Active Filter Solutions For Utility Interface Of Industrial Loads

Subhashish Bhattacharya Deepak Divan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison 1415 Johnson Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA Phone: 608-262-38 15 I 608-262-5702 Fax: 608-262-1267 email: bhattach@cae.wisc.edu divan@engr.wisc.edu Abstract: Active filters are an effective means for harmonic switching, high voltage and current rating IGBTs and GTO thyristors, development of instantaneous reactive power (JRP) or p-q theory [4] and synchronous reference frame (SRF) [5] based compensators and improved PWM VSI strategies. Increasing enforcement of IEEE 519 harmonic standards by utilities, especially for large- industrial loads, has perpetrated the need for cost-effective and practical active filter implementations. As a result, hybrid active filter topologies have been developed [3, 6121 which are practical and cost-effective due to small rated active filters. These technological developments have enabled application specific field installations for large non-linear industrial loads and commercialization of various active filter topologies.

compensation of non-linear power electronic loads, of particular importance as utilities enforce harmonic standards such as LCEE 519. Harmonic compensation is an extremely cost sensitive application since the value-added to the user is not apparent. This paper addresses the cost effectiveness of various active filter topologies for utility interface of industrial loads and their application. Pure active filter solutions and hybrid active filter solutions are both seen to have merit in realizing a harmonic free utility interface for industrial loads rated at 100 kW to 100 MW. The objective of this paper is to present a methodology, for both the industrial user and the utility, to match the optimal active filter solution to their application.

I. INTRODUCTION Proliferation of three phase diode and thyristor bridge rectifiers for
dc power supplies and as front-end rectifiers for inverter based applications such as adjustable speed drives (ASD) and u p s , has resulted in SerlouS harmonic, reactive power, flicker and resonance problems In industrial app1ications and in transmission / distribution systems. Voltage distortion due to current harmonics is a major problem for utilities at transmission and distribution levels. power quality issues also include unbalanced and sub-synchronous frequency currents which contnbute to voltage sags and surges, and is the mo\t common Cause of ASD nuisance tripping. ~ncrease of power electronic loads, which is a prerequisite for achieving energy efficiency and productivity benefits, has brought utilities to crossroads. Utilities frequently encounter harmonic related problems including substantially higher transformer and line losses, problems, required derating of power and &qtributlon equipment and severe harmonic interactions between customers or between the utility and load, reduced system stability and safe m z g t n s To harmonic related problems
ut,llties are beginning to ,mp,ement IEEE s19 recommended harmonic IEEE 519 to meet voltage distortion limits and it I S only applicable at utility-customer point of common coupling (PCC).

As harmonic compensation by itself does not provide any direct benefit or increased productivity for the user, except through reduced load outages and reduced susceptibility to harmonic related problems, there iS seldom any motivation for user$ to voluntarily meet IEEE 519 harmonic limits. Some manufacturers have started to integrate active filter solutions with ASD front-ends to meet IEEE 519 and provide supplementary value-added features such as higher displacement Power factors (DPF), compensation for fhcker and UnbaIance, ride-through capability under voltage Sags / surges, reduced voltage distortions and mitigate resonance conditions. Wlde-spread use of active filters as a means for alleviating harmonic related problems will be realized only if utilities ConsistentlY enforce IEEE 519 harmonic limits and if value-added features justify their additional cost.
The optimal active filter solution is application and utility interface specific. However there are certain guidelines that can be This paper adopted to reduce the engineering effort and examines cost allocations for typical active filters for industrial loads, and projects Scenar*oSwhere various types active are cost effective with the goal of matching application types with active filter solutions. A case study of a large industrial load and its harmonic filtenng solution is given.

Active filters as a means for harmonic compensation is becoming a cost effective solution for realizing a harmonic free utility interface for large non-linear loads, due to significant research i n the last decade with the goal of practical implementation. The basic principles of active filters were proposed i n 1970s [I-31. Practical applications of active filters have been made possible by significant improvement in power devices - fast

1 . CLASSIFICATION OF HARMONIC 1 PRODUCING LOADS Figs. 1 (a)-] (d) show various utility interface front-ends for industrial loads. Figs. I(a) and 1(b) are the most commonly used front-ends for diode and thyristor rectifiers respectively. The utility interface characteristics and impact on active filtering requirements depends on the filtering elements used, as given by typical suoply current THD, crest factor (CF) and displacement power factor (DPF) values.

