Proceedings of the 14th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON10), Cairo University, Egypt, December 19-21,

2010, Paper ID 154.

Review of Passive and Active Circuits for Power Factor Correction in Single Phase, Low Power ACDC Converters
H.Z.Azazi*, E. E. EL-Kholy**, S.A.Mahmoud* and S.S.Shokralla*
* Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt ** King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Saudi Arabia Email: Dr_hn1984@yahoo.com Abstract :- The increasing growth in the use of electronic equipment in recent years has resulted in a greater need to ensure that the line current harmonic content of any equipment connected to the ac mains is limited to meet regulatory standards. This requirement is usually satisfied by incorporating some form of Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuits to shape the input phase currents, so that they are sinusoidal in nature and are in phase with the input phase voltages. There are multiple solutions in which line current is sinusoidal. This paper provides a concise review of the most interesting passive and active circuits of power factor correction, for single phase and low power applications.The major advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Keywords: Converter, Power factor correction, Harmonic currents. 1. INTRODUCTION Power factor correction (PFC) is necessary for ac-to-dc converters in order to comply with the requirements of international standards, such as IEC 6100032 and IEEE519. PFC can reduce the harmonics in the line current, increase the efficiency and capacity of power systems, and reduce customers utility bill [1-2]. Single phase diode rectifiers are widely used for industrial applications. Many conventional switching power supplies in data processing equipment and low power motor drive systems operate by rectifying the input ac line voltage and filtering with large electrolytic capacitors. The capacitor draws current in short pulses. This introduces several problems including reduction in the available power and increase losses. This process involves both nonlinear and storage elements, and results in the generation of harmonics in the line current [3-5] .The non linear characteristics of loads such as televisions, computers, faxes and variable speed motor drives (used in air-conditioning) have made harmonic distortion in electrical distribution systems. However, when operating in large numbers, the cumulative effect of these loads has the capability of causing serious harmonic distortions. This results in a poor power quality, voltage distortion, poor power factor at input ac mains, slowly varying rippled dc output at load end and low efficiency [3]. The input current has narrow pulses which in turn increase its r.m.s value. Buildings with a large number of computers and data processing equipments also experience large neutral currents rich in third harmonic currents. Therefore, the reduction in input current harmonics and the improvement of power factor operation of motor drives are necessary for energy saving. Many methods have been proposed to solve the problem of a poor power factor, which can be classified as active and passive methods. The non-ideal character of these input currents creates a number of problems for the power distribution network and for other electrical apparatuses in the neighborhood of the rectifier systems. This approach has many disadvantages, including: 1) High-input harmonic current components. 2) Low rectifier efficiency due to large rms value of the input current. 3) Input ac mains voltage distortion because of the associated peak currents. 4)Maximum input power factor is approximately 0.6, while a larger filter inductor is required for a high-input power factor [4]. Unless some correction circuit is used, the input rectifier with a capacitive filter circuit will draw pulsating currents from the utility grid, resulting in poor power quality and high harmonic contents that adversely affect other users. The situation has drawn the attention of regulatory bodies around the world. Governments are tightening regulation, setting new specifications for low harmonic currents, and restricting the amount of harmonic currents that can be generated. As a result, there is a need for a reduction in line harmonics current necessitating the need for power factor correction (PFC) and harmonic reduction circuits [5]. 2. DEFINITION OF POWER FACTOR Power factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of the real power (P) to apparent power (S), or cosine (for pure sine wave for both current and voltage) the phase angle between the current and voltage waveforms. PF = Real Power / Apparent Power (1)

Real power (watts) produces real work; this is the energy transfer component . Reactive power is the power required to produce the magnetic fields (lost power) to enable the real work to be done, where apparent power is considered the total power that the power company supplies. This total power is the power supplied through the power mains to produce the required amount of real power.

