CU HI V BI TP N TP KINH T MI TRNG

Cu 1: Hy chn mt vn nhim mi trng c th ti a phng m Anh/Ch quan tm, nu nguyn nhn kinh t ca vn mi trng ? Cu 2: Hy trnh by mi quan h gia tng trng kinh t v suy thoi mi trng thng qua ng cong Kuznets v mi trng (EKC) ca Grossman and Krueger (1991)? Trnh by cc lp lun ng h gi thit v EKC? Cu 3: Mt s hng ha cng nh sng radio, dch v nh n, v thNm ch cc dch v cng an v v sinh c th c cung cp bi cc hng t nhn. Ti sao nh vy? Anh/Ch cho bit c s khc nhau g gia cc hng ha cng ny vi dch v mi trng? Nu c, th nhng im khc nhau l g? Cu 4: C pht biu nh sau: Mi trng trong lnh l mt hng ha cng, li ch ca n khng th b mt ai chim ot lm ti sn ring. V vy, ngnh cng nghip t nhn tm kim li ch c nhn s lun lun l k th ca mi trng trong lnh. Hy bnh lun v pht biu ny? Cu 5: Gi s th trng lc du c cc ng cung (MPC), ng cu (MPB), v chi ph ngoi tc bin (MEC) nh sau: (MPC): P = 25 + 0.12Q; (MPB) P = 100 0.18Q MEC = 0.075Q Trong , Q: 1000 thng du/thng, v P: Gi du/thng (la) a. Anh/Ch hy xc nh lng v gi cn bng t nhn ca th trng lc du? Minh ha bng th? y c phi l mc cn bng hiu qu x hi cha? Ti sao? b. Anh/Ch hy xc nh phng trnh ng chi ph bin x hi (MSC)? c. Anh/Ch hy xc nh lng v gi cn bng x hi ca th trng lc du? Minh ha bng th? d. Nu c quan chc nng mun kim sot nhim mi trng ca ngnh lc du bng cch nh thu Pigou, th mc thu ti u s l bao nhiu? Tng tin thu m ngnh lc du phi np/thng l bao nhiu? Cu 6: Pht trin bn vng l g? Khc bit c bn gia khi nim bn vng yu (weak sustainability) v bn vng mnh (strong sustainability) l g? Cho v d?

Cu 7: Cho cc phng trnh hm MAC v MDC nh sau: MAC = 60 4E MDC = 2E a. Anh/Ch hy minh ha bng th MAC v MDC? b. Anh/Ch hy tnh li ch, chi ph v li ch rng t mt chng trnh kim sot t mc nhim ti u? c. Anh/Ch cho bit cc nhn t no c th nh hng mc nhim ti u nu trn? d. Nu chnh quyn a phng p dng cc bin php kim sot nhim buc nh my x l cht thi v mc hiu qu x hi, th li ch x hi rng ca chng trnh kim sot nhim ny l bao nhiu? Minh ha bng th? Cu 8: Li ch v chi ph ca 3 phng n ca d n u t nng cp h thng x l nc thi th: Phng n X l bc cao X l thng thng X l s cp 0 100 50 25 0 0 0 10 1 50 25 15 1 50 50 20 2 20 15 10 2 50 50 20 3 20 15 10 3 70 50 20 Chi ph (triu la /nm) 4 5 20 20 15 15 10 10 Li ch (triu la/nm) 4 5 80 80 50 50 20 20

X l bc cao X l thng thng X l s cp

a. Anh/Ch hy lp bng li ch rng ca 3 phng n trn? b. Vi sut chit khu x hi l 10%, Anh/Ch s xut nn chn phng n no? Ti sao? c. Anh/Ch hy nhn dng cc li ch c th c ca d n ny? d. Anh/Ch hy minh ha 3 phng n ny di dng th MAC v MDC? Cu 9: Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (polluter pays principle) l g? Khi phn tch cc chnh sch kim sot nhim chng ta c cn xem xt nguyn tc ny hay khng? Ti sao? Cu 10: Nguyn tc cn bng bin (equimarginal principle) hm iu g? Trn thc t, khi phn tch cc chnh sch kim sot nhim th nguyn tc ny c th hin thng qua tiu ch g? Cu 11: Tiu ch hiu qu kinh t (efficiency) bao hm hiu qu chi ph (cost-effectiveness), nhng tiu ch hiu qu chi ph cha chc t hiu qu kinh t? Gii thch? Trn thc t, khi phn tch cc chnh sch kim sot nhim chng ta nn s dng tiu ch no? Ti sao?

