HYPOTHESIS OF EARTHQUAKE

Requirements for testing include advance specification of the conditional rate density (probability per unit time, area, and magnitude) or, alternatively, probabilities for specified intervals of time, space, and magnitude. Here I consider testing fully specified hypotheses, with no parameter adjustments or arbitrary decisions allowed during the test period. Because it may take decades to validate prediction methods, it is worthwhile to formulate testable hypotheses carefully in advance. Earthquake prediction generally implies that the probability will be temporarily higher than normal. Such a statement requires knowledge of "normal behavior"--that is, it requires a null hypothesis. Hypotheses can be tested in three ways:

By comparing the number of actual earthquakes to the number predicted,

by comparing the likelihood score of actual earthquakes to the predicted distribution, and

by comparing the likelihood ratio to that of a null hypothesis. The first two tests are purely selfconsistency tests, while the third is a direct comparison of two hypotheses. Predictions made without a statement of probability are very difficult to test, and any test must be

based on the ratio of earthquakes in and out of the forecast regions. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. Earthquakes cause great loss of life by causing damage to buildings, bridges, dams, etc. they can trigger devastating landslides. Fires can begin due to leaks in Gas plants and electrical lines. Earth quakes can also generate tidal waves, or the tsunamis, capable of destroying entire townships. These quakes also cause liquefaction of soils, which makes soil lose almost all its strength, which makes it function like quicksand.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought. Conceptual frameworks (theoretical frameworks) are a type of intermediate theory that attempt to connect to all aspects of inquiry (e.g., problem definition, purpose, literature review, methodology, data collection and analysis). Conceptual frameworks can act like maps that give

coherence to empirical inquiry. Because conceptual frameworks are potentially so close to empirical inquiry, they take different forms depending upon the research question or problem. Several types of conceptual frameworks have been identified, such as: Working hypothesis Descriptive categories Practical ideal types Models of operations research Formal hypotheses Conceptual framework of earthquake: Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. Most of the devastation hit north Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. In Kashmir, the three main districts were badly affected and Muzaffarabad, the state capital of Kashmir, was hardest hit in terms of casualties and destruction. Hospitals, schools, and rescue services including police and armed forces were paralysed. There was virtually no infrastructure and communication was badly affected. More than 70% of all casualties were estimated to have occurred in Muzaffarabad. Bagh, the second most affected district, accounted for 15% of the total casualties.

Earthquakes will not reduce in number, unpredictability or intensity. Meantime, population increases are turning towns into cities, cities into megacities, rural into urban, and wilderness into inhabited. It is therefore incumbent on us all to continue a vigilant watch of earthquake effects and relentlessly seek mitigation, response and recovery measures. Central to our endeavors are field investigations that provide natural laboratory evidence and irreplaceable first-hand observational data. It is only through the interactive development and deployment of field observations, computer analysis and laboratory testing that the vulnerability of communities will be reduced and the wealth created by societies will be protected from future disasters.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to yield some knowledge about the whole population, especially for the purposes of making predictions based on statistical inference. MEASUREMENT OF EARTHQUAKES: The most popular scale used to measure earthquakes is the Richter scale, named after Charles Francis Richter (US).This scale measures the energy released at the focus of the quake, read

through a seismograph which gives the direction and force of the quakes. An earthquake of size 8 is 10 times more devastative than size 7, 100 times more destructive than 6, and so on. the frequency of earthquakes decreases as the magnitude increases, as the earth experiences about 800 earth quakes of size 5-6 , but only one or two quakes of size 8-9.

CONCLUSION
A lot of victims. The manfacturing company suffer mostly. The governament of pakistan this crisis under control. An urgent effort is required to help them stay alive, warm and well this winter.

Meanwhile, to make a reality of the Government of Pakistans policy of Build Back Better, more work is needed to ensure that the survivors can rebuild homes and communities that are safer and stronger than they were before.

What does Science say about Earthquakes?

Earthquakes are caused by the motion of tectonic plates Individual sections that make up the Earths crust like panels on a football. Immense strain accumulates along fault lines where adjacent plates meet. When the rock separating the plates give way, sudden ground shaking movements occur. The Earths crust on which we live is made up of 12 individual plates. Below the sea, they can measure 3 to 6 miles thick, and under land this increases to 20 44 miles. Radiation from Earths core heats the surface below the crust to temperatures over 5000c. This makes hot liquid rise displacing cooler liquid which makes the plates we live on move constantly. Of course, they creep along very slowly roughly the same speed your finger nails grow. Even at this sub snail-pace, the effects can be devastating. The combined annual force of earthquakes is equal to 100,000 times the power of the atomic bomb. I know what you are thinking at this moment, but I just wanted to draw your attention towards the scientific cause of an earthquake and what Islam has to say about its causes. What does Islam say about Earthquakes?

Islam deems these scientific observations as external views which ultimately lead to the search of the internal causes of how forces and matter actually originated are controlled and the identity of the controller. The search for the internal cause leaves science and man with many answers/theories unproven and many questions un-answered. In the end you have theories, signs and faith. Islam provides the answer where by drawing our attention to His revelation and the Ahadith (Traditions) of the most perfect human created, our Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H). They killed the she-camel and defied their Lords command and they said, O Salih! Bring to us that punishment which you promise us if you are from amongst the Messengers. The earthquake seized them and they became faced down laid in their houses. (Surah 7:77-78) The earthquake seized them and they became prostrate on their knees in their homes. Those who rejected Shuayb (alayhis salam) seemed as though they never lived in those homes and those who rejected Shuayb (alayhis salam) they were the losers. (Surah 7:91-92)

SUGGESTIONS

Planning, monitoring, and evaluation systems being established by involved agencies must ensure that gender-disaggregated information

about how men and women respectively are benefiting from reconstruction activities is gathered, analysed, and shared.

Government survey and monitoring teams should be sensitised both to gender issues and to emerging vulnerabilities. Praying Regularly Five Times a Day and recite Holy QURAN daily. Follow the teachings of ISLAM