TNG QUAN V LUT TI SN Ng Huy Cng ThS.

, Ging vin Khoa Lut, i hc Quc gia H Ni

Cc hc gi ngy nay khng th khng tha nhn rng, lut t l mt ngnh lut c bn, tron b vi i sng thng nht ca con ngi, v c sinh ra t mi quan h c bn v bn lu chnh tr v ch t lm cho mnh ph hp vi cc hon cnh x hi c th bng cch bi hng im gi ci. Nhng tm li ci gc ca n vn cn nguyn vn nh t tha mi sinh. nn tng mi lun lun b rung chuyn, b xo trn, b hoang mang. Phi chng nn php h vy? Tht th, lut dn s - nn tng cn bn ca lut t m Nh nc ch ng vai tr tr on ngi v quan h ca con ngi i vi nhau v ti ti sn [5, tr. III]. Phn chia mt c n h: Mt l quan h gia ngi vi ngi; v Hai l quan h gia ngi vi ngi v vt. Trong cc h thng php lut, thng thng ngi ta mn cc khi nim v cc gii php c n h gia tri ch v ngi th tri xc nh l quan h ngha v. V lut iu tit cc qu an h gia mi ngi lin quan ti vt c iu tit bi mt th lut gi l lut ti sn i truyn thng ca lut ti sn. Tuy nhin, v k thut php in ho hay ng dng c th, chn khc nhau. Nhng im ng ni nht i vi cc lut gia khng phi l vn k thu n su trong nhng quan nim, v tnh h thng, tnh logic ca cc vn php l. Mun nghin cu nhng vn phc tp , trc tin cn phi kho st cc quan nim v t 1. Khi nim ti sn Khng l g m khi ni v khi nim ti sn li khng nhc ti nh ngha v ti sn ca hay. iu 172 ca B Lut Dn s Vit Nam 1996 l gii: Ti sn bao gm vt c thc, tin, giy t tr gi c bng tin v cc quyn ti sn. V tip , iu 188 ca B Lut ny li nh ngha: Quyn ti sn l quyn tr gi c bng tin v c th chuyn giao trong giao lu dn s ca B lut ny Nhng quan nim ny, d nhin, c tng ca bi nhng ngi to ra chng v nhng ngi k in, c nhng lut gia, ngay t suy ngh ban u, khng i theo khuynh hng m ph ; 11;12]. C th ni "vt cht liu" l c s quan trng ca quan nim php lut Vit Nam v ti rng nht - b tch khi ti sn, nu hiu theo logic cc quy nh k t iu 173 cho ti c quyn s hu (m theo quy nh ca B lut ny bao hm c quyn chim hu) v quyn h thy, mc d khng cng khai cng nhn cc vt quyn, mt s vt quyn khng th thiu cm c, th chp vn c cp ti qua B lut ny. Nhng tin hnh ph phn mt cch nim v ti sn ca mt s h thng php lut. B lut Dn s 1804 ca Php - mt cng trnh php in ho hin i u tin trn th gi theo nhng c tnh cn bn ca php lut La M - c v vic gii thch cc quy tc php c rng, ti sn ni trong B lut ny bao gm hai loi l bt ng sn v ng sn, m bt ng sn do mc ch s dng v bt ng sn do c i tng gn lin vi n; v ng s ca B lut ny tot ln rng, ti sn bao gm vt, cc vt quyn v cc t quyn nhm c s phn bit gia ti sn (bin) v sn nghip (patrimoine). Nhng khi nim sn nghip trong cc hc thuyt [8, tr. 367]. N l mt tp hp cc ti sn c v ti sn n, c ngh uc mt ai . Da vo hnh mu ca B lut Dn s Php 1804, B lut Dn s ca Qubec (Canada) xc n thnh bt ng sn v ng sn (iu 899). Cn c vo cc quy nh ny, ti sn bao gm b v bt ng sn v hnh; ng sn v hnh. Lu rng ti sn hu hnh l cc vt cht liu Canada cho rng Quyn th hai ca B lut Dn s ny ni v lut ti sn m ch yu l cc [6, tr. 266]. B lut Dn s c 1900 bng mt k thut php in ho khc vi hnh mu ca Php tc g