Cu 12: Ti sao hiu qu chi ph l mt mc tiu mong mun ca chnh sch mi trng? Tiu ch ny c th t c nh th no? Cu 13: S dng th l gii rng trong di hn khi doanh nghip thay i cng ngh lm gim thp chi ph gim nhim bin s c th lm cho cht lng mi trng tt hn, trong iu kin gi nguyn mc thit hi do pht thi? Cu 14: Trn quan im kinh t hc mi trng, hy l gii ti sao mc pht thi bng khng (e = 0) khng phi l mc tiu m x hi hng n? Cu 15: Hy lit k v gii thch ba hn ch ca tiu chuNn cng ngh, s dng th h tr cu tr li ca Anh/Ch? Cu 16: Loi tiu chuNn no c th s dng cho ngun nhim khng c im ngun (non-point) (v d: ha cht nng nghip t sn xut nng nghip) v nhim do mi ch th gy ra khng th o lng c? Gii thch? Cu 17: Gi s chng ta s dng bin php thu pht thi i vi mt cht gy nhim no , v chng ta li s dng tin thu thu c tr cp chi ph u t ngn hn cho nhng hng trong cng mt ngnh lp t cc thit b lm gim nhim. Phng php ny c lm o ln tc ng khuyn khch ca thu pht thi hay khng? Gii thch? Cu 18: Nhng ngi chng i thu/ph pht thi tranh lun rng ch th gy nhim d dng tr thu v chuyn chi ph ny sang pha ngi tiu dng m khng gim thi. iu ny c ng khng? Gii thch? Cu 19: Nu c s lu chn gia thu pht thi v tiu chuNn pht thi, th doanh nghip/h gia nh gy nhim c xu hng a chung cng c tiu chuNn pht thi hn l cng c thu pht thi. Hy gii thch ti sao nh vy? Cu 20: Gi s c hai cng ty A v B ang hot ng trn th trng cnh tranh hon ho. Hai cng ty ny hin nay ang thi carbon monoxit vo khng kh v ha ln vo nhau. Nh nc mun ct gim bt tng lng thi ca hai cng ty ny bng ba bin php khc nhau, nhng hiu qu mi trng l nh nhau: a) bin php thu pht thi l 120 USD/tn/thng; b) bin php tiu chuNn ng b l mi cng ty c cho php pht thi 85 tn/thng; c) bin php tiu chuNn ring l. Mi cng ty c ng chi ph gim thi bin khc nhau nh sau: MAC ca nh my A: MACA = 360 3EA MAC ca nh my B: MACB = 480 4EB

a. Bin php thu: hy xc nh tng chi ph gim nhim ca tng cng ty (khng bao gm tin thu pht thi)? b. Bin php tiu chuNn ng b: hy xc nh tng chi ph gim nhim ca tng cng ty? c. Bin php tiu chuNn ring l: hy xc nh mc pht thi cho tng cng ty, tng chi ph gim nhim ca tng cng ty? d. Hy nh gi ba bin php kim sot nhim nu trn da theo cc tiu ch: hiu qu chi ph, ng c khuyn khch ci tin cng ngh gim nhim, chi ph thc thi v nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin? Cu 21: Nu c s la chn gia hai cng c thu pht thi v tiu chuNn pht thi, nh sn xut gy nhim a chung bin php tiu chuNn pht thi hn l bin php thu pht thi. a. Ti sao nh vy? (gii thch bng th minh ha) b. Trong trng mt a phng c t nh sn xut gy nhim, th nu nh nc p dng bin php tiu chuNn pht thi th nn s dng bin php tiu chuNn pht thi tin l. Ti sao khng nn p dng tiu chuNn pht thi ng b? (gii thch bng th minh ha). Cu 22: Anh/Ch hy gii thch bng th minh ha v s khc bit c bn gia thu pht thi v thu nhim Pigou? Cu 23: Hy so snh v la chn mt trong ba bin php kim sot nhim khng kh ti mt khu cng nghip c nhiu ngun thi kh thi c ch SO2: tiu chuNn ng b, tr cp, v giy php pht thi c th chuyn nhng (dng cp pht min ph) da theo 3 tiu ch: hiu qu mi trng, hiu qu chi ph, v ng c khuyn khch ci tin cng ngh gim nhim? Cu 24: Chnh ph thit lp mt h thng TDP, cp min ph giy php cho ch th gy nhim v yu cu h mua bn/trao i sau . H thng ny phn ng nh th no i vi nhng hng mi gia nhp ngnh v c gy nhim? Anh/Ch nhn thy trc vn g? Gii thch? Cu 25: Nhng lp lun ng h v phn i vic cp TDP cho bt c ngi no (v d: ngn hng, c nhn, nhm hot ng bo v mi trng, t chc chnh ph) mua v bn giy php pht thi c th chuyn nhng l g? Cu 26: Cng c chnh sch no trong s cc cng c sau y: tiu chuNn ng b, tiu chuNn ring l, thu pht thi, v giy php pht thi c th chuyn nhng to ng c khuyn khch ln nht trong vic u t nghin cu v pht trin h thp chi ph gim nhim? Hy minh ha bng th? Cu 27: Chnh sch kim sot nhim da vo th trng khc chnh sch da vo mnh lnh v kim sot nh th no trn phng din khuyn khch ch th gy nhim tit l thng tin v MAC cho nh qun l?