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If both current and voltage are sinusoidal and in phase, the power factor is 1.0. If both are sinusoidal but not in phase, the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle. In elementary courses in electricity, this is sometimes taught as the definition of the power factor, but it applies only in the special case, where both the current and voltage are pure sine waves. This occurs when the load is composed of resistive, capacitive and inductive elements and all are linear (invariant with current and voltage).
Fig. 3- Harmonic contents of the current waveform in Figure 2

Assuming an ideal sinusoidal input voltage source, the power factor can be expressed as the product of the distortion factor and the displacement factor, as given by equation (3). The distortion factor Kd ,is the ratio of the fundamental rootmean-square (RMS) current (Irms(1)) to the total RMS current (Irms). The displacement factor k is the cosine of the
Fig. 1- Diode bridge rectifier

displacement angle () between the fundamental input current and the input voltage. For sinusoidal voltage and nonsinusoidal current, equation (1) can be expressed as: PF= Vrms I1, rms cos = 1,rms cos =Kd cos I rms Vrms I rms PF=Kd K

Switched-mode power supplies present a non-linear impedance to the mains, as a result of the input circuitry. The input circuit usually consists of a half-wave or full-wave rectifier followed by a storage capacitor (similar to Fig. 1). The capacitor maintains voltage of approximately the peak voltage of the input sine wave until the next peak comes along to recharge it. In this case, current is drawn from the input only at the peaks of the input waveform, and this pulse of current must contain enough energy to sustain the load until the next peak. This is done by dumping a large charge into the capacitor during a short time, after which the capacitor slowly discharges the energy into the load until the cycle repeats. It is not unusual for the current pulse of 10% to 20% of the cycle duration, meaning that the current during the pulse must be 5 to 10 times of the average current as illustrated by fig. 2 . Figure 3 shows the harmonic content of the current waveform. The fundamental (in this case 50 Hz) is shown with a reference amplitude of 100%, and the higher harmonics are then given with their amplitudes (shown as percentages of the fundamental amplitude). Note that, the even harmonics are barely visible; this is a result of the symmetry of the waveform. The power factor of this power supply is approximately 0.6 [6].

(2) (3)

The distortion factor Kd is given by the following equation: Kd = I rms(1) / I rms (4) The displacement factor K is given by the following equation: K = cos (5)

The displacement factor k can be made unity with a capacitor or inductor, but making the distortion factor Kd unity is more difficult. When a converter has less than unity power factor, it means that the converter absorbs apparent power higher than the active power. This means that the power source has a higher VA rating than what the load needs. In addition, the harmonic currents generated by the converter in the power source affects other equipment [7]. Power Factor vs. Harmonic Reduction: The following equations link total harmonic distortion to power factor.

THD (%) = 100

1 K
2 d

(6) (7)

1 THD (%) 1+ 100

2

Fig. 2- Input Characteristics of a typical switched-mode power supply without PFC

Therefore, when the fundamental component of the input current is in phase with the input voltage, K = 1. Then we have, (8) PF = K d K = K d Then:

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PF

1 THD (%) 1 + 100

2

(9)

400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.84

Line Voltage

Line Current

The purpose of the power factor correction circuit is to minimize the input current distortion and make the current in phase with the voltage. When the power factor is not equal to 1, the current waveform does not follow the voltage waveform. This result not only in power losses, but may also cause harmonics that travel down the neutral line and disrupt other devices connected to the line. 3. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CIRCUITS The classification of single-phase PFC topologies is shown in Fig. 4. The diode bridge rectifier (similar to Fig. 1) has no sinusoidal line current. This is because most loads require a supply voltage V2 with low ripple, which is obtained by using a correspondingly large capacitance of the output capacitor Cf . Consequently, the conduction intervals of the rectifier diodes are short and the line current consists of narrow pulses with an important harmonic contents [8]. There are several methods to reduce the harmonic contents of the line current in single-phase systems.

0.845

0.85

0.855

0.86

0.865

0.87

0.875

0.88

(b) Fig. 5- Rectifier with AC-side inductor: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current with V1=220Vrms , resistive load R=500 , Cf=470F , and La=130mH.