Quyn I ca B lut ny mang tn Phn chung, bao gm 240 iu m trong c mt chng n III v lut ti sn quy nh chi tit cc vt quyn. Tuy khng c nh ngha c th v ti hiu rng, ti sn theo ngha php l khng ch l vt cht liu, m ch yu l cc quyn. Theo hnh mu ny, Nht Bn cu to mt chng ring trong Quyn I ca B lut Dn s vt quyn. Qua cc kho st , chng ta c th d dng nhn thy rng, cc nc thuc H Php lut da trn cn bn Corpus Juris Civilis bng cch no i chng na, th vn c quan nim, vt ti cao ca lut ti sn, m ni ti lut ti sn l ni ti cc vt quyn. Vy vt quyn l Nhng nhn thc trn ca H Php lut La M - c khng khc qu xa vi nhn thc ca H K cho rng, ti sn l cc quyn gia mi ngi c lin quan ti vt, hay ni cch khc, b

php l do ai th c trong mi lin h vi nhng ngi khc m lin quan ti vt [7, t yn (a bundle of rights) cho ti sn, c ngha l ti sn l mt tp hp cc quyn trn v S chng li hay quyn loi tr c cc lut gia Hoa K xem l xng sng ca tp hp cc . Tuy nhin khng phi ch cc lut gia ny ni v quyn loi tr, m B lut Dn s c 19 ni v cc quyn ca ch s hu ti sn. Nhn li B lut Dn s Vit Nam, c th thy y ry nhng thiu st. C l nguyn nhn thuyt v ti sn, cng nh cha c quan nim ng v ti sn v lut ti sn. Vic ch coi khi ti sn l thiu st ln th nht. Vic khng nu y cc dng thc khc ca quyn uy nhin c quan im cho rng, cc quyn ti sn ni ti iu 172 & iu 188 ca B lut n Th nht, chnh nhng ngi son tho B lut ny vit cun bnh lun khoa hc v n nhng quyn gn lin vi ti sn m khi thc hin cc quyn ch s hu s c c mt t dng cng nghip, nhn hiu hng ho... Cc quyn ny p ng c yu cu tr gi c b 1, tr. 89]. Bng chng ny cho thy quyn ti sn ni ti y khng phi l vt quyn. Ph 999/N - CP ngy 19/11/1999 ca Chnh ph v giao dch bo m cng c nhng qui nh tng Th hai, v hc thut, ai cng bit rng quyn i vt hay vt quyn l mt loi quyn c lut quy nh. Vy lut khng ni c th v chng tc l chng khng tn ti. mi ch l hai trong rt nhiu thiu st khc m c th c ni ti cc mc di 2. C s hc thuyt ca lut ti sn C nhiu hc thuyt khc nhau chi phi lut ti sn nh: hc thuyt chim hu u hc thuyt v li, hc thuyt t do... Nhng c l trng phi lut t nhin v trng phi hi phi lut ti sn ca cc nc. B nh hng bi Jeremy Bentham, lut ti sn ca Hoa K v Canada theo trng phi thc yn i vi ti sn ch xut hin thng qua chnh quyn [2, tr. 2-3 ]. Trong cun The Theo Jeremy Bentham vit: Ti sn v php lut sinh ra v cht i cng nhau, trc khi lut b php lut v ti sn chm dt. Trong khi trng phi lut t nhin ngm su vo lut ti sn ca H Php lut La M - in trong t nhin nh l mt vn php l cn bn v c lp vi chnh quyn. John Locke vernment, quan nim rng: lut t nhin l mt th quy tc bt dit i vi con ngi, i chnh quyn ch c vai tr thi hnh lut t nhin ch khng sng to ra lut mi. iu uyn i vt lun lun thuc v con ngi cng cc quyn ti sn khc. Tuy nhin, John G. Sprankling nhn nh rng, lut ti sn ca Hoa K cn l s pha trn ti nhau v trong mt chng mc no c s xung t [ 7, tr. 3 ]. R rng trong khi bnh lun hay gii thiu B lut Dn s Vit Nam 1996, khng hc gi no cc quy nh . 