Cau 28: O nhiem phan tan la g? Hay neu 2 v du ve o nhiem phan tan? Cau 29: Bien phap quyen s hu tai san la mot trong cac bien phap nham at c mc o nhiem toi u xa hoi. Hnh sau ay minh hoa ve giai phap mac ca (nh ly Coase) cho van e o nhiem, thuoc nhom chnh sach phi tap trung. Tnh huong nghien cu la mot nha may hoa chat thng lu thai chat thai hoa hoc vao dong song va ngi nuoi thuy san phia ha lu b thiet hai. Tai mc o nhiem toi u la iem E: a. Hay giai thch y ngha cua dien tch c, dien tch d, va tong 2 dien tch c va d? b. Hay giai thch va xac nh li ch rong cho ngi nuoi thuy san, va cho nha may trong trng hp quyen s hu dong song thuoc ve nha may (ghi chu: tnh theo cac dien tch a, b, c, d, e, f trong hnh)? c. Neu 2 ly do chnh v sao tren thc te hien nay giai phap nay cho van e o nhiem la kho kha thi?

Chi ph/li ch $

MAC

MDC

a b c O
Cu 30:

f e d E
Chat thai hoa hoc (tan/thang)

Trong khi mt s nh kinh t tranh lun cn thit lp quyn ti sn t nhn bo v mi trng, th nhiu ngi quan tm v mi trng cho rng phng php ny khng ph hp. Anh/Ch cho bit vn ct li trong tranh lun ny l g? Cau 31: Ve hnh minh hoa va giai thch rang viec ap dung tieu chuan phat thai ong bo e kiem soat o nhiem khong at hieu qua chi ph so vi trng hp ap dung tieu chuan rieng.

Cau 32: Co hai nha may hien ang phat thai kh carbon monoxit vao khong kh vi mc trung bnh la 120 kg/thang/nha may. Hai nha may nay co ng chi ph giam o nhiem bien khac nhau: MAC cua nha may 1: MAC1 = 360 - 3E1 MAC cua nha may 2: MAC2 = 480 - 4E2 e giam mc phat thai cua nha may vao khong kh, nha nc ap dung mot mc thue la 120 o la My/kg carbon monoxit phat thai. Hay xac nh: a. Lng phat thai (E1, E2 ) cua moi nha may khi ap dung thue? b. Tong lng carbon monoxit c giam? b. Chi ph thc thi giam thai cua tng nha may (khong bao gom tien thue) Cu 33: Anh/Ch hy tho lun mt trong s cc cu hi sau y: a. S dng th l gii rng thay i cng ngh (lm gim chi ph gim nhim bin) c th lm cho cht lng mi trng tt hn? b. Trnh by cc nhc im quan trng ca tr cp gim nhim? Nu cch khc phc cc nhc im ? c. Cng c chnh sch no sau y to ra ng c khuyn khch u t nghin cu & pht trin nhiu nht gim MAC: Tiu chuNn ng b, tiu chuNn ring l, thu pht thi, v TDP? Chng minh bng th? d. Anh/Ch hy gii thch tc ng phn phi ca thu pht thi? Cu 34: Gi s c hai cng ty, L v H, c chi ph gim nhim bin khc nhau. Gi s cng ty L c chi ph gim nhim bin thp hn so vi chi ph gim nhim bin ca cng ty H. C hai cng ty u hot ng trong th trng cnh tranh hon ho. V gi nh rng cht thi nhim ang xt l hn hp ng nht. MACL = 160 4EL MACH = 200 5EH Gi s nh chc trch mun gim bt 50% lng pht thi. Da vo 2 phng trnh MAC trn, Anh/Ch hy tr li cc cu hi sau y: a. Gii thch cc thng tin c cho trong bng di y: Mc pht thi Chi ph kim sot t nhn Chi ph kim sot x hi 800 1000 Khuyn khch cng ngh Thng tin c yu cu

