Promoting Renewable Energy :

Global Technology Cooperation, Innovation and Investment

1st Worl d Renewabl e
E n e r g y T e c h n o l o g y
Congress and Expo held at
Hotel LeMeridien New Delhi
from 18th to 20th March
2010 was a grand success.
The congress was attended
by 410 nati onal and
international delegates
f r o m 3 0 c o u n t r i e s .
st rd
21 - 23 Le Meridien New Delhi April 2011,
Organised by
FOCUS ON THE
FUTURE
RAGA
Supported by
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Government of India
World Re-EnergyTech-2011 Secretariat
F1-F2, Pankaj Grand Plaza, CSC Complex, Mayur Vihar - I, Delhi - 110091, India Tel: +91 11 24538318. Fax: +91 11 43019379
Dr. Anil K Garg, President - World Renewable Energy Technology Congress & Expo-2011
Cell : +91 9971500028 / 9999071071 / 9910135500 E-mail : dranilgarg2010@gmail.com, dranilgarg@wretc.in
Punit Singh : +91 9213901510 E-mail: punit.nagi@wretc.in
st rd
21 - 23
April, 2011
Le Meridien
New Delhi
India
www.wretc.in
from the editors desk
Chief Patron
Dr Farooq Abdullah
Minister for New and Renewable Energy,
New Delhi
Patron
Deepak Gupta
Secretary, MNRE, New Delhi
Editor
Arun K Tripathi
MNRE, New Delhi
Editorial Board
N P Singh, Chairman
Bibek Bandyopadhyay
Praveen Saxena
B Bhargava
D K Khare
Parveen Dhamija
B S Negi
D Majumdar
R K Vimal
Production team
Madhu Singh Sirohi, Suparna Mukherji,
R Ajith Kumar, R K Joshi, and T Radhakrishnan,
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N Ghatak, MNRE, New Delhi
Editorial office
Arun K Tripathi
Editor, Akshay Urja
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New Delhi 110 003
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Disclaimer
The views expressed by authors including those of
the editor in this newsletter are not necessarily the
views of the MNRE.
Volume 3 Issue 4 P February 2010
Published, printed, and edited for and on behalf of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India, from B-14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, by Dr Arun Kumar
Tripathi. Printed at M/s Brijbasi Art Press Ltd, E46/11, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New
Delhi 110 020, India
Dear Reader,
The NAPCC (National Action Plan on Climate Change),
launched on 30 June 2008, in India points out, India
is a tropical country, where sunshine is available for
longer hours per day and with greater intensity. Solar
energy, therefore, has great potential as the future
energy source. It also has the advantage of permitting the decentralized
distribution of energy, thereby empowering people at the grassroots level.
While launching the NAPCC, Dr Manmohan Singh, Honble Prime Minister
of India, mentioned, Our vision is to make Indias economic development
energy efcient. Over a period of time, we must pioneer a graduated shift
from economic activity based on fossil fuels to one based on non-fossil fuels,
and from reliance on non-renewable and depleting sources of energy to
renewable sources of energy. This indicates the interest and commitment
of the Government of India to bring renewable energy in the mainstream of
the countrys energy supply chain.
The JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission), one of the eight
missions under the NAPCC, has an ambitious target of installing 20 000 MW
of grid-interactive solar power, 2000 MW of-grid solar applications, and
20 million sq m of solar collector area for thermal applications by 2022.
The JNNSM, launched in November 2009, is gradually taking shape. This will
create a huge market for solar energy in the country, and the whole world
is looking forward to this opportunity. The task is gigantic and challenging.
This will also help to mitigate the increasing gap between demand and
supply of energy, particularly in the case of electricity in the country.
This should be seen as a great opportunity and all stakeholders should
come forward and join hands to convert this into a reality.
The villages which are beyond the reach of power grids can meet their
electricity needs through distributed generation of solar power plants.
The JNNSM with its target of of-grid solar applications can address this issue.
However, the role of corporate houses, non-government organizations,
private entrepreneurs, and ESCOs (Energy Service Companies) is crucial for
setting up such power plants in remote villages that follow a sustainable
business model.
Our endeavour is to keep you abreast with every step of the JNNSM, and
in this issue, a detailed insight about the JNNSM has been presented. In this
context, this issue of the magazine is dedicated to solar energy. I hope you
will fnd it interesting, useful, and informative. Please do send your reaction,
suggestion, and contribution to make Akshay Urja a meaningful and useful
magazine for one and all.
With best wishes
ARUN K TRIPATHI
<aktripathi@nic.in>
A bi-monthly newsletter of the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India
(Published in English and Hindi)
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
2 FEBRUARY 2010
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Since the last three years, my child
has been giving me his environmental
studies book to read out to him. I
realized then that India, as a developing
nation, has to balance our eco system.
So now I am trying to open a small
business of solar products, which would
somewhat, if not fully, reduce the load
on electricity generated by polluted
means. I would be marketing as well as
spreading awareness about solar energy
and other energy saving products.
Last week, I chanced upon Akshay
Urja, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energys bimonthly magazine, and I am
thoroughly impressed and humbled
by the enormous amount of useful
information in it, which can be used as
a guiding tool for people like us.
Krishna M Pamidi
83, of. C H Street,
Near Marine Lines fyover,
Mumbai400 002
You have been kind enough to send
a complimentary copy of Akshay Urja
Volume 3 Issue 1 August 2009 issue
for the use of our studious students,
brilliant faculty, tireless researchers, and
dedicated professionals in the pursuit of
their curriculum and research activities.
Since your bi-monthly newsletter is
very useful and relevant to our clientele,
kindly continue its supply to us by
including our name in your mailing list.
In case some issues of volume 2 are still
available, please mail them to us.
Pravin Naidu
75, Kalpataru Housing Society,
Om Nagar, Kalmana Road, near new
water tank,
Ranala (G P), Kamptee, Dist.
Nagpur441002
I have been working as the Director
and Chief Executive Ofcer of
Dear Reader,
Thank you very much for your
encouragement. The editorial
team of Akshay Urja will make
every efort to make this newsletter
highly informative and useful to
all our readers. We welcome your
suggestions and valuable comments
to make further improvement in
terms of content and presentation.
Editor
Akshay Urja
TREDA (Tripura Renewable Energy
Development Agency) for more than
three years. And I am deeply impressed
by the publications of MNREs (Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy)
newsletter Akshay Urja, under the
leadership of Dr A K Tripathi, Director,
MNRE. The editorial written by
Dr Tripathi in the last issue has given
me deep thoughts which are valuable.
I have developed a keen interest in
the diferent programmes of the MNRE on
NCES (non-conventional energy sources)
and up-to-date achievements, future
programmes, and so on. In fact, I want to
be associated with the development of
renewable energy sources in India and
abroad, even when I shall not be working
in TREDA in the future.
Subhash Chowdhury
Director and CEO, TREDA
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I am a professor of Mechanical
Engineering in AVIT (Aarupadai Veedu
Institute of Technology). I have gone
through your newsletter, Akshay
Urja, and found it interesting and
informative. The reading of this news
bulletin is very much necessary for the
engineering student community. The
faculty and students enhance their
knowledge by reading Akshay Urja.
Prof. K V Krishna Sastry
Professor and Head of Department,
Mechanical Engineering Department,
AVIT, Vinayaka Missions University,
Chennai
Indian Railways Institute of Electrical
Engineering is a centralized training
institute under the Ministry of Railways,
Government of India, which imparts
training to the electrical department
ofcers of the Indian Railways.
Your esteemed publication titled
Akshay Urja is being received regularly.
The readers/members of this institute
have got immense beneft out of the
articles published in the magazine. It
is very useful for project work, research
study, and provides latest technical
know-how and information on current
afairs related to various aspects. It
is preserved carefully in our library
for future use as reference to be used
by the trainee ofcers of the Indian
Railways and others.
P K Badhyopadhyay
Librarian/Assistant Librarian and
Information Officer, Indian Railways
Institute of Electrical Engineering
Nasik Road, Maharashtra422101
GREEN INITIATIVES
Installation of biomass gasifier
in Village Sondra, Siltara, Raipur,
by Arpee Ispat Pvt. Ltd . . . 37
Raj Bhavan Kolkata goes
green . . . 38
Volume 3 Issue 4 P February 2010 contents
I nt er nat i onal
IBMs kesterite solar cell beats
efciency record . . . 9
US renewable energy industries
say long-term growth reliant on
government action . . . 9
US geothermal energy capacity
increased 6% in 2009 . . . 9
More needed to promote renewable
energy in Jordan ... 10
Ofshore wind farm sites set out in
Scotland . . . 11
RE NE WS
Nat i onal
India and Japan to jointly
develop Solar City . . . 4
NTPC to foray into solar power
projects ... 4
CLP Power to invest $800
million in renewable energy by
December 2010 . . . 4
Minister urges researchers to
come up with cheaper means to
store solar energy . . . 5
RE TECH UPDATE
Glitter-sized solar PV may revolutionize the
way solar energy is collected and used ... 14
FEATURE ARTICLE
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission: towards building solar
India ... 15
Solar Energy Conclave ...23
Delhi International Renewable Energy
Conference 2010 ... 28
Energy forever: IREDAs solar
fnancing schemes ... 30
Quantum structured photovoltaic cell:
design and advancements ... 33
1
4
2
3
2
8
3
3
1
5
3
7
RE EVENTS
IndiaIceland Workshop on
Renewable Energy ... 39
Third World Future Energy
Summit at Abu Dhabi ... 39
The frst national conference
on GRIHA ... 40
Tenth DSDS ... 41
Workshop on energy-efcient
solar/green buildings ... 41
Indo-Australian Solar Energy
Workshop at Amity University
Campus, Noida ... 42
CHILDRENS CORNER . . . 44
BOOK REVIEW . . . 45
BOOK / WEB ALERT . . . 46
FORTHCOMING EVENTS . . . 47
RE STATISTICS . . . 48
RE News
India and Japan to jointly
develop Solar City
A
Japanese delegation led by
Kazuhiro Haraguchi, Minister for
Internal Afairs and Communications,
Japan, recently met Dr Farooq Abdullah,
Union Minister for New and Renewable
Energy, India. The meeting discussed
the various aspects of cooperation
between the two countries in the feld
of renewable energy. The two sides
decided to jointly develop one city in
India as solar city.
The Solar City project aims to reduce
a minimum of 10% of its projected
demand of conventional energy at
the end of fve years through energy
efciency measures and generation
from renewable energy installations.
The Indian government has, so far,
given in-principle approval to 34 cities
in the country to be developed as
Solar Cities.
Japan wants to promote Midori
no Bunken, which aims at changing
centralized society to community-
based society so as to enhance
self-sufciency within a region through
maximizing natural resources (forest,
sea, food) and energy, with emphasis
on not relying on electricity generated
by others. It focuses on renewable
energy like solar, wind, micro-hydel,
and biomass energy. The two sides
also agreed to strengthen cooperation
in Research and Development
for promoting renewable energy.
As part of the exchange programme,
a 10-member delegation from India
will participate in the Japan-India
New and Renewable Energy Seminar
in Tokyo later this month. The
delegation will include representatives
from the central government, state
governments, and nodal agencies.
MNRE
NTPC to foray into solar power
projects
T
he NTPC (National Thermal Power
Corporation) is set to enter the solar
power generation feld in a big way with
a plan to develop four grid-connected
solar thermal power projects. The
total capacity of all the four proposed
projects is 320 MW (megawatt). Two
of the projects were coming up in
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The one in
Uttar Pradesh, with a capacity of 25 MW,
would be the biggest ever solar project
in the country. WISE (World Institute
of Sustainable Energy), a non-proft
organization, is preparing a feasibility
report for one of the four projects for
the NTPC.
Meanwhile, the state government is
likely to hold a meeting with renewable
energy project developers in the wake
of the dissatisfaction expressed by the
developers over some of the clauses
in the recently brought out renewable
energy policy.
The developers have opposed the
mandatory clause for providing
5% equity in the projects to farmers
who will lose their land to projects,
though farmers leaders and social
science experts have welcomed
the equity provision as a move that
would provide some kind of regular
income to farmers. The developers are
also opposed to the provision which
stipulates the hand over of the project
to the government after a period of 30
years and the high fee being charged
for granting the various clearances.
THE HINDU
CLP Power to invest $800
million in renewable energy by
December 2010
C
LP Power India Pvt Ltd, a Hong
Kong-based CLP Group company,
will invest $800 million to augment
its power generation capacity from
renewable resources to 650 MW by the
end of this year.
Out of the total target, 346 MW is
under construction, while 104 MW is
operational. The company has also
identifed locations for building the
remaining capacity.
We hope to take this capacity to
650 MW by the end of this year, said
Mahesh Makhija, CLP Power India
Vice-President Renewables, adding
that the company would pump in
$800 million for the same.
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
4 FEBRUARY 2010
national news
CLP
Power has
identifed locations
in Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu for setting
up these renewable energy projects. The
projects would be funded through a debt
and equity ratio of 70:30. The company is
in talks with various banks and fnancial
institutions for loans and with various
international companies for sourcing
equipment for the power projects.
We are talking with two German
companies for buying equipment for
200 MW capacity, he said. Out of the
650 MW, equipment for 350 MW have
been sourced from Germany-based
Enercon, and another 100 MW from the
Danish company Vestas.
Apart from the companys
renewable energy portfolio, it is also
developing a two 660 MW thermal
power project at Jhajjar in Haryana
at an investment of Rs 60000 million.
The frst unit of this project would be
commissioned by the end of 2011.
BUSINESS STANDARD
Minister urges researchers to
come up with cheaper means to
store solar energy
D
r Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister
for New and Renewable Energy,
has called for research targetted at
reducing the cost of storing solar energy
in the context of the JNNSM (Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Mission), which
aims to generate an installed capacity
of 20 000 MW of solar energy by 2022.
Inaugurating the CO
2
(carbon
dioxide) Research and Green
Technologies Centre and the Rajeswari
Towers (Staf Quarters-II) at the VIT
(Vellore Institute of Technology)
University recently, Dr Abdullah
said that under the JNNSM,
in the next three years, the
Government of India hopes to add
1300 MW of solar energy, of which
1100 MW would be grid-connected
and 200 MW would be utilized for
providing electricity to villages which
have not seen any electricity so far.
Here comes the problem of storage
of energy. Today, we store energy
in batteries, using distilled water.
But there are a number of villages in
Jammu and Kashmir which are at a
height of 80009000 feet above the sea
level where they do not have distilled
water. They have to use the available
water in the canals and streams, as a
result of which the batteries would
stop functioning. Batteries that do not
use water are expensive, and therefore,
we have to reduce the prices of such
batteries, he said.
Dr Abdullah said that till date,
there was no answer to the question
of fnding an inexpensive means
of storing energy. Under these
circumstances, institutions such as VIT
University should undertake research
to fnd out ways of storing energy at the
right voltage.
The MNRE (Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy) would provide all
the help to the institute in undertaking
such research. He has told the windmill
manufacturers to produce windmills
which could be easily transported to
hilly areas. He also called for research
on the production of power from
the abundant kitchen wastes in the
country. He would hold a meeting with
architects in Chennai to discuss with
them the ways of constructing energy-
efcient buildings.
Referring to the proposal of the
Government of India to install micro-
hydel projects in the villages, especially
those which did not have electricity,
the minister stressed the need for using
cheaper technology. The products
must be good and cheap. Unless you
produce cheaper products, they cannot
be used by ordinary people, he said.
THE HINDU
No-pollution three wheelers
unveiled in New Delhi
W
ith the recent unveiling of eco-
friendly three wheelers powered
by non-polluting hydrogen, India
will soon have no pollution vehicles
running on its roads.
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union
Minister of New and Renewable
Energy, drove a hydrogen-run trial-
based auto, ushering in an era where
vehicles running on the road with the
renewable and non-polluting fuel will
be a common sight. The vehicles were
showcased on the sidelines of the frst
day of the three-day World Hydrogen
Technologies Convention.
These three wheelers, powered by
hydrogen fuel, will run at the speed
of 5070 km per hour and can ply in
sub-zero temperature up to 30
o
C. A
vehicle that runs on fossil fuel can be
changed into a hydrogen one by simply
installing hydrogen conversion kits.
5
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
national news
About 20 scientists and engineers
worked for seven years to develop
these vehicles. Today, we are working
at experimental and research levels as
the prices are high. World over, research
is going on how to reduce the cost of
production of hydrogen, yet reduce
the carbon footprint of production of
hydrogen. I am very sure that the cost
will become comparable in the next 5 to
10 years, said Anand Kumar, Director,
Research and Development, Indian Oil
Corporation. He added that to make
hydrogen fuel easily available and
afordable for commercial purposes,
the government should subsidize it.
India hopes that one million
hydrogen-fuelled vehicles, mostly two
and three wheelers, will ply on the
road by 2020. The three wheelers have
been developed by automobile makers
Sonalika Group, in cooperation with
the Banaras Hindu University.
WWW.THAINDIAN.COM
Nasheed: India can provide the
lead in using renewable energy
I
ndia has the intellectual capacity,
strength, and ability to fuel the next
industrial revolution, said Maldives
President Mohamed Nasheed at the
recent edition of the Partnership
Summit, organized by the CII
BHEL to focus on transmission
equipment, renewable energy
W
ith competition intensifying in
the power generation equipment
business, BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals
Ltd) is planning to step up focus on
other areas of operations, including
the transportation sector, transmission
equipment, and renewable energy.
The state-owned frm is planning to
form SPVs (special purpose vehicles) for
increasing the focus on some of these
businesses, company ofcials said.
A bevy of competitors has begun
to enter into the high-end power
equipment business, including the
L&T-Mitsubishi Heavy Electric combine,
Bharat Forge-Alstom, Toshiba-JSW,
Italian frm Ansaldo, and a host of
Chinese frms.
Despite the increasing competition
in its mainstay power equipment
business, BHEL expects to revise
upwards its Rs 45 000-crore turnover
target for 2011/12, backed by
an increasing thrust on its other
business areas.