3. Chc nng ca Lut ti sn hin i C hng lot cu hi c t ra i vi nhng nh lm lut v nhng ngi nghin cu kho loi vt cht liu nh th no? v Lut gii quyt nh th no v ti sn v hnh? Bn thn ti sn l mt khi nim ng. Hin nay c nhiu tranh lun v cc dng mi ca lnh, bo thai ngi, t bo c tch ra t cc b phn c th, thng tin di truyn, tnh t gc khc, chng ta thy ti sn l cng c ca i sng x hi. Vy khi nim v ti ut m l mt khi nim c tnh mc ch rt cao. Khi nim ny phi p ng c cc nhu c gi tr x hi. Tri qua cc giai on, vt no c xem l ti sn nh n l, t ai, cy vn minh ca x hi loi ngi. Ngoi vic xc nh cc i tng ca quyn s hu, lut ti sn cn cho php v to ra n bn th chp c th nhng bn ti sn th chp v trch nhim ca ngi mua ti sn th c chuyn nhng th chp l nhng s th hin in hnh ca cc chc nng ny. Song ngi ta B lut Dn s Vit Nam. Lut dn s cn lun phi nhm ti vic thc hin chc nng iu ho cc xung t ca cc c mi ngi thng xuyn quan tm ti vic pht trin ti sn ca mnh v ng gp cho x l bo v chng li nhng hnh ng xm phm ti sn. Vn y l phi to ra mt c ch cho vic bo v ny. Tt nhin vic bo v cn l s hi to ra c cc nguyn tc c bn cho vic thit lp mt c ch bo v c hiu qu. Mt chc nng rt quan trng na ca lut ti sn l thc y hiu qu kinh t thng qua ng vic thu nhp thng tin, mc c, giao ko v gii quyt tranh chp v.v... Chi ph thp c th trng c to iu kin thun li. iu ny thc cht thc y giao lu dn s, to . Mt trong nhng cch thc lm gim chi ph giao dch l phi to ra c cc quy nh v sn phi cht ch, mch lc v cng khai. Nhng tht ng tic rng h thng ng k ti s thc t u tr nn rt phin toi, lm tn km rt nhiu thi gian, sc lc v tin bc c Vit Nam buc bn a th chp phi i ng k th chp [10]. Cc quy nh ny gy rc r an ton cho ti sn ca Nh nc v cc ch s hu khc.

4. Cc vt quyn Vi tnh cch l mt vt quyn thng tr, quyn s hu bao gi cng c cc lut ti sn ung hay cc b phn cu thnh ca quyn s hu c quan nim khc nhau trong cc h php l B lut Dn s Vit Nam 1996 quan nim quyn s hu bao gm cc quyn chim hu, s dng nc thuc H Php lut La M - c cho rng: chim hu l mt quan h thc t; v quyn s li ch t vt v quyn qun tr hay nh ot i vi vt [6, tr. 266]. Tuy nhin vic lit k y ti sn l mt vic rt kh khn. Chnh cc ch s hu ca cng l mt lp ngi khng n nh. iu c ngha l nh ngha v ti sn khng ch c i c th tr thnh ch s hu. Theo cch nghin cu c in v bn cht php l ca vn s hu, Gio s A.M. Honor v ti sn. ng vit: S hu bao gm quyn chim hu, quyn s dng, quyn qun l, quyn bo m, cc quyn v cc s kin chuyn nhng khng c thi hn, nhim v ngn cn thit a. Vy s hu thng thng a ra c quyn v trch nhim. Nu nh ngha v s hu ch xy nhim c trng gn lin vi s hu. Mt quan im khc ca Felix Cohen cho rng: Quyn s hu l quan h gia ngi vi ngi m trong ngi c gi l ch s hu c ho php nhng ngi khc thc hin nhng hnh vi nh vy v c hai trng hp cn c s tr g quyt nh . Ti y, ngi ta mun nhn mnh rng quyn loi tr (the right of exclusion) l xng sng quyn ca ch s hu trn bt k quyn no nh quyn s dng, quyn chuyn nhng, quyn th ny khng th lun lun l mt quyn loi tr hon ton v tuyt i. iu 679 Chng I, Ph (Hoa K) nm 1993 c nh ngha v quyn s