Cng c chnh sch kim sot

Tiu chu n ng nht Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao

20 20

800 1000

Yu Yu

Thp Thp

Tng chi ph Tiu chu n ring l Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph Thu ng nht Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph TDP (chia u, min ph) Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph TDP (chia u, u gi) Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph

40 17.8 22.2 40 17.8 22.2 40 17.8 22.2 40 17.8 22.2 40

1800 987.7 790.1 1777.8 2567.9 2765.4 5333.3 792.1 985.7 1777.8 2567.9 2765.4 5333.3

1800 987.7 790.1 1777.8 987.7 790.1 1777.8 792.1 985.7 1777.8 987.7 790.1 1777.8 Yu Yu Cao Cao

Mnh Mnh

Cao/T.Bnh Cao/T.Bnh

Yu Mnh

Thp/T.Bnh Thp/T.Bnh

Mnh Mnh

Thp Thp

b. Theo quan im t nhn, mi cng ty s a thch cng c no hn? Ti sao? c. Theo quan im x hi, c quan chc nng nn la chn nh th no? Ti sao? Cu 35: Gia s hai nha may A va B ang xa thai xuong BOD xuong song Sai Gon, vi lng phat thai tng ng la EA va EB, vi chi ph giam o nhiem bien (MAC) c tnh co dang nh sau (n v: tan/thang): MACA = 330 2EA MACB = 150 EB a. Gia s chnh quyen thanh pho cha ap dung bat ky mot chnh sach kiem soat o nhiem ao, theo ban hai nha may tren se phat thai xuong song Sai Gon mot lng BOD la bao nhieu tan/thang? b. Gia s chnh quyen thanh pho muon gii han tong lng phat thai cua ca hai nha may la 180 tan BOD/thang va moi nha may ch c phep phat thai 90 tan BOD/thang (EA = EB = 90). Mc phat thai nay co phai la mc phat thai hieu qua cha? Tai sao? Hay cho biet lng phat thai tren moi nha may nen la bao nhieu tan BOD/thang e at mc hieu qua? Minh hoa tren o th? c. Bay gi gia s chnh quyen thanh pho s dung cong cu thue o nhiem. Hay xac nh mc thue e giam tong lng phat thai cua hai nha may xuong 180 tan BOD/thang. Tong chi ph (thue va TAC) ma moi nha may phai chu la bao nhieu? Tnh chi ph tiet kiem khi ap dung thue so vi cong cu tieu chuan theo quan iem xa hoi? Minh hoa tren o th?