BHEL is already working on plans
to invest close to Rs 2000 crore to set
up a 250 MW solar PV (photovoltaic)
production facility for processing silicon
wafers, solar cells, and PV modules. The
facility will be set up in a joint venture
with Bharat Electronics Ltd. It is also in
(Confederation of Indian Industry). He
called for partnership among Asian
countries to take on global challenges,
and said that India could provide the
lead in using renewable energy to
combat climate change.
We did not advance out
of the Stone Age because we
ran out of stones, he quipped.
The world could not assume
that there was still a future
with fossil fuels. We believe
in business over bureaucracy.
The governments rightful
place in the globalized
world was in regulation,
environment protection, and
provision of social security
nets, he added.
THE HINDU
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
6 FEBRUARY 2010
national news
the process of tying up technology for
high-end wind turbine sets.
WWW.THEHINDUBUSINESSLINE.COM
Siemens to invest $346 million
in Indias renewable sector
I
n order to expand its presence in
the country, Siemens plans to invest
$346 million in Indias renewable sector
over the next three years. About a
third of the new investment would be
directed towards the development
of wind turbine technology with an
expected product launch by 2012.
Some of the money will go towards
solar development as well. We are
taking advantage of the Indian growth
opportunity and adding specifcally
tailored products. These are in addition
to our high-end technology global
portfolio, said Peter Loscher, Chief
Executive Ofcer of Siemens.
WWW.SILICONINDIA.COM
Airvoice plans 13GW renewable
energy project in India
M
obile phone and commodity
export frm Airvoice Group has
joined hands with Satluj Jal Vidyut
Nigam to build 13GW (gigawatt) of
solar and wind capacity in India. The
companies plan to invest $50 billion
over a period of 10 years, claiming it to
be the largest single renewable energy
project in the world.
The majority of the capacity
planned 10GW will be generated
through photovoltaic installations,
and the remainder through wind
farms. Sanjay Kapoor, Chairman and
Managing Director of Airvoice Group,
told the Hindustan Times that his
company had identifed 12 potential
sites for the solar installations and four
districts in Karnataka.
The frst phase 100MW of solar
and 200MW of wind capacity is
expected to be commissioned in the
next 36 months. Tendering for the
1.5MW wind turbines is to begin shortly
and the company is already in talks
with Eurowinds and Suzlon. Satluj Jal
Vidyut Nigam has 48% equity in the
new company.
WWW.SILICONINDIA.COM
Indian PV market to reach
2575MW by 2015
A
nalysis from Frost and Sullivans
India Solar Photovoltaic Market
fnds that the aggregate module
production capacity in the Indian
market was 972MW in 2008 and
estimates this to reach 2575MW
in 2015.
The Indian solar PV (photovoltaic)
market has come of age in the last
two to three years, with the market
growing from a ten-member sector
to a well-organized market with more
than 30 world-class PV module and
cell suppliers. The aggregate module
production capacity rose from less than
60MW in 2005 to more than 1000MW
in 2009, setting India up as a possible
major manufacturing hub for the global
solar PV market.
The market can look forward to
large-scale private investments across
the PV value chain, especially in the
production of polysilicon feedstock,
silicon wafers, PV modules and cells, as
well as balance of system components.
Successive reforms in the power
sector and a plethora of policies
initiated at the central and state levels
to control greenhouse gas emissions
and promote renewable energy has
restored investor interest in the solar
power industry, says Frost and Sullivan
industry analyst Hemanth Nayak.
Several private frms are expected
to make large investments to avail
fnancial incentives and leverage the
cost advantages of solar PV production
in India.
The Indian solar PV market is likely
to grow in terms of PV modules and cell
exports to various developed nations
in the world, notes Nayak. In fact, up
to 75% of the total module production
in India is anticipated to fnd its way to
diferent solar markets in the European
Union in the next two to three years.
Investors in solar power stand to
gain greatly from the implementation
of a renewable energy credit trading
system, since it could signifcantly
augment the chances of the
development of solar farms, which are
currently dependent on government
subsidies. Participants can be hopeful
7
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
national news
about the future, as the solar PV
market has already achieved global
standards. In terms of quality, the
PV modules and cells manufactured
in India are considered at par with
those manufactured in the developed
nations. India, with its advantages of
lower labour costs, ofers domestic
PV suppliers opportunities to
manufacture economical, yet high
quality modules and cells, enabling
them to gain an edge in the world
market, observes Nayak.
WWW.EETINDIA.CO.IN
Three new facilities initiated at
Solar Energy Centre
U
nder a new initiative of academia
industrygovernment partnership,
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union minister of
New and Renewable Energy, recently
laid the foundation stone for three
more technical facilities in the R&D
(Research and Development) campus
of the Solar Energy Centre. Speaking on
the occasion, Dr Abdullah emphasized
the need for such intense indigenous
research and development in the area
to establish India as a global leader in
solar energy.
The initiated facilities include the
Solar Thermal Testing, Research, and
Simulation facility being developed
by a consortium led by the IIT (Indian
Institute of Technology) Bombay.
The facility would have
a grid-connected solar
thermal power plant of
1 MW capacity. This will
also include a test setup
to enable companies
and research institutions
to test the performance
of diferent solar
concentrator options,
coatings and materials,
components, and systems
for a solar thermal power
plant. In addition, the IIT Bombay-led
consortium is also developing a solar
power plant simulator to simulate
the performance of the actual solar
thermal plant through component
and system models based on
appropriate mathematical equations.
The consortium members of this
unique facility include Tata Power,
Tata Consulting Engineers, Larsen and
Toubro, Clique, KIE Solatherm, and the
Solar Energy Centre.
The second facility is a pilot project
based on an indigenously developed
solar concentrator technology that
promises delivering low cost thermal
energy. Megawatt Solutions, a Chennai-
based company, has partnered with the
Solar Energy Centre to demonstrate
technical and commercial viability of
the technology that can harness solar
energy through the
thermal route for various
applications like industrial
process heating, air-
conditioning, and power
generation.
The consortiums in
both these pilot projects
for development of solar
thermal energy represent
a new model for academia,
industry, and government
partnership for techno-
logy development and
research. Reliable and
cost-efective PV (photovoltaic)
modules and robust engineering of
a PV system are extremely important
for the widespread utilization of solar
PV technology.
Dr Abdullah also laid the foundation
stone of a 20 kW solar PV power
plant for validation of various design
confgurations. The confgurations of
the plant have been designed by the
Centre and are being installed by Solar
Semiconductor Private Ltd with power-
conditioning units supplied by Optimal
Power Synergy India. The PV module
reliability R&D facility of the Centre has
recently been expanded and enhanced
through a cooperative research
project with the National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, Japan. The facility works
on long-term performance evaluation
of diferent technology PV modules to
determine module life times, expected
degradation or failure rates, through
testing under actual feld conditions.
Shri Deepak Gupta, Secretary, Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy,
stated that the eforts of the Solar
Energy Centre are well in line with the
objectives of the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission that envisages
setting up Centres of Excellence in the
country for solar energy research.
MNRE
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
8 FEBRUARY 2010
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy,
during the foundation stone laying ceremony for new technical
facilities at the Solar Energy Centre.
international news
IBMs kesterite solar cell beats
efficiency record
I
BM Research demonstrated kesterite
solar cell with 9.6% efciency, beating
the previous efciency record of
6.8% for similar structures. This brings
kesterite closer to the efciency of
established solar cell formulations.
abundant elements such as zinc and
tin, IBM aims to lower the BOM cost for
solar cells and enable mass production
of kesterite PV devices, which are
based on copper, tin, zinc, sulphur,
and selenium.
To move from indium to tin and
zinc, however, IBM had to invent a
new deposition technique since zinc
does not mix well into solutions.
The new method reduces the zinc to
nanoparticles that can be dispersed
in a solution with the copper and tin,
then spin-coated and heat-treated
in the presence of sulphur or
selenium vapour.
Last year, a Japanese research
group at Nagaoka National College
of Technology used a kesterite-based
formulation to achieve thin-flm cell
that exhibited 6.8% efciency. IBM says
it was able to improve that by 40%.
IBM plans to optimize the
architecture further, in hopes of raising
its efciency above 11% in order to
beat both CIGS and CdTe formulations.
The team will also experiment with
alternative to spin coating, such as dip
coating, spray coating and slit casting.
WWW.EETINDIA.CO.IN
US renewable energy industries
say long-term growth reliant on
government action
T
hanks to the stimulus package, US
(United States) geothermal and
solar industries achieved record growth
in 2009. However, both industries say
long-term growth relies on more clean
energy public policy being passed.
Money from the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act will continue
to fow into alternative energy
sectors in 2010. Nevertheless, trade
associations such as the Geothermal
Energy Association and the Solar
Energy Industries Association say that
there are particular actions that the
government needs to take in order to
continue to develop a green economy,
ranging from the faster processing of
project applications to the passing of a
renewable energy standard and a clean
energy bill.
WWW.ENERGYBOOM.COM
US geothermal energy capacity
increased 6% in 2009
D
espite the recession, the US
geothermal energy capacity
expanded by a robust 6% in 2009,
due to six new geothermal plants
which came online, adding 176.68 MW
(megawatt) of capacity.
Three projects came into service in
Nevada, with one apiece in California,
Oregon, and Utah. According to the
GEA (Geothermal Energy Association),
the total online capacity in the US
reached 3152.72 MW, as of August
2009. Geothermal also added 750
full-time jobs and 2827 construction-
related jobs, thanks to the $800 million
investment in the technology.
Thin-flm solar cells hold the promise of
low-cost, renewable energy source that
could make fossil fuels obsolete. But so
far, the cells reliance on rare elements
and expensive vacuum deposition
manufacturing has impeded their
progress. IBM Research has proposed
solutions to both stumbling blocks
by demonstrating a kesterite PV
(photovoltaic) cell that uses common,
abundant elements and is produced
using an inexpensive nanoparticle- and
spin-coat-based printing technique.
Enough sunlight falls on the Earth
in one hour to power the whole planet
for a year, but solar cells currently
contribute less than a tenth of a per
cent to our electricity supply, mostly
because of their high cost and the short
supply of key elements, said David
Mitzi, IBM researcher and manager of
PV science and technology. We want
to lower the manufacturing cost and
increase the supply of the elements
needed for thin-flm PV devices.
Today, thin-flm solar cells are
based on chalcogenides, such as CIGS
(copper-indium-gallium-selenium)
and CdTe (cadmium telluride). Indium
and tellurium are rare elements, and
the former is already in short supply
because it is used to make transparent
transistors. By substituting more-
9
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
10 FEBRUARY 2010
international news
Currently, 144 new geothermal
plants are under development.
The accelerating growth of geothermal
projects could bring the nation
7000 MW of new baseload geothermal
power in the next few years, raising
the prospects of 10 GW of geothermal
power in the coming years. At that
level, geothermal power will satisfy the
needs of over 10 million people and
still have tremendous growth potential.
New technology advances will continue
to expand the recognized power
potential of geothermal resources.
The DOE (Department of Energy)
ofcially recognizes a near-term
potential of at least 20 GW, or 5% of
US power needs, with longer-term
possibilities well over 100 GW. And
the number of states with geothermal
power will reach double digits in 2010.
The stunning progress of the
geothermal industry this year has been
propelled by state and federal policies.
The two largest geothermal producers,
California and Nevada, each raised
their renewable standardsCalifornia
to 33% by 2020 and Nevada to 25% by
2025. Utilities in those states are looking
at geothermal energy to fll these needs.
In addition, the DOEs loan
programme for innovative technologies
to geothermal technology and the loan
guarantee programme for renewable
projects using commercial technology;
the sale of land by the Bureau of
Land Management which resulted
in the sale of 255 355 acres of land
and total revenue of approximately
$9 million; the allocation of
$338 million in Recovery Act funding
for the exploration and development of
new geothermal felds and research into
advanced geothermal technologies;
and so on contributed to the growth
of geothermal. The US also took major
steps towards advanced geothermal
technology through investment in EGS
(Enhanced Geothermal Systems).
WWW.ENERGYBOOM.COM
More needed to promote
renewable energy in Jordan
D
espite progress with the recently
endorsed Renewable Energy Law,
more needs to be done to encourage
green energy projects at the local level
in Jordan, experts announced recently.
In the fnal recommendations of
the National Dialogue on Renewable
Energy, participants called for
incentives in the temporary legislation
to be expanded to include small
businesses, public facilities, and
individuals. They issued various
recommendations to ensure that
Jordan achieves the national energy
strategys goal of 10% of its energy mix
coming from renewable sources within
the next decade.
As part of the recommendations,
President of the JRES (Jordan
Renewable Energy Society) HRH Prince
Asem Ben Nayef stressed that the
private sector should not wait for large
projects to begin investing in the sector.
Experts also called for a programme to
certify Jordanian companies that have
international news
experience in the sector to ensure that
international companies are aware of
the available local subcontractors and
encourage the use of local frms and
materials. As part of the qualifcation
process, incentives granted in the
law would be restricted to companies
that have a minimum of fve years
experience in the renewable energy
feld and have produced facilities with
at least 10 megawatts capacity.
Among the recommendations,
experts called for authorities to launch
an awareness campaign to promote
the laws incentives for investors in the
sector, develop specialized university
courses on renewable energy based
on the British model, and produce a
special programme to organize various
companies working in the industry. They
also recommended the development
of the capacities of companies working
in the sector, issuing a green building
code in order to improve thermal
insulation, encouraging the adoption
of energy-saving and renewable energy
technology, and establishing a green
bank in Jordan.
Under the Renewable Energy Law,
the National Electric Power Company
will be obligated to purchase any and
all electricity produced by renewable
energy power plants and cover the
cost of connecting renewable energy
projects to the national grid. The law
also sets guidelines for net metering,
allowing citizens with solar power or
wind turbines to sell electricity back to
their electricity provider.
WWW.ZAWYA.COM
Offshore wind farm sites set out
in Scotland
P
lans to build 10 wind farms of the
coast of Scotland moved a step
forward after the Crown Estate gave
companies the green light to explore
the sites.
Scottish Power and E.ON are among the
nine frms to be awarded exclusivity
agreements for locations, which
include the Solway Firth and Wigtown
Bay. This will allow developers to begin
surveying the sites, while a government
environmental assessment is
conducted. The wind farms have the
potential to generate 6GW (gigawatt) of
power if approved.
Rob Hastings, Director of the Marine
Estate at the Crown Estate, said that the
deals were good news for Scotland. He
added, We very much look forward to
working with the companies on the
development of these sites and the
realization of the enormous potential
that these sites have to ofer.
Jason Ormiston, chief executive
of Scottish Renewables, said, Today
heralds an exciting phase in the
progress of the renewable energy
industry in Scotland. The combined
capacity of these projects will make
a massive contribution to Scotlands
eforts in tacking climate change,
helping to deliver reliable and
afordable supplies of electricity to
consumers and, very importantly, the
Scottish economy.First Minister Alex
Salmond said that the windfarms would
boost the governments green energy
ambitions. He said, Scotland has a
fantastic competitive advantage in
developing ofshore renewableswith
up to 25% of Europes ofshore wind,
wave, and tidal energy potential, and a
world-class scientifc capacity and skills
base. The Scottish government has
set targets to meet 50% of electricity
demand from renewables by 2020.
BBC
USTDA to promote renewable
energy in MENA
I
n a bid to improve the energy
scenario in MENA (Middle East and
North African) region, the USTDA
(United States Trade and Development
Agency) has decided to sponsor
MENA Power2010 in Egypt during
2426 May 2010.
The forum will take place with a
view to highlight the US presidents
commitment of supporting growth
in the MENA by deploying new
and innovative renewable energy
technologies. It is slated to match
policymakers and project sponsors from
Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon,
Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, the
West Bank, and Yemen with US-based
technology and fnancing options to
help meet the regions growing energy
needs. It will promote long-term
strategic and commercial relationships
between the Middle East, North Africa,
and the US power industry.
We look forward to bringing
together key power sector stakeholders
and technology providers from
the region and the US to facilitate
ongoing collaboration, said Leocadia
I Zak, USTDAs Acting Director. While
these opportunities are good for the
environment, they also create jobs
and spur growth and development,
said Zak.
11
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
international news
The two-and-a-half-day conference
agenda will focus on sector development,
policy issues, and fnancing options,
as well as project opportunities in
areas such as gas-fred combined
cycle, cogeneration, solar, wind, hydro,
biomass, integrated desalination/
power, rural electrifcation, transmission
and distribution upgrades, smart grid,
and regional interconnections.
WWW.COMMODITYONLINE.COM
100% renewable energy for
Australia by 2020?
A
ustralia currently has a target
of 20% of the electricity supply
to come from renewable energy
sources by 2020. Beyond Zero
Emissions, a climate change solutions
research group, recently released
details of its ZCA2020 (Zero Carbon
Australia 2020 Project). The project
is a costed, with detailed blueprint
for a transition to 100% renewable
energy in 10 years using proven,
commercialized technology.
Australia has the best solar
resource of any developed country and
considerable wind energy resources.
Baseload solar power is now a reality.
While solar electricity was previously
limited to when the sun was shining,
solar thermal systems now operate
24 hours a day, thanks to cheap energy
storage methods utilizing molten salt.
The group says that 60% of
the electricity supplied by a 100%
renewable stationary energy sector
could be provided by concentrating
solar thermal with molten salt heat
storage and 40% by wind power.
Rooftop solar power systems could
also produce electricity during sunny
periods, and hydroelectricity and
crop residual biomass would provide
back-up energy when needed.
The ZCA2020 Stationary
Energy Sector Report states that
AU$3540 billion per year investment
would be required over a 10 year
period in order for Australia to turn to
a 100% renewable stationary energy
sector. The investment required for
ZCA2020 implementation over the
10 years would be 3%3.5% of the
GDP (gross domestic product).
