theo trng no (th t u tin trong Report),
chn Next.
Chn d liu c sp xp tng/gim theo trng no.
Nu mun tnh hm gp nhm trn cc trng no, chn Summary
options xut hin hp thoi Summary Option.
Chn Hm gp nhm (Sum, Avg, Max, Min) trn cc trng d liu s.
45
Microsoft Access
Nu mun chn cch hin th gi tr gp nhm: Ch gi tr tng (Only
Summary); hin th thng tin chi tit v gi tr tng (Detail and Summary),
chn OK khi thit lp xong cc tu chn ca Tnh tng gp nhm.
Chn Next trong hp thoi Report Wizard.
Chn cch trnh by bo co, bng cch chn cc nt Radio Button i din
cho cc cch trnh by bo co c sn, ri chn Next.
Chn mu Template xy dng sn cho bo co, chn Next.
t tiu cho Bo co ca bn bng cch g Tiu vo mc What title
do you want for your report, chn Finish.
Lu :
Nu mun quay li sa thit k Wizard trong bo co chn nt Back.
Gi s mu bo co to bng Wizard khng theo yu cu ca bn, bn c th
chn nt Design chn ch lm vic thit k Report bng tay.
xem Report trong khi thit k, chn nt Preview.
thm cc i tng ho khi trnh by bo co nh ng k, hnh
nh, chn View/Toolbar/Toolbox, sau chn i tng cn thm vo
bo co.
4.2. Cu trc ca bo co
Thng tin trong bo co c chia thnh cc phn khc nhau, v d vi mt bo
co c thit k v c m ch Design View nh sau:
46
Chi tit
thit k:
bao gm
cc i
tng s c
trong mi
phn ca
bo co
Microsoft Access
Khi m Bo co di ch Design view, cc phn trong bo cc s c bt u
bng mt thanh ngang trn c ghi tn thnh phn (Section) ca bo co ngay
di n.
Report Header: Tiu u bo co ch xut hin mt ln duy nht khi bt
u mt bo co. Bn c th t cc i tng m bn mun xut hin phn
u tin ca bo co, v d Tiu bo co, Biu tng (Logo) ca cng ty,
Ngy in Bo co, Tiu u bo co s c in trc tiu u trang
ngay trang u tin ca bo co.
Page Header: Tiu u trang xut hin ti trn u ca tt c cc trang
trong bo co. Ngi ta hay dng Tn ca cc ct xut hin trong bo co
phn tiu u trang, tn cc ct ny c lp li u tt c cc trang
trong bo co.
SoHD Header: Phn tiu nhm m bn s gom nhm d liu, y xut
hin d liu ca trng m bn s dng phn nhm d liu.
Detail: phn chi tit cha phn d liu, cc s liu chnh ca bo co. Phn
ny cho php lp li cc dng chi tit trong bo co tu theo d liu ngun.
SoHD Footer: Tiu cui mi nhm d liu, y bn c th s liu tnh
tng ph trn nhm d liu .
Page Footer: Tiu cui trang c lp li phn cui ca tt c cc trang
trong bo co. phn ny, bn nn nh s th t ca trang bo co.
Report Footer: Tiu cui bo co ch xut hin mt ln duy nht ti cui
bo co. Ngi ta hay t trong phn ny s liu tnh tng gi tr ca c bo
co hay cc dng ni dung gip cho bo co hon chnh. Chng hn nh Tn
cng ch k ngi lp hoc ngi c quyn, ngha v vi bo co . Tiu
cui bo co l phn cui cng trong khi thit k bo co. Tuy nhin khi in
phn ny s c in ngay khi phn d liu chi tit v phn tng ph ca cc
phn gp nhm c in xong. Do Tiu cui bo co s c in trc
phn Tiu cui trang.