Simulated results of the rectifier with AC-side inductor are presented in Fig. 5(b), where the inductance La has been chosen to maximize the power factor. The line current has Kd=0.888, cos =0.855 and PF=0.759 [7]. 3.1.2. Rectifier with DC-side inductor The inductor can be also placed at the DC-side, as shown in Fig.6. (a) [8]. The inductor current is continuous for a large enough inductance Ld . In the theoretical case of near infinite inductance, the inductor current is constant, so the input current of the rectifier has a square shape and the power factor is 0.9 . However, operation close to this condition would require a very large inductor, as illustrated by the simulated line current waveform, for Ld 1H (without Ca), shown in Fig. 6 (b). For lower inductance Ld, the inductor current becomes discontinuous. The maximum power factor that can be obtained in such a case is 0.76, the operating mode being identical to the case of the AC-side inductor, which is previously discussed. An improvement of the power factor can be obtained by adding the capacitor Ca as shown in Fig. 6. (a), which compensates the displacement factor, cos . A design for Kd and unity displacement factor cos is possible, leading to a maximum obtainable power factor 0.905 [9]. This is shown in Fig.6 (b) by the simulated line current for Ld 275mH and Ca 4.8F.

Fig. 4- Classification of single-phase PFC topologies.

3.1. PASSIVE METHODS OF PFC 3.1.1. Rectifier with AC-side inductor Passive methods of PFC use additional passive components in conjunction with the diode bridge rectifier (Fig. 1). One of the simplest methods is to add an inductor at the AC-side of the diode bridge, in series with the line voltage as shown in Fig. 5(a). The maximum power factor that can be obtained by this configuration is 0.76.
(a)

With Ca

Without Ca

(b) Fig. 6- Rectifier with DC-side inductor: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current with V1=220Vrms , resistive load R=500 and Cf=470F. (a)

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In Figure 6, With Ld=1H and without Ca , the line current has Kd=0.897, cos =0.935 and PF=0.839, and output voltage is V2=200V. With Ld=275mH and with Ca =4.8 F, the line current has Kd=0.905 , cos =0.999 and PF=0.904, and output voltage is V2=230V. 3.1.3. Rectifier with series-resonant band-pass filter The shape of the line current can be further improved by using a combination of low-pass input and output filters [10]. There are also several solutions based on resonant networks which are used to attenuate harmonics. For example, a bandpass filter of the series resonant type, tuned at the linefrequency, is introduced in-between the AC source and the load. Figure (7-a) shows the schematic diagram, and figure (7b) shows the simulated results. For 50Hz networks, large values of the reactive elements are needed.

400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

Line Voltage

Line Current

(b) Fig. 8- Rectifier with parallel-resonant band-stop filter: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500 , Cf=470F, Lp=240mH and Cp=4.7 F.

The line current has Kd=0.919, cos =0.999 and PF=0.918, and output voltage is V2=260V. 3.1.5. Rectifier with harmonic trap filter Another possibility is to use a harmonic trap filter. The harmonic trap consists of a series-resonant network, connected in parallel to the AC source and tuned at a harmonic that must be attenuated [11]. For example, the filter shown in Fig. 8 has two harmonic traps, which are tuned at the 3rd and 5th harmonic, respectively. As seen from Fig. 9 (b), the line current is improved, at the expense of increased circuit complexity. Harmonic traps can be used also in conjunction with other reactive networks, such as a band-stop filter.

(a)
400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

Line Voltage

Line Current

(b) Fig. 7- Rectifier with series-resonant band-pass filter: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500 , Cf=470F, Ls=1.5H and Cs=6.75 F.