WWW.ENERGYMATTERS.COM.AU
Obamas biofuels boost
E
PA fnalizes rule to implement
renewable fuels standard of
36 billion gallons by 2022
Recently, US (United States)
President Barack Obama announced a
series of steps that his administration
is taking as part of its comprehensive
strategy to enhance American energy
independence, while building a
foundation for a new clean energy
economy, and its promise of new
industries and millions of jobs. At a
meeting with a bipartisan group of
governors from around the country, the
President laid out three measures that
will work in concert to boost biofuel
production and reduce our dangerous
dependence on foreign oil.
First, the EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) has fnalized a rule
to implement the long-term renewable
fuels standard of 36 billion gallons by
2022 established by Congress.
The Renewable Fuels Standard
requires biofuel production to grow
from last years 11.1 billion gallons to
36 billion gallons in 2022, with 21 billion
gallons to come from advanced biofuels.
According to the administration,
increasing the use of renewable fuels
will reduce the dependence on oil by
more than 328 million barrels a year
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
more than 138 million metric tonnes a
year when fully phased in by 2022. For
the frst time, some renewable fuels
must achieve greenhouse gas emission
reductions compared to the gasoline
and diesel fuels they displace in order
to be counted towards compliance
with volume standards.
Second, the US Department of
Agriculture has proposed a rule on
the BCAP (Biomass Crop Assistance
Program) that would provide fnancing
to increase the conversion of biomass
to bioenergy. The Presidents Biofuels
Interagency Working Group released
its frst report, Growing Americas
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
12 FEBRUARY 2010
13
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
Inviting advertisements for Akshay Urja
Akshay Urja is widely circulated to various stakeholders of renewable energy. Akshay Urja invites advertisements (in
colour) from interested organizations, manufacturers, institutions, etc. The advertisement tarifs are as follows.
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Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Block - 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003
Tel. +91 11 2436 3035 or 2436 0707 Fax +91 11 2436 3035 or 2436 1298 E-mail aktripathi@nic.in
Fuel, authored by group co-chairs,
Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack,
Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, and
EPA Administrator Lisa P Jackson. The
report lays out a strategy to advance the
development and commercialization of
a sustainable biofuels industry to meet
or exceed the nations biofuels targets.
Third, President Obama announced
a Presidential Memorandum creating
an Interagency Task Force on Carbon
Capture and Storage to develop a
comprehensive and coordinated federal
strategy to speed the development and
deployment of clean coal technologies.
The President calls for fve to
10 commercial demonstration projects
to be up and running by 2016.
WWW.CSPNET.COM
Hydrogen Highway in South
Wales to promote renewable fuel
C
onservation of non-renewable
source of energy and saving the
environment has become one of the
greatest concerns for all countries.
As per the reports, the government
of United Kingdom has made a
signifcant efort to boost the
use of alternative fuel. Peter
Hain, Welsh Secretary, recently
said that they have planned to
introduce hydrogen route in
South Wales.
According to the reports, M4
route of South Wales will start to
operate as hydrogen highway
for encouraging the news of
alternating fuel. The authorities
have planned to locate
refuelling stations in diferent
points of the highway so that
people do not have to face any
inconvenience for flling their
cars with the alternative fuel.
It has been reported that
the aim behind this efort is to
increase the use of electric- and
hydrogen-powered vehicles.
Peter Hain, after announcing
the decision to open hydrogen
highway, said that the less number of
replenishing stations has been one of
the major obstacles in the development
of renewable fuel. To overcome the
obstacles, their future aim would be to
establish a link between replenishing
points with London and Swindon. It has
also been reported that the authorities
are considering an extension till Midlands.
By 2015, the highway is expected to
have complete infrastructure for running
environment-friendly cars.
THAINDIAN
international news
S
andia National Laboratories
is a multi-programme
laboratory operated by
Sandia Corporation, a wholly
owned subsidiary of Lockheed
Martin, for the United States DOEs
(Department of Energy) National
Nuclear Security Administration.
And its scientists have developed
tiny PV (photovoltaic) cells that
may revolutionize the way solar
energy is collected and used.
The cells can turn a person into
a walking solar battery charger
if they are fastened to fexible
substrates moulded around
unusual shapes, such as clothing.
The solar particles, fabricated of
crystalline silicon, may have a variety of
applications. They are expected to be
eventually less expensive and have greater
efciencies than current PV collectors that
are pieced together with 6-inch square
solar wafers. The cells are fabricated using
MEMS (microelectronic and microelectro-
mechanical systems) techniques common
to todays electronic foundries.
Sandia lead investigator Greg Nielson
said that the research team has identifed
more than 20 benefts-of-scale for its
microphotovoltaic cells, including new
applications, improved performance,
potential for reduced costs, and higher
efciencies. Eventually, units could be
mass-produced and wrapped around
unusual shapes for building-integrated
solar tents and maybe even clothing,
he said. This would make it possible for
hunters, hikers, and military personnel
in the feld to recharge batteries for
electronic devices. In addition, such
microengineered panels could have
circuits imprinted that would help perform
other functions customarily left to large-
scale construction. According to Vipin
Gupta, Sandia feld engineer, PV modules
made from these microsized cells for the
rooftops of homes and warehouses could
have intelligent controls, inverters, and
even storage built in at the chip level.
GLITTER-SIZED SOLAR PV MAY REVOLUTIONIZE THE WAY SOLAR
ENERGY IS COLLECTED AND USED
RE tech update
may turn of entirely. Because
fexible substrates can be easily
fabricated, high-efciency PV for
ubiquitous solar power becomes
more feasible, said Okandan.
Each cell is formed on silicon
wafers, etched and then released
inexpensively in hexagonal
shapes, with electrical contacts
prefabricated on each piece,
by borrowing techniques from
integrated circuits and MEMS.
Electricity can presently be
harvested from the cells with
14.9% efciency. Of-the-shelf
commercial modules are 13%
20% efcient. A widely used
commercial tool, called a pick-
and-place machine, can place up to 130
000 pieces of glitter per hour at electrical
contact points pre-established on the
substrate. Also, the placement takes place
at cooler temperatures, which cuts down
the cost of production.
Solar concentrators low-cost,
prefabricated, optically efcient
microlens arrays can be placed directly
over each cell to increase the number
of photons arriving to be converted
into electrons. Due to the small cell size,
cheaper and more efcient short focal
length microlens arrays can be fabricated.
High-voltage output is possible directly
from the modules because of the large
number of cells in the array, reducing
the costs associated with wiring. Other
possible applications for the technology
include satellites and remote sensing.
The project combines the expertise
from Sandias Microsystems Center;
Photovoltaics and Grid Integration
Group; the Materials, Devices, and
Energy Technologies Group; and the
National Renewable Energy Labs
Concentrating Photovoltaics Group.
The work is supported by DOEs Solar
Energy Technology Program and Sandias
Laboratory Directed Research and
Development programme.
Such an integrated module could greatly
simplify the cumbersome design, bid,
permit, and grid integration process that
our solar technical assistance teams see in
the feld all the time. The manufacturing
and installation costs would also be
reduced, as microcells require relatively
little material to form well-controlled and
highly efcient devices.
From 14 to 20 micrometers thick, they
are 10 times thinner than conventional
6-inch-by-6-inch brick-sized cells, yet
perform at about the same efciency. As
per Sandia researcher Murat Okandan,
they use 100 times less silicon to generate
the same amount of electricitySince
they are much smaller and have fewer
mechanical deformations for a given
environment than the conventional cells,
they may also be more reliable over the
long term. Moreover, the cells can be
fabricated from commercial wafers of
any size. And if one cell proves defective
in manufacture, the rest still can be
harvested, while if a brick-sized unit goes
bad, the entire wafer may be unusable.
The shade tolerance of our units
to overhead obstructions is better than
conventional PV panels, said Nielson,
because portions of our units not in shade
will keep sending out electricity where
a partially shaded conventional panel
Representative thin crystalline-silicon PV cells that are
1420 micrometres thick and 0.251 millimetre across. (Image by
Murat Okandan)
SOURCE: SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
14 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
T
he NAPCC points out, India
is a tropical country, where
sunshine is available for
longer hours per day and
in great intensity. Solar
energy, therefore, has great potential
as future energy source. It also has
the advantage of permitting the
decentralized distribution of energy,
thereby empowering people at the
TOWARDS BUILDING SOLAR INDIA
J AWAHARLAL
NEHRU NATIONAL
SOLAR MISSION
grassroots level. Based on this vision, a
national solar mission is being launched
under the brand name Solar India.
The JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission) is a major
initiative of the Government of India
and state governments to promote
ecologically sustainable growth, while
addressing Indias energy security
challenge. It will also constitute a
major contribution by India to the
global efort to meet the challenges of
climate change.
OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS
The objective of the JNNSM is to
establish India as a global leader in
solar energy by creating the policy
conditions for its difusion across the
country as quickly as possible. The
Our vision is to make Indias economic development energy-efcient.
Over a period of time, we must pioneer a graduated shift from
economic activity based on fossil fuels to one based on non-fossil fuels
and from reliance on non-renewable and depleting sources of energy
to renewable sources of energy. In this strategy, the Sun occupies
the centre stage, as it should, being literally the original source of all
energy. We will pool our scientifc, technical, and managerial talents,
with sufcient fnancial resources, to develop solar energy as a source
of abundant energy to power our economy and to transform the lives
of our people. Our success in this endeavour will change the face
of India. It would also enable India to help change the destinies of
people around the world.
Dr Manmohan Singh, Honble Prime Minister of India, during the launch of Indias
NAPCC (National Action Plan on Climate Change) on 30 June 2008
15
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
16 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
Mission will adopt a 3-phase approach.
P Phase 1: the remaining period of
the Eleventh Five-year Plan and the
frst year of the Twelfth Five-year
Plan (2012/13)
P Phase 2: the remaining period of
the Twelfth Five-year Plan (201317)
P Phase 3: the Thirteenth Five-year
Plan (201722)
At the end of each plan and mid-term
during the Twelfth and Thirteenth
Plans, there will be an evaluation of
progress review of capacity and
targets for subsequent phases based
on the emerging cost and technology
trends, both domestic and global.
The immediate aim of the Mission
is to focus on setting up an enabling
environment for solar technology
penetration in the country, both
at centralized and decentralized
levels. The frst phase will focus on
capturing the low-hanging options in
solar thermal; on promoting of-grid
systems to serve populations without
access to commercial energy; and
modest capacity addition in grid-based
systems. In the second phase, capacity
will be aggressively ramped up to
create conditions for upscaled and
competitive solar energy penetration
in the country. The Mission targets:
P To create an enabling policy
framework for the deployment of
20 000 MW of solar power by 2022.
P To ramp up capacity of grid-
connected solar power generation
to 1000 MW by 2013; an additional
3000 MW by 2017 through
the mandatory use of the RPO
(renewable purchase obligation) by
utilities backed with a preferential
tarif. This capacity can be more
than doubled reaching 10 000MW
installed power by 2017 or more
based on the enhanced and
enabled international fnance and
technology transfer.
P To create favourable conditions
for solar manufacturing capability,
particularly solar thermal, for
indigenous production and market
leadership.
P To promote programmes for of-
grid applications, reaching 1000
MW by 2017 and 2000 MW by 2022.
P To achieve 15 million sq m solar
thermal collector area by 2017 and
20 million by 2022.
P To deploy 20 million solar lighting
systems for rural areas by 2022.
MISSION STRATEGY (PHASE I
AND II)
The frst phase will announce a broad
policy framework to achieve the
objectives of the JNNSM by 2022.
This will create the necessary
environment to attract industry
and project developers to invest in
research and domestic manufacturing
and development of solar power
generation, creating the critical mass
for a domestic solar industry. The
Mission will work closely with state
governments, regulators, power
utilities, and local self-government
bodies to ensure that the activities
and policy framework being laid
out can be implemented efectively.
Since some state governments have
already announced initiatives on solar,
the Mission will draw up a suitable
transition framework to enable an early
and aggressive start up.

A. Utility connected applications:
constructing the solar grid
The key driver for promoting solar
power would be through a RPO
mandated for power utilities, with a
specifc solar component. This will
drive utility-scale power generation,
whether solar PV (photovoltaic) or solar
thermal. The Solar Purchase Obligation
will be gradually increased, while the
tarif fxed for solar power purchase will
decline over time.
17
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
B. The below 80
0
C challenge
solar collectors
In its frst two phases, the Mission
will promote solar heating systems,
which are already using proven
technology and are commercially
viable. The Mission is setting an
ambitious target for ensuring that
applications, domestic, and industrial,
below 80 C are solarised. The key
strategy of the Mission will be to make
necessary policy changes to meet
this objective:
P Make solar heaters mandatory,
through building byelaws and
incorporation in the National
Building Code
P Ensure the introduction of efective
mechanisms for certifcation and
rating of manufacturers of solar
thermal applications
P Facilitate measurement and
promotion of these individual
devices through local agencies and
power utilities
P Support the upgrading of
technologies and manufacturing
capacities through soft loans to
achieve higher efciencies and
further cost reduction
C. The off-grid opportunity
lighting homes of the power-
deprived poor
A key opportunity for solar power lies in
decentralized and of-grid applications.
The Mission plans to:
P Provide solar lighting systems
under the ongoing remote village
electrifcation programme of
the MNRE (Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy) to cover about
10 000 villages and hamlets. The use
of solar lights for lighting purposes
would be promoted in settlements
without access to grid electricity,
and since most of these settlements
are remote tribal settlements,
90% subsidy is provided. For other
villages which are connected to
grid, solar lights would be promoted
through market mode by enabling
banks to ofer low cost credit.
P Set up standalone rural solar power
plants in special category states
and remote and difcult areas such
as Lakshadweep, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, and Ladakh. Border
areas would also be included.
P Encourage the promotion of
other of-grid solar applications,
including hybrid systems to meet
power, heating, and cooling
energy requirements.
The Mission would consider
up to 30% capital subsidy (which
would progressively decline over
time) for promoting such innovative
applications of solar energy and would
structure a non-distorting framework to
support entrepreneurship, up-scaling,
and innovation.
The government will provide
budgetary support for a soft refnance
facility, which would be provided
through IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency). IREDA would, in
turn, provide refnance to NBFCs (non-
banking fnancial companies) and banks,
with the condition that it is on-lend to the
consumer at rates of interest not more
than 5%. The Mission would provide an
annual tranche for the purpose, which
would be used to refnance operations
for a period of 10 years, at the end of
which, the funds shall stand transferred
to IREDA as capital and revenue grants
for on-lending to future renewable
energy projects.
D. Manufacturing capabilities:
innovate, expand, and disseminate
Transforming India into a solar energy
hub would include a leadership
role in low-cost, high quality solar
manufacturing, including balance
of system components. Proactive
implementation of SIP (Special
Incentive Package) policy, to promote
PV manufacturing plants, including
domestic manufacture of silicon
material, would be necessary.
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An incentive package, similar to SIPS,
could be considered for setting up
manufacturing plants for solar thermal
systems/devices and components. The
SME (small and medium enterprise)
sector, which forms the backbone for
manufacture of various components
and systems for solar systems, would
be supported through soft loans for
expansion of facilities, technology
upgradation, and working capital.
IREDA would provide this support
through refnance operations.
E. R&D for Solar India: creating
conditions for research and
application
A major R&D (research and
development) initiative would be taken
up to focus on:
P improving efciencies in existing
materials, devices, and applications
and reducing costs of balance
of systems, establishing new
applications by addressing
issues related to integration
and optimization
P developing cost-efective storage
technologies to address both
variability and storage constraints,
and targetting space-intensity
through the use of better
concentrators, application of
nanotechnology, and use of better
and improved materials. The
Mission will be technology neutral,
allowing technological innovation
and market conditions to determine
technology winners.

A Solar Research Council will be
set up to oversee the strategy, taking
into account the ongoing projects,
availability of research capabilities,
and resources and possibilities of
international collaboration.
An ambitious human resource
development programme will be
established to support an expanding
and large-scale solar energy
programme, both for applied and R&D
sectors. In Phase I, at least 1000 young
scientists and engineers would be
incentivized to get trained on diferent
solar energy technologies as a part of
the Missions long-term R&D and HRD
(human resource development) plans.
Pilot demonstration projects
would be closely aligned with the
Missions R&D priorities and designed
to promote technology development
and cost reduction. The Mission,
therefore, envisages the setting up of
the following demonstration projects
in Phase I, in addition to those already
initiated by MNRE and those, which
may be set up by corporate investors:
1. 50100 MW solar thermal plant
with 46 hours storage (which can
meet both morning and evening
peak loads and double plant load
factor up to 40%).
2. A 100-MW-capacity parabolic
trough technology-based solar
thermal plant.
3. A 100150 MW solar hybrid plant
with coal, gas, or biomass to address
variability and space constraints.
4. 2050 MW solar plants with/
without storage, based on central
receiver technology with molten
salt/steam as the working fuid and
other emerging technologies.
5. Grid-connected rooftop PV systems
on selected government buildings
and installations, with net metering.
6. Solar-based space-cooling and
refrigeration systems to meet
daytime and summer season peak
load. These could be installed on
selected government buildings
and installations.
PROPOSED ROADMAP
The aspiration is to ensure large-
scale deployment of solar-generated
power for grid-connected as well
as distributed and decentralized
of-grid provision of commercial energy
services. The deployment across the
application segments is envisaged
as follows:
POLICY AND REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
The objective of the Mission is to create
a policy and regulatory environment
which provides a predictable incentive
structure that enables rapid and
large-scale capital investment in solar
energy applications and encourages
technical innovation and lowering
of costs.
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VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
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Although in the long run, the Mission
would seek to establish a sector-
specifc legal and regulatory framework
for the development of solar power,
in the shorter time frame, it would be
necessary to embed the activities of the
Mission within the existing framework
of the Electricity Act 2003.
P Specifc amendments would
be made to the Electricity Act
2003, given the magnitude and
importance of the activities under
the JNNSM.
P The National Tarif Policy 2006
would be modifed to mandate
that the state electricity regulators
fx a percentage for purchase of
solar power. The obligation may
start with 0.25% in phase I and go
up to 3% by 2022. This could be
complemented with a solar specifc
REC (Renewable Energy Certifcate)
mechanism to allow utilities and
solar power generation companies
to buy and sell certifcates
to meet their solar power
purchase obligations.