Cc i tng c th a vo cc phn khi thit k bo co
Nu nh vic dng Report Wizard vn khng mang li cho bn mt bo co
nh mun, th bn c th chuyn sang ch thit k Design View c th
sa bo co theo yu cu ca bn. Khi bn c th thm, sa, bt hoc xo
cc i tng c trong phn Thit k bo co.
Label: dng hin th mt tiu , mt dng vn bn no ln trn bo
co. Tuy nhin, label khng th hin th gi tr tnh ton c ca mt biu
thc hay gi tr ca mt trng trong CSDL.
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Microsoft Access
Text box: c th hin th d liu ca mt trng ca mt bng/ truy vn no
trong CSDL ca bn hoc gi tr ca mt cng thc tnh ton c trn
bo co.
thm i tng vo bo co, bn ch cn chn i tng cn thm trong
Toolbox, ri ko th vo thnh phn tng ng trong Bo co.
Ch : Label c th c gn lin vi mt Text box, v Label ny s l tn trng
m gi tr ca trng c hin th trong Text box.
V d: Vi mu bo co ch ra cc trang trc, gi s bo co bn mun thm
trng Gim gi, mi ho n u c ghi tng s tin gim gi trn ho n .
Sau hin th tng tin gim gi, v s tin doanh thu cn li sau khi gim
gi
Vi Gim gi c tnh: Nu mua vi s lng t 10 tr ln th gim 3% gi tr
hng mua. Khi , bo co ca bn phi thm mt trng l Gim gi. Cch
lm nh sau:
- Nu nh bn xy dng bo co ly d liu t mt query, th bn c th thit
k li query , c th l thm trng Giamgia vi cng thc tnh trn.
Sau vo bo co ch Design.
- Thm Label c ni dung Gim gi vo Section Page Header
- Thm TextBox vo Section Detail, vi thuc tnh Control Source chn
trng Giamgia
- Thm TextBox vo Section SoHD Footer, vi thuc tnh Control Soure
l cng thc =sum([Giamgia])
- Thm 2 Label c ni dung ln lt Tng tin gim gi v Tng tin
cn li sau khi tr gim gi vo Section Report Footer.
- Thm 2 Textbox vo Section Report Footer, vi thuc tnh Control
Source ln lt l cc cng thc
=Sum([Giamgia]) v =Sum([Thanhtien]) - Sum([Giamgia])
- Nu nh bn khng mun quay tr li thay i Query ngun nh cch
trn, bn c th thit k ngay trn bo co. V trng Giamgia s l d
liu c lu trong phn thit k bo co, ch khng lu trong query theo
cch trn. Tuy nhin, cch lm ny i khi s gy nhiu kh khn cho bn,
nn cch tt nht bn hy lm theo cch ch dn trn.
Thm hoc b Gom nhm d liu (Sorting & Grouping)
Bn c th thm hoc loi b Vic gom d liu theo mt trng no , bng cch
chn View/ Sorting and Grouping, xut hin hp thoi nh sau
48
Nt la chn tn
trng cn gom nhm
Danh sch tn
trng nhm d liu
Danh sch tn cc
trng nhm d liu
Tng ng vi trng
nhm d liu c
hin th
Tiu u
Tiu cui
ca mi nhm gi tr
Microsoft Access
Nu mun thm trng nhm d liu
- Bm chut phi vo nt bn tri ti ct Field/Expression ca mt dng
mi
- chn Tn trng cn gom nhm trong danh sch trng ca d liu ngun.
- Sau ch nh mt s thuc tnh (nu c) ca trng nhm d liu mi
trong phn Group Properties
Group Header: C mun hin th tiu u ca nhm khng???
Group Footer: C mun hin th tiu cui ca nhm mi khng?
Group On: Nhm d liu da trn ci g, chn Each Value.
Nu mun bt i mt trng nhm d liu
Ch cn ch nh trng nhm d liu cn b, sau chn Delete.