0- 7805 -/279 5 - 0

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resonance mitigation and active damping functions. Active and passive filter solutions and their costs should be based on a systems approach and issues, rather than their ratings as a black box device for harmonic compensation. The 'bill of materials' cost of the power (or L-C passive filter) components can often be dwarfed by other costs associated with 'custom' design and field tuning of the filter, system impedance analysis and system engineering cost, on-site installation and performance costs associated with the filter etc. [ 1I].

I I
~

Current THD=60%-130% Crest Factor (CF)=4-5 'DPF=0.98 Fig. l(a) Diode rectifier with dc side capacitor

Current THD=25%-40% Fig. l(b) ThyristoriDiode rectifier with dc inductor &: capacitor

V"

Current THD=30%-40% (332-3 DPF > 0.95 Fig. l(c) Diode rectifier with ac line reactors & dc capacitor

*I
t

.: IG
I

L l

Current THD=25%-30% CF=1.5-1.7 DPF :> 0.7/0.95 Fig. I (d) ThyristorDiode re tifier with ac line reactors, dc side inductor and dc capacitor - Optimal utility interface: front-end

Diode rectifiers with dc side capacitors [fig. l(a)] result in discontinuous .and high peak supply currents and do not offer a cost-effective front-end for harmonic compensation. DC side inductors, commonly used for large kVA diode / thyristor rectifier front-ends, result in continuous quasi-square wave supply currents with lower THD and minimum peak value. They however require active filters with high current bandwidth due to high di/dt. AC side line reactors (or rectifier transformer reactance) reduce supply current THD, peak value and dildt by increasing the commutation overlap, and enable application of cost-effective active filter solutions. They also provide value added features such as immunity to supply side transients such as capacitor switchings, and ridethrough capabilities during supply voltage sags / surges. Fig. I(d) shows the highest cost and optimal utility interface front-end and requires lowest rating active filter. DC side inductor [Bg. I(b)] or ac line reactors [fig. 1(c)] enable application of cost-effective active Filter solutions [I 1,131.

1v. PASSIVE FILTER SOLUTION Passive filters have traditionally been used to absorb harmonics generated by large industrial loads, primarily due to their simplicity, low cost and high efficiency. However, they have several drawbacks. The supply impedance strongly influences the compensation characteristics and they are highly susceptible to series and parallel resonances with the supply and load. Passive filters are sensitive to L-C component tolerances. Tuned passive filters have the caveat of attracting harmonic currents from ambient harmonic loads and are susceptible to load and line switching transients. Hence, they are always off-tuned, which however defeats their very purpose as harmonic sinks. In particular, for industrial non-linear loads connected to stiff supply, it is difficult to design passive filters with sharp tuning and high quality factor, so that it diverts a significant part of load harmonic current and hence its effectiveness deteriorates for stiff supply systems [9-111. Passive filters provide harmonic filtering at the load - ie. at the source of harmonics - and hence reduce voltage distortion at the load terminals. They can be installed at distribution substations as opposed to harmonic loads, to provide both harmonic filtering and power factor correction for the entire substation load. This has the advantage of one point installation but results in higher voltage distortion. Passive filter designs require extensive system studies and considerable engineering effort and cost and are justified for high voltage transmission systems for which detailed systems studies are invariably done and engineering cost is only a small fraction of the total system cost.
Some high power diode or thyristor rectifier front-end based industrial loads may have existing L-C passive filters or power factor correction capacitors. Retrofit active filter solutions considered for such applications to meet IEEE 519, can either integrate them as part of the active filter system or must ensure that there is no interaction between the active filter system and existing passive filters. Consider the case of a diode or thyristor rectifier with input ac side power factor correction capacitors or L-C tuned (5th or 7th) passive filters. Active filter topologies such as hybrid series (fig. 4) and hybrid parallel (figs. 7 and 8) active filters, and parallel active filter with shunt passive filter system (fig. 3) can integrate them as part of the hybrid active filter system.