P The guidelines for fxing feed-in-
tarif for purchasing solar power
issued by the CERC (Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission)
will be revised on an annual basis.
In order to enable the early launch
of Solar India and encourage rapid
scale up, a scheme is being introduced
in cooperation with the Ministry of
Power, the NTPC (National Thermal
Power Corporation Ltd), and the Central
Electricity Authority, which would
simplify the of-take of solar power
and minimize the fnancial burden on
the government.
Solar power will be bundled with
power out of the cheaper unallocated
quota of central stations and sold to
state distribution utilities at the CERC-
regulated price. This will bring down
the gap between the average cost
and the sale price of power. For the
purpose of bundling, power has to be
purchased by an entity and re-sold to
the state power distribution utilities.
Such function can be done only by
trading companies/Discoms, as per the
existing statutory provisions.
The NTPC has a wholly owned
subsidiary company engaged in
the business of trading of power
NVVN (NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam
Ltd). NVVN will be designated as the
nodal agency by the MoP (Ministry of
Power) for entering into a PPA (Power
Purchase Agreement) with solar power
developers to purchase solar power fed
to 33 KV and above grid, in accordance
with the tarif and PPA duration as fxed
by the CERC. The MoP shall allocate
to NVVN the equivalent megawatt
capacity from the Central unallocated
quota from the NTPC power stations,
at the rate notifed by the CERC for
bundling together with solar power.
NVVN will undertake the sale of the
bundled power to state utilities at
the rates determined as per the CERC
regulations. The above arrangement
would be subject to review by the
government in case of signifcant price
movement in the market. The above
arrangement will be limited to utility-
scale solar power generated from
a maximum anticipated capacity of
1000 MW in the frst phase. When
NVVN supplies the bundled power to
state utilities at the rates determined
as per the CERC regulations, the state
utilities will be entitled to use the solar
part of the bundled power to meet their
RPOs under the Electricity Act 2003. The
CERC may issue appropriate guidelines
in this regard. At the end of Phase I,
well-performing utilities with proven
fnancial credentials and demonstrated
willingness to absorb solar power shall
be included in the scheme, in case it is
decided to extend it into Phase II.
The requirement of phased
indigenization would be specifed while
seeking the development of solar power
projects under this scheme. The size of
each project would be determined,
and the tarif and tax regime for key
components and segments would be
suitably fne tuned.
The Mission will encourage rooftop
solar PV and other small solar power
plants, connected to LT/11 KV grid. It is
envisaged that distribution utility will
pay the tarif determined by the State
Table 1 JNNSM TARGETS
Application segment Target for Phase 1 Target for Phase 2 Target for Phase 3
(201013) (201317) (201722)
Solar collectors 7 million sq m 15 million sq m 20 million sq m
Off-grid solar 200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW
applications
Utility grid power, 10002000 MW 400010 000 MW 20 000 MW
including rooftop
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
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feature article
Electricity Regulatory Commission for
the metered electricity generated from
such applications (whether consumed
by the grid-connected owner of the
rooftop/ground-mounted installation
or fed into the grid). A normative
Generation Based Incentive will be
payable to the utility, which would be
derived as the diference between the
solar tarif determined by the CERC
for the concerned solar generation
technology less an assumed base
price of Rs 5.50/kWh with 3% annual
escalation. Funds will be disbursed
through IREDA. The distribution
utilities will be entitled to account such
electricity generated and consumed
within their license areas for the
fulfllment of RPOs. The metering and
billing arrangements between the
utility and the rooftop PV operator will
be as per the guidelines/regulations of
the appropriate commission.
State governments would also
be encouraged to promote and
establish solar generation parks with
dedicated infrastructure for setting up
utility-scale plants to ensure ease of
capacity creation.
Fiscal incentives
It is also recommended that custom
duties and excise duties concessions/
exemptions be made available on
specifc capital equipment, critical
materials, components, and project
imports.
SOLAR MANUFACTURING IN
INDIA
One of the Mission objectives is to
take a global leadership role in solar
manufacturing (across the value chain)
of leading-edge solar technologies and
target a 45 GW equivalent of installed
capacity by 2020, including the setting
up of dedicated manufacturing
capacities for poly silicon material to
annually make about 2 GW capacity
of solar cells. As there is no indigenous
capacity/capability for solar thermal
power projects currently, new facilities
will be required to manufacture
concentrator collectors, receivers,
and other components to meet the
demand for solar thermal power plants.
To achieve the installed capacity target,
the JNNSM recommends the following:
P Local demand creation: The 20 GW
plan, supported with right level
of incentives for solar generation
coupled with large government
pilot/demonstration programmes,
will make the Indian market
attractive for solar manufacturers.
P Financing and incentives: SEZ
Incentives under SIP policy to
set up integrated manufacturing
plants (i) from poly silicon
material to solar modules and
(ii) thin flm-based module
manufacturing plants. Under the
SIP scheme of the Department of
Information Technology, there
are 15 applications in the domain
of solar PV, which includes cell
manufacturing (both crystalline
and thin flm) and poly-silicon
manufacturing among others.
The combined capacity projected
by these 15 companies could
result in the production of 810
(special economic zones) like
incentives to be provided to
the manufacturing parks which
may include:
Zero import duty on capital
equipment and raw materials,
and excise duty exemption
Low interest rate loans, priority
sector lending
GW solar power by 2022, which
would be sufcient for meeting
the Mission targets even after
accounting for exports.
It is also recommended that solar
components be covered under
the Bureau of Energy Efciencys
star rating programme to ensure
high standards.
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Similar incentives will be required for
manufacturing CSP (concentrated solar
power) systems and their components.
A committee may be set up to formulate
a policy for promoting solar thermal
manufacture in the country.
P Ease of doing business: In consultation
with states, create a single window
clearance mechanism for all
related permissions.
P Infrastructure and ecosystem
enablers: Create 23 large solar
manufacturing tech parks
consisting of manufacturing units
(across the solar value chain),
housing, ofces, and research
institutes. These will have 247
power and water supplies and will
need to be located near large urban
centres, with good linkages to ports
and airports to ensure rapid access
to imported raw materials and high
quality engineering talent.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
This Mission will launch a major R&D
programme in solar energy, which
will focus on improving efciency in
existing applications, reducing costs
of Balance of Systems, testing hybrid
co-generation, and addressing
constraints of variability, space-
intensity, and lack of convenient
and cost-efective storage. The
R&D strategy would deal with fve
categoriesi) basic research with long-
term perspective for the development
of innovative and new materials,
processes, and applications; ii) applied
research aimed at improvement of the
existing processes, materials, and the
technology for enhanced performance,
durability, and cost-competitiveness
of the systems/devices; iii) technology
validation and demonstration
projects aimed at feld evaluation of
diferent confgurations, including
hybrids with conventional power
systems for obtaining feedback on the
performance, operability, and costs; iv)
development of R&D infrastructure in
PPP (public-private partnership) model;
and v) support for incubation and start
ups. To support the R&D strategy, the
Mission may include the following:
P Setting up a high-level research
council to review and update
the technology roadmap to
achieve more rapid technological
innovation and cost reduction.
It would comprise of eminent
scientists, technical experts, and
representatives from academic
and research institutions, industry,
government, and the civil society to
guide the technology development
strategy. The council may invite
eminent international experts in
the feld to support its work.
P A NCE (National Centre of
Excellence) shall be established
to implement the technology
development plan formulated by
the research council and serve as
its secretariat. It will coordinate
the work of various R&D centres,
validate research outcomes, and
serve as an apex centre for testing
and certifcation and for developing
standards and specifcations for
the solar industry. It is envisaged
that the Solar Energy Centre of the
MNRE will become part of the NCE.
P The research council, in coordination
with the NCE, inventorize existing
institutional capabilities for solar
R&D and encourage the setting
up of a network of Centres of
Excellence, each focusing on an
R&D area of its proven competence
and capability.
P The NCE will provide a national
platform for networking among
centers of excellence and research
institutions, including foreign R&D
institutions and high-tech companies.
P The NCE will serve as the funding
agency to support performance-
linked solar R&D programmes. This
will include funding, or co-funding,
of pilot demonstration projects in
areas relevant to Mission objectives.
Funding will need to be adequate,
predictable, and should typically
cover a time frame extending from
510 years.
P The NCE will be the main interface
with international research
institutions, research groups from
foreign countries, high-tech start-
up companies, and multilateral
programmes (such as those
which may emerge from current
negotiations under the United
Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change). It will
encourage joint projects between
international partners and Indian
centres of excellence, with sharing
of IPR (intellectual property right),
as also encourage the setting up
of R&D bases in India by advanced
high-tech companies from abroad.
P The NCE will coordinate with
the IMD (Indian Meteorological
Department), ISRO (Indian Space
Research Organization), and other
concerned agencies for the detailed
mapping of ground insulation,
particularly in high potential solar
regions of the country.
P In drawing up the Solar Technology
Development Plan, the research
council will review ongoing and
proposed R&D initiatives of the
MNRE, the Department of Science
and Technology, the Ministry of
Earth Sciences, and other agencies
and institutions, and incorporate
them, as appropriate, in its plan.
The Mission could tie up
with institutions like CIIE (Centre
for Innovation, Incubation, and
Entrepreneurship) based in IIM (Indian
Institute of Management) Ahmedabad
to incubate solar energy start-ups
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feature article
and SMEs in India through mentoring,
networking, and fnancial support.
A fund could be established to aim
at supporting at least 50 start-ups
developing and deploying solar-related
technologies across India over the next
fve years and would be managed by a
professional entity. The initiative shall
be structured ideally in a PPP model
to be able to provide risky capital to
the aspiring entrepreneurs. It would
also attract contributions from private
stakeholders, amounting to, at least 10%
of that of the government. The returns
generated on the government support
to the fund shall be ploughed back for
further promoting incubation activities
in this space. The Mission would also
explore the possibility of collaborating
with the CSIR (Council of Scientifc and
Industrial Research) to launch an Open
Source Solar Development initiative on
similar lines as the Open Source Drug
Discovery platform of the CSIR.
HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
The rapid and large-scale difusion of
solar energy will require a concomitant
increase in technically qualifed
manpower of international standard. It
is envisaged that at the end of Mission
period, the solar industry will employ
at least 100 000 trained and specialized
personnel across the skill spectrum.
The following steps may be required
for HRD:
P IITs (Indian Institute of Technology)
and premier engineering colleges
will be involved to design and
develop specialized courses in solar
energy, with fnancial assistance
from the government. In addition,
a countrywide training programme
and specialized courses for
technicians will be taken up to
meet the requirement of skilled
manpower for feld installations
and after sales service network. The
Directorate General of Education
and Training under the Ministry
of Labour has agreed to introduce
training modules for course
materials for the technicians.
P A government fellowship programme
to train 100 selected engineers/
technologies and scientists in solar
energy in world-class institutions
abroad will be taken up. This may
need to be sustained at progressively
declining levels for 10 years.
P A National Centre for Photovoltaic
Research and Education at IIT,
Mumbai, will be set up, drawing
upon its Department of Energy
Science and Engineering and
its Centre for Excellence in
Nano-electronics.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
FOR IMPLEMENTING THE
MISSION
This Mission will be implemented by
an autonomous solar energy authority
and/or an autonomous and enabled
Solar Mission, embedded within
the existing structure of the MNRE.
The authority/mission secretariat
will be responsible for monitoring
technology developments, review and
adjust incentives, manage funding
requirements, and execute pilot
projects. The Mission will report to the
Prime Ministers Council on Climate
Change on the status of its programme.
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION
Strategic international collaborations
and partnerships aimed at meeting
the priorities set out under the
Mission would be developed, along
with efective technology transfer
mechanisms and strong IPR protection.
FINANCING THE MISSION
ACTIVITIES
The fund requirements for the Mission
would be met from the following
sources or combinations:
P Budgetary support for the activities
under the JNNSM established under
the MNRE;
P International funds under the
UNFCCC, which would enable
upscaling of Mission targets
The MNRE has already issued draft
guidelines for rooftop PV and other
small solar power plants connected
to distribution network (below 33 kV)
under the JNNSM; for selection of new
grid-connected solar projects under
Phase 1 of the JNNSM; and for migration
of existing under-development grid-
connected solar projects from existing
arrangements to the JNNSM.
We hope that the JNNSM is a
great success and helps to provide
power even to the remotest part of
our nation.
For more, visit the MNRE website
(www.mnre.gov.in).
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VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
O
n 11 January 2010, the
MNRE (Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy),
along with FICCI
(Federation of Indian
Chambers of Commerce and Industry),
organized the Solar Energy Conclave
2010 at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
The conclave provided a common
platform to share the experiences of
various stakeholders, including that
of the NRIs (non-resident Indians), in
promoting solar energy in India and
making the JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission) targets a reality.
The one-day conclave was attended
by speakers and icons from central
and state governments, experts from
academia and research institutions,
key industry representatives, NRIs, and
other related organizations.
With the launch of JNNSM, India is
set to harness its huge solar potential.
The event showcased the opportunities
and the potential of solar energy
development in the country. It provided
a common ground for NRIs and Indian
stakeholders to join hands to make
the JNNSM a success and facilitate
further expansion.
The words of Dr Manmohan
Singh, Prime Minister of India
I am very happy to be here today to
launch the highly innovative JNNSM
under the brand name Solar India. This
national solar mission has the pride of
place in Indias National Action Plan
on Climate Change. Its success has the
Solar
energy conclave
Dr Manmohan Singh, Honble Prime Minister of India; Jairam Ramesh, Union Minister of
Environment and Forests; Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of New and Renewable
Energy, and other dignitaries during the Solar Energy Conclave.
potential of transforming Indias energy
prospects and contributing to national
as well as global eforts to combat
climate change. This Mission is one of
the major priorities of the second term
of our government and I congratulate
Dr Abdullah and my other colleagues,
particularly Shri Shyam Saran, for the
work they have done in bringing this
to fruition.
Increased use of solar energy is
a central component of our strategy
to bring about a strategic shift from
our current reliance on fossil fuels to a
pattern of sustainable growth based on
renewable and clean sources of energy.
I sincerely hope that this solar mission
will also establish India as a global
leader in solar energy, not just in terms
of solar power generation but also in
solar manufacturing and generation of
this technology.
The importance of this Mission is not
just limited to providing large-scale grid-
connected power. It has the potential
to provide signifcant multipliers in our
eforts for transformation of Indias rural
economy. Already, in its decentralized
and distributed applications, solar
energy is beginning to light the lives
of tens of millions of Indias energy-
poor citizens. The rapid spread of solar
lighting systems, solar water pumps,
and other solar power-based rural
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
24 FEBRUARY 2010
applications can change the face of
Indias rural economy. We intend to
signifcantly expand such applications
through this Mission. As a result, the
movement for decentralized and
disbursed industrialization will acquire
an added momentum, a momentum
which has not been seen before.
The target of 20 000 MW (megawatt)
of solar-generating capacity by the
end of the Thirteenth Five-year Plan
is no doubt an ambitious target. But
I do sincerely believe that the target is
doable and that we should work single-
mindedly to achieve it as a priority
national endeavour.
The carefully crafted regulatory
and incentive framework that has been
unveiled today has several innovative
features. We expect that it will lead to
a rapid scale up of capacity. This will
encourage technological innovation
and generate economies of scale,
thereby leading to a steady lowering
of costs. Once parity with conventional
power tarif is achieved, there will be no
technological or economic constraint
to the rapid and large-scale expansion
of solar power thereafter.
Clearly, technological innovation
will be a key factor in ensuring the
success of this Mission. We will need to
fnd ways of reducing the space intensity
of current solar applications, including
through the use of nanotechnology.
Cost-efective and convenient storage
of solar energy beyond daylight hours
will be critical to its emergence as a
mainstream source of power. In the
meantime, we may need to explore
hybrid solutions, combining solar
power generation with gas, biomass, or
even coal-based power.
It was the vision of Prime Minister
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru that enabled
India to create world-class scientifc
and technological capacities in the
feld of atomic energy and space
sector. It is these strengths in science
and technology that eventually have
created the IT (information technology)
revolution in India and made it a global
power. I am convinced that solar
energy can also be the next scientifc
and technological frontier in India after
atomic energy, space, and IT.
There exists in our country immense
talent and research capabilities already
engaged in the solar energy feld, both
in the private and public sectors. It is
clear that a large number of ministries
and authorities will have to work in
tandem if we are to make a success
of this important Mission. The Solar
Mission should evolve as a single
national platform for coordination
among our scientifc, industrial,
and regulatory establishments in a
synergetic manner.
feature article
National Solar
Missions success
has the potential of
transforming Indias
energy prospects
and contributing
to national as well
as global eforts
to combat climate
change.
25
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
I am happy that the Federation
of Indian Chambers of Commerce
and Industry has been associated
with this event. The role of industry in
this Missions success will be critical.
Eventually, if the ambitious rollout of the
Mission is to become a living reality, we
will have to create many Solar Valleys
on the lines of the Silicon Valleys that are
spurring our IT industry across the four
corners of our country. These valleys
will become hubs for solar science,
solar engineering, and solar research,
fabrication, and manufacturing. I urge
the Indian industry to see the National
Solar Mission as the huge business
opportunity that it is going to be.
The Sun has long been recognized
as a primal source of all energy on earth.
In an ancient civilization like India, the
Sun has been worshipped as the God
who bestows life and sustains it. The
bounty of the Sun is truly inexhaustible,
renewable, and free. It is to this source
of energy that humankind must turn
to meet the twin challenge of energy
security and climate change.
With these words, I wish the JNNSM
every success.
The words of Dr Farooq Abdullah,
Union Minister, MNRE
This Mission is named after Indias frst
and visionary Prime Minister, Jawaharlal
Nehru. For him, Indias development
needed to be anchored in its mastery
over cutting-edge technologies. The
Solar Mission is very much in line with
his vision, which has made India today,
a leading nuclear and space power.
He would have been equally keen and
proud to see India attaining the same
level of advancement in solar energy.