Thuc tnh ca i tng
Mi mt i tng u c th c mt s thuc tnh m t cho i tng , v
d nh: Tn ca i tng, mu sc cho d liu hin th bn trong i tng ,
kch thc ca i tng, hay cc thuc tnh cn chnh d liu khi hin th.
thay i thuc tnh no ca mt i tng, cc bn chn i tng bng
cch nhp phm tri chut vo i tng, sau chn menu View/ Properties
(hoc bm phi chut vo i tng v chn Properties trong menu nhanh).
Di y l mt s thuc tnh ca cc i tng ny:
Label
Name: Tn ca i tng (ging nh Field Name khi nh ngha bng)
Caption: Tn hin th khi chy bo co .
Back color: quy nh mu nn cho i tng.
Fore color: quy nh mu cho ni dung ca i tng.
Font name, size, weight, italic,: Quy nh kiu, c, dng, m cho ni
dung ca i tng.
Text box
Name: Tn i tng
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Microsoft Access
Control sourse: Ch r d liu hin th c ly t trng no (tn trng),
nu l gi tr tnh ton c th hin th cng thc tnh ton cho
gi tr .
Format: nh dng kiu hin th cho gi tr kiu s, ngy thng,
Decimal place: quy nh s cc ch s ng sau du chm thp phn.
Mt s thuc tnh khc: tng t nh thuc tnh ca i tng Label.
Trnh by bo co
Vic trnh by bo co ny n gin ch lm cho bo co bn thit k thm sinh
ng, r rng hn. Mc d y khng phi l phn quan trng khi thit k bo
co, nhng khng phi v th m chng ta b qua. Bo co ca bn s gy ch
cho i tng quan tm n s liu hn nu nh n c trnh by p mt.
bo co thm sinh ng v r rng bn c th a thm cc i tng
hnh v vo trong bo co.
Cc i tng ny c th c ko th vo v tr m bn nh chn thm i
tng hnh v trong bo co.
di chuyn v tr mt i tng bn phi chn i tng , sau bm
gi phm tri chut v di chuyn i tng n v tr mi ri th phm
tri chut. (C th dng cc phm mi tn trn bn phm di chuyn i
tng, cc bn phi gi phm Shift trong khi bm phm mi tn ch hng di
chuyn cho i tng).
Nu mun thay i thuc tnh nh rng, chiu cao, mu nn, ca i
tng bn ch cn chn i tng, sau bm phi chut vo i tng v
chn vo Properties menu nhanh hoc chn nt biu tng Properties trn
thanh Toolbar.
Cch sao chp cc i tng c thc hin tng t thao tc sao chp ct
dn trong cc chng trnh ng dng khc (Copy: Ctrl+C; Paste: Ctrl+V;
Cut: Ctrl+X).
Ch : Khi trnh by, thit k xong bo co, bn c th in n bo co t trong
Access v lu tr mu bo co ny. Tuy nhin, bn cng c th kt xut bo co
ny sang cc chng trnh ng dng khc nh MS Word, MS Excel. lm c
vic ny bn chn nt Publish It with MS Word hoc Analyze It with MS Excel trn
thanh cng c.
C th to bo co Parameter bng cch nh sau:
- To truy vn Parameter cha nhng d liu cn thit c trong bo co.
- To Bo co da trn d liu ca Parameter query trn.
ng dng: In ho n mua bt k cho mt khch hng c mu nh sau:
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Microsoft Access
5. Thit k v to form
5.1 Gii thiu chung
Nu nh Report to ra cc bo co th Form c dng nhp d liu cho cc
bng, tm kim d liu, nhp d liu iu kin in bo co,
Form l giao din ngi dng lm vic vi ng dng.
Ti sao cn to form thay v lm vic trc tip vi DL?
Khi ngi dng nhp d liu qua form th c th kim tra c cc rng
buc trn d liu nhp vo (bng cch vit lnh) v hng dn ngi
dng nhp vo d liu ng. iu ny lm cho vic nhp d liu chnh xc
hn v ng yu cu. Vic nhp d liu ng ng vai tr ht sc quan
trng trong vic to ra cc bo co ng v c gi tr.
