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Contents

1.0 Introduction Nowadays Geographic information systems (GIS) are widely used in different applications. GIS has been confirmed to be a very efficient tool for processing and analyzing real life spatially distributed linear and positional objects such as railways, roads, pipelines, hospitals and also taxi parks to mention but a few. It is related to an evaluation in detail of physiographic factor, landscape, engineering-geological and others requirements for the investigation area. It includes the study of all relevant parameter such as; length of the route, calculation of intersections with local government boundary lines, roads and existing railways. An existing GIS spatial analysis capability gives possibility of operative evaluation. Modern GIS software allow to automate complex operations such as intersection with different linear and polygonal objects, positioning of new taxi parks, estimation of transport costs during construction and operational service of taxi route, calculation of integrated construction cost etc. A lot of studies around the world have focused on the issues of digitizing geospatial and acquiring attribute information about our environment since the US Vice president Algore mention the concept Digital earth. (Y.C Ding, C.C Hung Beijing 2008.) The major components of Digital Earth are:
i.

Collection of all kinds of information from different sources, especial from satellites, to build geodatabase.

ii. Storing and retrieving this data efficiently.


iii. Sharing this information efficiently via the internet infrastructure and iv. Presenting data in 2D and 3D formats.

Various GIS applications have been developed to solve real-life problems examples of which are: Land information system, Geo resources Information system, and Route Network information system to mention a few.
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1.1 Problem Set In this lab, one was asked to create the spatial data structure of taxi parks in Ikeja and ifako-Ijaye Local Govt Areas of Lagos State. Given this problem, the major challenges are as follows:
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Acquiring GPS positional data of taxi parks in the study area. Road dataset digitization Local Government boundary determination. Land use dataset creation Acquisition of taxi park photographs.

The road dataset is an example of Linear Engineering Structure (LES). Because of the need of route classification and selection, linear engineering structures require strategic planning, evaluation and management. The operations to choose optimum route depends for instance on the effective collection, processing, storing and analysis of spatial data such as topography, vegetation, geology, soil type, land use, available facilities, existing road and landslide areas in the study area. This situation requires using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to providing effective data management. In this case the satellite image from google map will be downloaded and visible spatial information will be extracted and structured into a geodatabase.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of this lab include:


i.

To download and georeference raster images of the study area.

ii. To acquire GPS observations of taxi parks in the study area. iii. To digitize and populate taxi park, route and local government dataset of the study area. iv. And finally to create spatial data structure of the participating datasets. 1.3 Study area

The study area for this lab is Ikeja and Ifako-Ijaye Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The two Local Governments are located in the Northern part of Lagos state. It covers an approximate area of 12.5 square kilometers. They are both densely populated local government areas of Lagos state. Moreover, Ikeja local government is the state capital of Lagos. Ifako-Ijaye borders Ikeja to the north. The vector base map of the study area will be acquired and studied carefully to determine visible points, line and polygonal features. Non-spatial attributes of these features will be compiled into the geodatabase.

Fig. 1. Vector map of the study area.

2.0 Methodology: Principles Behind A GIS can be said to be a software package with components and tools used to enter, manipulate, analyze, visualize and present spatial data (Kufoniyi 1998). The components as earlier mentioned consist of the Hardware, Software, Spatial data, Attribute data, management and analysis procedure and the people to operate the GIS. The performance distribution of GIS is subject to a list of data requirements. The sources of data used in the GIS came from several different sources such as:

Field Survey: This involved going to the various locations of taxi parks in the study area to capture their coordinates with a hand held GPS. Attribute data: which involves going to these parks to collect other relevant non-spatial data.