I am confdent, that under the
leadership of our Honble Prime
Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, we shall
make India a global solar power as well.
This mission on solar energy is one
of the eight National Missions which
comprise Indias National Action Plan
on Climate Change. It has the twin
objectives of contributing to Indias
long-term energy security and ensuring
its growth in an ecologically sustainable
manner. We are living in a world of
rapidly depleting fossil fuel resources
where access to conventional energy
resources such as oil, gas, and coal is
becoming increasingly constrained.
For the security of our energy needs,
the deployment of renewable energy
sources in our energy mix is imperative.
Also, we cannot be oblivious to climatic
and environmental dangers inherent
in the large-scale use of fossil fuels. In
this context and in view of the high
solar radiation over the country, the
rapid development and deployment
of solar energy applications provides
an efective and sustainable solution.
Sir, your presence on this occasion
demonstrates the commitment of the
Government of India to develop and
adopt clean energy technologies for
the development of modern India.
The long-term policy vision of the
Solar Mission has been put together as
a document, which has been enriched
by stakeholder discussions and inputs.
I would like to thank all my ministerial
colleagues for their valuable inputs
and support, as also Mr Shyam Saran,
Special Envoy of the Prime Minister.
The Solar Mission will be implemented
in three stages, leading to an installed
capacity of 20 000 MW by the end
of the Thirteenth Five-year Plan in
2022. It is envisaged that as a result of
rapid scale up as well as technological
developments, the price of solar power
will continue to decline and attain
parity with grid power at the end of
the Mission, enabling accelerated and
large-scale expansion thereafter.
Quite obviously, in order to set
the stage for achieving this ambitious
target, what we do in the next three to
four years will be critical. Our policies
and programmes in the frst phase of
the Mission will be critical to guide and
decide the future course of action. As
we all know, today, the initial cost of
solar is very high, especially for grid
power generation. We aim to bring
down the cost as quickly as possible.
This will allow us to provide power to
our villages and rural homes. We have
planned three major initiatives under
the National Solar Mission to achieve
feature article
The Solar Mission
will be implemented
in three stages,
leading to an installed
capacity of
20 000 MW by the end
of the Thirteenth
Five-year Plan in 2022.
feature article
this (i) create volumes which will allow
large-scale domestic manufacture,
(ii) announce a long-term policy to
purchase power; and (ii) support
R&D (research and development)
to reduce material consumption
and improve efciency and develop
new materials and storage methods.
The implementation of the Mission
will proceed on the basis of the
technology advancements and cost
reduction, which will be necessary for
rapid scale-up and to achieve the target
of 20 000 MW.
The Mission has decided to establish
an investor-friendly mechanism which
reduces risk and at the same time,
provides an attractive, predictable,
and sufciently extended tarif for the
purchase of solar power. The focal
point, for the next three years, will
be the NVVN (NTPC Vidyut Vyapar
Nigam), which is the power trading
arm of the NTPC (National Thermal
Power Corporation Ltd). The NVVN will
purchase solar power at rates fxed
by the Central Regulatory Electricity
Commission and for a period specifed
by the latter. When the state utilities
purchase solar power from the NVVN,
they will get an equivalent amount of
thermal power from it. The bundling
of more expensive solar power with
cheaper thermal power will enable a
much cheaper tarif for the consumer,
estimated at about Rs 5 or less per unit,
and this will also enable concerned
states to meet their renewable
power purchase obligation, which is
now mandatory.
I wish to record my deep
appreciation and grateful thanks to
my senior Cabinet colleague, Shri
Shinde ji, who as the Minister of Power
has made this arrangement possible.
I am confdent that with the investor-
friendly arrangement put in place for
grid-connected solar power, we should
be able to achieve the ambitious
targets set out by the Solar Mission. I am
happy to inform you, Sir, that we have
already taken the frst steps in this
regard and that 2MW each of solar
power plants have recently been
commissioned at Asansol, West Bengal,
and at Amritsar, Punjab.
There are several of-grid solar
applications which are already
commercially viable or near viability,
where rapid scale up is possible. Solar
thermal heating applications, such as
water heaters, fall in this category. We
can go for a rapid scale up in a short
time, and considerably reduce the
burden on our grid. By 2022, we aim
to install 20 million sq m solar thermal
collectors in the country and save
about 7500 MW power generation
capacity. We are conscious that the
achievement of this target requires
regulatory and incentive measures
as well as an extensive awareness
campaign. We are working together
with fnancial institutions, industry, as
well as user groups to put together the
correct set of incentives that will enable
the achievement of these targets. I
would like to take this opportunity to
request all state governments to aid
this process by taking appropriate
regulatory measures such as making the
use of solar water heaters mandatory
for certain types of consumers.
Solar lighting systems for rural and
remote areas are also being purchased
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
26 FEBRUARY 2010
The bundling of more
expensive solar power
with cheaper thermal
power will enable a
much cheaper tarif
for the consumer, and
enable concerned
states to meet their
renewable power
purchase obligation.
27
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
commercially in several parts of the
country. Large-scale use of solar lights
can save substantial quantities of
kerosene and also subsidy. We want
20 million solar lights to be installed
by 2022, which would result in a saving
of about 1 billion litres of kerosene
every year. We are working with banks,
especially rural banks, to ofer soft
loans to consumers for this purpose.
My ministry will help the banks do
this through refnancing or interest
rate subsidy. We are aware that there
are areas in the country such as the
island states and border areas which
are still dependent upon diesel for
power generation. In such areas, we
propose to provide up to 90% support
for setting up solar power plants. In
many other solar applications, where
the initial cost is still very high, we are
considering proposals for providing up
to 30% grant-in-aid.
Sir, I have already mentioned about
R&D being one of the key endeavours
of the Solar Mission to bring down
costs and promote deployment of solar
technologies. In pursuance of this goal,
we in the ministry, have embarked
on a focused R&D programme which
seeks to address the India-specifc
challenges in promoting solar energy.
We are adopting a technology-neutral
approach. Instead of backing a particular
technology, we are trying to address
the current drawbacks in using solar
energy; for instance, the evolving of a
cost-efective and convenient storage
for solar power is high on priority in
our R&D eforts. We shall also work, in
parallel, on accelerating the process
of development of the domestic solar
industry. We believe that economies of
scale, indigenization, and cutting-edge
research shall together lead to the cost
reductions that are necessary for the
rapid scale up and deployment of solar
technologies. I am proud to inform
you sir, that only yesterday, we laid
the foundation stone of three major
research projects, including one in PPP
(Public-Private Partnership) mode in
our Solar Energy Centre at Gurgaon,
near Delhi.
Research and deployment needs
skilled and trained manpower. Under
the Solar Mission, we aim to address
this issue as well. We would involve
various stakeholders in human resource
development and other capacity-
building eforts. As the frst step, we
have decided to ofer fellowships
to research students to work at our
premier research centres and train
them in solar energy technologies.
Sir, in launching the National
Action Plan on Climate Change, you
had given a pride of place to the Solar
Energy Mission. You have a vision of
India emerging as a world leader in
this sector. On our part, we are working
in close coordination with all other
stakeholders, especially the states, to
translate your vision into a practical,
measured, and cost-efective plan of
action. I would like to assure you once
again that we are fully committed to
translate your vision to make solar
energy afordable and to make India a
global solar power.
To sum up
The event highlighted the impact of the
policy framework announced by the
government and provided a platform
for exchange of ideas. The event also
stressed upon the changing solar
technology for both solar photovoltaic
and solar thermal applications, and
the need to take proactive measures
for capacity building in advanced
technologies and mass production of
solar power.
The sessions covered the JNNSM;
solar photovoltaic technology and
applications; solar thermal technology
and applications; investment and
fnancing opportunities in solar
energy; Indian policies, R&D (research
and development); human resource
development; and knowledge sharing.
The event helped to gain a better
understanding of the mutual needs and
strengths. It provided exposure to state-
of-the-art technologies and acted as a
platform for sharing of experience. In
addition, it fuelled technology and R&D
collaborations, and ofered business
and networking opportunities among
the members of the solar community.
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
28 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
T
he Indian delegation
participating in the
Ministerial Session of WIREC
(Washington International
Renewable Energy
Conference) 2008 announced that the
Government of India will host the 4th
DIREC (Delhi International Renewable
Energy Conference) in 2010. Following
this, necessary steps have been
initiated by the government and the
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy) to host the conference from 27
to 29 October 2010 at New Delhi/NCR
(National Capital Region).
DIREC 2010 is part of the initiative
taken at the 2002 World Summit
on Sustainable Development in
Johannesburg, acknowledging the
signifcance of renewable energies
for sustainable development,
especially for combating poverty
and for environmental and climate
protection. The Delhi Conference an
international platform for government,
private sector, and non-governmental
leaders is the 4th global ministerial-
level conference on renewable energy,
following the successful editions at
Washington in 2008 (WIREC), Beijing in
2005, and Bonn in 2004.
The DIREC 2010 comprises of
multiple eventsa global ministerial-
level meeting; a trade show; a business
conference; and ofcial side events.
DIREC 2010 will bring together the
industry, fnancers, policy-makers,
scientists, decision-makers, buyers, and
sellers in a bid to develop and drive new
initiatives, provide insights, showcase
sustainable product development and
green business opportunities, and
facilitate interaction between entities
from all over the world. This would elicit
practical applications that are most
relevant globally at this juncture.
The international forum will
endeavour to address the goal of
advancing renewable energy for
sustainable development. The cabinet-
level government functionaries from a
number of countries will join the civil
society partners and private sector
leaders to discuss the opportunities
and challenges of rapid deployment
of renewables globally. DIREC 2010
will also provide policymakers from all
levels of government a robust menu of
policy options and practical measures
Delhi international renewable
energy ConferenCe 2010
29
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
that have been proven successful in
accelerating the difusion of renewable
energy technologies.
The participants will address and
showcase key drivers of renewable
energy production and applications,
including the following.
P Upscaling global efort for joint R&D
(research and development) and
technology transfer models.
P Innovative fnancing and funding
for mainstreaming renewables.
Addressing trade and investment
barriers for upscaling renewables.
Sustainable renewable energy
business models for grid-integrated/
decentralized applications.
P Policy initiatives that can facilitate
rapid scale-up of adoption
of renewables
DIREC 2010 aims to provide a
platform for technology displays, new
VENUE AND ACCESS
Inaugural Plenary Session
Vigyan Bhawan Auditorium
Maulana Azad Road
New Delhi110 001
Conference and Exhibition
India Exposition Mart Ltd
Plot No. 25, 27, 28, 29, Knowledge
ParkII, Greater Noida
Uttar Pradesh 201 308
applications, and innovations; to display
global R&D with respect to climate
change and green environment; to
demonstrate the sectoral strength of
the global renewable energy industry;
and to facilitate: (i) buyers and sellers
matching (ii) one-to-one meetings
for setting up of joint ventures in the
renewable energy sector, and (iii) to
provide an unparalleled opportunity
to connect with the best-in-industry
and benchmark products and
services in order to enhance global
competitiveness. The conference will
ultimately lead to renewed commitment,
with concrete proposals in support of
activities at the country level.
Packed with a full-scale trade show
with press conferences and product
launches; an exciting multi-track
business conference; side/parallel
events/presentati ons/i nteracti ve
sessions, held over three days, on
each of the key technologies (wind,
solar, hydro, ocean, geothermal, and
biomass/biofuels/waste energy); and
cross-cutting sessions on markets,
fnance, and policy, the DIREC 2010 will
build on the success of the previous
conferences with support of national
and international sponsors.
Beside participation in the
conference, side events, sectoral
sessions, and trade show, the event
will provide opportunity for one-
to-one meetings for on-the-spot
discussions/interactions within the
conference premises to entrepreneurs
seeking collaborations, technology
transfers, setting of joint ventures, and
investments. Arrangements for such
meetings shall be made on request from
the concerned parties.
DIREC 2010 will be hosted by the
MNRE in association with partner
organizations and managed by M/S
Exhibitions India Group, New Delhi.
REN21 the Renewable Energy
Network will be a key partner in the
conference. With more than 9000
delegates/participants, over 250
industry leading speakers, and 600
exhibitors from 40 countries, the event is
expected to be the premier renewables
gathering ever held in India.
For more information,
visit http://direc2010.gov.in.
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
30 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
E
nergy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of
the national economy agriculture, industry, transport, commercial, and
domestic needs inputs of energy. Thus, consumption of energy in all
forms has been steadily rising all over the country.
In this background, there is urgent need for the country to develop
a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and
increased use of renewable energy sources are the two best options for the same.
The MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) has been implementing
comprehensive programmes for the development and utilization of various
renewable energy sources in the country. And helping the ministry in this
endeavour is IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd), a leading
organization that provides efcient and efective fnancing in renewable energy
and energy efciency/conservation sectors.
IREDA, established in 1987 under the administrative control of the MNRE, aims
to promote, develop, and extend fnancial assistance for renewable energy and
energy efciency/conservation projects. The motto is energy forever. The agency
gives fnancial support to specifc projects and schemes for generating electricity
and/or energy through new and renewable sources, and conserving energy through
energy efciency. It aims to improve the efciency of services provided to customers
through continual improvement of systems, processes, and resources.
IREDA provides fnancial assistance to several sectors, including solar energy.
It has three main schemes Solar Photovoltaic Market Development Programme;
Solar Thermal Programme; and Solar Water Pumping Programme.
ENERGY FOREVER
IREDAS SOLAR
FINANCING SCHEMES
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MARKET
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Schemes applicable
IREDA provides soft loans under the
following categories.
Direct users: Directly approach IREDA to
get loan for SPV (solar photovoltaic) system.
Minimum loan amount is Rs 5 lakh.
Intermediary: Any fnancial institution, bank,
manufacturer, NGO (non-governmental
organization), and the like can become an
intermediary of IREDA for on-lending soft
loan to diferent end users. Minimum loan
amount is Rs 10 lakh.
Incentives available
Accreted depreciation: 80% on the
frst year.
SOLAR THERMAL PROGRAMME
Schemes applicable
IREDA is providing soft loan under two
diferent categoriesdirect user scheme
and intermediary scheme.
31
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
Direct user scheme: Directly approach
IREDA to get loan for SPV (solar photovoltaic)
system. Minimum loan amount is Rs 5 lakh.
Intermediary scheme: Any fnancial
institution, bank, solar thermal manufacturer,
corporate body, NBFC (non-banking
fnancial company), state nodal agency,
reputed NGO can become intermediary of
IREDA for on-lending soft loan to diferent
end users for diferent kinds of application.
Minimum loan amount is Rs 10 lakh.
Incentives available
Interest subsidy is available to the
end users for both domestic and
commercial application.
Depreciation: 80% on the frst year.
SOLAR WATER PUMPING
PROGRAMME
Schemes applicable
The programme is open to all categories
of users, including individuals, farmers,
NGOs, cooperative societies, corporate
bodies, autonomous institutions, research
organizations, banks, and state/central
government agencies, subject to the
condition that the benefciaries give an
undertaking to the implementing agency
that they do not own a SPV water pumping
system and the present system would be
utilized for water lifting applications.
Incentives available
Accreted depreciation: 80% on the
frst year.
GUIDELINES FOR GENERATION
BASED INCENTIVE
Grid interactive solar power
generation projects
With a view to develop and demonstrate
technical performance of grid interactive
solar power generation and achieve
reduction in the cost of grid connected
solar systems and solar power generation
in the country, the MNRE will support grid
interactive solar power generation projects
as demonstration projects in the country. The
MNRE will consider support for a maximum
capacity up to 50 MW during the Eleventh
Five-year Plan period. IREDA will assist the
MNRE in fund handling, monitoring, and
other associated activities in this regard.
1. Eligible organizations
All existing registered companies, central
and state power generation companies,
and public/private sector PV power project
developers, who have set up or propose to
set up a registered company in India, will
be eligible for consideration of generation
based incentive. Individuals, NGOs,
fnancial institutions, societies, and other
unorganized investors are not eligible to
participate directly.
2. Eligible projects and eligibility
criteria
P Grid interactive SPV power generation
plants of a minimum installed capacity
of 1 MWp (megawatt-peak) per plant
at a single location will be eligible for
generation based incentive. Modular
units can also be set up for achieving
the same.
P A maximum cumulative capacity
of 10 MWp of grid interactive SPV
power generation projects can be set
up in a state.
P Any project developer who fulfls the
procedural requirements and the
guidelines specifed by the MNRE. The
developer can set up projects up to
a maximum of 5 MWp in the country,
either through a single project or
multiple projects of a minimum capacity
of 1 MWp each.
P The projects will be undertaken on
Build Own and Operate basis.
P Setting up of captive grid interactive
SPV power plant or captive utilization of
SPV power is not covered.
P Project developer desirous of availing
the accelerated depreciation beneft
for the project under section 32 of
the Income Tax Act 1961 would not
be eligible.
3. Generation based incentives
Wherever the state electricity regulatory
commissions have fxed a separate tarif
for solar power or has fxed tarif during
the period for which the MNRE is providing
incentive, the utilities will ofer a minimum
of that tarif to the SPV grid interactive
power projects in their respective states. In
the absence of such tarif orders, the utilities
will ofer the highest tarif for purchasing
power to the PV power project developers,
which is being ofered by the utilities for
purchasing power in their respective states
on medium term, or the highest tarif being
provided for purchase of power from any
other energy source for which orders/
guidelines are already issued for that state.
The PPA (power purchase agreement)
would draw reference to the State Electricity
Regulatory Commissions order in this
regard and enclose copies of the same. The
Ministry will not consider proposals that do
not follow these guidelines on PPA.
P The MNRE may provide, through IREDA,
a generation-based incentive of a
maximum of Rs 12 per kWh (kilowatt
hour) to the eligible projects which are
commissioned by 31 December 2009,
after taking into account the power
purchase rate (per kWh) provided by the
State Electricity Regulatory Commission
or the utility for that project.
P The maximum amount of generation
based incentive applicable for a project
will be determined after deducting
the power purchase rate for which the
PPA has been signed by the utility with
a project developer, from a notional
amount of Rs 15 per kWh. In all cases,
the maximum amount of generation-
based incentive shall not exceed Rs 12
per kWh.