hu tuyt i rng: "Quyn s hu ti sn l t sn, v c th s dng n hoc nh ot n ph hp vi mun ca anh ta, ch ph thuc v Tr li iu 172 ca B lut Dn s Vit Nam quy nh: Ti sn bao gm vt c thc, tin rn phn tch, cc chuyn gia xy dng B lut Dn s Vit Nam c quan im gn vi cc nim v ti sn, nhng cha qun trit ht tinh thn ca B lut Dn s Nht Bn. nh ngh 1. Bt ng sn l cc ti sn khng di di c bao gm: a. t ai; b. Nh , cng trnh xy dng gn lin vi t ai, k c cc ti sn khc gn lin vi n c. Cc ti sn khc gn lin vi t ai; d. Cc ti sn khc do php lut quy nh. 2. ng sn l nhng ti sn khng phi l bt ng sn"( iu 181). Xem cc quy nh ca Khon 1 ni trn, ngi ta thy khng c quy nh v cc vt quyn t d ca Khon ny. Khc vi cc B lut Dn s khc, ngi ta xc nh v lit k r v bt rng, Vit Nam, cc vt quyn d c thit lp trn bt ng sn vn c coi l ng s it k Khon 1 th u l ng sn. Theo cc quy nh ny th tht kh c th gii thch Phn th hai ca B lut Dn s Vit Nam 1996. Cc quy nh ny thc cht l lm xo trn v hnh. Cc vt quyn trn bt ng sn bao gm quyn chim hu, quyn s hu, quyn thu ng khi cc ng sn v hnh gm c hp ng, chng khon, phn mm my tnh, lao ng, d thng phm. Cc vt quyn trn bt ng sn v trn ng sn ph thuc vo vic phn loi ti sn s 5. Phn loi ti sn Ti sn l mt ch nh quan trng ca lut dn s m trong vic phn loi ti sn c N lin quan ti hng lot cc vn php l nh: thu, bo m ngha v dn s, tha k, quyn ti sn, thng mi, t php quc t Xem xt ti cc c tnh vt l thc t ca ti sn, trong khoa hc php l, theo cc cn c loi ti sn khc nhau nh: vt tiu hao v vt khng tiu hao; vt chia c v vt khng vt ph... Nhng quan trng nht v trn ht tt c l cch phn loi ti sn truyn thng a. Lut ti sn ca ngi La M chia ti sn thnh bt ng sn v ng sn. Cch phn thng php lut. Ngi ta thng a ra cc quy nh chi tit hn i vi bt ng sn so v h c ba l do chnh [5, tr. VI]: Mt l, l do v mt vt l: Bt ng sn thng gn b cht ch vi lnh th quc gia, t h hu, nhm ln. Hai l, l do v mt kinh t: Trong lch s x hi loi ngi cho ti thi k cng nghip o cuc sng v n c chuyn t th h ny sang th h khc. Ba l, l do v mt tm l: t ai, nh ca thng gn b cht ch lu di vi i sng Ngy nay, cch phn loi ny c p dng cho tt c cc ngun ca ci k c ti sn hu uan ti cc quyn). Xut pht t cch phn loi c bn ny, ngi ta thit k mt h thng C mt s quyn ch c th tn ti trn bt ng sn nh dch quyn v mt s khc th tn

c tnh vt l ca bt ng sn l c nh, nn ngi ta d dng thit k mt h thng o cc ch n. V vy dn ti vic ngi ta c th to ra h thng cc quyn phc tp hn tr chim hu thc t bt ng sn trong vic a bt ng sn ra bo m cho ngha v (th hng Thng lut (Common Law), nhng li khng cho php nh vy i vi ng sn dng bo S phn bit khc c suy din t gi tr ca bt ng sn so vi ng sn. Do nn kinh gi tr c bit trong sn nghip ca mi con ngi, trong khi ng sn ch gi vai tr i tin (Res mobilis res vilis) [17, tr. 334]. Cc l do phn bit bt ng sn v ng nhng khng phi l s phn bit truyn thng ny mt i ngha quan trng ca n. Gi tr V ngy nay ti sn c trao i t do hn. Do cng nghip ho, hin i ho v pht tri hng tn ti di dng c phn, c phiu... Hn na ng