2.1 Database Design The major effort in developing a GIS application package is the establishing of a spatial database. The database design in this case consists of the conceptual design and logical data model: Conceptual Design This refers to the human conceptualization of reality; where REALITY refers to the phenomenon, as it actually exists including all aspects, which may or may not be conceived by the individual. The VIEW OF REALITY is the mental abstraction for a particular application or group of applications (Kufoniyi 1998). The entities and attributes which constitute the conceptual design in this case are: Road Network Taxi Parks locations Local Government Boundaries of the study area And other attribute data
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Eastin gs TName ObjectI D

Northi ngs

Addres s Picture Contac tn

Taxi Parks

1 N
RD_Ext RD_Na me Type ObjectI D ID
RD_Na me_F

Co n ec n ts

Speed Disp_T ype Shape _Len


d Lo c

Ikeja_IfakoIjaye _Road

N
RD_Na me_

w ith in

at e

1
Popula tion Area

1
Ikeja_Ifako_Local Govt
ai nt Co d n ne thi i w

ObjectI D ID Name Capital State

Fig. 2.0 Conceptual model of Taxi parks created in the geodatabase.

2.2 Implementation Strategy The methodology of this project can be divided into two parts: Data collection and Data analysis. 2.3 Data Acquisition The street map data was extracted from Lagos street map available on Map Source standalone application and from existing Lagos acquisition map (Source: Lagos State Surveyor general office). GPS coordinates of the taxi parks were downloaded from GPS 76CS device onto mapsource application. In the course of this project, two types of data were acquired namely; Spatial and Attribute data. 2.4 Spatial Data Spatial data stores information about location, shape, and attributes of real life objects. These data includes;

Taxi parks directory of Lagos state. Lagos street map Lagos Land Use Taxi Point data of the study area.

This was done with the aid of GPS Garmin 76CS. Maps as an origin of information have two types of functions: i.
ii.

Positional, i.e. give information about the exact location of objects Informational, i.e. give information about data type, name and class of objects including topological properties and relationship of objects

2.5 ATTRIBUTE DATA Attribute is the characteristic of an entity selected for representation (DCDSTF 1988) usually non-spatial but related to spatial character or phenomena under study. Attribute value is the value of the attribute that has been measured and stored in the database. A geodatabase was created to hold feature datasets and non-spatial data. All geographic objects have attributes. Attributes of geographical objects have been collected at the same time as the vector geometry, e.g.: i. Name of the taxi parks ii. Addresses of these parks iii. Contact numbers and
iv. Photographic data to graphically identify the parks.

These attributes have been manually entered into the geodatabase. Development of a Logical Data Model After the data needs assessment had been completed, the physical design of the data began. The data that had been deemed necessary were described and grouped by function or type. This led to creation of themes in much the same way the geographic layers were grouped into themes. These themes were arranged into an Analysis Diagram that exposes the relationships between features and objects. Keyboard Entry The keyboard entry often referred to as key coding, is the entry of data into a file at a computer terminal using the keyboard as an input device. This technique was used for the attribute data that are on paper e.g. statistical data of Lagos state.

Scanning Scanning is the most commonly used method of automatic digitizing. It is an appropriate method of encoding when raster data are required. Although street data were not scanned for digitizing, photographic data were scanned and saved on disk for onward attachment to spatial data. 2.6 Coordinate System Before selecting a coordinate system for GIS it is necessary to consider existing national reference systems. In Nigeria the GCS WGS 1984 coordinate system, based on Clark 1880 datum is used. It is on this datum that the WGS 1984 UTM zone 31 projected coordinate system is based. In this work the data used has the following coordinates system: Projected Coordinate System: WGS 1984 UTM zone 31 Projection: UTM Geographic Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984 Datum: Clark 1880

2.7 Software and Tools 2.8 AutoCAD The AutoCAD2006 produced by AutoDesk based in the USA was used in this work. The package was used to vectorise some scanned paper maps. It was also used to extract point data from DXF file format and finally used to compile all data before converting to shape file format.
2.9 ArcGIS 9.3

ArcGIS software was deployed in designing and implementing this project. ArcGIS desktop is well known in the world and its' the most used GIS software. It was developed by Environmental System Research Institute Inc. (ESRI), Redlands, USA. In this work the components of ArcGIS desktop like ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox have been deployed extensively to create the geodatabase, for editing, for data management and storage, georeferencing data from different sources, performing spatial analysis and visualization of output data, implementation of geoprocessing functions for different tasks. One of the ArcGIS extension that was used is the Network Analyst. These extensions have been strategically deployed to solve certain problems during and after implementation. The spatial features contained in the geodatabase comprise feature datasets, feature class, geometric network data, network dataset and table. The feature class identified are: 1. Point 2. Line and
3. Polygonal features