Ngi dng lm vic vi ng dng thng qua form nn CSDL v m lnh
ca ng dng l hp en i vi ngi dng. Chnh v th h khng th xa
hay sa d liu khi khng c php.
Form l i tng ng vai tr nh cht lin kt cc i tng khc nh
bng, query, report hay thm ch c cc form khc li vi nhau nhm to nn
mt ng dng hon chnh.
Nu form c thit k ng lung nghip v th s to thun li, d s
dng i vi ngi dng.
5.2 Thit k form
Yu cu khi thit k form:
Thn thin vi ngi s dng
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Microsoft Access
Mu sc: khng qu nhiu mu, nn dng mu ging vi giao din h iu
hnh ang dng, i mu nhn khi cn thit,
B cc: cn i v kch thc, hp l v nghip v,
Tin dng
Vi cc form nhp d liu, khng bt phi g nhiu, c cc h tr nhp
d liu nhanh, chnh xc.
Lin kt gia cc form ng nghip v.
Mi form ng vi mt nghip v c th.
VD: qun l hng th trn form QLBH cn cho php: thm hng mi, sa
i thng tin mt hng c, xa (hn ch), navigate (duyt) danh sch
hng,
Trn form c th c lin kt ti cc form khc hoc report phc v nghip v ca
form.
VD form QLBH c th c nt lnh cho php xem bo co v cc hh theo
tng loi hng, hng bn chy nht,
5.3 Cng c thit k form
5.3.1 Cc i tng trn form
Selector v Wizard:
Label:
Text box:
Combo box:
Sub form/report:
Command button:
Option group:
5.3.2 Cc thuc tnh ca form
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Scroll bar
Record selector
Navigation
button
Microsoft Access
Default view: kiu hin th mc nh ca form: single form, continuous
form, data sheet, pivot table, pivot chart.
Scroll bars: khi form c nhiu d liu hay nhiu i tng th c dng thanh
cun khng (both, neither, horizontal only, vertical only)
Record selector: k hiu nh du bn ghi (yes/no)
Navigation button: cc nt duyt bn ghi (yes/no)
5.4 Cc kiu form v cch to
Form nhp DL (ca cc nghip v ch lin quan n 1 bng hay 2 bng c
quan h 1-n)
Form lc DL
Form nhp DL iu kin in bo co
2 cch view form:
Pivot table
Pivot chart
5.4.1 Form nhp DL (ca cc nghip v ch lin quan n 1 bng)
Loi form ny thng dng qun l cc i tng trong h thng mt cch c
lp. VD qun l hng ha, qun l khch hng, qun l nhn vin, Form ny
thng cho php ngi dng nhp d liu, thm, sa xa cc bn ghi, duyt qua
53
Click tri chut vo y ->
chn Properties hin th
hp thoi cc thuc tnh ca
form nh sau:
Microsoft Access
cc bn ghi v c th c cc nt lnh cho php hin th ra cc bo co lin quan n
nghip v qun l i tng. VD trn form qun l khch hng c th c nt lnh
cho php hin th danh sch khch hng theo bng ch ci, hin th danh sch
khch hng theo qun, thnh ph,

to mt form qun l hng ha nh trn ta lm theo cc bc sau:
To form bng wizard:
Chn Create form by using wizard
Table/query: chn bng Hanghoa, Selected fields: chn tt c cc trng.
Chn kiu layout: columnar
Chn kiu form: standard
t tn form: f_Hanghoa -> Finish.
Chnh sa form bng tay:
Form s c m ra xem hoc nhp d liu. form c c giao din p
hn, tin dng hn bn cn phi chnh sa mt cht: tng kch thc, mu sc,
thay i b cc, lm c vic ny bn hy m form ch Design.