111. HARMONIC FILTERING SOLUTIOlNS Industrial loads are characterized by : 1. They are dominated by relatively large power factor correction Zapacitors and large short-circuit inductances. The resonant Frcquency is often near the lower order harmonics. 2 . They are dominated by non-linear loads such as rectifiers, arc furnaces, cycloconverters and ASDs. 3. They have small fraction of resistive loads to provide damping near the resonant frequency and this results in severe harmonic iistortion under any resonance condition. These factors necessitate active filter choices which not only xcomplish harmonic compensation but in addition proyide

V. ACTIVE FILTER SOLUTIONS Active filter solutions mitigate the problems of passive filters and consist of pure active filters and hybrid active filters. Pure active
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filters - parallel and series active filters - have been known for two decades [I-2, see references in 11-12], whereas the several topologies of hybrid active filters have been known for more than a dzcade [6-121. Active filter inverters can be implemented by either a PWM voltage source inverter (VSI) or a PWM current source inverter (CSI) and require high bandwidth because of nonsinusoidal current or voltage references. Hence the cost to performance ratio required for these inverters arc higher than general purpose inverters for drives, which cannot be directly used for active filter applicalions. The scope of active filters has been significantly increased from simple harmonic compensation, to include : * harmonic isolation between utility and load or between customers and damping of supply-load resonance conditions * line voltage regulation to provide immunity to voltage sags and surges and to provide ride-through capability * compensation for flicker (supply current sub-harmonics) * reactive power compensation * unbalance or negative sequence compensation Optimal placement of active filters can provide damping of harmonic propagation in distribution / transmission systems, reduction of voltage harmonics and possible fault current limiting. These features increase the power system stability margins, thereby justifying installation of active filters by utilities for harmonic mitigation - an example of this given in [12]. These value added functionalities result in an active power line conditioner (APLC) and help justify the additional cost of active filtering. This section presents practical active filter solutions for various industrial harmonic front-ends with an emphasis on a systems approach to active filter design and implementation. Application objectives of different active filter solutions are enumerated. Note that influence of preexisting supply voltage harmonics and unbalances have a major impact on the selection of active filter topologies. Supply voltage distortions of 2.5% and unbalances of 1 .O% are typical.

PCC Diode / Thvristor

V(A). PARALLEL ACTIVE RLTERS Fig. 2 shows a conventional parallel active filrer for a diode thyristor rectifier with an inductive load. The dc side inductor achieves continuous load current (iL), lower THD and limits the peak current. The parallel active filter rating is typically 2 5 3 0 % of the load kVA. It provides a practical harmonic compensation solution to meed IEEE 519 for low to medium kVA (upto 1 MW) harmonic loads. The active filter inverter is controlled as a harmonic current source and hcnce supply line impedance does not affect its compensation characteristics [13]. The load current harmonics are extracted by a suitable compensator such as SRF [5,13] or IRP [4], to form the active filter current references. The active filter inverter requires a high current bandwidth particularly in the a b s e n c e d a rectifier / isolation transformer due to high di/dt of the load current (IL). The inverter cost for the same performance rises steeply tor load iatings above 500 kVA. The dc bus controller regulates a small fundamental current in phase with the a 4 v e filter terminal voltage (Vt) to compensate for the inverter losses.