sn cn c c th ho bng cch S nh hng ca cch phn loi ti sn ny ti h thng php lut l rt ln, v d s l v ng sn) vi t php quc t. Ngi ta hiu rng trong t php quc t vic a ra hnh Chng hn Khon 3, iu 833 ca B lut dn s Vit Nam c quy nh: Vic phn bit ti s nc ni c ti sn . Ngi ta cng tm thy hnh mu ca cc quy nh ny trong iu 30 ho B lut Dn s Vit Nam ly lm ti liu nghin cu, tham kho [ 15, tr. 204 ]. Th hin s nh hng ca vic phn loi ti sn m dn ti s hnh thnh cc quy nh ng ada) nm 1994 quy nh: "Tha k ng sn c iu chnh bi php lut ni c tr cui cn c ti sn. Trong khi B lut Dn s Vit Nam ch dng li vic a ra nguyn tc xun cc quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi. Vn ny c nhiu lut gia cp n mc d thm rng, nu B lut dn s Vit Nam quy nh chi tit v cch phn loi ti sn thnh b nhm ln thm quyn gia Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 1997 v B lut Dn s Vit Nam trong c

b. Bn cnh nhiu cch phn loi vt, iu 181 ca B lut Dn s Vit Nam c phn loi t bt ng sn l g?. N c B lut dn s Vit Nam quy nh thch ng cha? y l nh tin php l. Cc B lut Dn s theo hnh mu ca Php, chia bt ng sn thnh bn dng: Th nht, bt ng sn do bn cht. Dng bt ng sn ny c phn bit xut pht t c cng trnh, cy ci, v cc vt m tr thnh mt phn khng th tch ri ca dng bt ti cc ti nguyn thuc t, nu cha c tch ri ra khi t, vn c coi l bt ng l mc gn lin vi t ai ca cc cng trnh nh th no th c coi l bt ng sn. h sc gi, sc nc c th c coi l bt ng sn hay khng? gii quyt cho cc cu h h ca c dng bng cc vt liu nh khng c nn mng vng chc th khng c coi l b Th hai, bt ng sn do dng ch. Cc bt ng sn ny khng phi l bt ng sn do bn ti sn ny l ng sn, nhng do chng c gn vi bt ng sn do bn cht mt cch c l cc vt c chung mt mc ch vi bt ng sn do bn cht nh khai thc nhm mc hc trang tri ) c coi l bt ng sn bi php lut p dng nguyn tc ph tng chnh ysical attachment) gia cc vt ny vi bt ng sn do bn cht khng phi l mt iu vi bt ng sn hon thin cho bt ng sn nh nhm mc ch trang tr nh ca, nhng . C mt iu kin l cc vt ch c xem l bt ng sn do dng ch khi cc vt v s hu [5, tr. V-14]. Cc quy nh ny c ngha rt ln i vi th chp v t tng dn s ut T tng Dn s Qubec (Canada) quy nh: ng sn m l bt ng sn theo iu 903 ca chng gn vi hoc hi nhp; tuy nhin chng c th b bt gi tch bit bi cc ch n hng khng thuc ch s hu ca bt ng sn (iu 903 B lut Dn s Qubec quy nh v v tnh cht c bit ca n c coi l bt ng sn khi n cn c gn vi bt ng sn). Qua y, c th thy s nh hng su sc ca lut vt cht ti lut th tc ni chung v in. Vy B lut Dn s Vit Nam khng c quy nh chi tit v phn loi ti sn s gy kh Dn s Vit Nam v ti giao lu dn s, trong c c giao lu quc t v kinh t trong g Th ba, bt ng sn bi l do c i tng trn bt ng sn. Bt ng sn ny bao gm c bt ng sn v cc t quyn (actions) trc to n i cc quyn v cc t quyn i (incorporel immovables). Cc vt quyn trn bt ng sn c th bao gm: quyn s hu, quy quyn th chp... Cc vt quyn ny c chia thnh cc vt quyn chnh yu v cc vt quy quyn c hng dng trc tip trn vt nh quyn s hu, quyn dng ch (usufruit), quyn