Chn tt c cc label -> Format: Font size: 14, Font color: blue, thay i
kch thc cho ph hp.
Vi mi label: Caption: g li tn nhn bng ting vit c du.
Chn tt c cc text box, v combo box, cc i tng nhp d liu ->
Format: Font size: 14, thay i kch thc cho ph hp.
Form properties: Default view: single form, Caption: QL Hng Ha, Record
selectors: No.
5.4.2 Form nhp DL (ca cc nghip v ch lin quan n 2 bng c quan h
1-n)
Form ny thng dng qun l 2 i tng (bng) c quan h 1-n vi nhau.
Trong form ny ngi dng c th nhp d liu vo 2 bng cng lc.
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Microsoft Access
Vi loi form ny, bng u 1 thng form chnh, bng u nhiu sub form.
Trong form trn, bng Loaihang u 1, l ngun ca form chnh; bng Hanghoa
u nhiu, l ngun ca subform. to form trn ta lm nh sau:
Bc 1: to subform: subform cng l mt form bnh thng nhng thng c
thit k theo hng ph hp a vo form khc.
To form bng wizard:
Chn Create form by using wizard
Table/query: chn bng Hanghoa, Selected fields: chn tt c cc trng.
Chn kiu layout: tabular
Chn kiu form: standard
t tn form: f_Loai_hang_sub.
Finish.
Chnh sa form ch Design:
Label: Font size: 12, Font weight: bold, Caption: g ting vit c du. Cc
label t phn Form Header -> ch hin th 1 ln, ging nh tiu ca
bng.
Text box: Font size: 12. Cc text box t phn Details -> hin th lin tip
ty vo s bn ghi. Ch : cc bn ghi hin th lin tip nhau ging nh
bng th cc text box phi t st ln thanh Details, thanh Form Footer ko
ln gn st cc text box (xem hnh).
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Microsoft Access
Form properties: Default view: continuous form, Record selectors: No.
Bc 2: to form chnh:
To form bng wizard:
Table/query: chn bng Loaihang, Selected fields: chn tt c cc trng.
Chn kiu layout: Column
Chn kiu form: standard
t tn form: f_Loai_hang.
M form ch Design:
Label: Font size: 12, bold, Caption: ting vit c du.
Text box: Font size: 12.
Ko thanh Form footer xung to khng gian cho subform. B tr vng
lm vic sao cho c th nhn thy cng lc 2 hp thoi Design form v
Database (ang hin th cc form).
Chn v ko th subform f_Loai_Hang_sub vo form chnh.
Form properties: Default view: single form, Record selectors: No.
Subform properties: Link child fields: Loaihang, Link master field: Maloai.
Tnh cht ny cho php hin th ni dung ca subform ty theo gi tr trong
trng Maloai form chnh. Khi form chnh v subform c quan h 1-n th
Access s t xc nh 2 thuc tnh ny thng qua trng kha chnh v kha
ngoi. Trong cc trng hp khc, bn phi xc nh cc thuc tnh ny
c hiu ng nh mong mun.
5.4.3 Form lc d liu
Loi form ny khng dng nhp d liu m dng hin th d liu theo iu
kin no , hay ni cch khc l tm kim d liu. Trong form lc d liu hng
ha theo loi hng, khi bn chn mt loi hng trong hp combo th pha di s
hin th ra cc mt hng thuc loi hng .
56
Microsoft Access
to form ny ta lm nh sau:
Bc 1: To parameter query hin th thng tin v cc hng ha thuc mt loi
hng cho trc. (xem hnh). Tn form l: f_Filter_Hang_by_Loai. t iu kin
loi hng s l loi hng c chn trong hp combo ca form. Phn iu kin g
tn ca hp combo: cbo_maloai.
Bc 2: To subform hin th thng tin v cc hng ha thuc loi hng c
chn trong hp combo vi ngun l parameter query va to. Cch to subform
ging nh to subform trong form trn.