d. Gia s chnh quyen thanh pho phan phat 90 giay phep cho moi nha may (cap mien ph). Moi giay phep cho phep phat thai 1 tan BOD/thang. Ch ra rang trong trng hp th trng giay phep canh tranh, viec mua ban giay phep gia hai nha may se dan en mc phan bo giay phep at hieu qua? e. Nhan xet ket qua gia cac cong cu tieu chuan, thue o nhiem va giay phep o nhiem? Cu 36: Gia s mot nganh cong nghiep a phng co hai nha may 1 va 2 vi chi ph kiem soat o nhiem bien (MAC) nh sau: (n v tnh: MAC: n v tien, E: n v phat thai) MAC1 = 400 4E1 MAC2 = 600 3E2 e giam 50% lng phat thai, c quan chc nang muon ap dung cong cu giay phep phat thai co the chuyen nhng. Gia s ban au so giay phep c phan phat cho moi nha may theo ty le phat thai hien hanh cua moi nha may. Tnh tong chi ph kiem soat o nhiem cua moi nha may? Theo ban ay co phai la mc phat thai at hieu qua chi ph cha? Tai sao? Cau 37: Co cac cong cu kinh te nao e a lng o nhiem hien hanh (khong co s can thiep chnh sach) ve iem o nhiem toi u xa hoi? Viet Nam hien nay NEN ap dung cong cu nao trong cac cong cu tren e kiem soat o nhiem moi trng? Tai sao? Cau 38: D lng thuoc tr sau va phan bon hoa hoc trong san xuat nong nghiep ong bang song Cu Long van la mot van e quan tam cua cac nha quan ly a phng. Theo Anh/Ch nen ap dung cong cu kinh te nao e kiem soat van e tren? Tai sao? Trnh bay c s ly thuyet e xac nh mc kiem soat toi u? Cu 39: Anh/Ch cho bit thu sn phNm (thu gin tip) nn c s dng trong nhng trng hp no? Cho 3 v d minh ha? Cu 40: Anh/Ch cho bit cc nhc im quan trng ca tr cp gim nhim l g? Trnh by cch khc phc cc nhc im ? Cu 41: Anh/Ch cho bit hai nguyn tc c bn nht trong kim sot nhim l g? Nu p dng cng c kim sot nhim bng tiu chuNn pht thi th c tha mn hai nguyn tc khng? Ti sao? Minh ha bng th? Cu 42: Anh/Ch hy trnh by ba cch tip cn c bn trong vic kim sot nhim? Chnh sch mi trng ca mt quc gia/nh phng nn kt hp gia cc cch tip cn ny hay ch theo mt cch tip cn duy nht?

Cu 43: Anh/Ch cho bit ti sao cn nh gi gi tr kinh t ca cc hng ha v dch v mi trng? Trnh by ngn gn cc nhm phng php nh gi? Cu 44: Anh/Ch gii thch cc khi nim gi sn lng tr (WTP) v gi sn lng chp nhn n b (WTA) nh th no? Hy minh ha trn th? Cu 45: Gi s c hai cng ty, L v H, c chi ph gim nhim bin khc nhau. Gi s cng ty L c chi ph gim nhim bin thp hn so vi chi ph gim nhim bin ca cng ty H. C hai cng ty u hot ng trong th trng cnh tranh hon ho. V gi nh rng cht thi nhim ang xt l hn hp ng nht. MACL = 900 15EL MACH = 2000 25EH Gi s nh chc trch mun gim bt 50% lng pht thi. Da vo 2 phng trnh MAC trn, Anh/Ch hy hon chnh bng sau y: Cng c chnh sch kim sot Tiu chu n ng nht Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph Tiu chu n ring l Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph Thu ng nht Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph TDP (chia u, min ph) Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph TDP (u gi) Ngun gy nhim c chi ph thp Ngun gy nhim c chi ph cao Tng chi ph Cu 46: Anh/Ch cho bit h thng k qu - hon tr l g? H thng ny p dng i vi nh sn xut hay ngi tiu dng v nhm mc ch g? Mc pht thi Chi ph kim sot t nhn Chi ph kim sot x hi Khuyn khch cng ngh Thng tin c yu cu

Cu 47: Phn tch tc ng phn phi ca thu pht thi? C phi ngi tiu dng lun l ngi chu nh hng nhiu nht t cc chnh sch thu pht thi? Cu 48: Anh/Ch cho bit h thng PAYT (pay-as-you-throw) l g? Cc thnh ph Vit Nam c th p dng h thng ny qun l cht thi rn sinh hot hay khng? Ti sao? Cu 49: Hy trnh by nguyn l chung vn hnh chng trnh TDP? Khc bit c bn gia bin php TDP v tiu chuNn pht thi l g? Cc vn cn lu khi khi p dng bin php TDP l g? Anh/Ch cho bit hng trnh TDP c th p dng trong cc lnh vc no? Cu 50: C ch pht trin sch (CDM, clean development mechanism) l g? Trnh by nhng tr ngi trong vic trin khai cc d n CDM Vit Nam?

10