ph thuc l cc quyn dng bo m cho cc tri quyn nh quyn th chp... B lut Dn sn l bt ng sn v khng c s phn bit r cc vt quyn, do dn n mt h qu lo o cc quy nh v th chp, cm c khng p ng c vi i sng hin ti. Nh trn n h nh th no thuc phm vi nghin cu ca b mn lut t tng dn s. Nhng ni mt cch v php ngi c quyn li i hi c quan c thm quyn (to n) xc nhn v bo v cho quy quyn phi c quyn li, c li ch, c t cch v c nng lc. V d cc iu t 197 ti 2 Th t, bt ng sn do lut nh (immovable ex lege). Vic nh dng bt ng sn ny c s Nht Bn c quy nh: "Khng vt quyn no c th c to lp khc hn cc vt quyn

c. Ngi ta nhn thy rng quy nh v bt ng sn ti iu 181 ca B lut Dn s Vit 658, Phn I, Thin 2 ca B lut Dn s California (Hoa K) nm 1993. Song cch cu trc c an nim v ti sn ca B lut Dn s California ny khc vi B lut dn s Vit Nam. Chn alifornia nh ngha: "S hu mt vt l quyn ca mt hoc nhiu ngi chim hu v s dn B lut ny, vt m c th s hu c gi l ti sn. V h chia hai dng s hu chnh l h (Qualified Ownership) (iu 678; 679; 680). Ngoi ra B lut ny cn quy nh nhiu quy sn. Ci r ca lut ti sn ca Hoa K l lut in a phong kin Anh c phn bit bt in nn ng sn c s ch ca lut thng mi. Bi vy lut v ti sn thng cn lin bit gia cc tiu bang [4, tr. 116-118]. Nhng tm li ngi ta quy nh rt nhiu quyn g i vi b mt (surface rights); quyn i vi cy ci, hoa mu... quyn i vi vt g ); quyn c nh cy bn di v lin k (right to lateral and subfacent support); quyn ; cc quyn ven sng (riparian rights). Cng vi cc quyn ny l cc trch nhim gn vi d. Sau khi xc nh r v bt ng sn, cc B lut Dn s thng quy tt c ti sn cn do bn cht (l cc ti sn c th di di c m khng phi l bt ng sn) v cc ng cc dng giy t thng mi; hu ht cc t quyn trc to n; tt c cc quyn i nhn v [11]. y cn phi lu rng cc quyn ca ngi thu mt bt ng sn c coi l ng t ngha v ca ngi thu phi trao quyn hng dng bt ng sn cho ngi i thu. Cc s hu bt ng sn, bi v cc cng ty khi ang tn ti c coi l mt php nhn c lp hm dt hot ng th theo quy nh ca php lut hoc iu l ca cng ty, ti sn c ph ti sn tr v vi c ng, th ti sn li c xc nh theo tnh cht ca cc quyn c Con ngi l ch th ca cc quyn, nn khng th xem con ngi l ti sn, nhng t thi t con ngi c th c xem l ti sn (theo n l ca mt s nc). ng sn ngy nay ng g x hi v n lun lun c nhng dng mi bi cc gi tr kinh t ca ti sn. Thc t hi xt n trnh i hc (university degree) c c xem l ti sn hay khng. iu 906 B rng: Cc sng hoc nng lng c con ngi ch ng v a vo s dng, bt k ngun ca C quan im cho rng B lut Dn s Vit Nam a ra rt nhiu cch phn loi ti sn nh 7) v quyn (iu 188) v phn ti sn c bn thnh bt ng sn v ng sn. Nhng thc t oi ti sn v khng c mt quan im nht qun. Bi lut dn s l mt ngnh lut t nn tng y cht l lun cho h thng php lut, n cho n l ht sc quan trng. iu ny tr thnh mt nhn t hng u trong vic hon thin g hn th chp rt c ch trong cc B lut Dn s ca cc nc. N c vai tr quan tr in thc thi chnh sch kinh t ca cc quc gia c lin quan nhiu ti vic lm tng s c 4 c tnh: - L mt vt quyn c thit lp trn ti sn nhm bo m cho ngha v; - L mt quyn ph thuc; - Khng th b phn chia; v - To ra cc quyn i khng li vi ngi th ba; c tnh th nht ni trn l quan trng nht lm pht sinh ra cc c tnh khc. Nhng cc Nam ngay c trong phn phn loi ti sn, do n khng c tc dng nhiu trong thc tin v an ton cho vic vay vn, thu mua thit b, thu vn, mua tr gpv.v... Thng thng, c h gii u c quy nh v th chp trong phn phn loi ti sn.