Bc 3: To mt form mi bng ch Design, t tn l f_Filter_Hang_by_Loai.
Trong phn Detail:
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Microsoft Access
To mt hp combo c danh sch l tt c cc loi hng, t tn l
cbo_maloai. im mu cht ca loi form ny l tn trong vng iu kin
query phi trng vi tn ca hp combo trong form chnh. to hp combo
ny ta lm nh sau:
Chn combo box trn Toolbox, v vo phn Detail ca form chnh.
Ch : khi bn chn combo box trn Toolbox th phi m bo rng 2 biu
tng phi lun sng mi khi thm i tng mi vo form th s
lm theo wizard.
I want the combo box to lookup the values in a table or query -> Next.
Chn bng Loaihang -> Next.
Chn cc trng mun hin th trong hp combo -> Next.
B tick chn Hide key column-> Next.
Label ca combo: Hy chn mt loi hng: -> Finish.
Click phi chut vo combo box va to, chn Properties: Name:
cbo_maloai, Column count: 2, Column width: 0.8; 1, Font size: 12, Bound
column: 1.
Ch : combo box ny l Unbound, tc l khng lin kt ti mt trng no
c, Control source trng.
Chn Properties ca label i lin vi combo box: Font size: 14.
Thu xp phn lm vic c th nhn thy ng thi hp thoi Design v
Database
Click tri chut vo form f_Filter_Hang_by_Loai, ko v th vo pha di hp
combo, trong phn Detail.
5.4.4 Pivot table view
y l mt loi bo co ng. Ngi dng c th hin th d liu theo iu kin
mong mun.
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Microsoft Access
Bc 1: To Total query hin th tng doanh thu ca tng mt hng, theo tng loi
hng v theo tng thng. t tn l q_analysis.
Bc 2: To form f_sales_analysis1 bng wizard vi ngun l q_analysis, kiu
layout bt k.
Bc 3: M form ch Pivot table view:
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Microsoft Access
Ko th cc trng vo cc v tr tng ng:
Filter Fields: trng c cc gi tr l iu kin t lc.
Column Fields: trng c cc gi tr l tiu ct.
Row Fields: trng c cc gi tr l tiu dng.
Total or Detail Fields: trng tnh ton
5.4.5 Pivot chart view

Bc 1: to query ( y s dng lun q_analysis va to)
Bc 2: To form f_sales_analysis1 bng wizard vi ngun l q_analysis, kiu
layout bt k.
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Microsoft Access
Bc 3: M form ch Pivot chart view:
Ko v th trng Tong doanh thu vo phn d liu ca biu .
Click phi chut vo Axis Title dc, chn Properties: Format: Caption:
Doanh thu, y l tn trc tung. Lm tng t vi Axis Title ngang, in
tn trc honh l Thng.
Click vo biu tng ny trn thanh cng c hin th phn ch thch
ca biu (Legend).
5.4.5 Form nhp d liu iu kin in bo co
Bn chn mt loi hng mun xem bo co trong hp combo. Click vo nt
Preview Report, bn s thy mt bo co nh sau:
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Microsoft Access
Bc 1: To bo co theo mu.
To sub report: hin th tng doanh thu ca tng mt hng
To report bng ch Design:
Record source: Maloai, Tenhang, Tongdoanhthu t bng q_sales_by_hang.
t tn: r_sales_by_loai_sub.
To report r_sales_by_loai bng Design: Record source: Maloai, Tenloai
trong bng Loaihang vi iu kin Maloai = [Forms]![f_sales_by_Loai]!
[cbo_MaLoai]. Sau trnh by theo mu sau:
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Microsoft Access
Text box Maloai khng dng hin th d liu m dng lm trng lin
kt lc d liu cho subreport v chart.
Subreport: Source Object: r_sales_by_hang_sub; Link child field: Maloai;
Link master field: Maloai.