Fig. 2 Paraliel Active Filter System - Parallel Active Filter PWM VSI rating is 25-30% of load kVA rating Parallel active filters provide practically viable and costeffective filtering solutions due to the following features; * They can be installed as a black box solution with minimal system level design expense and effort. * They do not create any DPF problems and utility loading. * Parallel units allow for easy load expansion and each unit can be controlled to compensate for a particular load current harmonic or the entire spectrup * Does not require expensive protection 1 isolation switchgear. * They can provide reactive power compensation with slightly higher active filter rating. * They can damp harmonic propagation and resonances with existing power factor correction capacitors or passive filters and line reactances in distribution systems 112,141. Fig. 3 shows a viable parallel active filter with a passive filter (5th, 7th and optional high pass) for a large rated diode rectifier with a capacitive load (dc side capacitor) to meet IEEE 519. This system has also been applied for harmonic compensation of large cycloconverter loads 1141. The 5th, 7th passive filters provide filtering for the dominant load current harmonics and enable use of parallel active filters with 10-15% of load kVA rating. This system requires a rectifier / isolation transformer reactance (Ls) to reduce load current di/dt and THD (to less than 50%), and some system study to ensure that there is no possible series or parallel resonances. Diode rectifiers have high DPF and hence this scheme is justified for diverse and multiple Joads with reactive power demand. Thyristor Rectifier Other L

High Pas5 foptlonal) Parallel Active Filter Shunt Passive Filter Fig. 3 Parallel Active Filter and Shum Passive Filter System - reduced ratmg of Parallel Active Filter compared to Fig. 2

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Parallel active filters with or without shuct passive filters have been applied commercially for various industrial applications with ratings of 50 kVA to 50 MVA. and such examples are given in [12-141. Although a pure series active filter is possible, it has limited usefulness due to large rating requiIed for 6 pulse rectifier based industrial loads. Practically viable and cost-eTfective stand alone series active filters can be applied only for harmonic frontends which have continuous load current waveform, unlike 6 pulse diode I thyristor rectifiers with capacitive I inductive loads. An application of a stand alone series active filter for hamionic filtering of a 12 pulse diode rectifier is given in [12].

overloading due to sup2ly voltage harmonics and ambient harmonic loads. The series active filter can provide limited line voltage regulation with slightly increased rating, to provide immunity to voltage sags I surges or capacitor switching transients, and provide ride-through capability. The series active filter can also improve the power factor of the load to a liniited extent, by injecting a fundamental voltage in quadrature with the supply current. Other ~ ~ ~ d c + ] Diode / Thyristor Rectifier

V(B). HYBRID ACTIVE FILTERS

Hybrid active filters combine active and passive filters in different configurations and mitigate the problems of both passive and pure active filters. They require small rated active fi!tei and are used to improve the compensation characteristics of passive filters and alleviate any series or parallel resonances due to supply or load respectively. Hence they provid5 a practical and cost-effective harmonic filtering approach for large rated non-linear. multiple and diverse industrial loads. They however Iequire some minimal system engineering effort, particularly for passive filter design. Hybrid active filters can be applied at distribution substations for harmonic mitigation of particular feeders consis Ling of both identified and unidentified harmonic loads. Two practical topologies of hybrid active filters and their implementation variations suitable for different harmonic frontOther hybrid active filter topologies are given in references of [I 21.

(optional)

SRF Controller

Is

Shunt Passive Filter

Fig. 4 Hybrid Series Active Filter and Shunt Passive Filter System Series Active Filter is SRF Controlled The series active filter is connected to the line by a series coupling transfgrmer and requires adequate switchgear for protection and isolation under system fault conditions, which adds cost. Hybrid active filters include additional coupling transformer cost, passive filter cost, field tuning and installation cost and some system engineering ~ o s tHowever, the active filter rating is reduced . considerably, resulting in lower total system cost for large industrial loads in the range of 1-10 MV.4.

V(B)-1. HYERID SERIES ACTIVE FILTER SYSlEM Among the hybrid active filters, the hybrid series active filter system as shown in fig. 4, is the most attractive due to its small series active filter rating - 3%-5% of the load kVA. The series active filter provides harmonic isolation (which is its primary goal) between the supply and load by constraining all the load current harmonics into the passive filters. The worst case voliage rating of series active filter is given by the arithmetic sum of passive filter and supply voltage harmonic distortions. The harmonic decoupling feature however depends on the harmonic filtering algorithm. It has been shown in 15, 8-10] that SRF controlled series active filter achieves harmonic isolation under all supply and load coilditions and without any assumptions regarding supply wave rorm quality The supply current is measured and the series active filter is implemented as a current controlled harmonic voltage source, which regulates sinusoidal supply currents. The measurement of the supply current as opposed to load current, as in most other active tilter schemes, provides a robust controller impieinentation for harmonic isolation. Interestingly, the harmonic isolation feature facilitates the passive filters to be either exactly tuned at the dominant load current harmonics (5th and 7th), or not be precisely tuned at any harmonics - such as with a power factor correction capacitor passive filter as shown in fig. 5. It allows passive filter design to be insensitive to supply impedance and eliminates possibility of filter