(a)
400 300 200

Line Voltage

Line Current

The line current has Kd=0.993, cos =0.976 and PF=0.969, and output voltage is V2=250V. 3.1.4. Rectifier with parallel-resonant band-stop filter The solution uses a resonant type [4]. Figure 8 the simulated waveforms. harmonic, hence it allows elements when compared filter. band-stop filter of the parallelshows the schematic diagram and The filter is tuned at the third for lower values of the reactive to the series-resonant band-pass

100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

(b) Fig. 9- Rectifier with harmonic trap filter: a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current

In Fig.9, with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500 , Cf=470F, L1=400mH , L3=200mH , C3=5.6 F , R3=0.1 , L5=100mH , C5=4.04 F , and R5=0.1 ; The line current has Kd=0.999, cos =0.999 and PF=0.998, and output voltage is V2=290V. 3.1.6. Rectifier with an additional inductor, capacitor and diode (LCD): The rectifier with an additional inductor, capacitor, and diode LCD rectifier is shown in Fig. 10, together with simulated waveforms. The added reactive elements have relatively low values. The circuit changes the shape of the

(a)

220

input current, while only a limited reduction of the harmonic currents can be obtained [12]. In Fig.10, with V1=220Vrms, resistive load R=500 , Cf=470F, C1=40 F and Ld=10mH ; The line current has Kd=0.794, cos =0.998 and PF=0.792, and output voltage is V2=300V.

(a)
400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0.84 0.845 0.85 0.855 0.86 0.865 0.87 0.875 0.88

Line Voltage

Line Current

(b) Fig. 10- Rectifier with an additional inductor, capacitor and diode (LCD): a) Schematic; b) Line voltage and line current.

Passive methods of power factor correction have certain advantages, such as simplicity, reliability and ruggedness, insensitivity to noise and surges, no generation of highfrequency electro magnetic interface (EMI) and no high frequency switching losses. On the other hand, they also have several drawbacks. Solutions based on filters are heavy and bulky, because the line-frequency reactive components are used. They also have a poor dynamic response, lack voltage regulation and the shape of their input current depends on the load. Even though line current harmonics are reduced, the fundamental component may show an excessive phase shift that reduces the power factor. Moreover, circuits based on resonant networks are sensitive to the line-frequency. In harmonic trap filters, series-resonance is used to attenuate a specific harmonic. However, parallel-resonance at different frequencies occurs too, which can amplify other harmonics [11]. 3.2. ACTIVE METHODS OF PFC The active methods of PFC, which involve the shaping of the line current, using switching devices such as MOSFETs and IGBTs, is a result of advances in power semiconductor devices. 3.2.1. LOW-FREQUENCY ACTIVE METHODS OF PFC Three representative solutions are presented in Fig. 11. The phase-controlled rectifier and its control signals are shown in Fig.11. (a) and Fig.11. (b) respectively. It is derived from the rectifier with a DC-side inductor (Fig.6), where diodes are replaced with thyristors. According to Ref. [13], depending on the inductance Ld and the firing-angle, a nearunity distortion factor Kd or displacement factor coscan be

obtained. However, the overall power factor PF is always less than 0.7. In Ref. [14], the inductance Ld and firing angleare chosen to maximize Kd. This implies a lagging displacement factor, cos that is compensated by additional an input capacitance, Ca . This approach is similar to that used for the diode bridge rectifier with a DC-side inductor. This solution offers controllable output voltage, it is simple, reliable, and uses low-cost thyristors. On the negative side, the output voltage regulation is slow and a relatively large inductance Ld is still required. The low-frequency switching Boost converter is shown in Fig.11. (c). The active switch S is turned on for the duration Ton , as illustrated in Fig.11. (d), to enlarge the conduction interval of the rectifier diodes [2]. It is also possible to have multiple switching per half line-cycle, at low switching frequency, in order to improve the shape of the line current [15]. Nevertheless, the line current has a considerable ripple content. The low-frequency switching Buck converter is shown in Fig.11.(e). Theoretically, the inductor current is constant for a near-infinite inductance Ld . The switch is turned on for the duration Ton and the on-time intervals are symmetrical with respect to the zero-crossings of the line voltage, as illustrated in Fig.11. (f). The line current shape is square, with adjustable duty-cycle. For lower harmonic contents of the line current, multiple switching per line-cycle can be used. However, the required inductance Ld is large and impractical [16]. To conclude, low-frequency switching PFC offers the possibility to control the output voltage within certain limits. In such circuits, switching losses and high-frequency EMI are negligible. However, the reactive elements are large and the regulation of the output voltage is slow.