P Any project that is commissioned after 31
December 2009 would be eligible for a
maximum incentive with a 5% reduction
and ceiling of Rs 11.40 per kWh.
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
32 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
P The generation-based incentive will
continue to decrease, as and when the
utility signs a PPA at a higher rate. The
proposed annual escalations agreed
with the utility, as in force, should be
refected in the PPA.
P It may be available for a maximum
period of 10 years from the date of
approval and regular power generation
from that project, provided the utility
continues to purchase power from that
grid interactive PV power plant.
P The incentive will be released by
IREDA to the eligible PV power project
developer on quarterly basis.
4. Progress report
The project developers of all approved
projects will be required to submit annual
progress report about the project and the
annual report of the company, which has
set up and own the grid interactive PV
power plant.
Grid interactive solar thermal
power generation
With a view to develop and demonstrate
technical performance of grid interactive
solar power generation and achieve
reduction in the cost of the grid connected
solar systems and the cost of solar power
generation in the country, the MNRE
will support grid interactive solar power
For further information, application format, details of incentives, and other related guidelines, visit the IREDA website (www.ireda.in) or the
MNRE website (www.mnre.gov.in). Order no.32/61/ 2007-08/PVSE for grid interactive solar power generation projects and 8/1/2007-08/ST for
grid interactive solar thermal power generation.
generation projects as demonstration
projects in the country.
P The MNRE will consider support for a
maximum capacity of 50 MW (including
SPV as well as solar thermal power
generation) during the Eleventh Five-
year Plan period. IREDA will assist the
MNRE in fund handling, monitoring, and
other associated activities in this regard.
P The generation based incentive for solar
thermal power generation project will
be limited to a maximum of Rs 10 per
kWh. The same method to determine
the eligible incentive will be adopted in
this case.
P The broad guidelines specifed for grid
interactive solar power generation
projects will also be applicable for
grid connected solar thermal power
generation projects.
P The technical performance optimization
parameters will change as necessary.
Inviting articles for Akshay Urja
The need to have a sustainable supply necessitates the exploitation of available
energy sources, and among these, renewable resources are at the forefront. It is now
an established fact that RE (renewable energy) can be an integral part of sustainable
development because of its inexhaustible nature and environment-friendly features.
RE can play an important role in resolving the energy crisis in urban areas to a great
extent. Today RE is an established sector with a variety of systems and devices available
for meeting the energy demand of urban inhabitants, but there is a need to create
mass awareness about their adoption. Akshay Urja is an attempt to fulfl this need.
20 000 copies are being disseminated in India and abroad.
Akshay Urja publishes news, articles, research papers, case studies, success stories,
and write-ups on RE. Readers are invited to send material with original photographs
and statistical data. The photographs should be provided on hard copy or as high
resolution (minimum 300 DPI) fles on a CD. Akshay Urja will pay suitable honorarium for
each published article of about 1500 words and above to the authors. The publication
material in two copies, along with a soft copy on CD/foppy/e-mail may be sent to
Editor, Akshay Urja
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Block 14, CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003
Tel. +91 11 2436 3035 Fax +91 11 2436 3035 E-mail aktripathi@nic.in
w w w . m n r e . g o v . i n
33
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
T
his review article looks at
the novel approach to high
efciency PV (photovoltaic)
cells, which are based on the
use of quantum properties
of materials that arises when material is
reduced to nano domain. These include
tandem cells; hot-carrier solar cells;
solar cells producing multiple electron-
hole pairs per photon through II (impact
ionization); multiband and impurity-
band solar cells; and TPV (thermo-
photovoltaic)/thermo-photonic cells.
In solar cells, using semiconductor QDs
(quantum dots), slow hot carrier cooling
QUANTUM STRUCTURED
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
DESIGN AND ADVANCEMENTS
Samarth Jain
Silhouette Rainbows, Kailash Turn, Sikandra, Agra282 005
can be achieved, thus producing either
enhanced photocurrents through II
or enhanced photo voltages through
hot electron transport and collection.
The advantage of incorporating
QW (quantum wells) in PV cells is
the fexibility ofered by bandgap
engineering. Efciency up to 70% can
be reached using these concepts.
Working principle
The maximum thermodynamic efciency
for the conversion of unconcentrated
solar irradiance into electrical free
energy in the radiative limit assuming
detailed balance and a single threshold
absorber was calculated by Shockley
and Queissar in 1961 to be about 31%.
As conversion efciency is one of the
most important parameters that need
to be optimized for implementing PV
and photochemical cells on a truly large
scale, several schemes for exceeding the
theoretical limit have been proposed
by various research groups and are
under active investigation. Here we will
discuss only hot carrier and II solar cells
and the efects of size quantization on
the carrier dynamics that control the
probability of these processes.
A major factor limiting the conversion
efciency in single-bandgap cells to
31% is that the absorbed photon energy
above the semiconductor bandgap is
lost as heat through electron-phonon
scattering and subsequent phonon
emission, as the hot photo generated
carriers relax to their respective band
edges. The main approach to reduce
this loss in efciency has been to use a
stack of cascaded multiple p-n junctions
with bandgaps better matched to the
solar spectrum. In the limit of an infnite
stack of bandgap perfectly matched
to the solar spectrum, the ultimate
conversion efciency at one-sun
intensity can increase to about 66%.
Another approach is to use the hot
carriers before they relax to the band
edge via phonon emission. There are two
fundamental ways to use the hot carriers
for enhancing the efciency of photon
conversion. One way produces an
enhanced photovoltage and the other
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
34 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
produces an enhanced photocurrent. To
achieve the former, the rates of photo-
generated carrier separation, transport,
and interfacial transfer across the
contacts to the semiconductor must all
be fast compared to the rate of carrier
cooling. The latter requires that the rate
of II (that is inverse Auger efect) be
greater than the rate of carrier cooling
and other relaxation processes for
hot carriers.
Hot electrons and hot holes
generally cool at diferent rates
because they generally have diferent
efective masses; for most inorganic
semiconductors electrons have
efective masses that are signifcantly
lighter than holes and consequently,
cool more slowly. Another important
factor is that hot-carrier cooling rates
are dependent upon the density of the
photogenerated-hot carriers (viz, the
absorbed light intensity).
In recent years, it has been proposed
and experimentally verifed in some
cases that the relaxation dynamics of
photogenerated carriers may be largely
afected by quantization efects in the
semiconductor (that is in semiconductor
QWs, quantum wires, QDs, superlattices,
and nanostructures). When the carriers
in the semiconductor are confned by
potential barriers to regions of space that
are smaller than or comparable to their
deBroglie wavelength or to the Bohr
radius of excitons in the semiconductor
bulk, the hot-carrier cooling rates may
be dramatically reduced, and the rate
of II could become competitive with
the rate of carrier cooling. However,
the solar spectrum contains photons
with energies ranging from 0.5 to 3.5
eV (electronvolt). Photons with energies
below the semiconductor bandgap are
not absorbed, while those with energies
above the bandgap create electrons and
holes (charge carriers) with a total excess
kinetic energy equal to the diference
between the photon energy and the
bandgap. This excess kinetic energy
creates an efective temperature for an
ensemble of photogenerated carriers
that can be much higher than the lattice
temperature. Such carriers are called hot
electrons and hot holes and their initial
temperature upon photon absorption
can be as high as 3000
o
K (degree Kelvin),
with the lattice temperature of 300
o
K.
In bulk semi-conductors, the
division of this kinetic energy between
electrons and holes is determined by
their efective masses, with the carrier
that has the lower efective mass
receiving more of the excess energy.
However, in QDs, the distribution of
excess energy is determined by the
quantized energy level structure in the
QDs and the associated selection rules
for the optical transitions between the
hole and electron levels.
In the ShockleyQueissar
analysis, a major factor limiting the
conversion efciency to 32% is that the
absorbed photon energy above the
semiconductor bandgap is lost as heat
through electron-phonon scattering
and subsequent phonon emission, as
the carriers relax to their respective band
edges (bottom of conduction band for
electrons and top of valence band for
holes) and equilibrate with the phonons.
The main approach to reduce this
loss and increase
efciency above the
32% limit has been
to use a stack of
cascaded multiple
pn junctions in
the absorber with
bandgaps better
matched to the solar
spectrum (Fig 1).
In this way higher-
energy photons
are absorbed in the
hi ghe r - ba ndga p
s e mi c o ndu c t o r s
and lower-energy
photons in the lower-bandgap
semiconductors, thus reducing
the overall heat loss due to carrier
relaxation via phonon emission.
Relaxation Dynamics of Hot
Excitons in QDs
As discussed, slowed hot-electron
cooling in QWs and superlattices that is
produced by a hot phonon bottleneck
requires very high light intensities to
create the required photogenerated
carrier density of greater than about
11018cm
-3
. This required intensity,
possible with laser excitation, is many
orders of magnitude greater than
that provided by solar radiation at the
Earths surface maximum solar photon
fux is about 1018cm
-2
s
-1
; assuming a
carrier lifetime of 1 ns and an absorption
coefcient of 1105cm
-1
, this translates
into a photoinduced electron density of
about 1014cm
-3
at steady state. Hence,
it is not possible to obtain slowed hot
carrier cooling in semiconductor QWs
and superlattices with solar irradiation
via a hot phonon bottleneck efect;
solar concentration ratios greater than
104 would be required, resulting in
severe practical problems.
However, the situation with three-
dimensional confnement in QDs
is potentially more favourable. In
Figure 1 Carrier relaxation dynamics in semiconductor
35
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
feature article
the case of QD, slowed hot-electron
cooling is theoretically possible even
at arbitrarily low light intensity; this
efect is simply called a phonon
bottleneck, without the qualifcation
of requiring hot phonons (a non-
equilibrium distribution of phonons).
Furthermore, it is also anticipated that
the slowed cooling could make the
rate of exciton multiplication (inverse
Auger efect) an important process in
QDs. PL (photoluminescence) blinking
in QDs (intermittent PL as a function of
time) has been explained by an Auger
process whereby if two electronholes
pairs are photogenerated in a QD,
one pair recombines and transfers its
recombination energy to one of the
remaining charge carriers, ionizing it
over the potential barrier at the surface
into the surface region. This creates a
charged QD that quenches radiative
emission after subsequent photon
absorption; after some time, the ionized
electron can return to the QD core
and the PL is turned on again. Since
this Auger process can occur in QDs,
the inverse Auger process, whereby
one high-energy electronhole pair
can generate two electronhole pairs,
can also occur in QDs. The following
discussion will present a discussion of
the hot carrier cooling dynamics.
Multiple Exciton
Generation
in QDs
The formation of multiple
electronhole pairs per
absorbed photon in
photoexcited bulk semi-
conductors is a process
typically explained by II. In
this process, an electron
or hole with kinetic
energy greater than the
semiconductor bandgap
produces one or more
additional electronhole
pairs. The kinetic energy
can be created either by applying an
electric feld or by absorbing a photon
with energy above the semiconductor
bandgap energy. The former is well-
studied and understood. The latter
process is less studied, but has been
observed in photoexcited pn junctions
of Si, Ge, and InSb (Silicon, Germanium,
and Indium antimonide).
However, II has not contributed
meaningfully to improved quantum
yield in working solar cells, primarily
because the II efciency does not reach
signifcant values until photon energies
reach the ultraviolet region of the
spectrum. In bulk semiconductors, the
threshold photon energy for II exceeds
that required for energy conservation
alone because, in addition to
conserving energy, crystal momentum
must be conserved. Additionally, the
rate of II must compete with the rate of
energy relaxation by electronphonon
scattering. It has been shown that the
rate of II becomes competitive with
phonon scattering rates only when the
kinetic energy of the electron is many
times the Eg (bandgap energy).
However, in QDs, the rate of electron
relaxation through electronphonon
interactions can be signifcantly
reduced because of the discrete
character of the electronhole spectra.
The rate of Auger processes, including
the inverse Auger process of exciton
multiplication, is greatly enhanced due
to carrier confnement and increased
electronhole Coulomb interaction.
Furthermore, crystal momentum need
not be conserved because momentum
is not a good quantum number for
three-dimensionally-confned carriers.
Indeed, very efcient multiple electron
hole pair (multi-exciton) creation by
one photon was reported recently in
PbSe (Lead Selenide) nanocrystals by
Schaller and Klimov. They reported
an excitation energy threshold for the
formation of two excitons per photon at
3 Eg, where Eg is the absorption energy
gap of the Nanocrystal (HOMO-LUMO
[highest occupied molecular orbital
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital]
transition energy). Schaller and Klimov
reported a QY (Quantum Yield) value of
218% (118% II efciency) at 3.8 Eg; QYs
above 200% indicate the formation of
more than two excitons per absorbed
photon. Other researchers have
recently reported a QY value of 300% for
3.9 nm diameter PbSe QDs at a photon
energy of 4 Eg, indicating the formation
of three excitons per photon for every
photoexcited QD in the sample.
Evidence was also provided to show
the threshold for MEG (multiple exciton
generation) by optical excitation is 2
Eg (not 3 Eg as reported previously for
PbSe QDs), and it was also shown that
comparably efcient MEG occurs also in
PbSe nanocrystals.
A new possible mechanism for MEG
was introduced that invokes a coherent
superposition of multiple-excitonic
states, meaning that multiple excitons
are essentially created instantly upon
absorption of high-energy photons.
Most recently, MEG has been reported
in CdSe (cadmium selenide) QDs and
PbTe (lead telluride) QDs, and seven
excitons per photon were reported in
PbSe QDs at 7 times the bandgap. The
Figure 2 Multiple quantum dots with varying bandgaps
arranged for full spectrum conversation
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
36 FEBRUARY 2010
researchers report a QY of 300% for
2.9nm diameter PbSe QDs when the
energy of the photon absorbed is four
times that of the bandgap. But multiple
excitons start to form when the photon
energy reaches twice the bandgap.
QDs made of PbS (lead sulphide) also
showed the same phenomenon.
QW and Superlattices
QWs are thin layers of lower bandgap
material in a host material with a higher
bandgap. Early device designs placed
the QWs in the doped regions of a pn
device. But superior carrier collection
is achieved when an electric feld is
present across the QWs. More recent
QWC designs have employed a pin
structure with the QWs located in the
intrinsic region; a schematic bandgap
diagram is shown in Figure 2.
The carriers escape from the QWs
thermally and by tunnelling. The
photocurrent is enhanced in a QWC
(Quantum Well Cell) as compared to
a cell made without QWs (also known
as barrier control), and experimentally,
it is observed that the voltage is
enhanced as compared with a bulk
cell made of the QW material. Hence,
QWCs can enhance the efciency if the
photocurrent enhancement is greater
than the loss in voltage. The number
of QWs is limited by the maximum
thickness of the i-region maintaining
an electric feld across it.
QWCs have been investigated quite
extensively on GaAs (gallium arsenide)
and InP (Indium phosphide) substrates.
Historically, the frst pin QWCs were in
the material system AlGaAs (aluminum
gallium arsenide)/GaAs (barrier/well)
on GaAs. AlGaAs is closely lattice
matched to GaAs and the bandgap
can be easily varied by changing the
Al fraction up to about 0.7, where the
bandgap becomes indirect.
QWCs have practical advantages
due to both quantized energy levels
and the greater fexibility in choice
of materials. In particular, this allows
engineering of the bandgap for a better
match with the incident spectrum.
The absorption threshold can be
varied by changing the width of the
QW and/or by changing its material
composition. This fexibility can be
further increased by employing strain-
compensation techniques. This way,
longer wavelengths for absorption can
be achieved than what is possible with
lattice-matched bulk material, allowing
optimization of the bandgap. For TPV
applications, the same concept of strain
compensation can be applied to extend
the absorption to longer wavelengths.
This is important for relatively low
temperature sources combined with
appropriate selective emitters, for
example based on holmia or thulia.
Several studies indicate that QWCs
have a better temperature dependence
of efciency than bulk cells.
Conclusion
The relaxation dynamics of photo-
excited electrons in semiconductor
QDs can be greatly modifed as
compared to the bulk form of the
semiconductor. Specifcally, the
cooling dynamics of highly energetic
(hot) electrons created by absorption of
supra-bandgap photons can be slowed
by at least one order of magnitude
(47 ps [physical slot] versus 400
700 fs [sampling frequency]). This
slowed cooling is caused by a so called
phonon bottleneck when the energy
spacing between quantized levels in
the quantum dot is greater than the
LO-phonon (longitudinal optical
phonon) energy, thus inhibiting
hot electron relaxation (cooling) by
electronphonon interactions. In order
to produce the slowed hot electron
cooling via the phonon bottleneck, it is
necessary to block an Auger process that
could bypass the phonon bottleneck
and allow fast electron cooling. The
Auger cooling is blocked by rapidly
removing the photogenerated hole
before it undergoes Auger scattering
with the photogenerated electron, or
by injecting electrons into the LUMO
level (conduction band) of the QD
from an external electron donating
chemical species and then, exciting
these electrons with an infrared pulse.
Slowed electron cooling in QDs ofers
the potential of using QDs in solar cells
to enhance their conversion efciency.
Slowed cooling in QDs could lead to
their use in solar cell confgurations,
wherein II (the formation of two or
more electronhole pairs per absorbed
photon) or hot electron separation,
transport, and transfer can become
signifcant, thus producing enhanced
photocurrents or photovoltages and
corresponding enhanced conversion
efciencies with thermodynamics
limits of 66% (one sun).
The primary advantage of
incorporating QWs in PV cells is
the fexibility ofered by bandgap
engineering by varying QW width
and composition. The use of strain
compensation further increases this
fexibility by extending the range of
materials and compositions that can
be employed to achieve absorption
thresholds at lattice constants that do
not exist in bulk material. In a tandem
or multi-junction confguration,
QWCs allow current matching and
optimizing the bandgaps for higher
efciencies. Light-trapping schemes
are an important technique to boost
the quantum efciency in the QWs.