Correction Capacitor Passive Filter

Fig. 5 Hybrid Series Active Filter and Shunt Pcwer Factor Correction Capacitor Passive Filter System - Modified SRF Controller allows controlled injection of h a d current harmonics into supply current to meet IEEE 5 19 The SRF controlled series active filter operates by forcing all the load harmonic current into the passive filter. The harmonic voltage at the passive filter can then be unacceptably high, particularly if passive filter impedances at harmonic frequencies are

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high and the line is connected to voltage harmonic sensitive loads. The modified SRF based controller developed [8] as indicated in figs. 5 and 6, allows injection of controlled percentage of load current harmonics into the supply, in compliance with IEEE 519 limts, thereby reducing the passive filter terminal voltage THD. This modified SRF controller reduces the passive filter rating and size and allows the use of simpler passive filter structures such as a power factor correction capacitor as shown in fig. 5. and does not require their redesign for voltage THD reduction. These features increase the attractiveness and cost effectiveness of an already attractive, practical and economically viable system by allowing retrofit applicatiops with Other Lo Thyristor Rectifier

othq Lo

Diode / Thyristor Rectifier

.
Shunt
High Pass (opbonal)

+
vch Fig. 7 Hybrid Parallel Active Filter System - Shunt Passive Filter in series with Series Active Filter (PWM VSI) filter with a PWM VSI based active filter. Further, active filter inverter filter inductor or leakage inductance of coupling transformer with power factor correction capacitor can be used to provide tuning at dominant Sth I 7th harmonics. For high power applications, use of practical and cost-effective square-wave VSls (as shown in fig. 8) and low swi including dc bus control, are prop active filter, controlled by a SRF based controller, provides tuning for existing off-tuned or mis-tuned passive filters due to L-C component tolerances, thus improving passive filter compensation characteristics. It can be controlled to provide passive filter current limiting under ambient harmonic loads and supply voltage distortion. However, if the active filter is required to provide harmonic isolation in presence of supply voltage distortion, its rating increases, particularly if the supply is stiff. This topology is amenable for retrofit applications with existing passive filters. It is relatively easier to protect and does not require expensive switchgear compared to hybrid series active filter. Other Lo Diode / Thyristor Rectifier PCC

PCC

Passive Filter

SRF Controller J Fig. 6 Hybrid S e r i e 3 v e Filter and Shunt Tuned 5th Passive Filter for diode rectifier front-end with common dc bus Another practical and cost-effective hybrid series active filter system is shown in fig. 7 for a 6 pulse ASD diode I thyristor rectifier front-end with other loads. The series active filter shares the ASD dc bus capacitor resulting in significant cost savings. A passive filter is required to reduce the rating of the series active filter. The passive filter and series coupling transformer add to the overall system cost. The modified SRF controller helps reduce series active filter rating by controlled injection of load current harmonics into the supply. This reduces passive filter voltage THD and allows use of simpler and single branch passive filter structure. The series active filter can be isolated without affecting the common dc bus and ASD load by turning on the lower devices and turning off the upper devices of the series active filter inverter.
-b

vch

V(B)-2. HYBRID PARALLEL ACTIVE FILTER SYSTEM

The second practical hybrid active filter topology is the hybrid parallel active filter which consists of a small rated (2-5%) active filter in series with the passive filter as shown in figs. 7 and 8 [7]. This topology is suited for harmonic compensation (as opposed to harmonic isolation) of large non-linear multiple and diverse loads in the range of 1-50 MVA. Different passive filter structures result in implementation variations as shown in figs. 7 and 8. Note that a power factor correction capacitor can also be used as a costeffective passive

ipf5 - I High Pass (optional) Passive Filter

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-

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Series Active Filter

I Fig. 8 Hybrid Parallel Active Filter System at dominant 5th & 7th load current harmonics - Shunt Passive Filter in series with Series