(a)

(b)

(c)

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(d)

(b)

(e) (c)

(f) Fig. 11- Low frequency active circuits of PFC: a) Controlled rectifier with DC-side inductor, with b) phase-control; c) Boost converter, with d) one commutation per half line-cycle; e) Buck converter, with f) one commutation per half line-cycle. (d)

3.2.2. HIGH-FREQUENCY ACTIVE METHODS OF PFC The PFC stage can be realized by using a diode bridge and a DC/DC converter with a switching frequency much higher than the line-frequency. In principle, any DC/DC converter can be used for this purpose, if a suitable control method is used to shape its input current, or if it has inherent PFC properties. The converters can operate in Continuous Inductor Current Mode CICM, where the inductor current never reaches zero during one switching cycle, or Discontinuous Inductor Current Mode - DICM, where the inductor current is zero during intervals of the switching cycle.

(e)

(a)

(f) Fig. 12- high-frequency active circuits of PFC: a) Buck converter, with b) waveforms; c) Boost converter, with d) waveforms; e) Buck-Boost converter, with f) waveforms.

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The converters are shown in Fig. 12 together with waveforms relevant for a PFC application, assuming operation in CICM. Buck Converter: The Buck converter, shown in Fig. 12 (a), has a stepdown conversion ratio. Therefore, it is possible to obtain an output voltage V2 lower than the input voltage (V1 ). However, the converter can operate only when the instantaneous input voltage v1 is higher than the output voltage V2. Hence, the line current of a power factor correction based on a Buck converter has crossover distortions, as illustrated in Fig. 12 (b). Moreover, the input current of the converter is discontinuous. Consequently, even in CICM, the input current has a significant high-frequency component that increases EMI and filter is required. Some PFC applications based on this topology are reported in Ref [17-18]. Boost Converter: The boost converter, is the most common topology used for power factor correction, and it can operate in two modes continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The Boost converter is shown in Fig. 12 (c). It has a step-up conversion ratio; hence the output voltage V2 is always higher than the input voltage V1. Operation is possible throughout the line-cycle, so the input current does not have crossover distortions. As illustrated in Fig. 12 (d), the input current is continuous. Hence, an input current with reduced high-frequency content can be obtained when operating in CICM. For medium and higher power applications, where the input filter requirements dominate the size of the magnetic elements, the CCM boost converter is a better choice, due to lower peak current (which reduces conduction losses) and lower ripple current (which reduces input filter requirements and inductor AC losses). For these reasons, the Boost converter operating in CICM is widely used for PFC [19-22]. Buck-Boost Converter: The Buck-Boost converter, shown in Fig. 12 (e), can operate either as a step-down or a step-up converter. This means that the output voltage V2 can be higher or lower than the amplitude V1 of the input voltage, which gives freedom in specifying the output voltage. Operation is possible throughout the line-cycle and a sinusoidal line current can be obtained. However, the output voltage is inverted, which translates into higher voltage stress for the switch. Moreover, similar to the Buck converter, the input current is discontinuous with significant high-frequency contents, as illustrated in Fig. 12 (f). Thus, the input current has a significant high-frequency component that increases EMI and filtering requirements [7]. In addition to these basic converters, the two switches Buck - Boost converter shown in Fig. 13 [23] is an interesting solution. It operates as a Buck converter when the input voltage is higher than the output voltage and as a Boost converter when the input voltage is lower than the output voltage. Therefore, operation is possible throughout the linecycle and the output voltage can be varied in a wide range, in

a similar manner of the Buck-Boost converter. Another positive aspect is that, due to its non-inverted output voltage, the voltage stress of the switches is lower than in a BuckBoost converter. However, this topology has an increased number of switches, which leads to higher cost and conduction losses.