DBRs (distributed Bragg refectors)
are particularly suited for QWCs in
multi-junction devices, allowing light
transmission to the lower bandgap
junctions underneath.
feature article
37
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
A
rpee Ispat Pvt. Ltd is
situated at Village Sondra,
Siltara (Phase II), is a
manufacturer of cast iron
castings. It used to burn
huge amounts of coal to dry the casting
molds. However, this not only wasted
a lot of energy, but also caused a lot
of pollution. On the advice of CREDA
(Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy
Development Agency), it decided to
adopt the clean energy process and
install a biomass gasifer.
In October 2008, the company
installed a biomass gasifer of 300 kW
thermal power capacity. The gasifer
has been manufactured by S R Biofuels,
Raipur. Wood chips are fed into the
gasifer. The producer gas is then burnt
in the present mold heater. This has
considerably enhanced the efciency of
the process of mold heating. It has not
INSTALLATION OF
biomass gasifier
IN VILLAGE SONDRA, SILTARA, RAIPUR, BY ARPEE ISPAT PVT. LTD
only reduced fossil fuel consumption,
but has also prevented pollution.
A reduction of 45 hours has been
observed in the mold-drying process. In
addition, the company also saves more
than 3 tonnes of coal use every day.
Encouraged by the success of this
project, the company installed another
SR Gasifer of 300kW (thermal) capacity
in May 2009. The company now saves
more than 6 tonnes of coal every
day, that is, more than 2000 tonnes
per year. This efort of R P Ispat Pvt.
Ltd and CREDA is also avoiding the
emission of more than 4000 tonnes of
carbon dioxide and 900 kg of sulphur
dioxide every year. This is their major
contribution towards the environment
and energy conservation.
Courtesy: CREDA
green initiative
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
38 FEBRUARY 2010
I
t is now widely accepted that
renewable sources of energy
help achieve socioeconomic
development, while ensuring
environmental protection. In this
regard, the MNRE (Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy) has recently
launched a scheme to utilize diferent
renewable energy devices like solar
photovoltaic power system, solar
thermal system, and energy-efcient
devices at places of national and
international importance for India.
The main aims are to publicize
renewable energy technologies and
systems and to disseminate information
about them.
The Raj Bhavans of India are also
part of this scheme. And the Raj
Bhavan in Kolkata has become the
countrys frst Raj Bhavan to launch
a solar power project for supplying
energy to the building. On 8 December
2009, Honble President of India,
Shri Pratibha Devisingh Patil, launched
the project by switching on 12 solar
RAJ BHAVAN KOLKATA
goes green
energy-operated LED (Light Emitting
Diodes) fxtures in the Bhavan.
Green initiatives
The Raj Bhavan in Kolkata has, in
recent years, taken several initiatives to
make it a green and energy-efcient
building. In 2008, an audit of its energy
consumption was carried out to
initiate corrective steps and necessary
developmental measures. Accordingly,
several changes have been made. This
includes reduction in electricity and
fuel consumptions; reduction in
maintenance expenditure; recycling
of papers; setting up of rainwater
harvesting projects; introduction
of herbal garden; conservation of
biodiversity through plantation of
saplings of tree species that once
existed; and so on.
The solar project
The latest step in this regard is the
Rs 1 crore project that envisages
building a 50 KW grid-interactive solar
photovotaic power station in the Raj
Bhavan, along with a 2000 litre solar
water heating system. Use of LED
lights is also part of the project. The
grid-interactive solar power plant would
export power to the focal power grid
and remain live in the absence of grid
power. It will cater to 30% of the energy
needs of the Raj Bhavan. The expected
annual energy output of the power
station would be 60 000 kWh (kilowatt
hour). This initiative will not only
reduce the electricity consumption, but
will also lead to signifcant reduction
in carbon dioxide emission due to
the reduced consumption of coal.
Once the project is complete, the
Raj Bahvan can save on an average
Rs 5 lakh annually on electricity bills.
Also, coal consumption will be reduced
by 600 kg a day, said S P Gon Chaudhuri,
Managing Director, West Bengal Green
Energy Development Corporation.
The proposed renewable energy
activities in Raj Bhavan are expected
to be completed by March 2010 and
work in this respect has already been
started. The initial phase to illuminate
the front pillars of the Bhavan has been
completed. The entire project has been
approved and funded by the MNRE
and the scheme is being executed
by the West Bengal Green Energy
Development Corporation Ltd.
During the inauguration ceremony,
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of
New and Renewable Energy, said that
his ministry has set aside Rs 1 crore for
each of the Raj Bhavans in the country
to implement similar solar projects.
He thanked Governor Gopal Krishna
Gandhi for pioneering the Raj Bhavan
scheme. He said that there are plans to
include heritage sites like the Victoria
Memorial and the old temples located
in various parts of the country in a bid
to popularize renewable energy. And
the Raj Bhavan, Kolkata, has paved the
way for such initiatives in the country.
green initiative
39
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
T
he MNRE (Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy) recently
organized the IndiaIceland
Workshop on Renewable Energy, with
focus on development and utilization
of geothermal energy and small hydro
power. The workshop discussed issues
related to cooperation between India
and Iceland for the development
of geothermal sector in India by
assessing the geothermal resources
and its utilization for power generation
and thermal applications. It also
deliberated on cooperation in the area
of small hydro power sector. About
100 delegates from India and Iceland
participated in the workshop.
The chief guest at the inaugural
session of the workshop was Dr Olafur
Ragnar Grimsson, President of Iceland.
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of
New and Renewable Energy; Preneet
Kaur, Minister of State for External
Afairs; and Dr R K Pachauri, Director-
General of TERI (The Energy and
Resources Institute) and Chairman of
the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change), also participated in
the workshop.
IndiaIceland Workshop on Renewable Energy
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, addressing the
Indo-Iceland Workshop on Renewable Energy in New Delhi on 15 January 2010. Dr Olafur
Ragnar Grimsson, President of Iceland; Preneet Kaur, Minister of State of External Affairs,
India; and Dr R K Pachauri, Director-General, TERI, are also seen.
Dr Farooq Abdullah said that bilateral
cooperation with Iceland is essential to
make progress in the area of geothermal
energy development. He listed out areas
likely for cooperation between the two
countries including technology transfer
on deep drilling, reservoir assessment,
and setting up of geothermal
demonstration power plants.
Iceland being well-recognized by the
UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientifc, and Cultural Organization)
to provide training in geothermal
energy development should consider
training a group of Indian engineers
and scientists on all the aspects
of geothermal energy utilization,
said Dr Abdullah.
Third World Future Energy Summit at Abu Dhabi
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister
for New and Renewable Energy,
participated in the discussions at
the Energy Ministers Round Table
during the plenary session of the
Third World Future Energy Summit at
Abu Dhabi, UAE (United Arab Emirates).
In his remarks, he highlighted Indias
energy strategy aiming at efciency
and security, and the achievement
of an optimum, environment-
friendly mix of primary resources for
energy generation.
RE event
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
40 FEBRUARY 2010
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, addressing the GRIHA
National Conference in New Delhi on 04 January 2010.
We are working for the development
of renewable energy sources using
the latest technological developments
for around three decades now to
meet our energy requirements from
these energy sources as much as
possible. Compared to many other
countries our progress is good.
Millions of decentralized energy
systems, solar lighting systems,
irrigation pumps, aero-generators,
biogas plants, solar cookers, biomass
gasifers, and improved cook stoves
are now being used in the country.
India today stands among the top
fve countries in terms of renewable
energy capacity, with an installed base
of over 15 gigawatt, which is around
10% of Indias total power generation
capacity, and contributes over 3% in
the electricity mixIndia is open to any
research collaboration to achieve this
objective with any of you. Our talented
pool of manpower, our diversity of
climate, our tradition of pursuit of
wisdom and our frm commitment to
achieve a sustainable energy future
would make any collaboration fruitful.
We extend our hands of cooperation
to all of you.
The first national conference on GRIHA
Recognizing the importance of green
buildings, GRIHA (Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment)
Secretariat, with the help of TERI
(The Energy and Resources Institute)
and the MNRE (Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy) organized the frst
GRIHA National Conference. Dr Farooq
Abdullah, Union Minister of New and
Renewable Energy was the chief guest
for the event. Other dignitaries present
on the occasion were Deepak Gupta,
Secretary, MNRE; Dr R K Pachauri,
Director-General, TERI; and Siva
Kishan, Chief Executive Ofcer, GRIHA
Secretariat. The one-day conference on
GRIHA and Green Buildings included an
exhibition of Green Building Materials
and Technologies.
Inaugurating the event in New
Delhi, Dr Abdullah said that the
new buildings should be functional,
aesthetically beautiful, as well as
energy efcient. Emphasizing the need
to consider regional conditions while
planning, the minister said that it is
time to work towards a world free of
fossil fuels. He said, Either we wake up
now or sleep forever. While giving his
special remarks, Deepak Gupta said,
The ministry has incentivized GRIHA
to promote large-scale design and
construction of green buildings that
include re-imbursement of registration
fee, cash awards, and so on. The
Government of India now proposes
that all its new buildings must be
GRIHA 4 Star compliant, subject to site
conditions. We now have to go beyond
buildings and develop green habitats,
so that all new urban complexes
or cities adhere to these principles.
The ministry, along with TERI and
other stakeholder institutions, are
preparing a comprehensive capacity
building programme.
Explaining the importance of green
buildings, Dr R K Pachauri said, There
is a building boom in India that is only
going accelerate and we need to build
in a way that does not get locked in
inefciency. To bring about a major
change, ratings based on solid scientifc
principles, architectural techniques,
and methods that stood the test of
times are essential. TERI has been at the
forefront of this and is fortunate to get
MNREs support and encouragement
in this process. GRIHA is suited to
Indian conditions than any other
overseas ratings.
ADaRSH, a platform to facilitate
a pan-India, ongoing interaction
and networking between building
professionals, developers, and
re event
re event
government ofcials was formally
launched. In addition, to make green
building a household name, computer
games for school children on green
buildings were inaugurated during
the conference.
More than 300 participants
architects, engineers, developers,
government ofcials from Central
Public Works Department, National
Building Construction Corporation,
National Thermal Power Corporation,
and the likes attended the
conference. The conference sought
inputs of leading design professionals
and industry people in developing
GRIHA guidelines for the entire range
of development activities and to
frame guidelines for existing buildings
and large agglomerations like special
economic zones and townships, as
GRIHA currently provides guidelines
only for new buildings. The conference
will now be annual afair to provide
a platform for exchange of ideas and
thoughts for various stakeholders in
this industry.
Tenth DSDS
T
he message of the three-day
10th DSDS (Delhi Sustainable
Development Summit) , held
under the aegis of TERI (The Energy and
Resources Institute), sent out a clear
message to the global community
while the impacts may vary, the nations
need to come together as a part of
the global community to combat the
efects of climate change.
Themed Beyond Copenhagen: new
pathways to sustainable development,
the DSDS 2010 saw the participation
of more than 300 delegateskey
stakeholders from various parts of
the world comprising the Heads of
State, ministers, representatives from
multilateral and bilateral development
organizations, governments,
corporate sector, non-governmental
organizations, academia, and
research institutions.
Providing a platform for 34 leading
exhibitors to showcase their cutting-
edge climate change technologies
and projects to a global market, TERI
organized the third International
Climate Change Exhibition on the
sidelines of DSDS 2010. Inaugurating
the exhibition, Dr Farooq Abdullah,
Union Minister of New and Renewable
Energy, hailed it as an excellent platform
for companies to showcase their new
environment-friendly technologies
that facilitate low carbon growth, and
for the public to become aware of
such technologies that can contribute
towards efective adaptation to
climate risks.
Dr Manmohan Singh, Honble Prime Minister of India, and other dignitaries at the inauguration of the DSDS 2010
41
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
42 FEBRUARY 2010
O
n 25 February 2010, the MNRE
(Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy) and UPNEDA (Uttar
Pradesh New and Renewable Energy
Development Authority) jointly
organized a one-day Workshop on
Energy-efcient Solar/Green Buildings
with various stakeholders at Hotel
Radisson, Noida. The workshop was
attended by policy-makers and heads/
senior ofcials of various interested
sectors like architects, builders, banks,
government, and so on. The participants
deliberated on the development of
energy-efcient solar/green buildings
in diferent types of residential and
non-residential dwellings. The
workshop helped to enable
stakeholders to utilize these concepts
in the existing and proposed buildings.
Representatives from TERI (The
Energy and Resources Institute)
and user organizations, along with
senior architects, shared their views
on energy-efcient green buildings.
While various manufacturers gave
presentations on solar water heating
systems, technology providers spoke
about kitchen waste treatment plants.
In addition, there was a presentation
on solar hybrid technology for
green buildings.
The event was attended by
Dr A K Tripathi, Director, MNRE;
Siva Kishan, CEO (Chief Executive
Ofcer), GRIHA Secretariat, TERI;
Prof. K C Chari of Birla Institute of
Management and Technology;
Vidhur Bhardwaj, senior architect
and Director of 3C Company; Anurag
Bajpai of Green Tree Building Energy
Pvt. Ltd; Yashwant Thakur, Technical
Director, Suryakiran Technologies Inc.;
Amit Kumar of TATA BP Solar; Ajay
Aggarwal of Mailhem Enterprises;
and Atul Saxena, CEO, Growdiesel.
The workshop concluded with an
interaction with participants.
re event
Indo-Australian Solar Energy Workshop at Amity
University Campus, Noida
A
mity Institute of Renewable
and Alternative Energy, Amity
University, organized a two-
day Indo-Australian Solar Energy
Workshop beginning 9 February 2010
at the universitys campus in Noida.
Supported by Department of Science
and Technology, Delhi, the workshop
witnessed speakers and delegates from
the IITs (Indian Institute of Technology)
of Chennai, Kanpur, Guwahati, Delhi
and Roorkee. The workshop was
inaugurated by Dr Lachan Strahan,
Acting High Commissioner, Australia.
In his inaugural address, Dr
Ashok K Chauhan, Founder President
of Amity Universe, promised that
the projects developed out of the
discussions and deliberations during
the two-day workshop would be
commercially utilized. Dr Chauhan
formally announced the launch of
the Amity Indo-Australian Commerce
Science and Technology Foundation.
The foundation will work in the areas
of commerce, science, and technology
and thereby, attempt to bring credit to
both the countries.
Dr Strahan said, The challenge
before us, as a planet and as a race, is to
fnd a living which is in harmony with
the planet. I agree that IT has opened up
wonderful new ways of communication
but there is no substitute for coming
together and meeting each other face
to face. It has been two months that the
Copenhagen conference took place
where the world community grappled
with the challenge of climate change.
We all acknowledge that it was a
difcult conference and agreement to
so many issues was not reached.
Talking about the solution to the
problem, Dr Strahan added, We also
know that technology must be a part
of the solution to climate change;
we must fnd ways of developing
cleaner sources of energy. Solar
energy must be a part of that solution.
The two governments Indian and
Australian have recognized the
fundamental importance of solar
energy. India has its own solar energy
mission; it has sets its ambitious
targets for solar power generation. The
Australian government has set its own
renewable energy targets of 20% by
2020. This conference will strengthen
the expanding relationship between
India and Australia. Most of the
speakers pointed out one common and
important fact that India and Australia
are blessed with abundant solar
Workshop on energy-efficient solar/green buildings
43
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
re event
energy, which should be utilized to the
fullest extent.
Dr C K Prahlada, Chief Controller,
DRDO (Defence Research and
Development Organization), said, Both
the countries have abundant sun to play
with. Normally, the DRDO deals with
missiles, aircrafts, torpedoes, and so
on. But of late, we have started looking
at solar energy for various reasons. For
example, we do develop unmanned
air vehicles but now we are talking
about solar-powered unmanned air
vehicles which can keep roaring for
days and days. The need of the hour
is low-cost, low-weight solar batteries
made of plastic or polymer. The DRDO
is encouraging institutes and students
to carry on research in this area, and in
the next 10 years, a lot of opportunities
exist for this in the solar energy sector.
Dr V K Jain, Director, Amity Institute
of Renewable and Alternative Energy,
and Chairman of the workshop, said,
India is blessed with 300 sunny days in
a year, which means over 5000 trillion
kilowatts of solar energy in a year.
But the cost of solar energy needs to
be reduced to make it a viable source
of energy.
While addressing the distinguished
gathering during the valediction of
the workshop, Dr Farooq Abdullah,
Union Minister for New and Renewable
Energy, Government of India, said, We
will give some grants to the institutes
to undertake fundamental research
in this area. Mutual cooperation is
very important between nations. I am
disappointed from the Copenhagen
Summit; it did not come up to my
expectations. We need easy technology
transfer between countries. We should
talk less and have easy access to
scientists and ideas of other countries.
I will request Dr Chauhan to send your
students from the Renewable Energy
Institute to the R-Park in Gurgaon
which is run by the Ministry [Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy], you
will see there what research has been
done by the Government of India itself.
Amity University should promote the
use of solar energy in its hostels and
all its institutions. We need people,
engineershuman resources in this
area and Amity will provide us the
same. Dr Chauhan promised the
Dr Abdullah to establish an Amity
campus in Jammu and Kashmir, so that
the students there can access the best
of education.
The topics discussed during the
workshop included Silicon Solar Cells/
New Technologies, High Efciency
Flexible Solar Cells, Dye Sensitized
Solar Cells, Solar Thermal Systems, and
Phase Change Thermal Storage for Solar
Application. The workshop had a very
good representation from educational
institutions, research laboratories/
institutions, industries, and ministries.
Dr Farooq Abdullah, Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy, India, speaking at the Indo-Australian Solar Energy Workshop,
organized by Amity University, Noida.
FEBRUARY 2010

childrens corner
Send in your answers to the following address. The frst three correct entries
will be published in the next issue of Akshay Urja.
The Editor, Akshay Urja
Room No. 1009A, 10th Floor, Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex
Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003
E-mail aktripathi@nic.in or suparna.mukherji@teri.res.in
Unscramble the 12 word puzzles, one letter to each square, to make words that will help you
to fnd the answer.