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. B T php - Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Php l, Bnh lut khoa hc mt s vn r Quc gia, H Ni, 1997. 2. Bruce Ziff, Principles of Property Law, Second Edition, Carswell, C anada, 1996. 3. Civil Code Qubec, Barron's Educationnal Series, INC, 1997. 4. E.Allan Parnswworth, An Introduction to The Legal System of The Uni ted States, Second Edition, Oceana Publications, INC, London, Rome, New York, 19 91. 5. John E.C. Brierley, Case and materials relating to civil law propert y, Mc Gill University John E.C. Brierley & Roderick A.Mac-Donald, Quebec Civil L aw: An Introduction to Quebec Private Law, Emond Montgomery Publications Limited , Toronto, Canada, 1993. 6. John G. Sprankling, Understanding Property Law, Lexis Nexis, New Yor

k, 2000. 7. Louis Bach, Droit Civil, Tome 1, 13e Edition, Sirey, 1999. 8. Li ni u ca B lut Dn s Vit Nam. 9. Ng Huy Cng, Vi nt v th chp trong B lut Dn s Vit Nam, Tp ch Nh n 97. 10. Ng Huy Cng, Khi nim v ti sn, chc nng ca lut ti sn hin i v B lu chuyn , 1997. 11. Ng Huy Cng, Phn loi ti sn, Tp ch Nghin cu Lp php, s 2, 1999. 12. Nguyn Ngc in, Nghin cu v ti sn trong lut dn s Vit Nam, NXB Tr Thnh 13. Robert W. Emerson & John W. Hardwick, Business Law, Barron's Education nal Series, INC,1997. 14. Tp ch Dn ch v Php lut (s chuyn v B lut dn s ca nc Cng ho X chun b d n B lut Dn s. 15. Gio trnh T php Quc t, Trng i hc Lut H Ni, 1992. 16. V Vn Mu, Dn lut khi lun, 1960. 17. Xaca Vacaxum & Tori Aritdumi, Bnh lun khoa hc B lut Dn s Nht Bn, NXB Ch ia, H Ni, 1995. GENERAL OUTLINE ON PROPERTY LAW Ngo Huy Cuong, LLM Faculty of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi Private law including civil law is above all concerned with people, the ir activities and their relationships with each other or with property. Particul arly, civil law is very closely connected with every day human life and rarely a ltered following political trends and based on notions derived from Roman law. V ietnamese civil law is not stable for not basing on those. The article analyses Civil Code of Vietnam with some shortcoming in comparison with some civil law or property law of some countries. It is emphasized in the article that real right s are properties and form the traditional scope of property law. Notion of prope rty, doctrines of property law, functions of modern property law, real rights an d classification of property are main contents the author mentions in this artic le.