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VI. HARMONIC FILTERING STUDY AND FIELD CASE

INSTALLATION RESULTS Fig. 9 shows an ASD load of 765 kVA at BPS and serves as a typical site for harmonic filtering case study due to large penetration of non-linear loads [9]. Measured supply current THD at 425 kVA load is 46.47%, which eliminates cost-effective parallel active filter solutions. Table 1 shows designed 5th and 7th passive filters with typical 10% L-C component tolerances cannot meet 5th harmonic IEEE 5 19 limits[ lo]. Measured supply voll age distortions at the PCC utility transformer are 1.4% of Sth, 0.8% of 7th and THD=l.65%, and are within IEEE 519 voltage THD limits of 5%.
I200 A

filter conditions. Field installation experience suggests its potential and practical viability as a harmonic isolator for multiple and diverse harmonic loads and meet IEEE 519.

;ESD Transformer, Harmonie Measurement KVA=I 15.: '=99.3 kW, Q=33.9 k V A R , 480.8 V, Fundamenta

f zi Zk 7

SUPPLY

UTILITY

8
ZOOHP

FILTER !? R; ! k

65kVAR PASSIVE FILTER

JXZOOHP

I M

m@5LFaor j
i l
ASD

hrrent Lags Voltage by 21" Displacement Power Factor DPF=0.94

Capdhr Comeclion

Fig. 9. SingleLine Diagram of Beverly Pump Station - SESD, Sdern, MA Siteof Hybrid Series Active Filter Installatim Maximum Load or1 Bus A = 765 kVA

60 kVAR

125.OA/div

vertical

3.3ms/div horiz.

However, this requires increased rating for hybrid )parallel active filter topologies to provide harmonic isolation to prevent overloading of passive filters [9]. This site illustrates the limitations of passive filters for harmonic filtering of didde-capacitor frontends and their caveats in presence of supply voltage harmonics. Table 1: Load=425 kVA, Load Current=511A rms, Pass Harm 11 IEEE519Limits ] No. I

~~i
8.0

250.OV/div v e r t i c a l

3.3ms/div PlihSE A SNAPSHOT

horiz.

Zundamental 100.0%
Sth* 37.5% I

Supply Cuirent Is Spectrum Supply Current THD = 43.4 %

12.8

SCR=26 "Note: Supply currents with 5th & designed and specified maximum cotnporzent tolerances .

* indicates current harmonic does not meet IEEE S 19 standards for

A hybrid series active filter system has been designed, built and installed at BPS site in New England Electric utility to provide harmonic isolation and meet IEEE 519 wigh a 35 kVA series active filter - 4% of load rating [9-101. The designed 5th arid 7th passive filters are mis-tuned to 4.5 and 6.58 respectively due to out of specification reactors. Figs. 10-11 shows field installation results at BPS of supply current THD reduction from 43.4% to 8.9% at 105 kW, 220 kVA load. Mis-tuned passlve filters overload small rated series active filter. This demonstrates effectiveness of hybrid series active filter system for harmonic isolation under mis-tuned passive

16th

3211C.l

I'llhSE h CURREYT AEIPLETIIDC SPECTRUfl

ig 10. Supply Current without Series Active Filter & Passive Filter

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3SD Transformer, Harmonic Measurement KVA=204.: =104.9 kW, Q=173.8 k V A R , 489.5 V , F u n d a m e n t a

function of harmonic load rating in fig. 12. This shows the absence of an optimal harmonic filtering solution and merits of passive and active filter topologies for different applications and load ratings (from 100 KW to 100 MVA). It is intended to provide a platform for evaluating application specific filtering options and for making recommendations for matching application types with filter solutions.