Fig. 13- Two- switches Buck- Boost converter

PWM rectifier: Another non-isolated PFC topology is the PWM rectifier [24-25], shown in Fig. 14. The topology in Ref [24] can supply the step-up or step-down outputs like the buck-boost circuit. A full-bridge PWM rectifier in Ref [25] provides the step-up output. The PWM rectifier circuit needs two [24] or four [25] power switches to achieve the unity power factor, because it employs a half- or full-bridge configuration. It also needs more complicated control than the boost topology.

Fig. 14- PWM rectifier

The use of active techniques of PFC results in one or more of the following advantages: Lower harmonic contents in the input current in comparison to the passive techniques. Reduced r.m.s current rating of the output filter capacitor. Unity power factor is possible to achieve. For higher power levels, active techniques of PFC will result in size, weight and cost benefits over passive techniques of PFC. 4. CONCLUSIONS As we have seen, conventional AC rectification is a very inefficient process, resulting from a waveform distortion of the current drawn from the power line. It produces a large spectrum of harmonic signals that may disturb other equipments. It is concluded that the harmonics may be reduced and the supply can be mad more efficient by additional circuits at the input of the converter. Many solutions for ac-dc power factor correction have been discussed. Examples have been provided for passive

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techniques. Passive power factor correction circuits have certain advantages, such as simplicity, reliability and ruggedness, insensitivity to noise and surges, no generation of high-frequency EMI and no high frequency switching losses. On the other hand, they also have several drawbacks. Active PFC solutions are more suitable options for achieving near unity power factor and sinusoidal input current waveform with extremely low harmonic distortion. In these active solutions, a converter with switching frequencies higher than the AC line frequency is placed in between the output of the diode bridge rectifier and the bulk capacitor. The reactive elements of this converter are small, because their size depends on the converter switching frequency rather than the AC line frequency. 5. REFERENCES
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(Technical Acoustics), Sidi Bel Abbes University, Algeria, 2005. Available at:http://ejta.org/en/benaissa1 [17] P. Vijayraghavan and R. Krishnan "Front-End Buk Converter Topology for SRM Drives- Design and Control," Proceedings of IEEE/IECON'03 pp. 3013-3018, 2003. [18] Teuvo Suntio, , Idris Gadoura, , and Kai Zenger "Input Filter Interactions in Peak-Current-Mode-Controlled Buck Converter Operating in CICM," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 76-86, February 2002. [19] Koen Gussem, David M. Van Sype, Alex P. Van den Bossche, and Jan A. Melkebeek "Digital Control of Boost PFC Converters Operating in both Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction Mode," 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Aachen, Germany, 2004. [20] P.Ram Mohan, M.Vijaya Kumar, S.Rama Reddy and O.V.Raghava Reddy "A Novel Microcontroller Based Power Factor Correction (PFC) Boost Converter with EMI Filter" international journal of electrical and power engineering, Vol. 1 , pp. 99-103, 2007. [21] S.Saravanasundaram and K.Thanushkodi "Compound Active Clamping Boost Converter-Three Phase Four Switch Inverter Fed Induction Motor," IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.8 No.8, pp.358-361, August 2008. [22] Grace Chu, Chi K. Tse, Siu Chung Wong and Siew-Chong Tan "A Unified Approach for the Derivation of Robust Control for Boost PFC Converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 24 , pp. 25312544,Nov. 2009. [23] Andersen, G.K. Blaabjerg, F. "Current Programmed Control of a SinglePhase Two-Switch BuckBoost Power Factor Correction Circuit" IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 263-270, February 2006. [24] Chingchi Chen and Deeparkraj M. Divan, "Simple Topologies for Single Phase AC Line Conditioning," IEEE IAS 1991 Conf., pp. 911-917, 1991. [25] Omar Stihi and Boon-Teck Ooi, "A Single-Phase Controlled-Current PWM Rectifier," IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 453-459, October 1988.

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