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3.0 Data Processing and Analysis 3.1 Geodatabase creation. The features identified were used to create a geodatabase to enforce topological and geometric rules on the resulting feature classes. The ArcGIS 9.3 ArcCatalog was used to create a geodatabase created in C:\Spatial Data Structure\SpatialDS.mdb and populated with a Dataset feature dataset having point, line and polygon feature classes in GCS_WGS_1984 coordinate system. Subtypes were also created for these feature classes. Below is a table showing the feature classes, subtypes, fields and other attributes. Features Class Point Layers Taxi Parks Field ObjectID, Shape, TName, Easting, Northings, Address, Contact No., Picture Line Ikeja Road Ifako-Ijaye Road ObjectID, Shape, Type, RD_NAME, RD_EXT, ROUTE, FW, SERVICE, RD_ID, SPEED, ID, DISP_TYPE, RD_NAME_F, RD_NAME_U Shape_Lenght, ObjectID, Shape, ID, Name, Capital, State, Zone_, Area, Population, Shape_Lenght, Land Use Shape_Area ObjectID, Shape, ID, Landuse, Count, Shape_Lenght, Shape_Area Table 3.0 Showing the contents of the geodatabase, feature dataset, classes, Layers and fields created.

Polygon

Local Government

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Fig 3.0 Showing the created geodatabase, feature dataset, feature class and geometric network

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Fig 3.1 Showing Network dataset parameters 3.2 Georeferencing After creating the necessary feature classes, the feature dataset were added to an ArcGIS ArcMap file. The feature classes and geometric network feature was classified by their subtypes automatically to facilitate easy vector classification. The scanned images and satellite images were added to the map file and images georeferenced in GCS_WGS_1984 coordinate system with the identified control points on each image.

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3.3 Vectorizing This simply means conversion of raster image features into digital format using the Point, line and polygonal feature classes. ArcGIS ArcMap provides the necessary tool to digitize features easily and accurately. The subtype classifications help to fast-track this process. Before digitizing, selectable layers were enabled so as to select only one feature at a time. The snapping tolerance had been specified during the feature dataset creation, all that remained was to indicate which layer(s) is to be snapped to enforce network topology on the system. After setting and activating all the necessary parameters, digitizing commenced with point feature positioning i.e taxi parks, street map and data entry. The road and polygonal features were also digitized.

Fig 3.1 Showing digitizing snapping parameters of the feature classes in ArcMap

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Fig 3.2 Showing the processes involved in digitized feature classes and editing attributes on georeferenced vector maps.

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3.4 Topology analysis. Topology network was built for the network involving point, line and polygonal features. Some of the rules enforced include: i. No polygon must overlap another polygon ii. Points must be covered by end point of road features
iii. Road feature must not overlap it self

Fig 3.3 Showing topological rule enforce on the taxi parks and road network

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Fig 3.4 Showing the network after topology analyses were carried out on the network.

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3.5 Network dataset analysis

As mention earlier, topological capability has been built into the network when creating the feature classes by enforcing geometric network rules. To test this capability, one will need to build network dataset on the system. The coordinate system would have been projected in the UTM system if it were not in UTM, but this important step was not done because the system was already in the UTM system. This is important to facilitate easy calculation in meters and kilometers. The network dataset was created from the point and road feature classes. The network dataset was built and validated after setting appropriate parameters and evaluators such as snap tolerance, complex edge, connectivity and direction. The ArcMap environment was deployed for the last time to add the newly created network dataset and to perform network queries on the system.

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Fig 3.5 Showing the network after topology analyses were carried out on the network.

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4.0 Results and Conclusion 4.1 Results Many spatial and non-spatial queries were carried out on the system. Network-based queries were also carried out. Some of the queries executed include attribute queries. Examples of these queries are shown below. The attribute table of the Taxi Parks were also populated and shown below:

Fig 4.0 Showing the attribute table of the Taxi Parks including its coordinates, Park name, address, contact detail and picture of the parks.