Chart wizard:
Insert Chart -> Chn ngun d liu ca biu : q_sales_by_hang -> Fields
for chart: all -> Type: bar chart -> Ko v th cc trng thch hp vo v tr
trc tung, trc honh v d liu -> Chn trng link (kt ni) d liu gia
63
Label: Font: Arial, 20, Bold.
Line: Border: style: solid,
color: ghi sm, width: 3pt.
Line: Border: style: solid,
color: ghi sm, width: 3pt.
Text box: Control source:
Tenloai, Font: Arial, 16, Bold.
Text box: Control source:
="( " & Date() & " )" Bold.
Text box: Control source:
Maloai, Format: visible: No
Microsoft Access
report v chart: Maloai -> Title: chart_sales_by_hang -> No, I dont display
a legend (phn ch thch) -> Finish.
Sau khi Insert xong biu hoc trong ch Design, biu ca bn c
th khng hin th d liu thc t nh bn mun. ng lo lng. Biu s
hin th ng d liu khi bn chuyn sang ch Print Preview.
iu chnh cc thuc tnh ca biu : click p chut vo biu ->
click phi chut vo cng trng trong biu (Chart area), chn Chart
Option hoc trn thanh menu chn Chart/ Chart Option. n y thao tc
ging nh phn biu trong MS Word: Chart title: Doanh thu theo mt
hng, Category (X) axis: Mt hng, Value (Y) axis: Doanh thu.
Bc 2: To form f_sales_by_loai bng Design view.
To combo box theo mu.
To nt lnh, khi click vo th s hin ra bo co doanh thu ca loi hng
chn trong combo box.
Chn Command button trn Toolbox ri v vo v tr mong mun trong
phn Detail.
Category: Report Operations, Action: Preview Report -> Next
Chn report s m ra.
Text: Preview Report.
t tn cho nt lnh: cmd_preview.
5.4.6 Form menu
Form dng menu l form ch c cc nt lnh cho php m ra cc form khc theo
mt nghip v no (xem cch to nt lnh loi form trn). VD sau l form
menu trong ng dng Northwind sample ca Access.
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Microsoft Access
5.4.7 Form s dng option group
65
Microsoft Access
Bc 1: To form f_sales_analysis_opt_gr bng ch Design.
Bc 2: To Option group:
Chn biu tng trn thanh cng c. Thc hin theo cc bc ca
wizard:
Yes, the default choice is: Doanh thu theo loi hng. Next.
Kim tra li gi tr ca mi la chn: Pivot table: 1, Pivot chart: 2, Doanh
thu theo loi hng: 3. Next.
Type of controls: Option buttons, style mc nh. Next.
Caption for option group: Hy chn loi bo co mun xem!
Finish.
Chn cc label ca Option group v chnh li: Font: size, weight v v tr.
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Microsoft Access
Bc 3: To nt lnh m form tng ng vi la chn trong Option group
Frame1.
To nt lnh m form f_sales_analysis1 bng wizard.
Click phi chut vo nt lnh -> chn Properties -> Event -> click vo
[Event Procedure] cui On Click -> chn du 3 chm cui dng. Sa li
cc cu lnh nh sau:
Gii thch mt s cu lnh:
Frame1 = 1: Ngi dng tch chn Pivot table, tng t =2: Pivot chart, =
3: Doanh thu theo loi hng.
stDocName = "f_sales_analysis1": cu lnh gn chui gi tr cho bin.
Docmd: thc hin lnh.
DoCmd.OpenForm stDocName, acFormPivotTable,, stLinkCriteria: m
form c tn cha trong bin stDocName vi kiu view l Pivot table.
bit thm v cc tham s ca lnh m form: bi en DoCmd.OpenForm
ri n F1.
Bc 4: iu chnh Form properties: Record selectors: No, Navigation Buttons:
No.
Ht.
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