Parallel Active Filter Cost

urrent Leads Voltage by 59" Displacement Power Factor DPF=0.52

* 5 0 0 5
I

c C A ,

6Y
Filter Cost

'
I

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I
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.-- '$stem Engg. orI I System Study I

Parallel Active
I
10kVA 103kVA

250.0A/div v e r t i c a l

3.3ms/div h o r i z .

,1.2 MVA

II

1 MVA

I I 10MVA

,30 M V L I 160

MVA Fig 12 Cost of active and passive filter solutions for industrial loads as a function of harmonic producing load rating REFERENCES
1. H Sasaki, T Machida, "A New Method to Eliminate AC Harmonic
P l l A S E A SNAPSHOT

Load Rating

Cuirents bv Magnetic Compensation - Considerations on Basic Design", IEEE Trans. PA%,vol.90,p i 2309-2019,No.5,1971. 2. L. Gvugyi, E.C. Strycula, "Active AC Power Filters", Roc. IEEE-IAS 3 N Mohan,'et al, "Active Filters foi AC Harmonic Suppression", IEEEFES Winter Meeting, 1977, A77026-8. 4. H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, A. habae, "Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensatci-s Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-20, pp 625, 1984. 5. S. Bhattacharya, D.M. Divan, B. Banerjee, "Synchronous Reference Frame Harmonic Isolator Using Series Active Filter", Proc. 4th EPE, Florence, 1931, vol. 3, pp 030-035. 6. F.Z. Peng, H. Akagi, A. Nabae, "A New Approach To Harmonic Compensation In Power Systems", IEEE IAS Record, pp 874-880, 1988. 7. H. Fujita, H. Akagi, "A Practical Approach to Harmonic Compensation in Power Systems - Series Connection of Passive and Active Filters", IEEElIAS Annual Meeting, pp 1107-1112, 1990. 8. S. Bhattacharya, D.M. Divan, B. Banerjee, "Control and Reduction of Terminal Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a Hybrid Series Active and Parallel Passive Filter System", IEEE PESC Conference Record, pp 779-786, 1993, Seattle. 9. S. Bhattacharya, D.M. Divan, "Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Series Active Filter System", IEEE PESC Conference Rccord, pp 189-195, 1995, Atlanta. 10. S. Bhattacharya, D.M. Divan, "Synchronous Frame Controller Implementation for a Hybrid Series Active Filter System", IEEE IAS Conference Proceedings, pp 253 1-2540,1995. 11. S. Bhattacharya, D.M. Divan, B. Banerjee, "Active Filter Solutions for Utility Interface", IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), pp 53-63, July 1995, Athens, Greece. 12. H. Akagi, "New Trends in Active Filters", Proc. 6th EPE Conf. Record, Seville, 1995, vol. 0, pp 017-026. 13. S. Bhattacharya, A. Veltman, D.M. Divan, R.D. Lorenz, "Flux Based Controller for Active Filter", IEEE IAS Conference Proceedings, pp 2483-2491, 1995. Accepted for IEEE Transactions on IA, 1995. 14. M. Takeda, et al, "Harmonic Current Compensation with Active Filter", IEEE IAS Conference Proceedings, pp 808, 1987.
$

hndamental 100.0% 5th* 8.1%

"

Spectrum Supply Current THD = 3.9 %

__
7th 2.5% 3rd
1.14
I

11th

l l L L

lJLll

1'4?

haimonic does net meet IEEE 519 standards for SCR = 26 25th 17rh 19th 0.6% 0.9%0.9% 23rd

* indicates current

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FUND PHASE

16th

32nd . _.

A CURRENT AMPLITUDE SOECTRUM

'ig 11. Supply Current with Series Active Filter & Passive Filter VI1 CONCLUSIONS This paper has attempted to present a methodology for selection of harmonic compensation alternatives from both the industrial user and the utility perspective. It is emphasized that harmonic compensation will always b e an extremely cost-sensitive application, even if the utilities start to enforce IEEE 519 harmonic standards. Cost of parallel active filters, hybrid active filters and passive filters including the system study cost are shown as a

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