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Fig 4.1 Showing a spatial query to search for and locate Oremeta Taxi Park.

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Fig 4.2 Showing a spatial query to search for and locating Ojota International 2 Taxi Park.

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4.2 Topological queries Queries were carried out to test and validate the accuracy of the network. These queries include, displaying the coordinates of individual vertices that makes up an edge in a route network. Query showing relationships among participating junctions and its adjoining edges was also shown.

Fig 4.3 Showing participating egdes and nodes on a section of commercial Road.

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4.3 Network queries As described earlier, network analyses were carried out on the system with emphasis on shortest route between taxi parks and stops in the study area. Some of these queries were shown below:

Fig 4.4 Showing the shortest route between Oluwole Taxi Park through agidingbi rd to ojota retail market taxi parks.

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Fig 4.5 Showing the shortest route from Daddy salvage Taxi Park to Oluwole Estate Junction close to Oluwole taxi park.

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Fig 4.6 Showing the shortest route from Central Mosque Iju Ishaga Taxi Park to Oluwo Estate Taxi Park.

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Taxi Park pictures hyperlinking were carried out to further describe and identify the parks graphically. Some of these were shown below:

Fig 4.7 Showing picture of the motor way central taxi parks near the old toll gate area.

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Fig 4.8 Showing picture of Abule taxi parks in GRA area of Ikeja.

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Fig 4.9 Showing picture of Ojodu retail market taxi parks in ojodu berger area.

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Fig 4.10 Showing picture of Ogba oluwole taxi parks near the ogba area.

Fig 4.11 Showing picture of another taxi park in Ogba area.

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4.4 Conclusion In this work, GIS capabilities have been used to create a spatial data structure of taxi parks located in Ikeja and Ifako-Ijaye local government areas of Lagos state, Nigeria. The study attempts to resolve some of the challenges faced in locating existing taxi parks and creating new taxi parks in the stated study areas and describes in detail the implementation and capabilities of GIS for managing routing to and from the taxi parks. The existing taxi parks in the local government areas have been shown and managed with ArcGIS 9.3 (by: ESRI). The study has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of Geographic Information System for creating and managing taxi parks spatial data structure. The technology adopted will enable easy data capturing, processing, updating and visualization and expansion of the data structure to other local government area so long the WGS_UTM 84 coordinate system was used. Graphic data was also captured and attached to the appropriate taxi parks for clear description and identification. The built in topology had made it possible to build network analysis query on the system and described interactions between these connecting nodes and edges. Stops were created to mimic route navigation from one location to the other within the study area. Some of the challenges encountered include inaccurate Taxi Park-local government classification as some of these parks do not fall in the stated local government areas, software and hardware configuration, difficulty experienced during data capture, groundtruthing, technical nature of coordinate transformation process and time expended in creating and digitizing the spatial attributes.

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5.0 References The establishment of high resolution geodatabases for webGIS: from digital campus to digital national park. Y.C Ding, C.C Hung, Beijing 2008. Using GIS in strategic planning and execution at FedEx express Jacquelyn Haas- FedEx services, Jeff Mcleod- FedEx services, Rick Dezemplen- FedEx services, Rodney Conger-ESRI 2010. O. Kufoniyi. (1998): Principle and Application of Geographic Information System. 1st Edition Vol.1, Lagos: Panaf Press, 1998. A GIS Based Route Determination in Linear Engineering Structures Information Management (LESIM) Volkan YILDIRIM, Recep NISANCI, Selcuk REIS, Turkey 2006. W.A YINKORE (2005): Legends of the Nigerian Railway Corporation Since 1955 A Chronicle. Promocomms Limited. 2005. Omogunloye O. G and Oni A. M, (2005): A GIS Analyses of junior secondary school certificate examination performance distribution in Lagos Mainland Local Government Area. Obianwo oluwatobi 020405023 Dec, (2007): Application of GIS to property management (case study of Pat Obianwo and Co operations within Lagos state).

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