India recently launched
UNS _____ _____
OHRDY _____ _____ _____ _____
ACENL _____ _____ _____
HATELRM _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
WEELNRAEB _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
EMNEATH _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
IINAD _____ _____ _____ _____
AEFS _____ _____ _____
SREEU _____ _____ _____ _____
DNWI _____ _____ _____
AONCBR _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
YNEEGR: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
Answer here: a National
Green scramble
45
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
book review
E
nergy-Efcient Buildings in India and
Sustainable Building: Design Manual
(Vol. 1 and 2) are two novel publications
related to green/sustainable buildings
in India. Published by TERI (The
Energy and Resources Institute), these
publications bring to fore the various
aspects of sustainable building in India.
While Energy-Efcient Buildings in India
has been developed under the aegis
of TERI and the MNRE (Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy), Sustainable
Building: Design Manual is part of
a project involving Institut Catal
dEnergia, Spain; INSTITUT CERD,
Spain; London Borough of Merton,
United Kingdom; Sustainable Energy
Action/Renewable Energy in the Urban
Environment, United Kingdom; Haryana
State Energy Development Agency,
India; and TERI.
Let us frst review Energy-Efcient
Buildings in India. Covering 41 projects
from Indias various climatic zones, this
book provides thorough insights into
the context, techniques, and benefts
of energy-efcient buildings. The
projects highlight design responses to
varied climatic conditions, appropriate
materials and construction methods,
implementation of energy-efcient
systems, and efective utilization
of renewable energy to reduce
pressure on grid power. Edited by Mili
Majumdar, Associate Director-SBS,
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated
Habitat Assessment), the book is the
result of a comprehensive survey of
ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN INDIA and
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING: DESIGN MANUAL
several energy-efcient buildings. This
book will inspire and beneft architects,
designers, urban planners, engineers,
municipal authorities, policy-makers,
students, and concerned citizens to
build for a better tomorrow. The book
serves as a handy reference document
and a guide to correct our building
concepts and practices.
Sustainable Building: Design Manual
is available in two volumes. Its frst
volume titled Policy and Regulatory
Mechanisms proposes an approach
based on policy strands, to be applied
in tandem, with good practices and
regulatory controls that can be easily
implemented in Gurgaon. It provides a
set of international real-time case studies,
with experiences of local authorities;
issues, gaps, and barriers to policy
implementation; market mechanisms
to drive sustainable development; self-
reinforcing policy tools, pricing policy
packages, energy services, and so on;
and recommendations for amendments
in the by-laws of Gurgaon. Volume two
titled Sustainable Building Design
Practices targets practitioners and
focuses on an integrated approach to
sustainable building design processes.
It serves as the technical base for
assessing building performance and
meeting sustainability goals through
appropriate strategies. Its focal points
include sustainable site planning; water
and waste management; solar passive
building design; building materials
and technologies; embodied energy
and lifecycle analysis, and sustainably
managed alternatives; efcient
energy systems; and sustainable
design checklist.
The two publications, therefore,
cater to the needs of architects, builders,
planners, and all key stakeholders
involved in the process of designing,
planning, and constructing buildings.
The books aim to demonstrate the
available knowledge and technologies
to contribute to the design of
better, more efcient, and more
sustainable buildings.
Reviewed by Suparna Mukherji, TERI Press
ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN INDIA
Edited by Mili Majumdar 2002
New Delhi: TERI and MNRE 252 pp.
ISBN: 81-85419-82-5 Price: Rs 860
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING: DESIGN
MANUAL (Vol. 1)
New Delhi: TERI 145 pp.
ISBN: 81-7993-052-1 Price: Rs 501
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING: DESIGN
MANUAL (Vol. 2)
New Delhi: TERI 301 pp.
ISBN: 81-7993-053-X Price: Rs 501
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Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
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Do

book / web alert

The solar electricity handbook 2009: a simple,
practical guide to using electric solar panels
and designing and installing photovoltaic
solar pv systems
Michael Boxwell.2009
UK: Code Green Publishing
Solar electricity is a wonderful concepttake
free power from the Sun and use it to power
electrical equipment. No ongoing electricity
bills, no reliance on an electrical socket
free energy that does not harm the planet.
The Solar Electricity Handbook is a practical and straightforward
guide to using electric solar panels. Assuming no previous knowledge of solar
panels, the book explains how solar panels work, how they can be used, and the
steps you need to take to successfully design and install a solar electric system
from scratch using photovoltaic solar panels. Accompanying this book is a
solar resource website containing lots of useful information, lists of suppliers,
and on-line solar energy calculators that will simplify the cost analysis and
design processes.
The book is suitable for enthusiastic novices and professionals. Clear
examples, diagrams, and example projects are given to demonstrate the true
capabilities of these systems. It is one of the most comprehensive books on
solar electric systems available today.
ISBN: 978-1-907-21501-8 Price: $13.49
Power Trip: from oil wells to solar cellsour
ride to the renewable future
Amanda Little.2009
New York, US: HarperLuxe
In the tradition of Eric Schlossers Fast Food
Nation and Thomas L Friedmams Hot, Flat,
and Crowded, prominent journalist Amanda
Little maps out the history and future of
Americas energy addiction in a wonk-
free, big-picture, solutions-oriented
adventure story.
The author embarks on a daring cross-country
power trip and describes, in vivid, fast-paced prose, the most
extreme and exciting frontiers of Americas energy landscape. At her side,
we visit an ofshore oil rig, the cornfelds of Kansas, the Pentagons fuel-
logistics division, the Talladega Superspeedway, New York Citys electrical
grid, and laboratories creating the innovations of a clean-energy future. Little
illustrates how abundant oil and coal built the American superpower, even as
they posed political and environmental dangers to the nation and the world.
More importantly, we learn how the same American ingenuity that got us into
this mess can get us out of it. With next-generation candor and optimism, Little
explores the most promising clean-energy solutions on the horizon, arguing
that everything we know about our past teaches us that we can solve the
problems of our future.
Hard-hitting yet forward-thinking, Power Trip is a lively and impassioned
travel guide for all readers trying to navigate our shifting landscape and a clear-
eyed manifesto for the younger generations who are inheriting the Earth.
ISBN: 978-0-061-88514-3 Price: $25.99
Internet resources
SOLAR WEBSITES
Solarwebsites.
com contains
a veritable
gold mine of
information on
the subject of
solar energy and
is packed with
every kind of solar
power website
that you can imagine.
Whether you are looking for a solar power system for
you home, cabin, or boat, or you are seeking information
on telemetry systems, water pumping, solar refrigeration,
or anything to do with solar energy, this is the right place.
It covers solar power for homes and businesses; solar
panels for RVs, boats, and cabins; solar energy for military
and industrial applications; solar energy information for
students, engineers, architects, and hobbyists; solar power
for villages; solar water pumping, lighting, computers, and
appliances; and so on.
Have all your questions concerning solar power
answered on this website. You will learn everything from
how to make your own solar panel to what is involved
in building your own multi-megawatt-sized solar energy
farm. Learn which technologies are ready for prime time
and which technologies are just lab curiosities. Learn how
to size, choose, fnance, and get the best deal on a solar
system. Learn the secrets that some solar dealers would
rather you did not know. Simply put, fnd everything there
is to know about solar right here on this website.
India Solar
As the name
suggests,
Indiasolar.com
provides all the
information on
the solar power
sector in India. It
aims to encourage
and motivate,
educate and
create awareness, instill respect and appreciation for
renewable sources of energy and the environment as a
whole in the minds of the people of India. It also hopes to
promote, spread, and increase investment, business, and
entrepreneurship in renewables in India. It not only gives
a general overview of the renewable sources of energy
in India, but also provides information on the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy and the nodal agencies of
India. It covers solar photovoltaics, solar water heating,
Solar Cookers, and so on. It is loaded with the lists of
manufacturers, suppliers, and inputs. Along with these,
it features a survey on solar water heater users in India
and the test centres. It also contains links to websites and
events, and market and business opportunities.
www. sol ar websi t es. com
www. i ndi asol ar . com
47
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4 FEBRUARY 2010
forthcoming events
2nd PV Summit Asia
1516 April 2010
Beijing, China
Tel: 86 21 624788 98
Fax: 86 21 624788 38
E Mail: info@merisis-asia.com
URL: www.merisis-asia.com/pv2010
SolarTech Leadership Summit
2122 April 2010
San Ramon, California, USA
Tel: 1 408 844 7122
Fax: 1 408 844 9470
E Mail: frodet@solartech.org
URL: www.calsolarsummit.org
Thin-Film Industry Forum
2223 April 2010
Berlin, Germany
Tel: 49 30 726 2963 00
Fax: 49 30 726 2963 09
E Mail: info@solarpraxis.de
URL: www.solarpraxis.de
PHOTONs 8th Solar Silicon
Conference
27 April 2010
Stuttgart, Germany
Tel: 49 241 4003-102
E Mail: offce@viaexpo.com
URL: www.photon-expo.com
5th European PV-Hybrid & Mini-Grid
Conference
2930 April 2010
Barcelona, Spain
E Mail: kolleg@otti.de
URL: www.otti.de
Photovoltaics Summit 2010
35 May 2010
San Diego, California, USA
Tel: 1 207 781 9635
E Mail: christopher.smith@pira-
international.com
URL: www.photovoltaicssummit.com
SNEC PV Power Expo 2010
57 May 2010
Shanghai, China
Tel: 86 159 21921158
E Mail: cathychu2007@163.com
URL: www.snec.org.cn
Power Gen India and Central Asia
2123 April 2010
Bombay Exhibition Centre
Goregaon, Mumbai
URL: www.power-genindia.com
Empower India 2010
2527 June 2010
Chennai Trade Centre
URL: www.empower-india.com
Delhi International Renewable
Energy Conference
2729 October 2010
Expo Centre - Expo XXI, National
Capital Region of Delhi
URL: www.direc2010.gov.in
International Green Energy Expo
Korea 2010
79 April 2010
Daegu, South Korea
Tel: 82 53 6015 082
Fax: 82 53 6015 372
E Mail: green@energyexpo.co.kr
URL: www.energyexpo.co.kr
International Conference on
Concentrating Photovoltaic
Systems
79 April 2010
Freiburg, Germany
Tel: 49 0761 4791448
Fax: 49 0761 4791444
E Mail: info@cpv-conference.org
URL: www.cpv-conference.org
ENERSOL Expo 2010
710 April 2010
Tunis, Tunisia
Tel: 216 71 79 0830
Fax: 216 71 79 4200
E Mail: enersol@exposervicestunisie.com
URL: www.exposervicestunisie.com/
enersol
6th International Congress & Exhibition
on Energy Effciency and Renewable
Energy Sources
1416 April 2010
Sofa, Bulgaria
Tel: 359 32 9 45459
Fax: 359 32 9 60012
E Mail: offce@viaexpo.com
URL: www.viaexpo.com
Solarexpo and Greenbuilding 2010
57 May 2010
Verona, Italy
Tel: 39 0439 849855
Fax: 39 0439 849854
E Mail: press@solarexpo.com
URL: www.solarexpo.com
Solar Maghreb
1112 May 2010
Algiers, Algeria
Tel: 44 207 099 0600
Fax: 44 207 900 1853
E Mail: info@greenpowerconferences.com
URL: www.greenpowerconferences.com
Solar 2010
1722 May 2010
Phoenix, United States
Tel: 1 303 443 3130
Fax: 1 303 443 3212
E Mail: ases@ases.org
URL: www.ases.org
2010 International Renewable
Energy Fair
1820 May 2010
Poznan, Poland
Tel: 48 618692-552
Fax: 48 618692-952
E Mail: poleko@mtp.pl
URL: greenpower.mtp.pl/en
Semicon Singapore 2010
1921 May 2010
Singapore
Tel: 1 408 94379-87
Fax: 1 408 94379-15
E Mail: dtracy@semi.org
URL: www.semiconsingapore.org
PV America
2426 May 2010
Tampa, Florida, United States
Tel: 1 202 628 7745
Fax: 1 202 628 7779
E Mail: info@seia.org
URL: https://events.jspargo.com
4th Renexpo Central Europe 2009
2729 May 2010
Budapest, Hungary
Tel: 49/7121/3016-0
Fax: 49/7121/3016-200
E Mail: international@energie-server.de
URL: www.renexpo-budapest.com
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 4
48 FEBRUARY 2010
renewable energy statistics
Renewable energy at a glance in India
MW megawatt; kW kilowatt; MW
p
megawatt peak; m
2
square metre; km
2
kilometre square
Achievement as on
S.No. Source/system Estimated potential 31 March 2010
I Power from renewables
A Grid-interactive renewable power (MW) (MW)
1 Wind power 45 195 11807.00
2 Bio power (agro residues and plantations) 16 881 861.00
3 Bagasse cogeneration 5 000 1338.30
4 Small hydro power (up to 25 MW) 15 000 2735.42
5 Energy recovery from waste (MW) 2 700 65.00
6 Solar photovoltaic power 10.28
Sub total (A) 84 776 16817.00
B Captive/combined heat and power/distributed renewable power (MW)
7 Biomass/cogeneration (non-bagasse) 232.17
8 Biomass gasifer 122.14
9 Energy recovery from waste 46.72
10 Aero generator/hybrid systems 0.99
Sub total (B) 402.02
Total (A+B) 17219.02
II Remote village electrifcation 5554 villages/hamlets
III Decentralized energy systems
11 Family-type biogas plants 120 lakh 41.85 lakh
12 Solar photovoltaic systems 50 MW/km
2
120 MWp
i. Solar street lighting system 88 297 nos
ii. Home lighting system 550 743 nos
iii. Solar lantern 792 285 nos
iv. Solar power plants 2.39 MW
p
v. Solar photovoltaic pumps 7247 nos
13 Solar thermal systems
i. Solar water heating systems 140 million m
2
3.25 million m
2
collector area collector area
ii. Solar cookers 6.72 lakh
14 Wind pumps 1347 nos
IV Awareness programmes
15 Energy parks 511 nos
16 Aditya Solar Shops 302 nos
17 Renewable energy clubs 521 nos
18 District Advisory Committees 560 nos
For further information and updates, visit the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy website
www. mn r e . g o v . i n
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL
SOLAR MISSION
Towards building solar India
The JNNSM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission) is a major
initiative of the Government of India and the state governments to promote
ecologically sustainable growth, while addressing Indias energy security
challenge. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the global
effort to meet the challenges of climate change.
The Mission phases
Phase1:theremainingperiodoftheEleventhFive-yearPlanandthefrst
yearoftheTwelfthFive-yearPlan(2012/13)
Phase2:theremainingperiodoftheTwelfthFive-yearPlan(201317)
Phase3:theThirteenthFive-yearPlan(201722)
The Mission targets
To create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20 000
MWofsolarpowerby2022.
Torampupcapacityofgrid-connectedsolarpowergenerationto1000
MW by 2013; an additional 3000 MW by 2017 through the mandatory
useoftheRPO(renewablepurchaseobligation)byutilitiesbackedwith
apreferentialtariff.Thiscapacitycanbemorethandoubledreaching
10000MWinstalledpowerby2017ormorebasedontheenhanced
andenabledinternationalfnanceandtechnologytransfer.
To create favourable conditions for solar manufacturing capability,
particularly solar thermal, for indigenous production and market
leadership.
Topromoteprogrammesforoff-gridapplications,reaching1000MWby
2017and2000MWby2022.
Toachieve15millionsqmsolarthermalcollectorareaby2017and20
millionby2022.
Todeploy20millionsolarlightingsystemsforruralareasby2022.
Application segment Target for Phase I Target for Phase II Target for Phase III
(201013) (201317) (201722)
Solar collectors 7 million sq m 15 million sq m 20 million sq m
Of-grid solar applications 200 MW 1000 MW 2000 MW
Utility grid power, including rooftop 10002000 MW 400010 000 MW 20 000 MW
RNI No. DELENG/2007/22701
Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference 2010
2729 October 2010 Expo Centre and Mart, Greater Noida (National Capital Region of Delhi, India)
Upscaling and Mainstreaming Renewable Energy for Energy Security, Climate Change and Economic Development
India is hosting the next International Renewable Energy
Conference (DIREC, 2010) during October 2729, 2010 at
New Delhi. The Conference in Delhi is a part of initiative taken
atthe 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in
Johannesburg acknowledging the signifcance of renewable
energies for sustainable development especially for
combating poverty and for environmental and climate
protection.
The Delhi Conference is the fourth in the series, following
events at Washington in 2008, Beijing in 2005 and Bonn in
2004 and is expected to be the premier all-Renewables
gathering in India ever, with an attendance of over 9,000
delegates, over 250 industry leading speakers, experts,
academicians, Government leaders, fnancial institutions
and around 500 exhibitors from all over the world, which will
make it the largest event of its kind.
DIREC 2010 aims to showcase India as an investment
destination for renewable energy; to provide a platform
for technology displays, new applications and innovations;
to display global research & development with respect to
climate change and green environment; to demonstrate
the sectoral strength of the global renewable energy
industry; and to facilitate: (i) buyers and sellers matching
(ii) one to one meetings for setting up of joint ventures in the
Renewable Energy Sector and (iii) to provide an opportunity
to Indian Renewables Manufacturers to benchmark their
products against the best in the world and enhance their
competitiveness. The Conference will ultimately lead to
renewed commitment, with concrete proposals in support of
activities at the country level.
The DIREC 2010 will build on the success of the previous
conferences with the support of National and International
Sponsors. REN21 the Renewable Energy Network will be
a key partner in the DIREC, 2010. Cabinet-level government
functionaries from a number of countries will join civil society
partners and private sector leaders to discuss the opportunities
and challenges of a global, rapid deployment of renewable
energy. The conference will bring together ministers, highlevel
decision makers and policy level thinkers from a number of
participating countries. DIREC, 2010 ofers industry leaders
the ability to share their insights, strategies, technologies, new
products and staf capabilities with their audiences.
For further details, visit
www. di r ec2010. gov. i n
Organized by Supported by Managed by
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Government of India
Exhibitions India Group